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Shankar K, Sorin MN, Sharma H, Skoglund O, Dahmane S, ter Beek J, Tesfalidet S, Nenzén L, Carlson LA. In vitro reconstitution reveals membrane clustering and RNA recruitment by the enteroviral AAA+ ATPase 2C. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012388. [PMID: 39102425 PMCID: PMC11326647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a vast genus of positive-sense RNA viruses that cause diseases ranging from common cold to poliomyelitis and viral myocarditis. They encode a membrane-bound AAA+ ATPase, 2C, that has been suggested to serve several roles in virus replication, e.g. as an RNA helicase and capsid assembly factor. Here, we report the reconstitution of full-length, poliovirus 2C's association with membranes. We show that the N-terminal membrane-binding domain of 2C contains a conserved glycine, which is suggested by structure predictions to divide the domain into two amphipathic helix regions, which we name AH1 and AH2. AH2 is the main mediator of 2C oligomerization, and is necessary and sufficient for its membrane binding. AH1 is the main mediator of a novel function of 2C: clustering of membranes. Cryo-electron tomography reveal that several 2C copies mediate this function by localizing to vesicle-vesicle interfaces. 2C-mediated clustering is partially outcompeted by RNA, suggesting a way by which 2C can switch from an early role in coalescing replication organelles and lipid droplets, to a later role where 2C assists RNA replication and particle assembly. 2C is sufficient to recruit RNA to membranes, with a preference for double-stranded RNA (the replicating form of the viral genome). Finally, the in vitro reconstitution revealed that full-length, membrane-bound 2C has ATPase activity and ATP-independent, single-strand ribonuclease activity, but no detectable helicase activity. Together, this study suggests novel roles for 2C in membrane clustering, RNA membrane recruitment and cleavage, and calls into question a role of 2C as an RNA helicase. The reconstitution of functional, 2C-decorated vesicles provides a platform for further biochemical studies into this protein and its roles in enterovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturika Shankar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie N. Sorin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oskar Skoglund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Selma Dahmane
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Josy ter Beek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Louise Nenzén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Wang H, Mo Y, Liu W, He Q, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Construction and characterization of recombinant senecavirus A expressing secreted luciferase for antiviral screening. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114932. [PMID: 38582378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a newly identified picornavirus associated with swine vesicular disease and neonatal mortality. The development of an SVA incorporating an exogenous reporter gene provides a powerful tool for viral research. In this study, we successfully constructed a recombinant SVA expressing Gaussia Luciferase (Gluc), termed rSVA-Gluc. The growth kinetics of rSVA-Gluc in BHK-21 cells were found to be comparable to those of the parental virus, and Gluc activity paralleled the virus growth curve. Genetic analysis revealed stable inheritance of the inserted reporter protein genes for at least six generations. We evaluated the utility of rSVA-Gluc in antiviral drug screening, and the results highlighted its potential as an effective tool for such purposes against SVA. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yongfang Mo
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Qijie He
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China.
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Yang X, Liu R, Du Y, Mei C, Zhang G, Wang C, Yang Y, Xu Z, Li W, Liu X. circRNA_8521 promotes Senecavirus A infection by sponging miRNA-324 to regulate LC3A. Vet Res 2024; 55:43. [PMID: 38581048 PMCID: PMC10996121 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) causes outbreaks of vesicular disease in pigs, which imposes a considerable economic burden on the pork industry. As current SVA prevention measures are ineffective, new strategies for controlling SVA are urgently needed. Circular (circ)RNA is a newly characterized class of widely expressed, endogenous regulatory RNAs, which have been implicated in viral infection; however, whether circRNAs regulate SVA infection remains unknown. To investigate the influence of circRNAs on SVA infection in porcine kidney 15 (PK-15) cells, RNA sequencing technology was used to analyze the circRNA expression profiles of SVA-infected and uninfected PK-15 cells, the interactions between circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs potentially implicated in SVA infection were predicted using bioinformatics tools. The prediction accuracy was verified using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR, Western blotting, as well as dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. The results showed that 67 circRNAs were differentially expressed as a result of SVA infection. We found that circ_8521 was significantly upregulated in SVA-infected PK-15 cells and promoted SVA infection. circ_8521 interacted with miR-324. miR-324 bound to LC3A mRNA which inhibited the expression of LC3A. Knockdown of LC3A inhibited SVA infection. However, circ_8521 promoted the expression of LC3A by binding to miR-324, thereby promoting SVA infection. We demonstrated that circ_8521 functioned as an endogenous miR-324 sponge to sequester miR-324, which promoted LC3A expression and ultimately SVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwang Yang
- Southwest University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Yunsha Du
- Southwest University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Caiqiu Mei
- Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, 625000, China
| | - Guangneng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Southwest University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 610052, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Southwest University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Yan J, Wang M, Li X, Fan J, Yu R, Kang M, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Zhang S. Construction of an infectious clone for enterovirus A89 and mutagenesis analysis of viral infection and cell binding. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0333223. [PMID: 38441464 PMCID: PMC10986554 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03332-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A89 (EV-A89) is an unconventional strain belonging to the Enterovirus A species. Limited research has been conducted on EV-A89, leaving its biological and pathogenic properties unclear. Developing reverse genetic tools for EV-A89 would help to unravel its infection mechanisms and aid in the development of vaccines and anti-viral drugs. In this study, an infectious clone for EV-A89 was successfully constructed and recombinant enterovirus A89 (rEV-A89) was generated. The rEV-A89 exhibited similar characteristics such as growth curve, plaque morphology, and dsRNA expression with parental strain. Four amino acid substitutions were identified in the EV-A89 capsid, which were found to enhance viral infection. Mechanistic studies revealed that these substitutions increased the virus's cell-binding ability. Establishing reverse genetic tools for EV-A89 will significantly contribute to understanding viral infection and developing anti-viral strategies.IMPORTANCEEnterovirus A species contain many human pathogens and have been classified into conventional cluster and unconventional cluster. Most of the research focuses on various conventional members, while understanding of the life cycle and infection characteristics of unconventional viruses is still very limited. In our study, we constructed the infectious cDNA clone and single-round infectious particles for the unconventional EV-A89, allowing us to investigate the biological properties of recombinant viruses. Moreover, we identified key amino acids residues that facilitate EV-A89 infection and elucidate their roles in enhancing viral binding to host cells. The establishment of the reverse genetics system will greatly facilitate future study on the life cycle of EV-A89 and contribute to the development of prophylactic vaccines and anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Kang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for Biotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang J, Wang P, Li Z, Xie Y, Jin N, Zhang H, Lu H, Han J. Adjuvant screening of the Senecavirus A inactivated vaccine in mice and evaluation of its immunogenicity in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:82. [PMID: 38448902 PMCID: PMC10916230 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senecavirus A (SVA) causes an emerging vesicular disease (VD) with clinical symptoms indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases, including vesicular stomatitis (VS), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and swine vesicular disease (SVD). Currently, SVA outbreaks have been reported in Canada, the U.S.A, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, Colombia, and China. Based on the experience of prevention and control of FMDV, vaccines are the best means to prevent SVA transmission. RESULTS After preparing an SVA inactivated vaccine (CH-GX-01-2019), we evaluated the immunogenicity of the SVA inactivated vaccine mixed with Imject® Alum (SVA + AL) or Montanide ISA 201 (SVA + 201) adjuvant in mice, as well as the immunogenicity of the SVA inactivated vaccine combined with Montanide ISA 201 adjuvant in post-weaned pigs. The results of the mouse experiment showed that the immune effects in the SVA + 201 group were superior to that in the SVA + AL group. Results from pigs immunized with SVA inactivated vaccine combined with Montanide ISA 201 showed that the immune effects were largely consistent between the SVA-H group (200 µg) and SVA-L group (50 µg); the viral load in tissues and blood was significantly reduced and no clinical symptoms occurred in the vaccinated pigs. CONCLUSIONS Montanide ISA 201 is a better adjuvant choice than the Imject® Alum adjuvant in the SVA inactivated vaccine preparation, and the CH-GX-01-2019 SVA inactivated vaccine can provide effective protection for pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Zhang
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yubiao Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Jicheng Han
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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Wang H, Mo Y, Liu W, Niu C, He Q, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Construction and characterization of a full-length infectious clone of an emerging senecavirus A strain. Arch Virol 2024; 169:25. [PMID: 38214826 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging virus that causes vesicular disease in pigs. Construction of a full-length SVA cDNA clone is crucial for understanding its replication and pathogenesis. Here, we successfully constructed a CMV-promoter-driven infectious cDNA clone of the SVA isolate SVA/GX/CH/2018, which we named rSVA GX01. Sequence comparison between the pSVA GX01 and the parental isolate (SVA/GX/CH/2018) revealed three single-nucleotide differences. Four-week-old piglets were experimentally infected with either the parental virus or the cloned virus. The results showed that the cloned rSVA GX01 displayed weak pathogenicity in 4-week-old pigs compared to the parental virus SVA CH-GX-01-2018. The infectious clone of SVA will serve as a valuable tool for studying the viral replication cycle and for functional analysis of the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yongfang Mo
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Chenxia Niu
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Qijie He
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Xie Y, Chen C, Zhang D, Jiao Z, Chen Y, Wang G, Tan Y, Zhang W, Xiao S, Peng G, Shi Y. Diversity for endoribonuclease nsp15-mediated regulation of alpha-coronavirus propagation and virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0220923. [PMID: 37938022 PMCID: PMC10715224 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02209-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Understanding the role of the endoribonuclease non-structural protein 15 (nsp15) (EndoU) in coronavirus (CoV) infection and pathogenesis is essential for vaccine target discovery. Whether the EndoU activity of CoV nsp15, as a virulence-related protein, has a diverse effect on viral virulence needs to be further explored. Here, we found that the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) nsp15 proteins antagonize SeV-induced interferon-β (IFN-β) production in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Interestingly, compared with wild-type infection, infection with EnUmt-TGEV or EnUmt-FIPV did not change the IFN-β response or reduce viral propagation in immunocompetent cells. The results of animal experiments showed that EnUmt viruses did not reduce the clinical presentation and mortality caused by TGEV and FIPV. Our findings enrich the understanding of nsp15-mediated regulation of alpha-CoV propagation and virulence and reveal that the conserved functions of nonstructural proteins have diverse effects on the pathogenicity of CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chener Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yubei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuejun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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8
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Georgieva I, Stoyanova A, Angelova S, Korsun N, Stoitsova S, Nikolaeva-Glomb L. Rhinovirus Genotypes Circulating in Bulgaria, 2018-2021. Viruses 2023; 15:1608. [PMID: 37515294 PMCID: PMC10385483 DOI: 10.3390/v15071608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in Bulgaria, and little is known about the different RV genotypes circulating in the country. This study aims to investigate the diversity of RV genotypes that were circulating in Bulgaria in the period 2018-2021 in samples from ILI/ARI patients. Genotype assignment was based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 5' untranslated region and the VP4-VP2 region. Out of a total of 1385 nasopharyngeal swabs tested, 166 were RV-positive (RV detection rate: 11.99% (166/1385)). Those with a cycle threshold <25 were selected for genotyping (n = 63). RV isolates were successfully genotyped and classified into 34 genotypes within Rhinovirus A (RV-A), Rhinovirus B (RV-B) and Rhinovirus C (RV-C) species. Presumptive recombination events between the 5'UTR and VP4-VP2 regions were detected in three of the isolates. RV-A and RV-C were the prevalent RV species, with significantly more frequent detections of RV-A in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the post-pandemic period, when RV-C prevailed. The present study is the first to determine RV genotypes in Bulgaria and the circulation of RV-C has been described for the first time in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Georgieva
- Department of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Asya Stoyanova
- Department of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Angelova
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital "Prof. Dr. Stoyan Kirkovich" AD, 6003 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Neli Korsun
- Department of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Savina Stoitsova
- Department of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb
- Department of Virology, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
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9
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Ma X, Huang J, Li K, Ding K, Fu Y, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Li P, Bai X, Li D, Liu X, Zeng Q, Liu Z, Sun P, Lu Z. Development and Evaluation of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Swine Monoclonal Antibodies for Detecting Neutralizing Antibodies against Senecavirus A. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0459922. [PMID: 37036366 PMCID: PMC10269468 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04599-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging viral pathogen related to vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine, which results in enormous economic losses to the global swine industry. The clinical signs of SVA are indistinguishable from those of other vesicular diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, which is an economically devastating animal disease. Therefore, development of a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic method for the detection of SVA infection is critical for the prevention and control of SVA and would help to rule out other exotic diseases. In this study, two whole-porcine anti-SVA antibodies (1M5 and 1M25) were produced using single B cell antibody technology. 1M5 and 1M25 possessed neutralizing activity against SVA but recognized different conformational epitopes that depended on the intact virion. Using 1M5 as the capture antibody and biotinylated 1M25 as the detection antibody, a reliable and rapid competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting neutralizing antibodies (NAC-ELISA) against SVA was developed. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 98.11% and 100%, respectively, with a cutoff percent inhibition value of 45%. The NAC-ELISA was specific for detecting SVA-specific antibodies, without cross-reactivity to other virus-infected sera. The results of the NAC-ELISA showed a strong agreement with the results of the virus neutralization test. Therefore, the NAC-ELISA developed in this study represents a sensitive, specific, and reliable tool for the detection of SVA-specific antibodies, which is applicable for serodiagnosis and serological surveillance of SVA and is conducive to the prevention and control of SVA. IMPORTANCE Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus related to vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine, which results in enormous economic losses worldwide. Additionally, the clinical characteristics of the disease are indistinguishable from those of other vesicular diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease. Therefore, developing tools for rapidly and accurately detecting SVA infection is critical and urgent. In this study, two porcine-derived monoclonal antibodies against SVA were generated, and a competitive ELISA for the detection of neutralizing antibodies (NAC-ELISA) against SVA was successfully developed using these two porcine monoclonal antibodies. The NAC-ELISA was SVA specific with no cross-reactivity to other related pathogens and had high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility for detecting SVA-specific antibody. Therefore, the NAC-ELISA developed in this study may be of great value as a simple and reliable tool for serodiagnosis or surveillance of SVA and may facilitate the prevention and control of SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kailu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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10
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Fu L, Zhang XY, Jin WP, Wang C, Qian SS, Wang MJ, Wang WH, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Chen XQ, Shen S. Identification of a Conserved, Linear Epitope on VP3 of Enterovirus A Species Recognized by a Broad-Spectrum Monoclonal Antibody. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041028. [PMID: 37113008 PMCID: PMC10145497 DOI: 10.3390/v15041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have occurred frequently in the Asian-Pacific region over the last two decades, caused mainly by the serotypes in Enterovirus A species. High-quality monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are needed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the diagnosis of enteroviruses associated HFMD. In this study, a mAb 1A11 was generated using full particles of CV-A5 as an immunogen. In indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays, 1A11 bound to the viral proteins of CV-A2, CV-A4, CV-A5, CV-A6, CV-A10, CV-A16, and EV-A71 of the Enterovirus A and targeted VP3. It has no cross-reactivity to strains of Enterovirus B and C. By mapping with over-lapped and truncated peptides, a minimal and linear epitope 23PILPGF28 was identified, located at the N-terminus of the VP3. A BLAST sequence search of the epitope in the NCBI genus Enterovirus (taxid: 12059) protein database indicates that the epitope sequence is highly conserved among the Enterovirus A species, but not among the other enterovirus species, first reported by us. By mutagenesis analysis, critical residues for 1A11 binding were identified for most serotypes of Enterovirus A. It may be useful for the development of a cost-effective and pan-Enterovirus A antigen detection for surveillance, early diagnosis and differentiation of infections caused by the Enterovirus A species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Fu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jin
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sha-Sha Qian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Meng-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
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11
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Buonavoglia A, Pellegrini F, Decaro N, Galgano M, Pratelli A. A One Health Perspective on Canine Coronavirus: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040921. [PMID: 37110344 PMCID: PMC10143937 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a positive-strand RNA virus generally responsible for mild-to-severe gastroenteritis in dogs. In recent years, new CCoVs with acquired pathogenic characteristics have emerged, turning the spotlight on the evolutionary potential of CCoVs. To date, two genotypes are known, CCoV type I and CCoV type II, sharing up to 96% nucleotide identity in the genome but highly divergent in the spike gene. In 2009, the detection of a novel CCoV type II, which likely originated from a double recombination event with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), led to the proposal of a new classification: CCoV type IIa, including classical CCoVs and CCoV type IIb, including TGEV-like CCoV. Recently, a virus strictly correlated to CCoV was isolated from children with pneumonia in Malaysia. The HuPn-2018 strain, classified as a novel canine–feline-like recombinant virus, is supposed to have jumped from dogs into people. A novel CoV of canine origin, HuCCoV_Z19Haiti, closely related to the Malaysian strain was also detected in a man with fever after travel to Haiti, suggesting that infection with Malaysian-like strains may occur. These data and the emergence of highly pathogenic CoVs in humans underscore the significant threat that CoV spillovers pose to humans and how we should mitigate this hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Buonavoglia
- Dental School, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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12
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Genome analysis of Psilogramma increta granulovirus and its intrapopulation diversity. Virus Res 2022; 322:198946. [PMID: 36179968 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome of Psilogramma increta granulovirus (PsinGV), isolated from P. increta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), was ultra-deep sequenced with a Novaseq PE150 platform and de novo assembled and annotated. The PsinGV genome is a circular double-stranded DNA, 103,721 bp in length, with a G+C content of 33.0%, the third lowest G+C content in present sequenced baculoviruses. It encodes 123 putative open reading frames, including 38 baculovirus core genes, 42 lepidopteran baculovirus conserved genes, 38 betabaculovirus conserved genes, and 5 genes unique to PsinGV. Meanwhile, 3 homologous repeated regions with the core sequence TTGCAA and 3 direct repeated sequences were identified within the PsinGV genome. Kimura two-parameters distance analysis confirmed that Psilogramma increta granulovirus is a representative of a prospective new species of the genus Betabaculovirus. Phylogenetic analysis based on the baculovirus core genes showed that PsinGV is closely related to Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus, Clostera anastomosis granulovirus-B, and Erinnyis ello granulovirus. These four species therefore share a common ancestor residing in the Betabaculovirus genus. The genome of the PsinGV isolate contained two p10 copies: p10 and p10-2. Phylogenetic reconstruction of P10 suggests a transfer event of the p10-2 gene from an alphabaculovirus to the aforementioned common ancestor. Analysis of genomic diversity showed that 203 intrahost variants, including 182 single nucleotide variants and 21 short insertions/deletions, are present within the PsinGV isolate. Meanwhile, allele frequency indicated that the isolate contains three major genotypes, implying the archived isolate consists of several P. increta carcasses killed by PsinGV with different genotypes.
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13
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Tang Y, Yu H, Jiang X, Bao E, Wang D, Lu H. Genetic characterization of a novel pheasant-origin orthoreovirus using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277411. [PMID: 36409667 PMCID: PMC9678273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A field isolate (Reo/SDWF /Pheasant/17608/20) of avian orthoreovirus (ARV), isolated from a flock of game-pheasants in Weifang, Shandong Province, was genetically characterized being a field variant or novel strain in our recent research studies in conducting whole genome sequencing by using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technique on Illumina MiSeq platform. Among a total of 870,197 35-151-mer sequencing reads, 297,711 reads (34.21%) were identified as ARV sequences. The de novo assembly of the ARV reads resulted in generation of 10 ARV-related contigs with the average sequencing coverage from 1390× to 1977× according to 10 ARV genome segments. The complete genomes of this pheasant-origin ARV (Reo/SDWF /Pheasant/17608/20) were 23,495 bp in length and consist of 10 dsRNA segments ranged from 1192 bp (S4) to 3958 bp (L1) encoding 12 viral proteins. Sequence comparison between the SDWF17608 and classic ARV reference strains revealed that 58.1-100% nucleotide (nt) identities and 51.4-100% amino acid (aa) identities were in genome segment coding genes. The 10 RNA segments had conversed termini at 5' (5'-GCUUUU) and 3' (UCAUC-3') side, which were identical to the most published ARV strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this pheasant ARV field variant was closely related with chicken ARV strains in 7 genome segment genes, but it possessed significant sequence divergence in M1, M3 and S2 segments. These findings suggested that this pheasant-origin field variant was a divergent ARV strain and was likely originated from reassortments between different chicken ARV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co, Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Endong Bao
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co, Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co, Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Huaguang Lu
- Wiley Lab / Avian Virology, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Yeager C, Carter G, Gohara DW, Yennawar NH, Enemark E, Arnold J, Cameron CE. Enteroviral 2C protein is an RNA-stimulated ATPase and uses a two-step mechanism for binding to RNA and ATP. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11775-11798. [PMID: 36399514 PMCID: PMC9723501 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteroviral 2C protein is a therapeutic target, but the absence of a mechanistic framework for this enzyme limits our understanding of inhibitor mechanisms. Here, we use poliovirus 2C and a derivative thereof to elucidate the first biochemical mechanism for this enzyme and confirm the applicability of this mechanism to other members of the enterovirus genus. Our biochemical data are consistent with a dimer forming in solution, binding to RNA, which stimulates ATPase activity by increasing the rate of hydrolysis without impacting affinity for ATP substantially. Both RNA and DNA bind to the same or overlapping site on 2C, driven by the phosphodiester backbone, but only RNA stimulates ATP hydrolysis. We propose that RNA binds to 2C driven by the backbone, with reorientation of the ribose hydroxyls occurring in a second step to form the catalytically competent state. 2C also uses a two-step mechanism for binding to ATP. Initial binding is driven by the α and β phosphates of ATP. In the second step, the adenine base and other substituents of ATP are used to organize the active site for catalysis. These studies provide the first biochemical description of determinants driving specificity and catalytic efficiency of a picornaviral 2C ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Yeager
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Griffin Carter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David W Gohara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Neela H Yennawar
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Eric J Enemark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig E Cameron
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 919 966 9699; Fax: +1 919 962 8103;
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15
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Preis G, Sanhueza JM, Vilalta C, Vannucci FA, Culhane MR, Corzo CA. Senecavirus A seroprevalence and risk factors in United States pig farms. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1011975. [PMID: 36337199 PMCID: PMC9631314 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1011975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. Senecavirus A is constantly associated with outbreaks of vesicular disease in pigs and has been reported in several countries since its first large-scale outbreak in 2014. Senecavirus A's clinical disease and lesions are indistinguishable from other vesicular foreign animal diseases (FAD). Therefore, an FAD investigation needs to be conducted for every SVA case. For this reason, SVA has been attributed as the cause of an alarming increase in the number of yearly FAD investigations performed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of SVA antibodies in breeding and growing pig farms in the United States and to determine the farm-level risk factors associated with seropositivity. A total of 5,794 blood samples were collected from 98 and 95 breeding and growing pig farms in 17 states. A farm characteristics questionnaire was sent to all farms, to which 80% responded. The responses were used to conduct logistic regression analyses to assess the risk factors associated with SVA seropositivity. The estimated farm-level seroprevalences were 17.3% and 7.4% in breeding and growing pig farms, respectively. Breeding farms had 2.64 times higher odds of SVA seropositivity than growing pig farms. One key risk factor identified in breeding farms was the practice of rendering dead animal carcasses. However, the adoption of a higher number of farm biosecurity measures was associated with a protective effect against SVA seropositivity in breeding farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Preis
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Juan M. Sanhueza
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carles Vilalta
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fabio A. Vannucci
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Marie R. Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Cesar A. Corzo
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16
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Al-Qahtani SM, Shati AA, Alqahtani YA, Ali AS. Etiology, Clinical Phenotypes, Epidemiological Correlates, Laboratory Biomarkers and Diagnostic Challenges of Pediatric Viral Meningitis: Descriptive Review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:923125. [PMID: 35783317 PMCID: PMC9249085 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.923125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord meninges caused by infectious and non-infectious agents. Infectious agents causing meningitis include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Viral meningitis (VM), also termed aseptic meningitis, is caused by some viruses, such as enteroviruses (EVs), herpesviruses, influenza viruses, and arboviruses. However, EVs represent the primary cause of VM. The clinical symptoms of this neurological disorder may rapidly be observed after the onset of the disease, or take prolonged time to develop. The primary clinical manifestations of VM include common flu-like symptoms of headache, photophobia, fever, nuchal rigidity, myalgia, and fatigue. The severity of these symptoms depends on the patient's age; they are more severe among infants and children. The course of infection of VM varies between asymptomatic, mild, critically ill, and fatal disease. Morbidities and mortalities of VM are dependent on the early recognition and treatment of the disease. There were no significant distinctions in the clinical phenotypes and symptoms between VM and meningitis due to other causative agents. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms of VM are unclear. In this scientific communication, a descriptive review was performed to give an overview of pediatric viral meningitis (PVM). PVM may occasionally result in severe neurological consequences such as mental retardation and death. Clinical examinations, including Kernig's, Brudzinski's, and nuchal rigidity signs, were attempted to determine the clinical course of PVM with various success rates revealed. Some epidemiological correlates of PVM were adequately reviewed and presented in this report. They were seen depending mainly on the causative virus. The abnormal cytological and biochemical features of PVM were also discussed and showed potentials to distinguish PVM from pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM). The pathological, developmental, behavioral, and neuropsychological complications of PVM were also presented. All the previously utilized techniques for the etiological diagnosis of PVM which include virology, serology, biochemistry, and radiology, were presented and discussed to determine their efficiencies and limitations. Finally, molecular testing, mainly PCR, was introduced and showed 100% sensitivity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh M. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayed A. Shati
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef A. Alqahtani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelwahid Saeed Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Yin M, Wen W, Wang H, Zhao Q, Zhu H, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Porcine Sapelovirus 3Cpro Inhibits the Production of Type I Interferon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:852473. [PMID: 35782136 PMCID: PMC9240219 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.852473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is the causative pathogen of reproductive obstacles, acute diarrhea, respiratory distress, or severe polioencephalomyelitis in swine. Nevertheless, the pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanism of PSV infection are not fully understood, which hinders disease prevention and control. In this study, we found that PSV was sensitive to type I interferon (IFN-β). However, PSV could not activate the IFN-β promoter and induce IFN-β mRNA expression, indicating that PSV has evolved an effective mechanism to block IFN-β production. Further study showed that PSV inhibited the production of IFN-β by cleaving mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and degrading melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) through viral 3Cpro. In addition, our study demonstrated that PSV 3Cpro degrades MDA5 and TBK1 through its protease activity and cleaves MAVS through the caspase pathway. Collectively, our results revealed that PSV inhibits the production of type I interferon to escape host antiviral immunity through cleaving and degrading the adaptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hechao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Li, ; Ping Qian,
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Li, ; Ping Qian,
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18
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Duerlinger S, Knecht C, Sawyer S, Balka G, Zaruba M, Ruemenapf T, Kraft C, Rathkjen PH, Ladinig A. Efficacy of a Modified Live Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) Vaccine against Experimental Infection with PRRSV AUT15-33 in Weaned Piglets. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060934. [PMID: 35746542 PMCID: PMC9227293 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy of the commercial modified live PRRSV-1 vaccine “Ingelvac PRRSFLEX® EU” was assessed in weaned piglets experimentally infected with PRRSV strain AUT15-33. Seventy-four weaned piglets were allocated to five groups. Vaccinated (groups 1, 2, and 5) and non-vaccinated piglets (groups 3 and 4), infected with either a low dose (103 TCID50/dose; groups 2 and 4) or a high dose (105 TCID50/dose; groups 1 and 3) of the virus, were compared regarding clinical signs, average daily weight gain (ADG), lung lesions, viral load in serum, oral swabs, and tissue samples. In comparison to vaccinated animals, coughing increased notably in the second week after challenge in non-vaccinated piglets. During the same time period, vaccinated, high-dose-infected piglets showed significantly higher ADG (p < 0.05) than non-vaccinated, high-dose-infected animals. All infected piglets reached approximately the same viremia levels, but vaccinated animals showed both a significantly reduced viral load in oral fluid (p < 0.05) and tissue samples and significantly reduced lung lesions (p < 0.05). In conclusion, vaccination was able to increase ADG, reduce the amount of viral shedding via oral fluids, and reduce the severity of lung lesions and the viral load in tissue samples under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Duerlinger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.K.); (S.S.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-664-602576853
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.K.); (S.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Spencer Sawyer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.K.); (S.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Marianne Zaruba
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Till Ruemenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Christian Kraft
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany;
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.K.); (S.S.); (A.L.)
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19
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Jia M, Sun M, Tang YD, Zhang YY, Wang H, Cai X, Meng F. Senecavirus A Entry Into Host Cells Is Dependent on the Cholesterol-Mediated Endocytic Pathway. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:840655. [PMID: 35498725 PMCID: PMC9040607 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.840655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), an important member of the Picornaviridae family, causes vesicular disease in pigs. Here, we generated an EGFP-expressing recombinant SVA re-SVA-EGFP, which exhibited similar growth kinetics to its parental virus. The reporter SVA was used to study the role of pig ANTXR1 (pANTXR1) in SVA infection in a porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (PAM-Tang cells). Knockdown of the pANTXR1 significantly reduced SVA infection and replication in PAM-Tang cells, while re-expression of the pANTXR1 promoted the cell susceptibility to SVA infection. The results indicated that pANTXR1 is a crucial receptor mediating SVA infection. Subsequently, the viral endocytosis pathways for SVA entry into pig cells were investigated and the results showed that cholesterol played an essential role in receptor-mediated SVA entry. Together, these results demonstrated that SVA entered into host cells through the pANTXR1-mediated cholesterol pathway. Our findings provide potential targets to develop antiviral drugs for the prevention of SVA infection in the pig population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Xuehui Cai
| | - Fandan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Fandan Meng
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20
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Molecular epidemiology and clinical characterization of human rhinoviruses circulating in Shanghai, 2012-2020. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1111-1123. [PMID: 35303167 PMCID: PMC8931777 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 5’ untranslated region (5' UTR) and the VP4/VP2 region are widely used for genotyping of HRVs. Members of the species Rhinovirus A and Rhinovirus C have been reported to be more frequently associated with severe disease than members of the species Rhinovirus B. We report the clinical and molecular epidemiological characteristics of HRVs circulating from 2012 to 2020 in Shanghai. A total of 5832 nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with acute respiratory infections were collected. A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used for virus detection. The 5' untranslated region and VP4/VP2 region were amplified and sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The overall rate of rhinovirus detection was 2.74% (160/5832), with members of species A, B, and C accounting for 68.13% (109/160), 20.00% (32/160), and 11.88% (19/160) of the total, respectively. A peak of HRV infection was observed in autumn (5.34%, 58/1087). Patients in the 3- to 14-year-old age group were the most susceptible to HRV infection (χ2 = 23.88, P = 0.017). Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected more frequently than other pathogens in cases of coinfection. Recombination events were identified in 10 strains, which were successfully genotyped by phylogenetic analysis based on the 5’ UTR-VP4/VP2 region but not the 5’ UTR region alone. We observed a high degree of variability in the relative distribution of HRV genotypes and the prevalence of HRV infection in Shanghai and found evidence of recombination events in the portion of the genome containing the 5’ UTR and the VP4/VP2 region between HRV-C strains and HRV-A-like strains. This study is important for surveillance of the spread of HRVs and the emergence of new variants.
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21
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Li J, Zhang Z, Lv J, Ma Z, Pan L, Zhang Y. Global Phosphoproteomics Analysis of IBRS-2 Cells Infected With Senecavirus A. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:832275. [PMID: 35154063 PMCID: PMC8826396 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.832275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a widespread posttranslational modification that regulates numerous biological processes. Viruses can alter the physiological activities of host cells to promote virus particle replication, and manipulating phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms. Senecavirus A (SVA) is the causative agent of porcine idiopathic vesicular disease. Although numerous studies on SVA have been performed, comprehensive phosphoproteomics analysis of SVA infection is lacking. The present study performed a quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics survey of SVA infection in Instituto Biologico-Rim Suino-2 (IBRS-2) cells. Three parallel experiments were performed, and 4,520 phosphosites were quantified on 2,084 proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses showed that many phosphorylated proteins were involved in apoptosis and spliceosome pathways, and subcellular structure localization analysis revealed that more than half were located in the nucleus. Motif analysis of proteins with differentially regulated phosphosites showed that proline, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were the most abundant residues in the serine motif, while proline and arginine were the most abundant in the threonine motif. Forty phosphosites on 27 proteins were validated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) phosphoproteomics, and 30 phosphosites in 21 proteins were verified. Nine proteins with significantly altered phosphosites were further discussed, and eight [SRRM2, CDK13, DDX20, DDX21, BAD, ELAVL1, PDZ-binding kinase (PBK), and STAT3] may play a role in SVA infection. Finally, kinase activity prediction showed 10 kinases’ activity was reversed following SVA infection. It is the first phosphoproteomics analysis of SVA infection of IBRS-2 cells, and the results greatly expand our knowledge of SVA infection. The findings provide a basis for studying the interactions of other picornaviruses and their mammalian host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongwang Zhang,
| | - Jianliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Li Pan,
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Synergetic contributions of viral VP1, VP3, and 3C to activation of the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR signaling pathway for Seneca Valley virus-induced autophagy. J Virol 2021; 96:e0155021. [PMID: 34757844 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01550-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, can activate autophagy via the PERK and ATF6 unfolded protein response pathways and facilitate viral replication; however, the precise molecular mechanism that regulates SVV-induced autophagy remains unclear. Here, we revealed that SVV infection inhibited the phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR) and activated phosphorylation of the serine/threonine kinase AKT. We observed that activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and p38 MAPK signaling by SVV infection promoted autophagy induction and viral replication; additionally, the SVV-induced autophagy was independent of the ULK1 complex. We further evaluated the role of viral protein(s) in the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR pathway during SVV-induced autophagy and found that VP1 induced autophagy, as evidenced by puncta colocalization with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in the cytoplasm and enhanced LC3-II levels. This might be associated with the interaction of VP1 with sequestosome 1 and promoting its degradation. In addition, the expression of VP1 enhanced AKT phosphorylation and AMPK phosphorylation, while MTOR phosphorylation was inhibited. These results indicate that VP1 induces autophagy by the AKT-AMPK-MTOR pathway. Additionally, expression of VP3 and 3C was found to activate autophagy induction via the ERK1/2 MAPK-MTOR and p38 MAPK-MTOR pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that SVV-induced autophagy has finely-tuned molecular mechanisms in which VP1, VP3, and 3C contribute synergistically to the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR pathway. IMPORTANCE Autophagy is an essential cellular catabolic process to sustain normal physiological processes that modulated by a variety of signaling pathways. Invading virus is a stimulus to induce autophagy that regulates viral replication. It has been demonstrated that Seneca Valley virus (SVV) induced autophagy via the PERK and ATF6 unfolded protein response pathways. However, the precise signaling pathway involved in autophagy is still poorly understood. In this study, our results demonstrated that viral proteins VP1, VP3, and 3C contribute synergistically to activation of the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR signaling pathway for SVV-induced autophagy. These findings reveal systemically the finely-tuned mocleular mechanism of SVV-induced autophagy, thereby facilitating to deeper insight into the development of potential control strategies against SVV infection.
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23
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Zhang J, Li C, Meng Y, Xie Y, Shi N, Zhang H, Yu C, Nan F, Xie C, Ha Z, Han J, Li Z, Li Q, Wang P, Gao X, Jin N, Lu H. Pathogenicity of Seneca Valley virus in pigs and detection in Culicoides from an infected pig farm. Virol J 2021; 18:209. [PMID: 34674719 PMCID: PMC8529370 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine vesicular disease is caused by the Seneca Valley virus (SVV), it is a novel Picornaviridae, which is prevalent in several countries. However, the pathogenicity of SVV on 5–6 week old pigs and the transmission routes of SVV remain unknown. Methods This research mainly focuses on the pathogenicity of the CH-GX-01-2019 strain and the possible vector of SVV. In this study, 5–6 week old pigs infected with SVV (CH-GX-01-2019) and its clinical symptoms (including rectal temperatures and other clinical symptoms) were monitored, qRT-PCR were used to detect the viremia and virus distribution. Neutralization antibody assay was set up during this research. Mosquitoes and Culicoides were collected from pigsties after pigs challenge with SVV, and SVV detection within mosquitoes and Culicoides was done via RT-PCR. Results The challenged pigs presented with low fevers and mild lethargy on 5–8 days post infection. The viremia lasted more than 14 days. SVV was detected in almost all tissues on the 14th day following the challenge, and it was significantly higher in the hoofs (vesicles) and lymph nodes in comparison with other tissues. Neutralizing antibodies were also detected and could persist for more than 28 days, in addition neutralizing antibody titers ranged from 1:128 to 1:512. Mosquitoes and Culicoides were collected from the pigsty environments following SVV infection. Although SVV was not detected in the mosquitoes, it was present in the Culicoides, however SVV could not be isolated from the positive Culicoides. Conclusions Our work has enriched the knowledge relating to SVV pathogenicity and possible transmission routes, which may lay the foundation for further research into the prevention and control of this virus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01679-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubiao Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Shi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengdong Yu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Changzhan Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Ha
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxuan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Gao
- College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China. .,College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Guo X, Zhao K, Liu X, Lei B, Zhang W, Li X, Yuan W. Construction and Generation of a Recombinant Senecavirus a Stably Expressing the NanoLuc Luciferase for Quantitative Antiviral Assay. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745502. [PMID: 34659180 PMCID: PMC8517534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), also known as Seneca Valley virus, is a recently emerged picornavirus that can cause swine vesicular disease, posing a great threat to the global swine industry. A recombinant reporter virus (rSVA-Nluc) stably expressing the nanoluciferase (Nluc) gene between SVA 2A and 2B was developed to rapidly detect anti-SVA neutralizing antibodies and establish a high-throughput screen for antiviral agents. This recombinant virus displayed similar growth kinetics as the parental virus and remained stable for more than 10 passages in BHK-21 cells. As a proof-of-concept for its utility for rapid antiviral screening, this reporter virus was used to rapidly quantify anti-SVA neutralizing antibodies in 13 swine sera samples and screen for antiviral agents, including interferons ribavirin and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Subsequently, interfering RNAs targeting different regions of the SVA genome were screened using the reporter virus. This reporter virus (rSVA-Nluc) represents a useful tool for rapid and quantitative screening and evaluation of antivirals against SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Guo
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baishi Lei
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, China Agriculture Ministry, Baoding, China
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25
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Li N, Tao J, Li B, Cheng J, Shi Y, Xiaohui S, Liu H. Molecular characterization of a porcine sapelovirus strain isolated in China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2683-2692. [PMID: 34268639 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) infections have been associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic infection to clinical signs including diarrhoea, pneumonia, reproductive disorders, and polioencephalomyelitis. Although it has a global distribution, there have been relatively few studies on PSV in domestic animals. We isolated a PSV strain, SHCM2019, from faecal specimens from swine, using PK-15 cells. To investigate its molecular characteristics and pathogenicity, the genomic sequence of strain SHCM2019 was analysed, and clinical manifestations and pathological changes occurring after inoculation of neonatal piglets were observed. The virus isolated using PK-15 cells was identified as PSV using RT-PCR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Sequencing results showed that the full-length genome of the SHCM2019 strain was 7,567 nucleotides (nt) in length, including a 27-nucleotide poly(A) tail. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this virus was a PSV isolate belonging to the Chinese strain cluster. Recombination analysis indicated that there might be a recombination breakpoint upstream of the 3D region of the genome. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that the virus isolate could cause diarrhoea and pneumonia in piglets. In breif, a recombinant PSV strain, SHCM2019, was isolated and shown to be pathogenic. Our results may provide a reference for future research on the pathogenic mechanism and evolutionary characteristics of PSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2901 Beidi Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2901 Beidi Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2901 Beidi Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2901 Beidi Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2901 Beidi Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Xiaohui
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2901 Beidi Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2901 Beidi Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Huang P, Shen G, Gong J, Zhu M, Wang Y, Zhang X, Hashimu Ame K, Zang Y, Shen H. A novel Dicistro-like virus discovered in Procambarus clarkii with "Black May" disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:803-811. [PMID: 33277748 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The peak period of morbidity and death in cultured Procambarus clarkii is around May each year and is called the "Black May" disease. The pathogen causing "Black May" disease is believed to be a white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In 2018, a significant number of P. clarkii died in the pond culture of Xinglong Township, Xuyi County. Two sampling tests on the affected pond showed that, in addition to WSSV, a novel Dicistro-like virus (PcDV) was present. Genomic sequence analysis indicated that this new virus belongs to the Dicistroviridae family, Picornaviridaes order. A high number of spherical particles were detected in gill tissues of P. clarkii with "Black May" disease by electron microscopy, a finding consistent with viruses from the Picornaviridaes order. From October 2018 to September 2019, we took monthly samples from Hubei, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, and tested for the presence of PcDV and WSSV in P. clarkii. The detection rates of PcDV in P. clarkii peaked from April to June, consistent with the onset of the "Black May" disease. In conclusion, we believe that the discovery of PcDV will provide new research directions for investigating the pathogens causing "Black May" disease in P. clarkii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengdan Huang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Shen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Gong
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengru Zhu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kassimu Hashimu Ame
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanan Zang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaishun Shen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
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Ruston C, Zhang J, Scott J, Zhang M, Graham K, Linhares D, Breuer M, Karriker L, Holtkamp D. Efficacy of ultraviolet C exposure for inactivating Senecavirus A on experimentally contaminated surfaces commonly found on swine farms. Vet Microbiol 2021; 256:109040. [PMID: 33812295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultraviolet C light (UVC) for inactivating Senecavirus A (SVA) on three different experimentally contaminated surfaces commonly found in swine farms. An experimental study under controlled conditions assessed the effect of UVC on an SVA isolate on coupons composed of three surface types: cardboard, cloth, and plastic. Each coupon was inoculated with 2 mL of SVA (107.5 TCID50/mL) and 1 mL of PBS or 1 g of feces on the top or bottom surface of the coupon and allowed to dry (90 min at 25℃). Coupons were exposed to UVC in a commercially available pass-through chamber (PTC) for 5 min or in a simulated supply entry room (SER) for 120 min. After exposure, virus isolation was attempted from each coupon and virus titers were determined in cell culture. The efficacy of UVC was determined by the reduction in virus titer for the UVC treated groups compared to their respective non-treated positive controls. UVC was effective at inactivating SVA on plastic surface free of organic material. The plastic coupons inoculated with SVA and PBS had a significantly lower virus titer (>7-log reduction) in both the PTC and SER when compared to their relative positive controls. All other groups in the PTC and SER had a 2-log reduction or less. The reduction in virus titer on the top and bottom inoculated surfaces, following exposure to UVC, were not statistically different. The data from this study provide some guidance when applying UVC for disinfection in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Ruston
- Swine Medicine Education Center, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States; Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine Department, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine Department, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Jenna Scott
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, United States
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University College of Liberal Arts, 1121 Snecdor Hall, 2438 Osborn Dr Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Katyann Graham
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine Department, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Daniel Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine Department, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Mary Breuer
- Swine Medicine Education Center, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States; Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine Department, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Locke Karriker
- Swine Medicine Education Center, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States; Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine Department, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Derald Holtkamp
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine Department, Iowa State College of Veterinary Medicine, 2281 Lloyd Veterinary Medicine Center 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, United States.
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Insight into vaccine development for Alpha-coronaviruses based on structural and immunological analyses of spike proteins. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02284-20. [PMID: 33414160 PMCID: PMC8092709 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02284-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses that infect humans belong to the Alpha-coronavirus (including HCoV-229E) and Beta-coronavirus (including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) genera. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 is currently a major threat to public health worldwide. The spike (S) homotrimers bind to their receptors via the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which is a major target to block viral entry. In this study, we selected Alpha-coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and Beta-coronavirus (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) as models. Their RBDs exist two different conformational states (lying or standing) in the prefusion S-trimer structure. Then, the differences in the immune responses to RBDs from these coronaviruses were analyzed structurally and immunologically. Our results showed that more RBD-specific antibodies (antibody titers: 1.28×105; 2.75×105) were induced by the S-trimer with the RBD in the "standing" state (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) than the S-trimer with the RBD in the "lying" state (HCoV-229E, antibody titers: <500), and more S-trimer-specific antibodies were induced by the RBD in the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (antibody titers: 6.72×105; 5×105) than HCoV-229E (antibody titers:1.125×103). Besides, we found that the ability of the HCoV-229E RBD to induce neutralizing antibodies was lower than S-trimer, and the intact and stable S1 subunit was essential for producing efficient neutralizing antibodies against HCoV-229E. Importantly, our results reveal different vaccine strategies for coronaviruses, and S-trimer is better than RBD as a target for vaccine development in Alpha-coronavirus Our findings will provide important implications for future development of coronavirus vaccines.Importance Outbreak of coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, poses a serious threat to global public health. Development of vaccines to prevent the coronaviruses that can infect humans has always been a top priority. Coronavirus spike (S) protein is considered as a major target for vaccine development. Currently, structural studies have shown that Alpha-coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and Beta-coronavirus (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) RBDs are in "lying" and "standing" states in the prefusion S-trimer structure. Here, we evaluated the ability of S-trimer and RBD to induce neutralizing antibodies among these coronaviruses. Our results showed that the S-trimer and RBD are both candidates for subunit vaccines in Beta-coronavirus (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) with a RBD "standing" state. However, for Alpha-coronavirus (HCoV-229E) with a RBD "lying" state, the S-trimer may be more suitable for subunit vaccines than the RBD. Our results will provide novel ideas for the development of vaccines targeting S protein in the future.
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Wang M, Mou C, Chen M, Chen Z. Infectious recombinant Senecavirus A expressing novel reporter proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2385-2397. [PMID: 33660038 PMCID: PMC7928201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus that has been associated with vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine. The construction of SVA virus carrying foreign reporter gene provides a powerful tool in virus research. However, it is often fraught with rescuing a recombinant picornavirus harboring a foreign gene or maintaining the stability of foreign gene in the virus genome. Here, we successfully generated recombinant SVA GD05/2017 viruses (V-GD05-clone) expressing the green fluorescent protein (iLOV), red fluorescent protein (RFP), or NanoLuc luciferase (Nluc). These recombinant viruses have comparable growth kinetics to the parental virus. Genetic stability analysis indicated that V-GD05-iLOV was highly stable in retaining iLOV gene for more than 10 passages, while V-GD05-RFP and V-GD05-Nluc lost the foreign genes in five passages. In addition, high-intensity fluorescent signals were found in the V-GD05-RFP- and V-GD05-iLOV-infected cells by fluorescence observation and flow cytometry analysis, and the luciferase activity assay could quantitatively monitor the replication of V-GD05-Nluc. In order to identify the porcine cell receptor for SVA, anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) was knocked out or overexpressed in the ST-R cells. The ANTXR1 knock-out cells lost the ability for SVA infection, while overexpression of ANTXR1 significantly increased the cell permissivity. These results confirmed that ANTXR1 was the receptor for SVA to invade porcine cells as reported in the human cells. Overall, this study suggests that these SVA reporter viruses will be useful tools in elucidating virus pathogenesis and developing control measures. KEY POINTS: • We successfully generated SVA viruses expressing the iLOV, RFP, or Nluc. • The iLOV was genetically stable in the V-GD05-iLOV genome over ten passages. • ANTXR1 was the receptor for SVA to invade porcine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, China
| | - Mi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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30
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Song X, Shi Y, Ding W, Niu T, Sun L, Tan Y, Chen Y, Shi J, Xiong Q, Huang X, Xiao S, Zhu Y, Cheng C, Fu ZF, Liu ZJ, Peng G. Cryo-EM analysis of the HCoV-229E spike glycoprotein reveals dynamic prefusion conformational changes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:141. [PMID: 33420048 PMCID: PMC7794242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses spike (S) glycoproteins mediate viral entry into host cells by binding to host receptors. However, how the S1 subunit undergoes conformational changes for receptor recognition has not been elucidated in Alphacoronavirus. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of the HCoV-229E S trimer in prefusion state with two conformations. The activated conformation may pose the potential exposure of the S1-RBDs by decreasing of the interaction area between the S1-RBDs and the surrounding S1-NTDs and S1-RBDs compared to the closed conformation. Furthermore, structural comparison of our structures with the previously reported HCoV-229E S structure showed that the S trimers trended to open the S2 subunit from the closed conformation to open conformation, which could promote the transition from pre- to postfusion. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms involved in S glycoprotein-mediated Alphacoronavirus entry and have implications for vaccine and therapeutic antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 603, Beijing, China
| | - Tongxin Niu
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yubei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiale Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiqi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyun Cheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Departments of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China. .,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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31
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Bai M, Wang R, Sun S, Zhang Y, Dong H, Guo H. Development and validation of a competitive ELISA based on virus-like particles of serotype Senecavirus A to detect serum antibodies. AMB Express 2021; 11:7. [PMID: 33409664 PMCID: PMC7787412 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are high-priority antigens with highly ordered repetitive structures, which are similar to natural viral particles. We have developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for detecting antibodies directed against Senecavirus A (SVA). Our assay utilizes SVA VLPs that were expressed and assembled in an E. coli expression system as the coating antigens. VLPs have better safety and immunogenicity than intact viral particles or peptides. The VLPs-based cELISA was used to test 342 serum samples collected from different pig farms, and the results showed that its specificity and sensitivity were 100% and 94%, respectively. The consistency rates of cELISA with the BIOSTONE AsurDx™ Senecavirus A (SVA) Antibody Test Kit and an indirect immunofluorescent assay were 90.0% and 94.2%, respectively. Therefore, this VLPs-based cELISA can be effectively and reliably used for the detection and discrimination of SVA infection in serum samples.
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32
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Ahmed F, Sharma M, Al-Ghamdi AA, Al-Yami SM, Al-Salami AM, Refai MY, Warsi MK, Howladar SM, Baeshen MN. A Comprehensive Analysis of cis-Acting RNA Elements in the SARS-CoV-2 Genome by a Bioinformatics Approach. Front Genet 2020; 11:572702. [PMID: 33424918 PMCID: PMC7786107 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.572702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a new coronavirus (CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for severe respiratory disease in humans termed coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), became a new global threat for health and the economy. The SARS-CoV-2 genome is about a 29,800-nucleotide-long plus-strand RNA that can form functionally important secondary and higher-order structures called cis-acting RNA elements. These elements can interact with viral proteins, host proteins, or other RNAs and be involved in regulating translation and replication processes of the viral genome and encapsidation of the virus. However, the cis-acting RNA elements and their biological roles in SARS-CoV-2 as well as their comparative analysis in the closely related viral genome have not been well explored, which is very important to understand the molecular mechanism of viral infection and pathogenies. In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach to identify the cis-acting RNA elements in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Initially, we aligned the full genomic sequence of six different CoVs, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed to understand their evolutionary relationship. Next, we predicted the cis-acting RNA elements in the SARS-CoV-2 genome using the structRNAfinder tool. Then, we annotated the location of these cis-acting RNA elements in different genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2. After that, we analyzed the sequence conservation patterns of each cis-acting RNA element among the six CoVs. Finally, the presence of cis-acting RNA elements across different CoV genomes and their comparative analysis was performed. Our study identified 12 important cis-acting RNA elements in the SARS-CoV-2 genome; among them, Corona_FSE, Corona_pk3, and s2m are highly conserved across most of the studied CoVs, and Thr_leader, MAT2A_D, and MS2 are uniquely present in SARS-CoV-2. These RNA structure elements can be involved in viral translation, replication, and encapsidation and, therefore, can be potential targets for better treatment of COVID-19. It is imperative to further characterize these cis-acting RNA elements experimentally for a better mechanistic understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- University of Jeddah Center for Scientific and Medical Research, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | | | | | | | - Mohammed Y. Refai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- University of Jeddah Center for Scientific and Medical Research, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohiuddin Khan Warsi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- University of Jeddah Center for Scientific and Medical Research, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M. Howladar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N. Baeshen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed F. A Network-Based Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Underlying Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm and Virus in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590459. [PMID: 33362771 PMCID: PMC7756074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 causes ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), infects the cells of the lower respiratory tract that leads to a cytokine storm in a significant number of patients resulting in severe pneumonia, shortness of breathing, respiratory and organ failure. Extensive studies suggested the role of Vitamin D in suppressing cytokine storm in COVID-19 and reducing viral infection; however, the precise molecular mechanism is not clearly known. In this work, bioinformatics and systems biology approaches were used to understand SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine pathways and the potential mechanism of Vitamin D in suppressing cytokine storm and enhancing antiviral response. Results This study used transcriptome data and identified 108 differentially expressed host genes (DEHGs) in SARS-CoV-2 infected normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells compared to control. Then, the DEHGs was integrated with the human protein-protein interaction data to generate a SARS-CoV-2 induced host gene regulatory network (SiHgrn). Analysis of SiHgrn identified a sub-network "Cluster 1" with the highest MCODE score, 31 up-regulated genes, and predominantly associated immune and inflammatory response. Interestingly, the iRegulone tool identified that "Cluster 1" is under the regulation of transcription factors STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, POU2F2, and NFkB1, collectively referred to as "host response signature network". Functional enrichment analysis with NDEx revealed that the "host response signature network" is predominantly associated with critical pathways, including "cytokines and inflammatory response", "non-genomic action of Vitamin D", "the human immune response to tuberculosis", and "lung fibrosis". Finally, in-depth analysis and literature mining revealed that Vitamin D binds with its receptor and could work through two different pathways: (i) it inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines through blocking the TNF induced NFkB1 signaling pathway; and (ii) it initiates the expression of interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs) for antiviral defense program through activating the IFN-α induced Jak-STAT signaling pathway. Conclusion This comprehensive study identified the pathways associated with cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The proposed underlying mechanism of Vitamin D could be promising in suppressing the cytokine storm and inducing a robust antiviral response in severe COVID-19 patients. The finding in this study urgently needs further experimental validations for the suitability of Vitamin D in combination with IFN-α to control severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,University of Jeddah Center for Scientific and Medical Research, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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34
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Eroglu GB, Inan C, Nalcacioglu R, Demirbag Z. Genome sequence analysis of a Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV-TR) isolated from Heliothis peltigera in Turkey. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234635. [PMID: 32530959 PMCID: PMC7292396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The entire genome of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV-TR) was sequenced, and compared to genomes of other existing isolates. HearNPV-TR genome is 130.691 base pairs with a 38.9% G+C content and has 137 open reading frames (ORFs) of ≥ 150 nucleotides. Five homologous repeated sequences (hrs) and two baculovirus repeated ORFs (bro-a and bro-b) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HearNPV-TR is closer to HaSNPV-C1, HaSNPV-G4, HaSNPV-AU and HasNPV. However, there are significant differences in hr3, hr5 regions and in bro-a gene. Pairwise Kimura-2 parameter analysis of 38 core genes sequences of HearNPV-TR and other Helicoverpa NPVs showed that the genetic distances for these sequences were below 0.015 substitutions/site. Genomic differences as revealed by restriction profiles indicated that hr3, hr5 regions and bro-a gene may play a role in the virulence of HearNPV-TR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Busra Eroglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Cihan Inan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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35
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Detection and Characterization of Porcine Sapelovirus in Italian Pig Farms. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060966. [PMID: 32498384 PMCID: PMC7341194 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sapelovirus (PSV) is known to infect pigs asymptomatically but, sporadically, can cause reproductive failure and severe neurologic, enteric, or respiratory signs. Sapelovirus infections have been reported worldwide in pigs. However, information about PSV circulation in Italy is unavailable and rarely investigated across Europe. In this study, we reported the circulation of PSV in three Italian pig farms and added novel information about evolutionary heterogeneity of PSV strains showing a low genetic correlation with the other strains detected worldwide. The present study gives information about PSV circulation in intensive pig farms and highlights the need for further investigation. Abstract Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) belongs to the genus Sapelovirus of the family Picornaviridae. PSV infects pigs asymptomatically, but it can also cause severe neurologic, enteric, and respiratory symptoms or reproductive failure. Sapelovirus infections have been reported worldwide in pigs. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence and the prevalence of PSV in Italian swine farms in animals of different ages to clarify the occurrence of the infection and the genetic characteristics of circulating strains. In the present study, 92 pools of fecal samples, collected from pigs across three farms, were analyzed by Reverse Transcriptase-polymerase Chain Reaction-PCR (RT-PCR). Fecal pools from young growers (63/64) were found positive for Sapelovirus in all farms while detection in sows (4/28) was observed in only one farm. Phylogenetic analyses of the 19 partial capsid protein nucleotide sequences (VP1) (6–7 each farm) enable the classification of the virus sequences into three distinct clades and highlighted the high heterogeneity within one farm. The whole genome sequence obtained from one strain showed the highest correlation with the Italian strain detected in 2015. The study adds novel information about the circulation and heterogeneity of PSV strains in Italy and considering the movement of pigs across Europe would also be informative for other countries.
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Houston E, Temeeyasen G, Piñeyro PE. Comprehensive review on immunopathogenesis, diagnostic and epidemiology of Senecavirus A. Virus Res 2020; 286:198038. [PMID: 32479975 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), formerly known as Seneca Valley virus, is a single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus in the family Picornaviridae. This virus has been associated with recent outbreaks of vesicular disease (SVA-VD) and epidemic transient neonatal losses (ETNL) in several swine-producing countries. The clinical manifestation of and lesion caused by SVA are indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases. Pathogenicity studies indicate that SVA could regulate the host innate immune response to facilitate virus replication and the spread of the virus to bystander cells. SVA infection can induce specific humoral and cellular responses that can be detected within the first week of infection. However, SVA seems to produce persistent infection, and the virus can be shed in oral fluids for a month and detected in tissues for approximately two months after experimental infection. SVA transmission could be horizontal or vertical in infected herds of swine, while positive animals can also remain subclinical. In addition, mice seem to act as reservoirs, and the virus can persist in feed and feed ingredients, increasing the risk of introduction into naïve farms. Besides the pathological effects in swine, SVA possesses cytolytic activity, especially in neoplastic cells. Thus, SVA has been evaluated in phase II clinical trials as a virotherapy for neuroendocrine tumors. The goal of this review is summarize the current SVA-related research in pathogenesis, immunity, epidemiology and advances in diagnosis as well as discuses current challenges with subclinical/persistent presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Houston
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gun Temeeyasen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Pablo Enrique Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Kyrkou I, Carstens AB, Ellegaard-Jensen L, Kot W, Zervas A, Djurhuus AM, Neve H, Franz CMAP, Hansen M, Hansen LH. Isolation and characterisation of novel phages infecting Lactobacillus plantarum and proposal of a new genus, "Silenusvirus". Sci Rep 2020; 10:8763. [PMID: 32472049 PMCID: PMC7260188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of Lactobacillus sp. are very useful to humans. However, the biology and genomic diversity of their (bacterio)phage enemies remains understudied. Knowledge on Lactobacillus phage diversity should broaden to develop efficient phage control strategies. To this end, organic waste samples were screened for phages against two wine-related Lactobacillus plantarum strains. Isolates were shotgun sequenced and compared against the phage database and each other by phylogenetics and comparative genomics. The new isolates had only three distant relatives from the database, but displayed a high overall degree of genomic similarity amongst them. The latter allowed for the use of one isolate as a representative to conduct transmission electron microscopy and structural protein sequencing, and to study phage adsorption and growth kinetics. The microscopy and proteomics tests confirmed the observed diversity of the new isolates and supported their classification to the family Siphoviridae and the proposal of the new phage genus "Silenusvirus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Kyrkou
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399C, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Alexander Byth Carstens
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399C, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Lea Ellegaard-Jensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399C, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399C, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Athanasios Zervas
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399C, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Amaru Miranda Djurhuus
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399C, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399C, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399C, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark.
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A novel deep-sea bacteriophage possesses features of Wbeta-like viruses and prophages. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1219-1223. [PMID: 32140835 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As the most abundant biological entities, viruses are major players in marine ecosystems. However, our knowledge about virus-host interactions and viral ecology in the deep sea remains very limited. In this study, a novel bacteriophage (designated as phage BVE2) infecting Bacillus cereus group bacteria, was isolated from deep-sea sediments. Phage BVE2 caused host lysis within 1.5 h after infection. However, the presence of two integrase-encoding genes in the BVE2 genome suggested that BVE2 may also follow a temperate strategy. The genome of phage BVE2 is approximately 20 kb in length and is predicted to encode 28 proteins. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis suggested that BVE2 is a highly mosaic phage that has inherited genetic features from Wbeta-like viruses, B. cereus prophages, and its host, suggesting that frequent horizontal gene transfer events occurred during its evolution. This study will help to reveal the evolutionary history of Wbeta-like viruses and improve our understanding of viral diversity and virus-host interactions in the deep sea.
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Zhang W, Kataoka M, Doan HY, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Takeda N, Muramatsu M, Li TC. Characterization of a Novel Simian Sapelovirus Isolated from a Cynomolgus Monkey using PLC/PRF/5 Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20221. [PMID: 31882888 PMCID: PMC6934677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated a novel simian sapelovirus (SSV), Cam13, from fecal specimen of a cynomolgus monkey by using PLC/PRF/5 cells. The SSV infection of the cells induced an extensive cytopathic effect. Two types of virus particles with identical diameter (~32 nm) but different densities (1.348 g/cm3 and 1.295 g/cm3) were observed in the cell culture supernatants. The RNA genome of Cam13 possesses 8,155 nucleotides and a poly(A) tail, and it has a typical sapelovirus genome organization consisting of a 5’ terminal untranslated region, a large open reading frame (ORF), and a 3’ terminal untranslated region. The ORF encodes a single polyprotein that is subsequently processed into a leader protein (L), four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) and seven functional proteins (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). We confirmed that 293 T, HepG2/C3A, Hep2C, Huh7 and primary cynomolgus monkey kidney cells were susceptible to SSV infection. In contrast, PK-15, Vero, Vero E6, RD-A, A549, and primary green monkey kidney cells were not susceptible to SSV infection. We established an ELISA for the detection of IgG antibodies against SSV by using the virus particles as the antigen. A total of 327 serum samples from cynomolgus monkeys and 61 serum samples from Japanese monkeys were examined, and the positive rates were 88.4% and 18%, respectively. These results demonstrated that SSV infection occurred frequently in the monkeys. Since Cam13 shared 76.54%–79.52% nucleotide sequence identities with other known SSVs, and constellated in a separate lineage in the phylogeny based on the entire genome sequence, we propose that Cam13 is a new genotype of the simian sapelovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Blood Center of Shandong Province, East Shanshi Road 22, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.,Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hai Yen Doan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Division of Experimental Animals Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Division of Experimental Animals Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
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Kumari S, Saikumar G, Desingu PA, Das T, Singh R. Immunohistochemical detection of naturally occurring porcine Sapelovirus infection in Indian pigs. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:676-684. [PMID: 31603022 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1675695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated immunohistochemical detection of porcine Sapelovirus (PSV) in naturally infected pigs of different ages. Forty-nine fecal samples, intestinal contents and other tissue samples from dead pigs were screened in previous study using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for PSV infection. Eight animals were positive for PSV based on RT-PCR examination. Gross lesions were recorded mainly in the large and small intestines. Microscopic examination of intestines showed severe enteritis. Tissue sections of all organs from PSV positive animals were immunostained using hyperimmune serum raised in rats against PSV that had been grown in a BHK-21 cell line. Staining of PSV was found only in the large and small intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kumari
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - G Saikumar
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - P A Desingu
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - T Das
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Andrade-Martínez JS, Moreno-Gallego JL, Reyes A. Defining a Core Genome for the Herpesvirales and Exploring their Evolutionary Relationship with the Caudovirales. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11342. [PMID: 31383901 PMCID: PMC6683198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Herpesvirales encompasses a wide variety of important and broadly distributed human pathogens. During the last decades, similarities in the viral cycle and the structure of some of their proteins with those of the order Caudovirales, the tailed bacterial viruses, have brought speculation regarding the existence of an evolutionary relationship between these clades. To evaluate such hypothesis, we used over 600 Herpesvirales and 2000 Caudovirales complete genomes to search for the presence or absence of clusters of orthologous protein domains and constructed a dendrogram based on their compositional similarities. The results obtained strongly suggest an evolutionary relationship between the two orders. Furthermore, they allowed to propose a core genome for the Herpesvirales, composed of 4 proteins, including the ATPase subunit of the DNA-packaging terminase, the only protein with previously verified conservation. Accordingly, a phylogenetic tree constructed with sequences derived from the clusters associated to these proteins grouped the Herpesvirales strains accordingly to the established families and subfamilies. Overall, this work provides results supporting the hypothesis that the two orders are evolutionarily related and contributes to the understanding of the history of the Herpesvirales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Andrade-Martínez
- Research Group on Computational Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - J Leonardo Moreno-Gallego
- Research Group on Computational Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- Research Group on Computational Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
- Centre for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
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Zhang J, Nfon C, Tsai CF, Lee CH, Fredericks L, Chen Q, Sinha A, Bade S, Harmon K, Piñeyro P, Gauger P, Tsai YL, Wang HTT, Lee PYA. Development and evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR and a field-deployable RT-insulated isothermal PCR for the detection of Seneca Valley virus. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:168. [PMID: 31126297 PMCID: PMC6534938 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seneca Valley virus (SVV) has emerged in multiple countries in recent years. SVV infection can cause vesicular lesions clinically indistinguishable from those caused by other vesicular disease viruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV). Sensitive and specific RT-PCR assays for the SVV detection is necessary for differential diagnosis. Real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) has been used for the detection of many RNA viruses. The insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) on a portable POCKIT™ device is user friendly for on-site pathogen detection. In the present study, SVV rRT-PCR and RT-iiPCR were developed and validated. Results Neither the SVV rRT-PCR nor the RT-iiPCR cross-reacted with any of the vesicular disease viruses (20 FMDV, two SVDV, six VSV, and two VESV strains), classical swine fever virus (four strains), and 15 other common swine viruses. Analytical sensitivities of the SVV rRT-PCR and RT-iiPCR were determined using serial dilutions of in vitro transcribed RNA as well as viral RNA extracted from a historical SVV isolate and a contemporary SVV isolate. Diagnostic performances were further evaluated using 125 swine samples by two approaches. First, nucleic acids were extracted from the 125 samples using the MagMAX™ kit and then tested by both RT-PCR methods. One sample was negative by the rRT-PCR but positive by the RT-iiPCR, resulting in a 99.20% agreement (124/125; 95% CI: 96.59–100%, κ = 0.98). Second, the 125 samples were tested by the taco™ mini extraction/RT-iiPCR and by the MagMAX™ extraction/rRT-PCR system in parallel. Two samples were positive by the MagMAX™/rRT-PCR system but negative by the taco™ mini/RT-iiPCR system, resulting in a 98.40% agreement (123/125; 95% CI: 95.39–100%, κ = 0.97). The two samples with discrepant results had relatively high CT values. Conclusions The SVV rRT-PCR and RT-iiPCR developed in this study are very sensitive and specific and have comparable diagnostic performances for SVV RNA detection. The SVV rRT-PCR can be adopted for SVV detection in laboratories. The SVV RT-iiPCR in a simple field-deployable system could serve as a tool to help diagnose vesicular diseases in swine at points of need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Center for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - Lindsay Fredericks
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Avanti Sinha
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sarah Bade
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Karen Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Peng B, Almeqdadi M, Laroche F, Palantavida S, Dokukin M, Roper J, Yilmaz OH, Feng H, Sokolov I. Ultrabright fluorescent cellulose acetate nanoparticles for imaging tumors through systemic and topical applications. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2019; 23:16-25. [PMID: 31057328 PMCID: PMC6497176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate (CA), viscose, or artificial silk are biocompatible human-benign derivatives of cellulose, one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. While various optical materials have been developed from CA, optical CA nanomaterials are nonexistent. Here we report on the assembly of a new family of extremely bright fluorescent CA nanoparticles (CA-dots), which are fully suitable for in vivo imaging / targeting applications. CA-dots can encapsulate a variety of molecular fluorophores. Using various commercially available fluorophores, we demonstrate that the fluorescence of CA-dots can be tuned within the entire UV-VIS-NIR spectrum. We also demonstrate excellent specific targeting of tumors in vivo, when injected in blood in zebrafish (xenograft model of human cervical epithelial cancer), and unusually strong ex-vivo topical labeling of colon cancer in mice utilizing CA folate-functionalized nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berney Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Almeqdadi
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabrice Laroche
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Maxim Dokukin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jatin Roper
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Omer H. Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Physics Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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KUMARI SWATI, RAY PK, SINGH RAHUL, SAIKUMAR G. Pathogenicity of porcine sapelovirus infection in mice. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i2.87322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Sapelovirus (PSV) is a RNA virus belonging to a new genus Sapelovirus of family Picornaviridae. PSV has been isolated from India in 2016. In the present study, mice experiment was conducted to detect the ability of PSV to infect mice and its ability to induce pathological lesions. The intestinal and extra intestinal spread of the PSV virus in three week-old Swiss albino mice inoculated with PSV virus quantified by probe based real time PCR are described. Herein, three groups were made with 10 mice per group (both sex). The first group was infected through oral route (8×106, TCID50, 240 μl/mice) while the second through intra-peritoneal route (8×106, TCID50, 240 μl/mice) and the third group was inoculated with PBS of neutral pH orally and intra-peritoneal route. Seven mice (each from oral and intraperitoneal route and three from control group were sacrificed at 5th, 7th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 21st day post infection (DPI). Indian strain was able to replicate in mice organs up to 15 DPI in oral route and 9 DPI in intraperitoneal route. By real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR, PSV was detected in most of the organs but with highest viral load in the small intestine and large intestine than extra-intestinal organs in the orally infected mice. In addition, this Indian strain is enteropathogenic but could spread to the bloodstream from the gut and disseminate to extra-intestinal organs. These results will contribute to our understanding of PSV pathogenesis.
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Woodman A, Lee KM, Janissen R, Gong YN, Dekker NH, Shih SR, Cameron CE. Predicting Intraserotypic Recombination in Enterovirus 71. J Virol 2019; 93:e02057-18. [PMID: 30487277 PMCID: PMC6364027 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02057-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are well known for their ability to cause neurological damage and paralysis. The model enterovirus is poliovirus (PV), the causative agent of poliomyelitis, a condition characterized by acute flaccid paralysis. A related virus, enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), causes similar clinical outcomes in recurrent outbreaks throughout Asia. Retrospective phylogenetic analysis has shown that recombination between circulating strains of EV-A71 produces the outbreak-associated strains which exhibit increased virulence and/or transmissibility. While studies on the mechanism(s) of recombination in PV are ongoing in several laboratories, little is known about factors that influence recombination in EV-A71. We have developed a cell-based assay to study recombination of EV-A71 based upon previously reported assays for poliovirus recombination. Our results show that (i) EV-A71 strain type and RNA sequence diversity impacts recombination frequency in a predictable manner that mimics the observations found in nature; (ii) recombination is primarily a replicative process mediated by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; (iii) a mutation shown to reduce recombination in PV (L420A) similarly reduces EV-A71 recombination, suggesting conservation in mechanism(s); and (iv) sequencing of intraserotypic recombinant genomes indicates that template switching occurs by a mechanism that may require some sequence homology at the recombination junction and that the triggers for template switching may be sequence independent. The development of this recombination assay will permit further investigation on the interplay between replication, recombination and disease.IMPORTANCE Recombination is a mechanism that contributes to genetic diversity. We describe the first assay to study EV-A71 recombination. Results from this assay mimic what is observed in nature and can be used by others to predict future recombination events within the enterovirus species A group. In addition, our results highlight the central role played by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in the recombination process. Further, our results show that changes to a conserved residue in the RdRp from different species groups have a similar impact on viable recombinant virus yields, which is indicative of conservation in mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Woodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kuo-Ming Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Richard Janissen
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nynke H Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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46
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Houston E, Giménez-Lirola LG, Magtoto R, Mora-Díaz JC, Baum D, Piñeyro PE. Seroprevalence of Senecavirus A in sows and grower-finisher pigs in major swine producing-states in the United States. Prev Vet Med 2019; 165:1-7. [PMID: 30851922 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a single-stranded RNA virus in the family Picornaviridae. Recently, SVA has been associated with idiopathic vesicular disease and increased neonate mortality outbreaks in the United States, Brazil, China, Colombia, and Thailand, with increasing incidence since 2014. Indirect detection by antibody detection methods, including indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), virus neutralization assay, and competitive or indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), have been reported in clinical and experimental trials. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of SVA in nonclinical affected herds in the United States. Individual samples were collected from 3654 and 2433 clinically healthy grower-finisher pigs and sows, respectively, from 219 unique commercial swine production sites. SVA seroprevalence was evaluated by SVA rVP1 ELISA and SVA IFA. The estimated seroprevalence for grower-finisher pigs and sows was 12.2% and 34.0%, respectively. The herd prevalence was 42.7% for grower-finisher farms and 75.8% for sow farms. The SVA rVP1 ELISA and SVA IFA exhibited a fair (sows) and moderate (grower-finisher) agreement at the herd level, while a fair agreement was observed at the individual level for both pig categories evaluated. The McNemar's test was significant at the individual and herd level (p < 0.05). In this study, we demonstrated the presence of SVA IgG antibodies in pigs from clinically healthy grower-finisher and sow herds. These results suggest that SVA is circulating subclinically in sow farms and grower-finisher pig farms in major swine producing-states in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Houston
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Luis Gabriel Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
| | - Ronaldo Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - David Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Pablo Enrique Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
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47
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Kumari S, Ray PK, Singh R, Desingu PA, Sharma GT, Saikumar G. Development of a Taqman-based real-time PCR assay for detection of porcine sapelovirus infection in pigs. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 31:264-267. [PMID: 30583714 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1549561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop a rapid, simple, specific and sensitive Taqman-based real-time PCR assay for porcine sapelovirus (PSV) detection. Specific primers and probe were designed from the five untranslated regions (UTRs) of the viral genome. The detection limit of the real-time PCR was 102 copies. The specificity of the Taqman real-time PCR assay was evaluated using other animal viruses and nuclease free water as a negative control. Strong fluorescent signals were obtained only in the detection of PSV real-time PCR and conventional RT-PCR were preformed simultaneously on 90 faecal samples. Based on conventional RT-PCR study 17.7% (16/90) of the faecal samples were positive for PSV. Whereas 21 of 90 samples (23.3%) were positive by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that real-time PCR was more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR assay. In conclusion, the Taqman real-time PCR assay for detection of PSV developed, herein, is sensitive, specific, and reliable. This assay will be useful for clinical diagnosis, epidemiological, and pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kumari
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - P K Ray
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - P A Desingu
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - G Taru Sharma
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - G Saikumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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48
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Lin X, Chen Z, Wu S. Development of a novel reverse transcription droplet digital PCR assay for the sensitive detection of Senecavirus A. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:517-525. [PMID: 30375741 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, Senecavirus A (SVA) causes a vesicular disease that is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular disease. Sensitive and specific detection of SVA is critical for controlling this emerging disease. In this study, a novel reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assay, targeting the conserved viral polymerase 3D gene, was established for the detection of SVA. This assay exhibited good linearity, repeatability and reproducibility, and maintained linearity at extremely low concentrations of SVA nucleic acid templates. The detection limit of RT-ddPCR was 1.53 ± 0.22 copies of SVA RNA per reaction (n = 8), and the assay showed approximately 10-fold greater sensitivity than a reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-rPCR) assay. Moreover, specificity analysis showed that the RT-ddPCR for SVA had no cross-reactivity with other important swine pathogens. In clinical diagnosis of 134 pig serum and tissue samples, 26 and 21 samples were identified as positive by RT-ddPCR and RT-rPCR, respectively. The overall agreement between the two assays was 96.27% (129/134). Further linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the RT-ddPCR and RT-rPCR assays with an R2 value of 0.9761. Our results indicate that the RT-ddPCR assay is a robust diagnostic tool for the sensitive detection of SVA, even in samples with a low viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
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49
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Saeng-Chuto K, Stott CJ, Wegner M, Kaewprommal P, Piriyapongsa J, Nilubol D. The full-length genome characterization, genetic diversity and evolutionary analyses of Senecavirus A isolated in Thailand in 2016. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:32-45. [PMID: 29890334 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a novel picornavirus that causes porcine idiopathic vesicular disease characterized by lameness, coronary band hyperemia, and vesicles on the snout and coronary bands. An increase in the detection rate of SVA in several countries suggests that the disease has become a widespread problem. Herein, we report the detection of SVA in Thailand and the characterization of full-length genomic sequences of six Thai SVA isolates. Phylogenetic, genetic, recombination, and evolutionary analyses were performed. The full-length genome, excluding the poly (A) tail of the Thai SVA isolates, was 7282 nucleotides long, with the genomic organization resembling other previously reported SVA isolates. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses based on full-length genome demonstrated that the Thai SVA isolates were grouped in a novel cluster, separated from SVA isolates from other countries. Although the Thai SVA isolates were closely related to 11-55910-3, the first SVA isolate from Canada, with 97.9-98.2%, but they are different. Evolutionary and recombinant analyses suggested that the Thai SVA isolates shared a common ancestor with the 11-55910-3 isolate. The positive selection in the VP4 and 3D genes suggests that the virus was not externally introduced, but rather continuously evolved in the population prior to the first detection. Addition, the presence of SVA could have been ignored due to the presence of other pathogens causing similar clinical diseases. This study warrants further investigations into molecular epidemiology and genetic evolution of the SVA in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepalee Saeng-Chuto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Matthew Wegner
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pavita Kaewprommal
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jittima Piriyapongsa
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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50
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Sizikova TE, Lebedev VN, Karulina NV, Borisevich SV. LLOVIU VIRUS - A NOVEL FILOVIRUS, ENDEMIC IN EUROPE. Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:58-61. [PMID: 36494922 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-2-58-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The data on a recently revealed novel filovirus (Lloviu virus, family Filoviridae, genera Cuevavirus) in Europe are viewed in this issue. The molecular-biological properties of genome fragments of Lloviu virus were isolated from perished bats (Miniopterus sсhreibersii). Because infectious Lloviu virus has not been isolated yet, the capacity of virus to infect cells of different species and its potential to cause disease in humans is unclear. The recombinant vectors (vesicular stomatitis virus and plasmids) expressing structural proteins of Lloviu virus were used to study different elements of the virus. The question of interaction of structural proteins of Lloviu virus expressed by recombinant vectors with receptors of bat and human cells is considered. The possibility of pathogenicity of the novel agent for humans is considered. The conclusion is made about the necessity of continuous epidemical and epizootical monitoring of the new filovirus infection.
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