1
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Mahar JE, Wille M, Harvey E, Moritz CC, Holmes EC. The diverse liver viromes of Australian geckos and skinks are dominated by hepaciviruses and picornaviruses and reflect host taxonomy and habitat. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae044. [PMID: 38854849 PMCID: PMC11160328 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Lizards have diverse ecologies and evolutionary histories, and represent a promising group to explore how hosts shape virome structure and virus evolution. Yet, little is known about the viromes of these animals. In Australia, squamates (lizards and snakes) comprise the most diverse order of vertebrates, and Australia hosts the highest diversity of lizards globally, with the greatest breadth of habitat use. We used meta-transcriptomic sequencing to determine the virome of nine co-distributed, tropical lizard species from three taxonomic families in Australia and analyzed these data to identify host traits associated with viral abundance and diversity. We show that lizards carry a large diversity of viruses, identifying more than thirty novel, highly divergent vertebrate-associated viruses. These viruses were from nine viral families, including several that contain well known pathogens, such as the Flaviviridae, Picornaviridae, Bornaviridae, Iridoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Members of the Flaviviridae were particularly abundant across species sampled here, largely belonging to the genus Hepacivirus: fourteen novel hepaciviruses were identified, broadening the known diversity of this group and better defining its evolution by uncovering new reptilian clades. The evolutionary histories of the viruses studied here frequently aligned with the biogeographic and phylogenetic histories of the hosts, indicating that exogenous viruses may help infer host evolutionary history if sampling is strategic and sampling density high enough. Notably, analysis of alpha and beta diversity revealed that virome composition and richness in the animals sampled here was shaped by host taxonomy and habitat. In sum, we identified a diverse range of reptile viruses that broadly contributes to our understanding of virus-host ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie E Mahar
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle Wille
- Centre for Pathogen Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Erin Harvey
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Craig C Moritz
- Research School of Biology & Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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2
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Addai E, Adeniji A, Ngungu M, Tawiah GK, Marinda E, Asamoah JKK, Khan MA. A nonlinear fractional epidemic model for the Marburg virus transmission with public health education. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19292. [PMID: 37935815 PMCID: PMC10630313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a deterministic model for the dynamics of Marburg virus transmission that incorporates the impact of public health education is being formulated and analyzed. The Caputo fractional-order derivative is used to extend the traditional integer model to a fractional-based model. The model's positivity and boundedness are also under investigation. We obtain the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] and establish the conditions for the local and global asymptotic stability for the disease-free equilibrium of the model. Under the Caputo fractional-order derivative, we establish the existence-uniqueness theory using the Banach contraction mapping principle for the solution of the proposed model. We use functional techniques to demonstrate the proposed model's stability under the Ulam-Hyers condition. The numerical solutions are being determined through the Predictor-Corrector scheme. Awareness, as a form of education that lowers the risk of danger, is reducing susceptibility and the risk of infection. We employ numerical simulations to showcase the variety of realistic parameter values that support the argument that human awareness, as a form of education, considerably lowers susceptibility and the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Addai
- College of Computer and Information Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas State, 72204, USA
| | - Adejimi Adeniji
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Mercy Ngungu
- Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Godfred Kuffuor Tawiah
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Edmore Marinda
- Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joshua Kiddy K Asamoah
- Department of Mathematics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Muhammad Altaf Khan
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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3
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Eshak MIY, Rubbenstroth D, Beer M, Pfaff F. Diving deep into fish bornaviruses: Uncovering hidden diversity and transcriptional strategies through comprehensive data mining. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead062. [PMID: 38028148 PMCID: PMC10645145 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we discovered two novel orthobornaviruses in colubrid and viperid snakes using an in silico data-mining approach. Here, we present the results of a screening of more than 100,000 nucleic acid sequence datasets of fish samples from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) for potential bornaviral sequences. We discovered the potentially complete genomes of seven bornavirids in datasets from osteichthyans and chondrichthyans. Four of these are likely to represent novel species within the genus Cultervirus, and we propose that one genome represents a novel genus within the family of Bornaviridae. Specifically, we identified sequences of Wǔhàn sharpbelly bornavirus in sequence data from the widely used grass carp liver and kidney cell lines L8824 and CIK, respectively. A complete genome of Murray-Darling carp bornavirus was identified in sequence data from a goldfish (Carassius auratus). The newly discovered little skate bornavirus, identified in the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) dataset, contained a novel and unusual genomic architecture (N-Vp1-Vp2-X-P-G-M-L), as compared to other bornavirids. Its genome is thought to encode two additional open reading frames (tentatively named Vp1 and Vp2), which appear to represent ancient duplications of the gene encoding the viral glycoprotein (G). The datasets also provided insights into the possible transcriptional gradients of these bornavirids and revealed previously unknown splicing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirette I Y Eshak
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald—Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald—Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald—Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald—Insel Riems 17493, Germany
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4
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Whitehead JD, Grimes JM, Keown JR. Structural and biophysical characterization of the Borna disease virus 1 phosphoprotein. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2023; 79:51-60. [PMID: 36862093 PMCID: PMC9979977 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x23000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bornaviruses are RNA viruses with a mammalian, reptilian, and avian host range. The viruses infect neuronal cells and in rare cases cause a lethal encephalitis. The family Bornaviridae are part of the Mononegavirales order of viruses, which contain a nonsegmented viral genome. Mononegavirales encode a viral phosphoprotein (P) that binds both the viral polymerase (L) and the viral nucleoprotein (N). The P protein acts as a molecular chaperone and is required for the formation of a functional replication/transcription complex. In this study, the structure of the oligomerization domain of the phosphoprotein determined by X-ray crystallography is reported. The structural results are complemented with biophysical characterization using circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray scattering. The data reveal the phosphoprotein to assemble into a stable tetramer, with the regions outside the oligomerization domain remaining highly flexible. A helix-breaking motif is observed between the α-helices at the midpoint of the oligomerization domain that appears to be conserved across the Bornaviridae. These data provide information on an important component of the bornavirus replication complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Whitehead
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy R. Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Oh DY, Herzog S, Liebermann H, Osterrieder N, Nowotny N. Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122706. [PMID: 36560710 PMCID: PMC9788498 DOI: 10.3390/v14122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vaccination of horses and sheep against Borna disease (BD) was common in endemic areas of Germany in the 20th century but was abandoned in the early 1990s. The recent occurrence of fatal cases of human encephalitis due to Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) has rekindled the interest in vaccination. (2) Methods: The full genomes of the BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" were sequenced and analyzed for the first time. All vaccination experiments followed a proof-of-concept approach. Dose-titration infection experiments were performed in rabbits, based on both cell culture- and brain-derived viruses at various doses. Inactivated vaccines against BD were produced from concentrated cell culture supernatants and investigated in rabbits and horses. The BoDV-1 live vaccine "Dessau" was administered to horses and antibody profiles were determined. (3) Results: The BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" belong to clusters 3 and 4 of BoDV-1. Whereas the "Giessen" virus does not differ substantially from field viruses, the "Dessau" virus shows striking differences in the M gene and the N-terminal part of the G gene. Rabbits infected with high doses of cell-cultured virus developed neutralizing antibodies and were protected from disease, whereas rabbits infected with low doses of cell-cultured virus, or with brain-derived virus did not. Inactivated vaccines were administered to rabbits and horses, following pre-defined vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses of either adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted inactivated virus. Their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were compared to the BD live vaccine "Dessau". Seventy per cent of horses vaccinated with the BD live vaccine "Dessau" developed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. (4) Conclusion: Despite a complex evasion of immunological responses by bornaviruses, some vaccination approaches can protect against clinical disease. For optimal effectiveness, vaccines should be administered at high doses, following vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses as basic immunization. Further investigations are necessary in order to investigate and improve protection against infection and to avoid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2456
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Liebermann
- retd., former Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Borna Disease Virus 1 Phosphoprotein Forms a Tetramer and Interacts with Host Factors Involved in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and mRNA Processing. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112358. [PMID: 36366462 PMCID: PMC9692295 DOI: 10.3390/v14112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the structural organisation of viral replication complexes and unravelling the impact of infection on cellular homeostasis represent important challenges in virology. This may prove particularly useful when confronted with viruses that pose a significant threat to human health, that appear unique within their family, or for which knowledge is scarce. Among Mononegavirales, bornaviruses (family Bornaviridae) stand out due to their compact genomes and their nuclear localisation for replication. The recent recognition of the zoonotic potential of several orthobornaviruses has sparked a surge of interest in improving our knowledge on this viral family. In this work, we provide a complete analysis of the structural organisation of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) phosphoprotein (P), an important cofactor for polymerase activity. Using X-ray diffusion and diffraction experiments, we revealed that BoDV-1 P adopts a long coiled-coil α-helical structure split into two parts by an original β-strand twist motif, which is highly conserved across the members of whole Orthobornavirus genus and may regulate viral replication. In parallel, we used BioID to determine the proximal interactome of P in living cells. We confirmed previously known interactors and identified novel proteins linked to several biological processes such as DNA repair or mRNA metabolism. Altogether, our study provides important structure/function cues, which may improve our understanding of BoDV-1 pathogenesis.
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7
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Iverson M, Leacy A, Pham PH, Che S, Brouwer E, Nagy E, Lillie BN, Susta L. Experimental infection of aquatic bird bornavirus in Muscovy ducks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16398. [PMID: 36180525 PMCID: PMC9525603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic bird bornavirus (ABBV-1), an avian bornavirus, has been reported in wild waterfowl from North America and Europe that presented with neurological signs and inflammation of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The potential of ABBV-1to infect and cause lesions in commercial waterfowl species is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of ABBV-1 to infect and cause disease in day-old Muscovy ducks (n = 174), selected as a representative domestic waterfowl. Ducklings became infected with ABBV-1 through both intracranial and intramuscular, but not oral, infection routes. Upon intramuscular infection, the virus spread centripetally to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), while intracranial infection led to virus spread to the spinal cord, kidneys, proventriculus, and gonads (centrifugal spread). Infected birds developed both encephalitis and myelitis by 4 weeks post infection (wpi), which progressively subsided by 8 and 12 wpi. Despite development of microscopic lesions, clinical signs were not observed. Only five birds had choanal and/or cloacal swabs positive for ABBV-1, suggesting a low potential of Muscovy ducks to shed the virus. This is the first study to document the pathogenesis of ABBV-1 in poultry species, and confirms the ability of ABBV-1 to infect commercial waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phuc H Pham
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Sunoh Che
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Emily Brouwer
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo Susta
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada.
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8
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Rubbenstroth D. Avian Bornavirus Research—A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071513. [PMID: 35891493 PMCID: PMC9321243 DOI: 10.3390/v14071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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9
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Wells HL, Loh E, Nava A, Solorio MR, Lee MH, Lee J, Sukor JRA, Navarrete-Macias I, Liang E, Firth C, Epstein JH, Rostal MK, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Murray K, Daszak P, Goldstein T, Mazet JAK, Lee B, Hughes T, Durigon E, Anthony SJ. Classification of new morbillivirus and jeilongvirus sequences from bats sampled in Brazil and Malaysia. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1977-1987. [PMID: 35781557 PMCID: PMC9402765 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As part of a broad One Health surveillance effort to detect novel viruses in wildlife and people, we report several paramyxovirus sequences sampled primarily from bats during 2013 and 2014 in Brazil and Malaysia, including seven from which we recovered full-length genomes. Of these, six represent the first full-length paramyxovirid genomes sequenced from the Americas, including two that are the first full-length bat morbillivirus genome sequences published to date. Our findings add to the vast number of viral sequences in public repositories, which have been increasing considerably in recent years due to the rising accessibility of metagenomics. Taxonomic classification of these sequences in the absence of phenotypic data has been a significant challenge, particularly in the subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae, where the rate of discovery of novel sequences has been substantial. Using pairwise amino acid sequence classification (PAASC), we propose that five of these sequences belong to members of the genus Jeilongvirus and two belong to members of the genus Morbillivirus. We also highlight inconsistencies in the classification of Tupaia virus and Mòjiāng virus using the same demarcation criteria and suggest reclassification of these viruses into new genera. Importantly, this study underscores the critical importance of sequence length in PAASC analysis as well as the importance of biological characteristics such as genome organization in the taxonomic classification of viral sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wells
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Loh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alessandra Nava
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Mónica Romero Solorio
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mei Ho Lee
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Conservation Medicine, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jimmy Lee
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Conservation Medicine, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jum R A Sukor
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Isamara Navarrete-Macias
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eliza Liang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kris Murray
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Tracey Goldstein
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Hughes
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Conservation Medicine, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Edison Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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10
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Jingchuvirales: a new taxonomical framework for a rapidly expanding order of unusual monjiviricete viruses broadly distributed among arthropod subphyla. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0195421. [PMID: 35108077 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01954-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Technical advances in metagenomics and metatranscriptomics have dramatically accelerated virus discovery in recent years. "Chuviruses" were first described in 2015 as obscure negative-sense RNA viruses of diverse arthropods. Although "chuviruses" first appeared to be members of the negarnaviricot order Mononegavirales in phylogenetic analyses using RNA-directed RNA polymerase sequences, further characterization revealed unusual gene orders in genomes that are non-segmented, segmented, and/or possibly circular. Consequently, a separate order, Jingchuvirales was established to include a monospecific family Chuviridae. Recently, it has become apparent that jingchuvirals are broadly distributed and are therefore likely of ecologic and economic importance. Here we describe recent and ongoing efforts to create the necessary taxonomic framework to accommodate the expected flood of novel viruses belonging to the order.
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11
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Guo Y, Xu X, Tang T, Sun L, Zhang X, Shen X, Li D, Wang L, Zhao L, Xie P. miR-505 inhibits replication of Borna disease virus 1 via inhibition of HMGB1-mediated autophagy. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35060474 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus which was recently demonstrated to cause deadly human encephalitis. Viruses can modulate microRNA expression, in turn modulating cellular immune responses and regulating viral replication. A previous study indicated that BoDV-1 infection down-regulated the expression of miR-505 in rats. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-505 during BoDV-1 infection remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-505 can inhibit autophagy activation by down-regulating the expression of its target gene HMGB1, and ultimately inhibit the replication of BoDV-1. Specifically, we found that the expression of miR-505 was significantly down-regulated in rat primary neurons stably infected with BoDV-1. Overexpression of miR-505 can inhibit the replication of BoDV-1 in cells. Bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter gene detection confirmed that during BoDV-1 infection, the high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) that mediates autophagy is the direct target gene of miR-505. The expression of HMGB1 was up-regulated after BoDV-1 infection, and overexpression of miR-505 could inhibit the expression of HMGB1. Autophagy-related detection found that after infection with BoDV-1, the expression of autophagy-related proteins and autophagy-related marker LC3 in neuronal cells was significantly up-regulated. Autophagy flow experiments and transmission electron microscopy also further confirmed that BoDV-1 infection activated HMGB1-mediated autophagy. Further regulating the expression of miR-505 found that overexpression of miR-505 significantly inhibited HMGB1-mediated autophagy. The discovery of this mechanism may provide new ideas and directions for the prevention and treatment of BoDV-1 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jintang First People’s Hospital, West China Hospital Sichuan University JinTang Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain, The First People’s Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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12
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Hirai Y, Tomonaga K, Horie M. Borna disease virus phosphoprotein triggers the organization of viral inclusion bodies by liquid-liquid phase separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:55-63. [PMID: 34606793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (IBs) are characteristic biomolecular condensates organized by the non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the order Mononegavirales. Although recent studies have revealed the characteristics of IBs formed by cytoplasmic mononegaviruses, that of Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), a unique mononegavirus that forms IBs in the cell nucleus and establishes persistent infection remains elusive. Here, we characterize the IBs of BoDV-1 in terms of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The BoDV-1 phosphoprotein (P) alone induces LLPS and the nucleoprotein (N) is incorporated into the P droplets in vitro. In contrast, co-expression of N and P is required for the formation of IB-like structure in cells. Furthermore, while BoDV-1 P binds to RNA, an excess amount of RNA dissolves the liquid droplets formed by N and P in vitro. Notably, the intrinsically disordered N-terminal region of BoDV-1 P is essential to drive LLPS and to bind to RNA, suggesting that both abilities could compete with one another. These features are unique among mononegaviruses, and thus this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of LLPS-driven organization and RNA-mediated regulation of biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hirai
- Department of Biology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha Hanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (InFRONT), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan; Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (InFRONT), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
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13
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Pfaff F, Rubbenstroth D. Two novel bornaviruses identified in colubrid and viperid snakes. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2611-2614. [PMID: 34128103 PMCID: PMC8321990 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We present the complete genome sequences of Caribbean watersnake bornavirus (CWBV) and Mexican black-tailed rattlesnake bornavirus (MRBV), which we identified in archived raw transcriptomic read data of a Caribbean watersnake (Tretanorhinus variabilis) and a Mexican black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus nigrescens), respectively. The genomes of CWBV and MRBV have a length of about 8,900 nucleotides and comprise the complete coding regions and the untranslated regions. The overall genomic makeup and predicted gene content is typical for members of the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. Alternative splicing was detected for the L and M genes. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of all viral proteins, we consider both viruses to be members of a single novel species within the genus Orthobornavirus. Both viruses form a distinct outgroup to all currently known orthobornaviruses. Based on the novel virus genomes, we furthermore identified closely related endogenous bornavirus-like nucleoprotein sequences in transcriptomic data of veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and a common lancehead (Bothrops atrox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Riems, Germany.
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Riems, Germany
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14
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Sukmak M, Okamoto M, Ando T, Hagiwara K. Genetic stability of the open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) distributed in cattle in Hokkaido. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1526-1533. [PMID: 34393150 PMCID: PMC8569879 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV) is a neurotropic virus that causes several infections in
humans and neurological diseases in a wide range of animals worldwide. BoDV-1 has been
molecularly and serologically detected in many domestic and wild animals in Japan;
however, the genetic diversity of this virus and the origin of its infection are not fully
understood. In this study, we investigated BoDV-1 infection and genetic diversity in
samples collected from animals in Hokkaido between 2006 and 2020. The analysis was
performed by focusing on the P region of BoDV-1 for virus detection. The presence of
BoDV-1 RNA was observed in samples of brain tissue and various organs derived from
persistently infected cattle. Moreover, after inoculation, BoDV-positive brains were
isolated from neonatal rats. The gene sequences of the P region of BoDV obtained from the
rat brain were in the same cluster as the P region of the virus isolated from the original
bovine. Thus, genetic variation in BoDV-1 was extremely low. The phylogenetic analysis
revealed that BoDV-1 isolates obtained in this study were part of the same cluster, which
suggested that BoDV-1 of the same cluster was widespread among animals in Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manakorn Sukmak
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetseart University.,Kamphaengsaen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetseart University
| | | | - Tastuya Ando
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
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15
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Sigrist B, Geers J, Albini S, Rubbenstroth D, Wolfrum N. A New Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Avian Bornaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071358. [PMID: 34372564 PMCID: PMC8310230 DOI: 10.3390/v13071358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses were first described in 2008 as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in parrots and their relatives (Psittaciformes). To date, 15 genetically highly diverse avian bornaviruses covering at least five viral species have been discovered in different bird orders. Currently, the primary diagnostic tool is the detection of viral RNA by conventional or real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). One of the drawbacks of this is the usage of either specific assays, allowing the detection of one particular virus, or of assays with a broad detection spectrum, which, however, do not allow for the simultaneous specification of the detected virus. To facilitate the simultaneous detection and specification of avian bornaviruses, a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was developed. Whole-genome sequences of various bornaviruses were aligned. Primers were designed to recognize conserved regions within the overlapping X/P gene and probes were selected to detect virus species-specific regions within the target region. The optimization of the assay resulted in the sensitive and specific detection of bornaviruses of Psittaciformes, Passeriformes, and aquatic birds. Finally, the new rRT-PCR was successfully employed to detect avian bornaviruses in field samples from various avian species. This assay will serve as powerful tool in epidemiological studies and will improve avian bornavirus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Sigrist
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Geers
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (J.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Sarah Albini
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (J.G.); (D.R.)
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wolfrum
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-635-86-36
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16
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Heckmann J, Enderlein D, Gartner AM, Bücking B, Herzog S, Heffels-Redmann U, Malberg S, Herden C, Lierz M. Wounds as the Portal of Entrance for Parrot Bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) and Retrograde Axonal Transport in Experimentally Infected Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Avian Dis 2021; 64:247-253. [PMID: 33205181 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the natural route of infection of psittacine bornavirus (PaBV), which is the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacines. We inoculated two infection groups through wounds with a PaBV-4 isolate. In nine cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) we applied a virus suspension with a titer of 103 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCID50) via palatal lesions (Group P, P1-9). In a second group of three cockatiels, we applied a virus suspension with a titer of 104 TCID50 to footpad lesions (Group F, F1-3). In two cockatiels, the control (or "mock") group, we applied a virus-free cell suspension (Group M, M1-2) via palatal lesions. The observation period was 6 mo (Groups P and M) or 7 mo (Group F). We monitored PaBV-4 RNA shedding and seroconversion. At the end of the study, we examined the birds for the presence of inflammatory lesions, PaBV-4 RNA, and antigen in tissues, as well as virus reisolation of brain and crop material. We did not observe any clinical signs typical of PDD during this study. We also did not see seroconversion or PaBV RNA shedding in any bird during the entire investigation period, and virus reisolation was not successful. We only found PaBV-4 RNA in sciatic nerves, footpad tissue, skin, and in one sample from the intestine of Group F. In this group, the histopathology revealed mononuclear infiltrations mainly in skin and footpad tissue; immunohistochemistry showed positive reactions in spinal ganglia and in the spinal cord, and slightly in skin, footpad tissues, and sciatic nerves. In Groups P and M we found no viral antigen or specific inflammations. In summary, only the virus application on the footpad lesion led to detectable PaBV RNA, mononuclear infiltrations, and positive immunohistochemical reactions in tissues of the experimental birds. This could suggest that PaBV spreads via nervous tissue, with skin wounds as the primary entry route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Heckmann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Enderlein
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Gartner
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bianca Bücking
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ursula Heffels-Redmann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara Malberg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Significant advances have been observed in the field of cell biology, with numerous studies exploring the molecular genetic pathways that have contributed to species evolution and disease development. The current study adds to the existing body of research evidence by reviewing information related to the role of leftover viruses and/or viral remnants in human physiology. To explore leftover viruses, their incorporation, and their roles in human physiology. The study entailed conducting a systematic search in the PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases to locate articles related to the topic of investigation. The search terms included “leftovers,” “viruses,” “genome sequences,” “transposable elements,” “immune response,” and “evolution.” Additional articles were selected from the references of the studies identified in the electronic databases. Evidence showed that both retroviruses and nonretroviruses can be integrated into the human germline via various mechanisms. The role of leftover viruses in human physiology has been explored by studying the activation of human retroviral genes in the human placenta, RNA transfer between neurons through virus-like particles, and RNA transfer through extracellular vesicles. Research evidence suggested that leftover viruses play key roles in human physiology. A more complete understanding of the underlying pathways may provide an avenue for studying human evolution and allow researchers to determine the pathogenesis of some viral infections. Evidence obtained in this review shows that leftover viruses may be incorporated into the human genome. Retroviral genes are critical for the development of different parts of the body, such as the placenta in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Although viruses have threatened our ancestors for millions of years, prehistoric epidemics of viruses are largely unknown. Endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) are ancient bornavirus sequences derived from the viral messenger RNAs that were reverse transcribed and inserted into animal genomes, most likely by retrotransposons. These elements can be used as molecular fossil records to trace past bornaviral infections. In this study, we systematically identified EBLs in vertebrate genomes and revealed the history of bornavirus infections over nearly 100 My. We confirmed that ancient bornaviral infections have occurred in diverse vertebrate lineages, especially in primate ancestors. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that primate ancestors were infected with various bornaviral lineages during evolution. EBLs in primate genomes formed clades according to their integration ages, suggesting that bornavirus lineages infected with primate ancestors had changed chronologically. However, some bornaviral lineages may have coexisted with primate ancestors and underwent repeated endogenizations for tens of millions of years. Moreover, a bornaviral lineage that coexisted with primate ancestors also endogenized in the genomes of some ancestral bats. The habitats of these bat ancestors have been reported to overlap with the migration route of primate ancestors. These results suggest that long-term virus-host coexistence expanded the geographic distributions of the bornaviral lineage along with primate migration and may have spread their infections to these bat ancestors. Our findings provide insight into the history of bornavirus infections over geological timescales that cannot be deduced from research using extant viruses alone, thus broadening our perspective on virus-host coevolution.
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19
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Malbon AJ, Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Kobera R, Pöhle D, Muluneh A, Dervas E, Cebra C, Steffen F, Paternoster G, Gerspach C, Hilbe M. New World camelids are sentinels for the presence of Borna disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:451-464. [PMID: 33501762 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease (BD), a frequently fatal neurologic disorder caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), has been observed for decades in horses, sheep, and other mammals in certain regions of Europe. The bicoloured white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) was identified as a persistently infected species involved in virus transmission. Recently, BoDV-1 attracted attention as a cause of fatal encephalitis in humans. Here, we report investigations on BoDV-1-infected llamas from a farm in a BD endemic area of Switzerland, and alpacas from holdings in a region of Germany where BD was last seen in the 1960s but not thereafter. All New World camelids showed apathy and abnormal behaviour, necessitating euthanasia. Histologically, severe non-suppurative meningoencephalitis with neuronal Joest-Degen inclusion bodies was observed. BoDV-1 was confirmed by immunohistology, RT-qPCR, and sequencing in selected animals. Analysis of the llama herd over 20 years showed that losses due to clinically suspected BD increased within the last decade. BoDV-1 whole-genome sequences from one Swiss llama and one German alpaca and-for comparison-from one Swiss horse and one German shrew were established. They represent the first published whole-genome sequences of BoDV-1 clusters 1B and 3, respectively. Our analysis suggests that New World camelids may have a role as a sentinel species for BoDV-1 infection, even when symptomatic cases are lacking in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Malbon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Dietrich Pöhle
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Dervas
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Cebra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Frank Steffen
- Section of Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Paternoster
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerspach
- Farm Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Komorizono R, Sassa Y, Horie M, Makino A, Tomonaga K. Evolutionary Selection of the Nuclear Localization Signal in the Viral Nucleoprotein Leads to Host Adaptation of the Genus Orthobornavirus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111291. [PMID: 33187187 PMCID: PMC7698282 DOI: 10.3390/v12111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of the viral life cycle to host cells is necessary for efficient viral infection and replication. This evolutionary process has contributed to the mechanism for determining the host range of viruses. Orthobornaviruses, members of the family Bornaviridae, are non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses, and several genotypes have been isolated from different vertebrate species. Previous studies revealed that some genotypes isolated from avian species can replicate in mammalian cell lines, suggesting the zoonotic potential of avian orthobornaviruses. However, the mechanism by which the host specificity of orthobornaviruses is determined has not yet been identified. In this study, we found that the infectivity of orthobornaviruses is not determined at the viral entry step, mediated by the viral glycoprotein and matrix protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence in the viral nucleoprotein (N) has evolved under natural selection and determines the host-specific viral polymerase activity. A chimeric mammalian orthobornavirus, which has the NLS sequence of avian orthobornavirus N, exhibited a reduced propagation efficiency in mammalian cells. Our findings indicated that nuclear transport of the viral N is a determinant of the host range of orthobornaviruses, providing insights into the evolution and host adaptation of orthobornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Komorizono
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sassa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (K.T.)
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21
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A brief history of the species concept in virology and an opinion on the proposal to introduce Linnaean binomial virus species names. Arch Virol 2020; 165:3073-3077. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Hoppes SM, Shivaprasad HL. Update on Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease: Diagnostics, Pathology, Prevalence, and Control. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:337-351. [PMID: 32327040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a neurotropic virus that can cause gastrointestinal and/or neurologic signs of disease in birds. The disease process is called proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). The characteristic lesions observed in birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the proventriculus. ABV is widely distributed in captive and wild bird populations. Most birds infected do not show clinical signs of disease. This article is an update of the Veterinary Clinics of North America article from 2013: Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease: Diagnostics, Pathology, Prevalence, and Control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharman M Hoppes
- Texas Avian and Exotic Hospital, 2700 West State Highway 114 Suite A, Building 2, Grapevine, TX 76051, USA.
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- University of California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-Tulare, University of California, Davis, 18760 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
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23
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Nobach D, Müller J, Tappe D, Herden C. Update on immunopathology of bornavirus infections in humans and animals. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:159-222. [PMID: 32711729 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on bornaviruses has expanded tremendously during the last decade through detection of novel bornaviruses and endogenous bornavirus-like elements in many eukaryote genomes, as well as by confirmation of insectivores as reservoir species for classical Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). The most intriguing finding was the demonstration of the zoonotic potential of lethal human bornavirus infections caused by a novel bornavirus of different squirrel species (variegated squirrel 1 bornavirus, VSBV-1) and by BoDV-1 known as the causative agent for the classical Borna disease in horses and sheep. Whereas a T cell-mediated immunopathology has already been confirmed as key disease mechanism for infection with BoDV-1 by experimental studies in rodents, the underlying pathomechanisms remain less clear for human bornavirus infections, infection with other bornaviruses or infection of reservoir species. Thus, an overview of current knowledge on the pathogenesis of bornavirus infections focusing on immunopathology is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jana Müller
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Center for Brain, Mind and Behavior, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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24
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Philadelpho NA, Davies YM, Guimarães MB, Nuñez LF, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Parra SHS, Rubbenstroth D, Ferreira AJP. Detection of Avian Bornavirus in Wild and Captive Passeriformes in Brazil. Avian Dis 2020; 63:294-297. [PMID: 31251529 DOI: 10.1637/11847-041718-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses (ABVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a fatal neurologic disease considered to be a major threat to psittacine bird populations. We performed a reverse transcription PCR survey to detect the presence of canary avian bornavirus (CnBV) in birds of order Passeriformes related to different clinical manifestations, such as sudden death, neurologic signs, apathy, anorexia, excessive beak growth, and PDD. A total of 227 samples from captive and wild canaries were included, of which 80 samples were captive birds, comprising saffron finches (n = 71) and common canary (n = 9), and 147 samples were wild birds distributed among a variety of several species. Two samples from captive birds (2/80) were positive for ABV, and in wild birds, only one sample was positive for ABV. The positive samples were subjected to DNA sequencing, and only the CnBV-1 serotype was found, which was the first time it was detected outside of Germany (Austria/Hungary), where it was first detected in 2009. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that avian bornavirus serotype CnBV-1 is present in order Passeriformes in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Philadelpho
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yamê M Davies
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta B Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis F Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudete S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana H Santander Parra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,
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Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW, Hecker H, Ludwig H, Emrich HM. Antiviral treatment perspective against Borna disease virus 1 infection in major depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:12. [PMID: 32066504 PMCID: PMC7027224 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether Borna disease virus (BDV-1) is a human pathogen remained controversial until recent encephalitis cases showed BDV-1 infection could even be deadly. This called to mind previous evidence for an infectious contribution of BDV-1 to mental disorders. Pilot open trials suggested that BDV-1 infected depressed patients benefitted from antiviral therapy with a licensed drug (amantadine) which also tested sensitive in vitro. Here, we designed a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) which cross-linked depression and BDV-1 infection, addressing both the antidepressant and antiviral efficacy of amantadine. Methods The interventional phase II RCT (two 7-weeks-treatment periods and a 12-months follow-up) at the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany, assigned currently depressed BDV-1 infected patients with either major depression (MD; N = 23) or bipolar disorder (BD; N = 13) to amantadine sulphate (PK-Merz®; twice 100 mg orally daily) or placebo treatment, and contrariwise, respectively. Clinical changes were assessed every 2–3 weeks by the 21-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) (total, single, and combined scores). BDV-1 activity was determined accordingly in blood plasma by enzyme immune assays for antigens (PAG), antibodies (AB) and circulating immune complexes (CIC). Results Primary outcomes (≥25% HAMD reduction, week 7) were 81.3% amantadine vs. 35.3% placebo responder (p = 0.003), a large clinical effect size (ES; Cohen’s d) of 1.046, and excellent drug tolerance. Amantadine was safe reducing suicidal behaviour in the first 2 weeks. Pre-treatment maximum infection levels were predictive of clinical improvement (AB, p = 0.001; PAG, p = 0.026; HAMD week 7). Respective PAG and CIC levels correlated with AB reduction (p = 0,001 and p = 0.034, respectively). Follow-up benefits (12 months) correlated with dropped cumulative infection measures over time (p < 0.001). In vitro, amantadine concentrations as low as 2.4–10 ng/mL (50% infection-inhibitory dose) prevented infection with human BDV Hu-H1, while closely related memantine failed up to 100,000-fold higher concentration (200 μg/mL). Conclusions Our findings indicate profound antidepressant efficacy of safe oral amantadine treatment, paralleling antiviral effects at various infection levels. This not only supports the paradigm of a link of BDV-1 infection and depression. It provides a novel possibly practice-changing low cost mental health care perspective for depressed BDV-1-infected patients addressing global needs. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Registry on 04th of March 2015. The trial ID is DRKS00007649; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef E Dietrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Burghof-Clinic, Ritterstr. 19, 31737, Rinteln, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hanover, Germany. .,Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Liv Bode
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten W Spannhuth
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hecker
- Department of Biometrics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M Emrich
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
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Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis: Current Debates and Unanswered Questions. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:6563723. [PMID: 32411340 PMCID: PMC7212328 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6563723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis, often referred to as parrot wasting disease, is associated with a newly discovered avian virus from the taxonomic family Bornaviridae. Research regarding the pathogenesis and treatment for this disease is ongoing, with implications for understanding other emerging human and nonhuman diseases, as well as the health and ecology of wildlife. At this time, numerous questions remain unanswered regarding the transmission of the disease, best practices for diagnostic sampling and testing, and whether currently used drug therapies are effective or harmful for afflicted birds. The pathogenesis of the disease also remains unclear with many birds showing resistance to the effects of the virus and being able to remain clinically unaffected for years, while other birds succumb to its effects. New research findings regarding avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis are discussed and important as yet unanswered questions are identified.
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Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010023. [PMID: 31878129 PMCID: PMC7019608 DOI: 10.3390/v12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.
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Rall I, Amann R, Malberg S, Herden C, Rubbenstroth D. Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) Vaccines Efficiently Protect Cockatiels Against Parrot Bornavirus Infection and Proventricular Dilatation Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121130. [PMID: 31817690 PMCID: PMC6950018 DOI: 10.3390/v11121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a chronic and often fatal neurologic disorder in Psittaciformes. The disease is widely distributed in private parrot collections and threatens breeding populations of endangered species. Thus, immunoprophylaxis strategies are urgently needed. In previous studies we demonstrated a prime-boost vaccination regime using modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) constructs expressing the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein of PaBV-4 (MVA/PaBV-4 and NDV/PaBV-4, respectively) to protect cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) against experimental challenge infection. Here we investigated the protective effect provided by repeated immunization with either MVA/PaBV-4, NDV/PaBV-4 or Orf virus constructs (ORFV/PaBV-4) individually. While MVA/PaBV-4-vaccinated cockatiels were completely protected against subsequent PaBV-2 challenge infection and PDD-associated lesions, the course of the challenge infection in NDV/PaBV-4- or ORFV/PaBV-4-vaccinated birds did not differ from the unvaccinated control group. We further investigated the effect of vaccination on persistently PaBV-4-infected cockatiels. Remarkably, subsequent immunization with MVA/PaBV-4 and NDV/PaBV-4 neither induced obvious immunopathogenesis exacerbating the disease nor reduced viral loads in the infected birds. In summary, we demonstrated that vaccination with MVA/PaBV-4 alone is sufficient to efficiently prevent PaBV-2 challenge infection in cockatiels, providing a suitable vaccine candidate against avian bornavirus infection and bornavirus-induced PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Rall
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Sara Malberg
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University Justus Liebig Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 96, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University Justus Liebig Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 96, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1521
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Escandon P, Heatley JJ, Tizard I, Guo J, Shivaprasad HL, Musser JM. Treatment With Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Fails To Ameliorate Pathology In Cockatiels Experimentally Infected With Parrot Bornavirus-2. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:185-195. [PMID: 31819861 PMCID: PMC6878917 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s229936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Parrot bornavirus is the etiological agent of Parrot bornavirus syndrome, also referred to and comprising proventricular dilatation disease or PDD, macaw wasting disease, enteric ganglioneuritis and encephalitis, and avian ganglioneuritis. It has been suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be able to ameliorate this disease. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of two commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, celecoxib and meloxicam, on cockatiels experimentally inoculated with Parrot bornavirus-2 (PaBV-2). Materials and methods Twenty-seven cockatiels were randomized into 3 groups of 9 birds, matched with respect to historical PaBV shedding, weight, and sex. The cockatiels were inoculated with cell culture-derived PaBV-2 by the intranasal and intramuscular routes. Beginning at 23 days post-inoculation, birds in each group received oral treatment once daily with placebo, meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg), or celecoxib (10.0 mg/kg). Results Within 33–79 days post-inoculation, 2 birds died and 6 birds were euthanized based on neurological or gastrointestinal signs consistent with Parrot bornavirus syndrome: 2 birds were euthanized in the placebo group, 1 bird died and 1 bird was euthanized in the meloxicam-treated group, and 1 bird died and 3 birds were euthanized in the celecoxib-treated group. Of these 8 birds, black intestinal contents were found upon necropsy in 2 birds of the meloxicam-treated group and 2 birds of the celecoxib-treated group. At day 173 (±2) post-inoculation, the remaining 19 birds were euthanized. Necropsy and histopathology showed lesions characteristic of Parrot bornavirus syndrome in 23 cockatiels. Histopathologic lesions were present in birds of all 3 groups. There was no statistical difference between the groups nor was there a statistical difference among the 3 treatment groups in the detection of PaBV RNA and PaBV nucleoprotein using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Conclusion Meloxicam and celecoxib treatments do not appear to alter the clinical presentation, viral shedding, gross lesions, histopathology, or viral distribution. Treatment with NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal toxicity in cockatiels experimentally inoculated with PaBV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-Tulare, University of California, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mb Musser
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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30
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Escandon P, Heatley JJ, Berghman LR, Tizard I, Musser JM. Comparison Of Four Anti-Avian IgY Secondary Antibodies Used In Western Blot And Dot-Blot ELISA To Detect Avian Bornavirus Antibodies In Four Different Bird Species. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:141-150. [PMID: 31815098 PMCID: PMC6858837 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s227616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the specificity of different avian secondary antibodies used in Western blot and dot-blot ELISA to detect avian bornavirus antibodies in bird plasma. Methods Plasma samples were collected from: two Blue and gold macaws, one positive and one negative for avian bornavirus by RT-PCR; a Cockatiel and a Monk parakeet prior to and following experimental infection; and, two Mallards, one positive and one negative for avian bornavirus by RT-PCR Samples were analyzed by Western blot and dot-blot ELISA that incorporated recombinant avian bornavirus nucleoprotein as the target analyte. Four species-specific anti-IgY secondary antibodies were used in the assays: goat anti-macaw IgY, goat anti-bird IgY, goat anti-duck IgY, and rabbit anti-chicken IgY. Results In the Western blot, anti-macaw IgY secondary antibody produced strong signals with Blue and gold macaw and Cockatiel positive plasma, but no signal with Mallard positive plasma. Anti-bird IgY secondary antibody produced strong signals with Blue and gold macaw, Cockatiel, and Mallard positive plasma. Anti-duck and anti-chicken IgY secondary antibody produced a strong and moderate signal, respectively, only with Mallard positive plasma. In the dot-blot ELISA, there was a distinct and significant difference (P<0.05) in the signal intensity between the different secondary antibodies within a bird species. Anti-macaw IgY secondary antibody produced significantly (P<0.05) stronger signals than the other secondary antibodies in Blue and gold macaw, Cockatiel, and Monk parakeet positive plasma, while anti-duck IgY secondary antibody produced significantly (P<0.05) stronger signals than the other secondary antibodies in Mallard positive plasma. Conclusion In testing psittacines with immunoassays, and especially in assays that incorporate short incubation reaction times such as a dot-blot ELISA, species-specific anti-IgY secondary antibodies provided more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Luc R Berghman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mb Musser
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Development of a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of parrot bornavirus 4. J Virol Methods 2019; 275:113749. [PMID: 31622637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian bornavirus (ABV) is the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease, which is fatal in psittacine birds. ABVs have spread worldwide, and outbreaks have led to mass deaths of captive birds in commercial and breeding facilities. The segregation of infected birds is a countermeasure to prevent ABV spread in aviaries. However, this approach requires a highly sensitive detection method for the screening of infected birds before virus transmission. In this study, we developed a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the diagnosis of parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4), a dominant ABV genotype. Using this assay, we successfully detected PaBV-4 RNA in cell cultures, brain tissues, and feces. We also developed methods for simple RNA extraction and visual detection without electrophoresis. The sensitivity of the newly established RT-LAMP assay was 100-fold higher than that of the real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay. Accordingly, the RT-LAMP assay developed in this study is suitable for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of PaBV-4 without specialized equipment and will contribute to virus control in aviaries.
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Zhang X, Guo Y, Xu X, Tang T, Sun L, Wang H, Zhou W, Fang L, Li Q, Xie P. miR-146a promotes Borna disease virus 1 replication through IRAK1/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway. Virus Res 2019; 271:197671. [PMID: 31330207 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a negative single-stranded RNA virus that is highly neurotropic. BoDV-1 infection can damage the central nervous system and cause inflammation. To survive in host cells, BoDV-1 must evade the host innate immune response. A previous study showed that miR-146a expression increased in neonatal rats infected with BoDV-1. miR-146a is a microRNA suggested to negatively regulate innate immune and inflammatory responses and antiviral pathways. Many groups have reported that its overexpression facilitates viral replication. However, it is unclear whether miR-146a is involved in escape from the host immune response during BoDV-1 infection. METHODS In this study, BoDV-1 was used to infect neonatal rats within 24 h of birth intracranially, as well as to infect human microglial cells (HMC3). miR-146a expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR. The TargetScanHuman database was used to find the target genes of miR-146a. A search of the binding sites of miR-146a and its target gene's 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) was also performed using RNAhybrid software. The binding sites of miR-146a and the target gene's 3'UTR were detected by dual luciferase reporter assays. Overexpression and suppression studies of miR-146a were performed to determine its effect on BoDV-1 replication. The relative protein expression of members of the IRAK1/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway was also evaluated by western blotting in HMC3. RESULTS After BoDV-1 infection of neurons in vivo and of HMC3 cells, miR-146a expression was significantly upregulated. miR-146a overexpression in HMC3 cells promoted viral replication, while its inhibition inhibited it. Through the TargetScanHuman database, we identified the target genes of anti-inflammatory miR-146a: IRAK1 and TRAF6. We also found that BoDV-1 could inhibit IRAK1 and TRAF6 expression in HMC3 cells. Moreover, we showed that the inhibition of IRAK1 and TRAF6 also led to decreases in the expression of P65 and phosphorylated P65 in the downstream NF-κB pathway. Subsequently, we confirmed the interaction of miR-146a with IRAK1 and TRAF6 by luciferase assay. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that miR-146a inhibits the IRAK1/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway to facilitate BoDV-1 survival in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Solving the species problem in viral taxonomy: recommendations on non-Latinized binomial species names and on abandoning attempts to assign metagenomic viral sequences to species taxa. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2223-2229. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bornavirus. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 62:519-532. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-019-02904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Intranasal Borna Disease Virus (BoDV-1) Infection: Insights into Initial Steps and Potential Contagiosity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061318. [PMID: 30875911 PMCID: PMC6470550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Bornavirus (BoDV-1) typically causes a fatal neurologic disorder in horses and sheep, and was recently shown to cause fatal encephalitis in humans with and without transplant reception. It has been suggested that BoDV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory pathway. However, (I) susceptible cell types that replicate the virus for successful spread, and (II) the role of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), remained unclear. To address this, we studied the intranasal infection of adult rats with BoDV-1 in vivo and in vitro, using olfactory mucosal (OM) cell cultures and the cultures of purified OECs. Strikingly, in vitro and in vivo, viral antigen and mRNA were present from four days post infection (dpi) onwards in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), but also in all other cell types of the OM, and constantly in the OECs. In contrast, in vivo, BoDV-1 genomic RNA was only detectable in adult and juvenile ORNs, nerve fibers, and in OECs from 7 dpi on. In vitro, the rate of infection of OECs was significantly higher than that of the OM cells, pointing to a crucial role of OECs for infection via the olfactory pathway. Thus, this study provides important insights into the transmission of neurotropic viral infections with a zoonotic potential.
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Horie M, Tomonaga K. Paleovirology of bornaviruses: What can be learned from molecular fossils of bornaviruses. Virus Res 2018; 262:2-9. [PMID: 29630909 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are virus-derived sequences embedded in eukaryotic genomes formed by germline integration of viral sequences. As many EVEs were integrated into eukaryotic genomes millions of years ago, EVEs are considered molecular fossils of viruses. EVEs can be valuable informational sources about ancient viruses, including their time scale, geographical distribution, genetic information, and hosts. Although integration of viral sequences is not required for replications of viruses other than retroviruses, many non-retroviral EVEs have been reported to exist in eukaryotes. Investigation of these EVEs has expanded our knowledge regarding virus-host interactions, as well as provided information on ancient viruses. Among them, EVEs derived from bornaviruses, non-retroviral RNA viruses, have been relatively well studied. Bornavirus-derived EVEs are widely distributed in animal genomes, including the human genome, and the history of bornaviruses can be dated back to more than 65 million years. Although there are several reports focusing on the biological significance of bornavirus-derived sequences in mammals, paleovirology of bornaviruses has not yet been well described and summarized. In this paper, we describe what can be learned about bornaviruses from endogenous bornavirus-like elements from the view of paleovirology using published results and our novel data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Horie
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Hyndman TH, Shilton CM, Stenglein MD, Wellehan JFX. Divergent bornaviruses from Australian carpet pythons with neurological disease date the origin of extant Bornaviridae prior to the end-Cretaceous extinction. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006881. [PMID: 29462190 PMCID: PMC5834213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue samples from Australian carpet pythons (Morelia spilota) with neurological disease were screened for viruses using next-generation sequencing. Coding complete genomes of two bornaviruses were identified with the gene order 3'-N-X-P-G-M-L, representing a transposition of the G and M genes compared to other bornaviruses and most mononegaviruses. Use of these viruses to search available vertebrate genomes enabled recognition of further endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) in diverse placental mammals, including humans. Codivergence patterns and shared integration sites revealed an ancestral laurasiatherian EBLG integration (77 million years ago [MYA]) and a previously identified afrotherian EBLG integration (83 MYA). The novel python bornaviruses clustered more closely with these EBLs than with other exogenous bornaviruses, suggesting that these viruses diverged from previously known bornaviruses prior to the end-Cretaceous (K-Pg) extinction, 66 MYA. It is possible that EBLs protected mammals from ancient bornaviral disease, providing a selective advantage in the recovery from the K-Pg extinction. A degenerate PCR primer set was developed to detect a highly conserved region of the bornaviral polymerase gene. It was used to detect 15 more genetically distinct bornaviruses from Australian pythons that represent a group that is likely to contain a number of novel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H. Hyndman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mark D. Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Huang Y, Li XM, Chen SG, Deng J, Lei Y, Li WJ, Zhang HZ, Zhang H, Li D, Xie P. Application of antibodies against Borna disease virus phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein on paraffin sections. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5416-5422. [PMID: 29363723 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the application of antibodies against recombinant proteins for detecting Borna disease virus (BDV) phosphoprotein (p24) and nucleoprotein (p40) (BDV‑p24/p40) on paraffin sections by immunohistochemistry. The purified fusion p24 and p40 proteins were used for the preparation of polyclonal and monoclonal anti‑p24 and anti‑40 antibodies, which were confirmed by ELISA and western blotting. Paraffin sections were made from BDV‑infected Sprague‑Dawley (SD) rats (n=20), PBS‑injected SD rats (n=20), normal SD rats (n=20) and normal C57 mice (n=20). Immunohistochemical staining was performed according to the EnVision™ two‑step protocol. Heat‑mediated antigen retrieval was performed using the retrieval buffer sodium citrate (1 mM; pH 6.0). All the antibodies against recombinant proteins exhibited good sensitivity and specificity. There were significant differences between the BDV‑infected group and the BDV‑uninfected group for poly‑ and monoclonal anti‑p24 and ‑p40 antibodies. These antibodies against recombinant proteins may be used effectively to detect BDV p24 and p40 in paraffin sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Chen
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Deng
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lei
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhi Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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39
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Rossi G, Dahlhausen RD, Galosi L, Orosz SE. Avian Ganglioneuritis in Clinical Practice. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:33-67. [PMID: 29146031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian ganglioneuritis (AG) comprises one of the most intricate pathologies in avian medicine and is researched worldwide. Avian bornavirus (ABV) has been shown to be a causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease in birds. The avian Bornaviridae represent a genetically diverse group of viruses that are widely distributed in captive and wild populations around the world. ABV and other infective agents are implicated as a cause of the autoimmune pathology that leads to AG, similar to human Guillain Barrè syndrome. Management of affected birds is beneficial and currently centered at reducing neurologic inflammation, managing secondary complications, and providing nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- Animal Pathology Section, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Robert D Dahlhausen
- Avian and Exotic Animal Medical Center and Veterinary Molecular Diagnostics, Inc, 5989 Meijer Drive, Suite 5, Milford, OH 45150, USA
| | - Livio Galosi
- Animal Pathology Section, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Susan E Orosz
- Bird and Exotic Pet Wellness Center, 5166 Monroe Street, Suite 306, Toledo, OH 43623, USA.
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40
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Hameed SS, Guo J, Tizard I, Shivaprasad HL, Payne S. Studies on immunity and immunopathogenesis of parrot bornaviral disease in cockatiels. Virology 2017; 515:81-91. [PMID: 29274528 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that vaccination of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) with killed parrot bornavirus (PaBV) plus recombinant PaBV-4 nucleoprotein (N) in alum was protective against disease in birds challenged with a virulent bornavirus isolate (PaBV-2). Unvaccinated birds, as well as birds vaccinated after challenge, developed gross and histologic lesions typical of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). There was no evidence that vaccination either before or after challenge made the infection more severe. Birds vaccinated prior to challenge largely remained free of disease, despite the persistence of the virus in many organs. Similar results were obtained when recombinant N, in alum, was used for vaccination. In some rodent models, Borna disease is immune mediated thus we did an additional study whereby cyclosporine A was administered to unvaccinated birds starting 1day prior to challenge. This treatment also conferred complete protection from disease, but not infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Sadeq Hameed
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- University of California-Davis, CAHFS - Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Susan Payne
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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41
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From nerves to brain to gastrointestinal tract: A time-based study of parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2) pathogenesis in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187797. [PMID: 29121071 PMCID: PMC5679548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease, however key aspects of its pathogenesis, such as route of infection, viral spread and distribution, and target cells remain unclear. Our study aimed to track the viral spread and lesion development at 5, 10, 20, 25, 35, 40, 60, 80, 95 and 114 dpi using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR. After intramuscular inoculation of parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2) in the pectoral muscle of cockatiels, this virus was first detected in macrophages and lymphocytes in the inoculation site and adjacent nerves, then reached the brachial plexus, centripetally spread to the thoracic segment of the spinal cord, and subsequently invaded the other spinal segments and brain. After reaching the central nervous system (CNS), PaBV-2 centrifugally spread out the CNS to the ganglia in the gastrointestinal (GI) system, adrenal gland, heart, and kidneys. At late points of infection, PaBV-2 was not only detected in nerves and ganglia but widespread in the smooth muscle and/or scattered epithelial cells of tissues such as crop, intestines, proventriculus, kidneys, skin, and vessels. Despite the hallmark lesion of PaBVs infection being the dilation of the proventriculus, our results demonstrate PaBV-2 first targets the CNS, before migrating to peripheral tissues such as the GI system.
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42
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Huang H, Zhang H, Li D, Chen S, Zhou C, Li Q, He P, Fang L, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhou J, Sun L, Liu S, Guo Y, Huang Y, Xie P. Different inhibitory effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of human and laboratory Borna disease virus‑infected human neuroblastoma SH‑SY5Y cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:925-931. [PMID: 29115502 PMCID: PMC5780172 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic and non‑cytolytic virus, which causes behavioral disorders in a wide range of warm‑blooded species. It is well established that BDV induces neurodegeneration by impairing neurogenesis and interfering with neuronal functioning in the limbic system. In the present study, the potential role of BDV infection in SH‑SY5Y cells was identified, and comparisons of two original BDV strains (the human Hu‑H1 and the laboratory Strain V) were performed to further elucidate the phenotypes of BDV pathogenesis with strain differences. Cell Counting Kit‑8 and flow cytometric analyses revealed that the two BDV strain‑infected groups exhibited marked anti‑proliferation and cell cycle arrest compared with the control group, and the Hu‑H1 strain caused more evident effects. However, the Hu‑H1 strain did not exert effects on the apoptosis of SH‑SH5Y cells, while Strain V led to a marked increase in apoptosis upon initial infection. Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of apoptosis regulator BAX protein and the downregulation of apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 protein caused by the two BDV strains. The results of the present study provided evidence that infection with BDV suppressed SH‑SY5Y cellular functioning and exhibited divergent antiproliferative and apoptotic roles in cells between the two strains. The present study provided an insight for future investigation of strain differences and underlying pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
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43
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Abstract
Virus classification deals with conceptual species classes that have viruses as their members. A virus species cannot be described but can only be defined by listing certain species-defining properties of its member. However, it is not possible to define a virus species by using a single species-defining property. The new 2013 official definition of virus species is not appropriate because it applies equally to virus genera. A nucleotide motif is a chemical part of a viral genome and is not a species-defining property that could be used for establishing new virus species. A virus classification based solely on nucleotide sequences is a classification of viral genomes and not of viruses. The variable distribution of species-defining properties of a polythetic species class is not itself a single common property of all the members of the class, since this would lead to the paradox that every polythetic class is also a monothetic one.
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Nielsen AMW, Ojkic D, Dutton CJ, Smith DA. Aquatic bird bornavirus 1 infection in a captive Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): presumed natural transmission from free-ranging wild waterfowl. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:58-62. [PMID: 28862888 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1366646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An adult female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) presented with anorexia, maldigestion, weight loss, and various subtle nervous deficits. After four months of unrewarding diagnostics, treatments, and supportive care, the emu was euthanized due to lack of clinical improvement and progressive weight loss. Gross pathology revealed a very narrow pylorus and multiple flaccid diverticula of the small intestines. Histopathological findings included severe lymphoplasmacytic encephalomyelitis and multifocal lymphocytic neuritis associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction on the brain were positive for an avian bornavirus (ABV), and partial sequencing of the matrix gene identified aquatic bird bornavirus-1 (ABBV-1), 100% identical to viruses circulating in wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis). As wild geese frequently grazed and defaecated in the emu's outdoor exhibit, natural transmission of ABBV-1 from free-ranging waterfowl to the emu was presumed to have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M W Nielsen
- a Toronto Zoo , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Department of Pathobiology , Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- c Animal Health Laboratory , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Dale A Smith
- b Department of Pathobiology , Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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45
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Heckmann J, Enderlein D, Piepenbring AK, Herzog S, Heffels-Redmann U, Malberg S, Herden C, Lierz M. Investigation of Different Infection Routes of Parrot Bornavirus in Cockatiels. Avian Dis 2017; 61:90-95. [PMID: 28301249 DOI: 10.1637/11490-091316-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the natural infection route of parrot bornavirus (PaBV), the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacines. For this purpose, nine cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus ) were inoculated orally, and nine cockatiels were inoculated intranasally, with a PaBV-4 isolate. To compare the results of the trials, the same isolate and the same experimental design were used as in a previous study where infection was successful by intravenous as well as intracerebral inoculation. After inoculation, the birds were observed for a period of 6 mo and tested for PaBV RNA shedding, virus replication, presence of inflammatory lesions, and PaBV-4 antigen in tissues, as well as specific antibody production. In contrast to the previous study involving intravenous and intracerebral infections, clinical signs typical for PDD were not observed in this study. Additionally, anti-PaBV antibodies and infectious virus were not detected in any investigated bird during the study. Parrot bornavirus RNA was detected in only four birds early after infection (1-34 days postinfection). Furthermore, histopathologic examination did not reveal lesions typical for PDD, and PaBV antigen was not detected in any organ investigated by immunohistochemistry. In summary, oral or nasal inoculation did not lead to a valid infection with PaBV in these cockatiels. Therefore it seems to be questionable that the formerly proposed fecal-oral transmission is the natural route of infection in immunocompetent adult or subadult cockatiels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Heckmann
- A Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Enderlein
- A Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne K Piepenbring
- A Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- B Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ursula Heffels-Redmann
- A Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara Malberg
- C Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- C Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Lierz
- A Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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46
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Högemann C, Richter R, Korbel R, Rinder M. Plasma protein, haematologic and blood chemistry changes in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) experimentally infected with bornavirus. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:556-570. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1325442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Högemann
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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47
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin‐Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán‐Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Borna disease. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04951. [PMID: 32625602 PMCID: PMC7009998 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of Borna disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of Borna disease according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Borna disease. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, Borna disease cannot be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no compliance on criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, the assessment on compliance of Borna disease with the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in Article 9(1) is not applicable, as well as which animal species can be considered to be listed for Borna disease according to Article 8(3) of the AHL.
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48
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Tokunaga T, Yamamoto Y, Sakai M, Tomonaga K, Honda T. Antiviral activity of favipiravir (T-705) against mammalian and avian bornaviruses. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:237-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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49
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The biological significance of bornavirus-derived genes in mammals. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:1-6. [PMID: 28666136 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The discoveries of sequences derived from non-retroviral viruses in eukaryotic genomes have significantly expanded our knowledge about virus evolution as well as the co-evolution between viruses and eukaryotes. However, the biological functions of such sequences in the host are largely unknown. Endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) have been relatively well studied by molecular biological methods, which have provided evidence that some EBLs have been co-opted by their hosts. This review highlights the current knowledge on the biological significance of EBLs, and discusses possible functions of EBLs. Further, we highlight the importance of extensive surveillance of exogenous viruses for a better understanding of endogenous viral sequences as well as the co-evolution of viruses and eukaryotes.
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50
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Weissenböck H, Bagó Z, Kolodziejek J, Hager B, Palmetzhofer G, Dürrwald R, Nowotny N. Infections of horses and shrews with Bornaviruses in Upper Austria: a novel endemic area of Borna disease. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017. [PMID: 28634359 PMCID: PMC5520313 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease, a lethal infection with Borna disease virus-1 (BoDV-1), was diagnosed in four horses from Upper Austria in 2015 and 2016. All cases occurred in winter (two cases in February 2015 and two cases in December 2016), and the maximal distance of the affected stables was 17 km. To demonstrate whether the causative agent was also harbored by its reservoir host, the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon), 28 shrews from this geographic area were collected in 2015 and investigated for the presence of BoDV-1. The shrew species were identified according to taxonomic clues and molecular barcodes. Affected horses and all shrews were investigated using histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription PCR. The horses exhibited severe nonpurulent encephalitis. Large amounts of BoDV-1 antigen were identified in their CNS. Among the 28 shrews, nine were identified as C. leucodon and 13 as Sorex araneus (Common shrew; Eurasian shrew). Six C. leucodon (66.7%) and one S. araneus (7.7%) had BoDV-1 infections. In accordance with previous findings, the IHC of C. leucodon exhibited a high amount of viral antigen in many neural and extraneural tissues. By contrast, the single positive S. araneus had an exclusively neural staining pattern. Of all positive samples, whole-genome BoDV-1 sequences were generated. The acquired sequences of the affected shrews were not identical to each other and clustered around the sequences of the diseased horses belonging, surprisingly, to the German ‘strain V’ cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna A-1210, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bagó
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling A-2340, Austria
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna A-1210, Austria
| | - Barbara Hager
- Veterinary Practice St. Agatha, St. Agatha A-4084, Austria
| | | | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna A-1210, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna A-1210, Austria.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates
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