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Rojas A, Lindner C, Gonzàlez I, Morales MA. Advanced-glycation end-products axis: A contributor to the risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in diabetes patients. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:590-602. [PMID: 33995847 PMCID: PMC8107984 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i5.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling pieces of evidence derived from both clinical and experimental research has demonstrated the crucial role of the receptor for advanced-glycation end-products (RAGE) in orchestrating a plethora of proinflammatory cellular responses leading to many of the complications and end-organ damages reported in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many clinical reports have pointed out that DM increases the risk of COVID-19 complications, hospitalization requirements, as well as the overall severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 case-fatality rate. In the present review, we intend to focus on how the basal activation state of the RAGE axis in common preexisting conditions in DM patients such as endothelial dysfunction and hyperglycemia-related prothrombotic phenotype, as well as the contribution of RAGE signaling in lung inflammation, may then lead to the increased mortality risk of COVID-19 in these patients. Additionally, the cross-talk between the RAGE axis with either another severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor molecule different of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 or the renin-angiotensin system imbalance produced by viral infection, as well as the role of this multi-ligand receptor on the obesity-associated low-grade inflammation in the higher risk for severe illness reported in diabetes patients with COVID-19, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Cristian Lindner
- Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Ileana Gonzàlez
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Miguel Angel Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Das S, Senapati P, Chen Z, Reddy MA, Ganguly R, Lanting L, Mandi V, Bansal A, Leung A, Zhang S, Jia Y, Wu X, Schones DE, Natarajan R. Regulation of angiotensin II actions by enhancers and super-enhancers in vascular smooth muscle cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1467. [PMID: 29133788 PMCID: PMC5684340 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) promotes hypertension and atherosclerosis by activating growth-promoting and pro-inflammatory gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Enhancers and super-enhancers (SEs) play critical roles in driving disease-associated gene expression. However, enhancers/SEs mediating VSMC dysfunction remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that AngII alters vascular enhancer and SE repertoires in cultured VSMCs in vitro, ex vivo, and in AngII-infused mice aortas in vivo. AngII-induced enhancers/SEs are enriched in binding sites for signal-dependent transcription factors and dependent on key signaling kinases. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of candidate enhancers/SEs, targeting SEs with the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain inhibitor JQ1, or knockdown of overlapping long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) blocks AngII-induced genes associated with growth-factor signaling and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, JQ1 ameliorates AngII-induced hypertension, medial hypertrophy and inflammation in vivo in mice. These results demonstrate AngII-induced signals integrate enhancers/SEs and lncRNAs to increase expression of genes involved in VSMC dysfunction, and could uncover novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhan Das
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Parijat Senapati
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Rituparna Ganguly
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Linda Lanting
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Varun Mandi
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Anita Bansal
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Amy Leung
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Selena Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Ye Jia
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Dustin E Schones
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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Shen J, Huang YM, Song XN, Hong XZ, Wang M, Ling W, Zhang XX, Zhao HL. Protection against death and renal failure by renin-angiotensin system blockers in patients with diabetes and kidney disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:17/3/1470320316656481. [PMID: 27377659 PMCID: PMC5843910 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316656481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used to block the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Yet it remains uncertain whether these drugs are equally effective and safe. METHODS Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of ACEis/ARBs in diabetes and kidney disease published in PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang databases were searched for clinical outcomes including all-cause mortality, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), hyperkalemia and cough. RESULTS Eight meta-analyses included 2177-61,264 patients with follow-up of 6-108 months. RAS blockers reduced mortality (relative risk ratio (RR), 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86-0.95) without heterogeneity. The death protection was significant specifically with ACEis (RR, 0.85, 95% CI, 0.79-0.91), but not with ARBs. Protection against ESRD was homogenously evident by ARBs (RR, 0.79, 95% CI, 0.73-0.87), ACEis (RR, 0.79, 95% , 0.64-0.94), and both (RR, 0.79, 95% CI, 0.73-0.87). Significant side effects were hyperkalemia by ARBs (RR, 2.44, 95% CI, 1.13-5.26), and cough by ACEis (RR, 2.38, 95% CI, 1.75-3.22) CONCLUSIONS: In patients with diabetes and kidney disease, ACEis and ARBs are consistently protective for the development of ESRD. Use of ACEis alone additionally reduces deaths and increases the risk for cough. Use of ARBs alone increases the risk for hyperkalemia without additional benefit of death protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, China Department of pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Yan-Mei Huang
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Xin-Nan Song
- Department of Anesthetics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Xue-Zhi Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Min Wang
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Zhang
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Hai-Lu Zhao
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, China
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Zucker diabetic fatty rats, a model for type 2 diabetes, develop an inner ear dysfunction that can be attenuated by losartan treatment. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:307-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The rising epidemic of T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) worldwide is of significant concern. The inherently silent nature of the disease in its early stages precludes early detection; hence cardiovascular disease is often established by the time diabetes is diagnosed. This increased cardiovascular risk leads to significant morbidity and mortality in these individuals. Progressive development of complications as a result of previous exposure to metabolic disturbances appears to leave a long-lasting impression on cells of the vasculature that is not easily reversed and is termed 'metabolic memory'. SMCs (smooth muscle cells) of blood vessel walls, through their inherent ability to switch between a contractile quiescent phenotype and an active secretory state, maintain vascular homoeostasis in health and development. This plasticity also confers SMCs with the essential capacity to adapt and remodel in pathological states. Emerging clinical and experimental studies propose that SMCs in diabetes may be functionally impaired and thus contribute to the increased incidence of macrovascular complications. Although this idea has general support, the underlying molecular mechanisms are currently unknown and hence are the subject of intense research. The aim of the present review is to explore and evaluate the current literature relating to the problem of vascular disease in T2DM and to discuss the critical role of SMCs in vascular remodelling. Possibilities for therapeutic strategies specifically at the level of T2DM SMCs, including recent novel advances in the areas of microRNAs and epigenetics, will be evaluated. Since restoring glucose control in diabetic patients has limited effect in ameliorating their cardiovascular risk, discovering alternative strategies that restrict or reverse disease progression is vital. Current research in this area will be discussed.
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Leung A, Trac C, Jin W, Lanting L, Akbany A, Sætrom P, Schones DE, Natarajan R. Novel long noncoding RNAs are regulated by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2013; 113:266-78. [PMID: 23697773 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Misregulation of angiotensin II (Ang II) actions can lead to atherosclerosis and hypertension. Evaluating transcriptomic responses to Ang II in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is important to understand the gene networks regulated by Ang II, which might uncover previously unidentified mechanisms and new therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE To identify all transcripts, including novel protein-coding and long noncoding RNAs, differentially expressed in response to Ang II in rat VSMCs using transcriptome and epigenome profiling. METHODS AND RESULTS De novo assembly of transcripts from RNA-sequencing revealed novel protein-coding and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The majority of the genomic loci of these novel transcripts are enriched for histone H3 lysine-4-trimethylation and histone H3 lysine-36-trimethylation, 2 chromatin modifications found at actively transcribed regions, providing further evidence that these are bonafide transcripts. Analysis of transcript abundance identified all protein-coding and lncRNAs regulated by Ang II. We further discovered that an Ang II-regulated lncRNA functions as the host transcript for miR-221 and miR-222, 2 microRNAs implicated in cell proliferation. Additionally, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Lnc-Ang362 reduced proliferation of VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS These data provide novel insights into the epigenomic and transcriptomic effects of Ang II in VSMCs. They provide the first identification of Ang II-regulated lncRNAs, which suggests functional roles for these lncRNAs in mediating cellular responses to Ang II. Furthermore, we identify an Ang II-regulated lncRNA that is responsible for the production of 2 microRNAs implicated in VSMC proliferation. These newly identified noncoding transcripts could be exploited as novel therapeutic targets for Ang II-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Leung
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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Touyz RM. Combination Antihypertensive Treatment With Aliskiren and Blockers of the Renin-Angiotensin System—Reassurance but With a Note of Caution. Can J Cardiol 2013; 29:521-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Fiorina P, Bassi R, Gremizzi C, Vergani A, Caldara R, Mello A, Del Maschio A, De Cobelli F, Perseghin G, Secchi A. 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) detects early changes in kidney high-energy phosphate metabolism during a 6-month Valsartan treatment in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney-transplanted patients. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49 Suppl 1:S133-9. [PMID: 22302190 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
(31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) is a non-invasive tool to study high-energy phosphate (HEP) metabolism. We evaluate whether 31P-MRS can detect early changes in kidney HEP metabolism during a 6-month trial with Valsartan. Twenty consecutive stable and normotensive kidney-transplanted patients were enrolled. Nine of them received short-term low-dose Valsartan treatment (80 mg/day) for 6 months, while 11 controls received no medication. Kidney HEP metabolism was evaluated both at baseline and after treatment by (31)P-MRS with a 1.5 T system (Gyroscan Intera Master 1.5 MR System; Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands). Valsartan-treated patients (n = 9) showed a significant increase in β-ATP/Pi ratio, a marker of kidney HEP metabolism (baseline = 1.03 ± 0.08 vs. 6 months = 1.26 ± 0.07, p = 0.03). In contrast, the b-ATP/Pi ratio in the control group (n = 11) did not change (baseline = 0.85 ± 0.10 vs. 6 months = 0.89 ± 0.08, ns). The improvement in the β-ATP/Pi ratio was not associated with a reduction in arterial blood pressure or in urinary albumin excretion. Kidney-localized (31)P-MRS can detect early changes in kidney HEP metabolism during a short-term low-dose Valsartan treatment in stable normotensive kidney-transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Enders Building, EN530, Boston, MA, USA.
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Liu JW, Liu D, Cui KZ, Xu Y, Li YB, Sun YM, Su Y. Recent advances in understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanism of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:441-3. [PMID: 22995317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications account for significant morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a prominent cardiovascular complication, has been recognized as a microvascular disease that may lead to heart failure. During the past few decades, research progress has been made in investigating the pathophysiology of the disease; however, the exact molecular mechanism has not been elucidated, making therapeutic a difficult task. In this review article, we have discussed a number of diabetes-induced metabolites such as glucose, advanced glycation end products, protein kinase C, free fatty acid and oxidative stress and other related factors that are implicated in the pathophysiology of the DCM. An understanding of the biochemical and molecular changes especially early in the DCM may lead to new and effective therapies toward prevention and amelioration of DCM, which is important for the millions of individuals who already have or are likely to develop the disease before a cure becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Wen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Liu C, Lv XH, Li HX, Cao X, Zhang F, Wang L, Yu M, Yang JK. Angiotensin-(1-7) suppresses oxidative stress and improves glucose uptake via Mas receptor in adipocytes. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49:291-9. [PMID: 22042130 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-011-0348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to glucose intolerance induced by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well documented, the role of the newly discovered pathway of RAS, angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7)/Mas axis, in this process remains unknown. Here, we examined the effect of Ang-(1-7) on oxidative stress and glucose uptake in adipocytes. We used primary cultured epididymal adipocytes from C57 mice to study Ang-(1-7) effects on glucose uptake. We also treated fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with exogenous Ang-(1-7) or overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to induce endogenous generation of Ang-(1-7) to clarify its effects on ROS production. Intracellular ROS was measured by flow cytometry, dihydroethidium (DHE), and nitroblue tetrazolium assay. Levels of NADPH oxidase and adiponectin mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. Ang-(1-7) improved glucose uptake both in basal and insulin-stimulated states. ROS production was slightly but significantly decreased in adipocytes treated with Ang-(1-7). Additionally, Mas receptor antagonist D-Ala7-Ang-(1-7) (A779) reversed the effect of Ang-(1-7) on glucose uptake and oxidative stress. Furthermore, treatment of adipocytes with Ang-(1-7) decreased NADPH oxidase mRNA levels. We also found that oxidative stress induced by glucose oxidase-suppressed expression of adiponectin, an insulin-sensitive protein. However, the suppression of oxidative stress by Ang-(1-7) restored adiponectin expression, while A779 agonists these changes induced by Ang-(1-7). In conclusion, Ang-(1-7) can protect against oxidative stress and improve glucose metabolism in adipocytes. These results show that Ang-(1-7) is a novel target for the improvement of glucose metabolism by preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
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Mallat SG. What is a preferred angiotensin II receptor blocker-based combination therapy for blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with diabetic and non-diabetic renal impairment? Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:32. [PMID: 22490507 PMCID: PMC3351968 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension has a major associated risk for organ damage and mortality, which is further heightened in patients with prior cardiovascular (CV) events, comorbid diabetes mellitus, microalbuminuria and renal impairment. Given that most patients with hypertension require at least two antihypertensives to achieve blood pressure (BP) goals, identifying the most appropriate combination regimen based on individual risk factors and comorbidities is important for risk management. Single-pill combinations (SPCs) containing two or more antihypertensive agents with complementary mechanisms of action offer potential advantages over free-drug combinations, including simplification of treatment regimens, convenience and reduced costs. The improved adherence and convenience resulting from SPC use is recognised in updated hypertension guidelines. Despite a wide choice of SPCs for hypertension treatment, clinical evidence from direct head-to-head comparisons to guide selection for individual patients is lacking. However, in patients with evidence of renal disease or at greater risk of developing renal disease, such as those with diabetes mellitus, microalbuminura and high-normal BP or overt hypertension, guidelines recommend renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blocker-based combination therapy due to superior renoprotective effects compared with other antihypertensive classes. Furthermore, RAS inhibitors attenuate the oedema and renal hyperfiltration associated with calcium channel blocker (CCB) monotherapy, making them a good choice for combination therapy. The occurrence of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-induced cough supports the use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for RAS blockade rather than ACE inhibitors. In this regard, ARB-based SPCs are available in combination with the diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or the calcium CCB, amlodipine. Telmisartan, a long-acting ARB with preferential pharmacodynamic profile compared with several other ARBs, and the only ARB with an indication for the prevention of CV disease progression, is available in two SPC formulations, telmisartan/HCTZ and telmisartan/amlodipine. Clinical studies suggest that in CV high-risk patients and those with evidence of renal disease, the use of an ARB/CCB combination may be preferred to ARB/HCTZ combinations due to superior renoprotective and CV benefits and reduced metabolic side effects in patients with concomitant metabolic disorders. However, selection of the most appropriate antihypertensive combination should be dependent on careful review of the individual patient and appropriate consideration of drug pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir G Mallat
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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