1
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Chlorophyll breakdown during fruit ripening: Qualitative analysis of phyllobilins in the peel of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Gala’ during different shelf life stages. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Ritter M, Oetama VSP, Schulze D, Muetzlaff K, Meents AK, Seidel RA, Görls H, Westerhausen M, Boland W, Pohnert G. Pyrrolic and Dipyrrolic Chlorophyll Degradation Products in Plants and Herbivores. Chemistry 2020; 26:6205-6213. [PMID: 31971638 PMCID: PMC7318184 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of chlorophyll, the omnipresent green pigment, has been investigated intensively over the last 30 years resulting in many elucidated tetrapyrrolic degradation products. With a comparison to the degradation of the structurally similar heme, we hereby propose a novel additional chlorophyll degradation mechanism to mono- and dipyrrolic products. This is the first proof of the occurrence of a family of mono- and dipyrrols in leaves that are previously only known as heme degradation products. This product family is also found in spit and feces of herbivores with specific metabolomic patterns reflecting the origin of the samples. Based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric evidence as well as on mechanistic considerations we also suggest several tentative new degradation products. One of them, dihydro BOX A, was fully confirmed as a novel natural product by synthesis and comparison of its spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ritter
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | | | - Daniel Schulze
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Katrin Muetzlaff
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Anja K. Meents
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
| | - Raphael A. Seidel
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
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3
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Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. Profile of Chlorophyll Catabolites in Senescent Leaves of Epipremnun aureum Includes a Catabolite Esterified with Hydroxytyrosol 1- O-Glucoside. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:873-880. [PMID: 32134654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that chlorophyll degradation is a physiological phenomenon occurring daily in all photosynthetic tissues, chlorophyll catabolites are not fully identified. Three new forms (1, 3, and 4) of linear chlorophyll catabolites (phyllobilins) have been characterized in senescent leaves of Epipremnun aureum with spectroscopic data. Compound 1 is a hypermodified blue fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (hmFCC) esterified with the potent antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. The sequestration of this phenol by a chlorophyll catabolite could explain the physiological meaning of the persistence of hmFCCs in some senescent plants. Compound 3, a yellow chlorophyll catabolite (YCC) originated from the oxidation at C-15 of 1. YCCs have been identified previously and are exclusively formed in the plant vacuole from the final nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs). The presence of 3 in leaves implies a new reaction in chlorophyll catabolism, as the characterization of 3 implies that YCCs can be also be oxidized in the cytosol from FCCs. Finally, phyllobilin 4 represents a new type of YCC characterized by an inflexible bicyclo glucosyl moiety linked through an intramolecular esterification of the propionic acid residue with the C-3 hydroxy group. The corresponding NCC precursor was recently identified and now the characterization of 4 shows that even this rigid structure can be further oxidized. Undoubtedly, the characterization of phyllobilins is essential to completely comprehend chlorophyll degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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4
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Erhart T, Mittelberger C, Liu X, Podewitz M, Li C, Scherzer G, Stoll G, Valls J, Robatscher P, Liedl KR, Oberhuber M, Kräutler B. Novel Types of Hypermodified Fluorescent Phyllobilins from Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Senescent Leaves of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Chemistry 2018; 24:17268-17279. [PMID: 30079972 PMCID: PMC6282590 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll catabolites (or phyllobilins, PBs) were analyzed in yellow fall leaves of the grape Chardonnay, a common Vitis vinifera white wine cultivar. The major fractions in leaf extracts of V. vinifera, tentatively assigned to PBs, were isolated and their structures elucidated. The dominant fraction is a dioxobilin-type non-fluorescent Chl-catabolite of a previously observed type. Two less polar fluorescent PBs were characterized as a novel dioxobilin-type fluorescent Chl-catabolite with a bicyclo-1',6'-glycosyl architecture, and its new fluorescent formyloxobilin-type analogue. The discovery of persistent hypermodified fluorescent PBs with the architecture of bicyclo-[17.3.1]-PBs (bcPBs), suggests the activity of an unknown enzyme that forges the 20-membered macroring at the tetrapyrrolic core of a fluorescent PB. bcPBs may play specific physiological roles in grapevine plants and represent endogenous anti-infective agents, as found similarly for other organic bicyclo-[n.3.1]-1',6'-glycosyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Xiujun Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Research Center of Analysis and TestEast China University of Science & TechnologyMeilong Rd 130200237ShanghaiChina
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of, Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science & TechnologyMeilong Rd 130200237ShanghaiChina
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Gertrud Stoll
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Josep Valls
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
- Present address: Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Enologie EA 4577Université de Bordeaux33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
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5
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Das A, Christ B, Hörtensteiner S. Characterization of the pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin pathway of chlorophyll breakdown in grasses. PLANTA 2018; 248:875-892. [PMID: 29951845 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the PAO/phyllobilin pathway of chlorophyll breakdown is active in grass leaf senescence, the abundance of phyllobilins is far below the amount of degraded chlorophyll. The yellowing of fully developed leaves is the most prominent visual symptom of plant senescence. Thereby, chlorophyll is degraded via the so-called pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO)/phyllobilin pathway to a species-specific set of phyllobilins, linear tetrapyrrolic products of chlorophyll breakdown. Here, we investigated the diversity and abundance of phyllobilins in cereal and forage crops, i.e. barley, rice, ryegrass, sorghum and wheat, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of thirteen phyllobilins were identified, among them four novel, not yet described ones, pointing to a rather high diversity of phyllobilin-modifying activities present in the Gramineae. Along with these phyllobilins, barley orthologs of known Arabidopsis thaliana chlorophyll catabolic enzymes were demonstrated to localize in the chloroplast, and two of them, i.e. PAO and pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase, complemented respective Arabidopsis mutants. These data confirm functionality of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway in grasses. Interestingly, when comparing phyllobilin abundance with amounts of degraded chlorophyll in senescent leaves, in most analyzed grass species only minor fractions of chlorophyll were recovered as phyllobilins, opposite to A. thaliana where phyllobilin quantities match degraded chlorophyll rather well. These data show that, despite the presence and activity of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway in barley (and other cereals), phyllobilins do not accumulate stoichiometrically, implying possible degradation of chlorophyll beyond the phyllobilin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Das
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Christ
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Kuai B, Chen J, Hörtensteiner S. The biochemistry and molecular biology of chlorophyll breakdown. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:751-767. [PMID: 28992212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is one of the most obvious signs of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. The resulting yellowing of leaves can be observed every autumn, and the color change of fruits indicates their ripening state. During these processes, chlorophyll is broken down in a multistep pathway, now termed the 'PAO/phyllobilin' pathway, acknowledging the core enzymatic breakdown step catalysed by pheophorbide a oxygenase, which determines the basic linear tetrapyrrole structure of the products of breakdown that are now called 'phyllobilins'. This review provides an update on the PAO/phyllobilin pathway, and focuses on recent biochemical and molecular progress in understanding phyllobilin-modifying reactions as the basis for phyllobilin diversity, on the evolutionary diversity of the pathway, and on the transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benke Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Roca M, Ríos JJ, Chahuaris A, Pérez-Gálvez A. Non-fluorescent and yellow chlorophyll catabolites in Japanese plum fruits (Prunus salicina, Lindl.). Food Res Int 2017; 100:332-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Mittelberger C, Yalcinkaya H, Pichler C, Gasser J, Scherzer G, Erhart T, Schumacher S, Holzner B, Janik K, Robatscher P, Müller T, Kräutler B, Oberhuber M. Pathogen-Induced Leaf Chlorosis: Products of Chlorophyll Breakdown Found in Degreened Leaves of Phytoplasma-Infected Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Trees Relate to the Pheophorbide a Oxygenase/Phyllobilin Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2651-2660. [PMID: 28267924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmoses such as apple proliferation (AP) and European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) cause severe economic losses in fruit production. A common symptom of both phytoplasma diseases is early yellowing or leaf chlorosis. Even though chlorosis is a well-studied symptom of biotic and abiotic stresses, its biochemical pathways are hardly known. In particular, in this context, a potential role of the senescence-related pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin (PaO/PB) pathway is elusive, which degrades chlorophyll (Chl) to phyllobilins (PBs), most notably to colorless nonfluorescent Chl catabolites (NCCs). In this work, we identified the Chl catabolites in extracts of healthy senescent apple and apricot leaves. In extracts of apple tree leaves, a total of 12 Chl catabolites were detected, and in extracts of leaves of the apricot tree 16 Chl catabolites were found. The seven major NCC fractions in the leaves of both fruit tree species were identical and displayed known structures. All of the major Chl catabolites were also found in leaf extracts from AP- or ESFY-infected trees, providing the first evidence that the PaO/PB pathway is relevant also for pathogen-induced chlorosis. This work supports the hypothesis that Chl breakdown in senescence and phytoplasma infection proceeds via a common pathway in some members of the Rosaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Hacer Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christa Pichler
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Johanna Gasser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandra Schumacher
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Barbara Holzner
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Katrin Janik
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
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9
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10
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Vergara-Domínguez H, Ríos JJ, Gandul-Rojas B, Roca M. Chlorophyll catabolism in olive fruits (var. Arbequina and Hojiblanca) during maturation. Food Chem 2016; 212:604-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Erhart T, Mittelberger C, Vergeiner C, Scherzer G, Holzner B, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll Catabolites in Senescent Leaves of the Plum Tree (Prunus domestica). Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1441-1453. [PMID: 27533340 PMCID: PMC5123584 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In cold extracts of senescent leaves of the plum tree (Prunus domestica ssp. domestica), six colorless non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were characterized, named Pd-NCCs. In addition, several minor NCC fractions were tentatively classified. The structure of the most polar one of the NCCs, named Pd-NCC-32, featured an unprecedented twofold glycosidation pattern. Three of the NCCs are also functionalized at their 32 -position by a glucopyranosyl group. In addition, two of these glycosidated NCCs carry a dihydroxyethyl group at their 18-position. In the polar Pd-NCC-32, the latter group is further glycosidated at the terminal 182 -position. Four other major Pd-NCCs and one minor Pd-NCC were identified with five NCCs from higher plants known to belong to the 'epi'-series. In addition, tentative structures were derived for two minor fractions, classified as yellow chlorophyll catabolites, which represented (formal) oxidation products of two of the observed Pd-NCCs. The chlorophyll catabolites in leaves of plum feature the same basic structural pattern as those found in leaves of apple and pear trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Cecilia Mittelberger
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Clemens Vergeiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Barbara Holzner
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
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12
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Christ B, Hauenstein M, Hörtensteiner S. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform for the analysis of phyllobilins, the major degradation products of chlorophyll in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:505-518. [PMID: 27349589 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
During senescence, chlorophyll is broken down to a set of structurally similar, but distinct linear tetrapyrrolic compounds termed phyllobilins. Structure identification of phyllobilins from over a dozen plant species revealed that modifications at different peripheral positions may cause complex phyllobilin composition in a given species. For example, in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type, eight different phyllobilins have structurally been characterized to date. Accurate phyllobilin identification and quantification, which classically have been performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV/vis detection, are, however, hampered because of their similar physiochemical properties and vastly differing abundances in plant extracts. Here we established a rapid method for phyllobilin identification and quantification that couples ultra-HPLC with high-resolution/high-precision tandem mass spectrometry. Using Arabidopsis wild-type and mutant lines that are deficient in specific phyllobilin-modifying reactions, we identified a total of 16 phyllobilins, among them two that have not been described before in Arabidopsis. The single and collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry data of all 16 Arabidopsis phyllobilins were collected in a mass spectrometry library, which is available to the scientific community. The library allows rapid detection and quantification of phyllobilins within and across Arabidopsis genotypes and we demonstrate its potential use for high-throughput approaches and genome-wide association studies in chlorophyll breakdown. By extending the library with phyllobilin data from other plant species in the future, we aim providing a tool for chlorophyll metabolite analysis as a measure of senescence for practical applications, such as post-harvest quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Christ
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mareike Hauenstein
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Kräutler B. Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Higher Plants--Phyllobilins as Abundant, Yet Hardly Visible Signs of Ripening, Senescence, and Cell Death. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4882-907. [PMID: 26919572 PMCID: PMC4950323 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fall colors have always been fascinating and are still a remarkably puzzling phenomenon associated with the breakdown of chlorophyll (Chl) in leaves. As discovered in recent years, nongreen bilin-type Chl catabolites are generated, which are known as the phyllobilins. Collaborative chemical-biological efforts have led to the elucidation of the key Chl-breakdown processes in senescent leaves and in ripening fruit. Colorless and largely photoinactive phyllobilins are rapidly produced from Chl, apparently primarily as part of a detoxification program. However, fluorescent Chl catabolites accumulate in some senescent leaves and in peels of ripe bananas and induce a striking blue glow. The structural features, chemical properties, and abundance of the phyllobilins in the biosphere suggest biological roles, which still remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Kräutler B. Der Chlorophyllabbau in höheren Pflanzen - Phyllobiline als weitverbreitete, aber kaum sichtbare Zeichen von Reifung, Seneszenz und Zelltod. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Centrum für MolekulareBiowissenschaften (CMBI); Universität Innsbruck; 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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15
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Ríos JJ, Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. Systematic HPLC/ESI-High Resolution-qTOF-MS Methodology for Metabolomic Studies in Nonfluorescent Chlorophyll Catabolites Pathway. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:490627. [PMID: 25741450 PMCID: PMC4337177 DOI: 10.1155/2015/490627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) and dioxobilane-type nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (DNCC) in peel extracts of ripened lemon fruits (Citrus limon L.) was performed by HPLC/ESI-high resolution-qTOF-MS method. Compounds were identified in samples on the basis of measured accurate mass, isotopic pattern, and characteristic fragmentation profile with an implemented software postprocessing routine. Three NCC structures already identified in other vegetal tissues were present in the lemon fruit peels (Cl-NCC1; Cl-NCC2; Cl-NCC4) while a new structure not defined so far was characterized (Cl-NCC3). This catabolite exhibits an exceptional arrangement of the peripheral substituents, allowing concluding that the preferences for the NCC modifications could be a species-related matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Julián Ríos
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pablo de Olavide University Campus, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pablo de Olavide University Campus, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pablo de Olavide University Campus, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Christ B, Egert A, Süssenbacher I, Kräutler B, Bartels D, Peters S, Hörtensteiner S. Water deficit induces chlorophyll degradation via the 'PAO/phyllobilin' pathway in leaves of homoio- (Craterostigma pumilum) and poikilochlorophyllous (Xerophyta viscosa) resurrection plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2521-31. [PMID: 24697723 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm resurrection plants exhibit poikilo- or homoiochlorophylly as a response to water deficit. Both strategies are generally considered as effective mechanisms to reduce oxidative stress associated with photosynthetic activity under water deficiency. The mechanism of water deficit-induced chlorophyll (Chl) degradation in resurrection plants is unknown but has previously been suggested to occur as a result of non-enzymatic photooxidation. We investigated Chl degradation during dehydration in both poikilochlorophyllous (Xerophyta viscosa) and homoiochlorophyllous (Craterostigma pumilum) species. We demonstrate an increase in the abundance of PHEOPHORBIDE a OXYGENASE (PAO), a key enzyme of Chl breakdown, together with an accumulation of phyllobilins, that is, products of PAO-dependent Chl breakdown, in both species. Phyllobilins and PAO levels diminished again in leaves from rehydrated plants. We conclude that water deficit-induced poikilochlorophylly occurs via the well-characterized PAO/phyllobilin pathway of Chl breakdown and that this mechanism also appears conserved in a resurrection species displaying homoiochlorophylly. The roles of the PAO/phyllobilin pathway during different plant developmental processes that involve Chl breakdown, such as leaf senescence and desiccation, fruit ripening and seed maturation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Christ
- Institute of Plant Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ríos JJ, Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. Nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites in loquat fruits (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10576-84. [PMID: 25293494 DOI: 10.1021/jf503619s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) and nonfluorescent dioxobilane chlorophyll catabolites (NDCCs) are the terminal compounds of the chlorophyll degradation pathway that may display beneficial properties to human health related to their antioxidant properties, which were recently shown. A profile of NCCs/NDCC of the loquat fruit Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. is described. From the 13 known different NCC structures described to date, three have been identified in loquats. Two new structures not defined so far were characterized in loquat fruits: Ej-NCC2, which corresponds to the methyl ester at C13(2) of Bn-NCC1 and in very low amount Ej-NDCC1, the only NDCC found in loquats. Keto-enol tautomerism at the C13(1) position in NCCs is described for the first time as a regular process in chlorophyll catabolism, probably through a nonspecific mechanism since almost all the chlorophyll catabolites structures detected in fruits of loquat present keto and enol tautomers. The results obtained have been possible through a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap and quadropole time-of-flight mass spectrometry fitted with a powerful postprocessing software.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Julián Ríos
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Avda. Padre García Tejero, 4, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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Hörtensteiner S. Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 82:505-17. [PMID: 22790503 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multi-step pathway. The pathway is termed the 'PAO pathway', because the opening of the chlorine macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway, provides the characteristic structural basis found in all further downstream chlorophyll breakdown products. To date, most of the biochemical steps of the PAO pathway have been elucidated and genes encoding many of the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes been identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biochemistry of the PAO pathway and provides insight into recent progress made in the field that indicates that the pathway is more complex than thought in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hörtensteiner S. The Pathway of Chlorophyll Degradation: Catabolites, Enzymes and Pathway Regulation. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Scherl M, Müller T, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll catabolites in senescent leaves of the lime tree (Tilia cordata). Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:2605-17. [PMID: 23161638 PMCID: PMC3586658 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In cold extracts of senescent leaves of the Lime tree (Tilia cordata), two colorless nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were identified, named Tc-NCC-1 and Tc-NCC-2, as well as a polar yellow chlorophyll catabolite (YCC), named Tc-YCC. The constitution of the two NCCs was determined by spectroscopic means. In addition, a tentative structure was derived for Tc-YCC. The three chlorophyll degradation products exhibited tetrapyrrolic structures, as are typical of NCCs or YCCs, and turned out to be rather polar, due to a glucopyranosyl group at their 8(2)-position. At their 3-positions, the more polar Tc-NCC-1 carried a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group and the less polar Tc-NCC-2 a vinyl group. Tc-YCC was identified as the product of an oxidation of Tc-NCC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Scherl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Moser S, Müller T, Holzinger A, Lütz C, Kräutler B. Structures of chlorophyll catabolites in bananas (Musa acuminata) reveal a split path of chlorophyll breakdown in a ripening fruit. Chemistry 2012; 18:10873-85. [PMID: 22807397 PMCID: PMC3499688 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The disappearance of chlorophyll is a visual sign of fruit ripening. Yet, chlorophyll breakdown in fruit has hardly been explored; its non-green degradation products are largely unknown. Here we report the analysis and structure elucidation of colorless tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll breakdown products in commercially available, ripening bananas (Musa acuminata, Cavendish cultivar). In banana peels, chlorophyll catabolites were found in an unprecedented structural richness: a variety of new fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (FCCs) and nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were detected. As a rule, FCCs exist only "fleetingly" and are hard to observe. However, in bananas several of the FCCs (named Mc-FCCs) were persistent and carried an ester function at the propionate side-chain. NCCs were less abundant, and exhibited a free propionic acid group, but functional modifications elsewhere. The modifications of NCCs in banana peels were similar to those found in NCCs from senescent leaves. They are presumed to be introduced by enzymatic transformations at the stage of the mostly unobserved, direct FCC-precursors. The observed divergent functional group characteristics of the Mc-FCCs versus those of the Mc-NCCs indicated two major "late" processing lines of chlorophyll breakdown in ripening bananas. The "last common precursor" at the branching point to either the persistent FCCs, or towards the NCCs, was identified as a temporarily abundant "secondary" FCC. The existence of two "downstream" branches of chlorophyll breakdown in banana peels, and the striking accumulation of persistent Mc-FCCs call for attention as to the still-elusive biological roles of the resulting colorless linear tetrapyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Moser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
- Present address: Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Cornelius Lütz
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
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Müller T, Oradu S, Ifa DR, Cooks RG, Kräutler B. Direct plant tissue analysis and imprint imaging by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5754-61. [PMID: 21675752 PMCID: PMC3137229 DOI: 10.1021/ac201123t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ambient mass spectrometry technique, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS), is applied for the rapid identification and spatially resolved relative quantification of chlorophyll degradation products in complex senescent plant tissue matrixes. Polyfunctionalized nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs), the "final" products of the chlorophyll degradation pathway, are detected directly from leaf tissues within seconds and structurally characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and reactive-DESI experiments performed in situ. The sensitivity of DESI-MS analysis of these compounds from degreening leaves is enhanced by the introduction of an imprinting technique. Porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is used as a substrate for imprinting the leaves, resulting in increased signal intensities compared with those obtained from direct leaf tissue analysis. This imprinting technique is used further to perform two-dimensional (2D) imaging mass spectrometry by DESI, producing well-resolved images of the spatial distribution of NCCs in senescent leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, (Austria)
| | - Sheran Oradu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Demian R. Ifa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, (Austria)
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Hörtensteiner S, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:977-88. [PMID: 21167811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is an important catabolic process of leaf senescence and fruit ripening. Structure elucidation of colorless linear tetrapyrroles as (final) breakdown products of chlorophyll was crucial for the recent delineation of a chlorophyll breakdown pathway which is highly conserved in land plants. Pheophorbide a oxygenase is the key enzyme responsible for opening of the chlorin macrocycle of pheophorbide a characteristic to all further breakdown products. Degradation of chlorophyll was rationalized by the need of a senescing cell to detoxify the potentially phototoxic pigment, yet recent investigations in leaves and fruits indicate that chlorophyll catabolites could have physiological roles. This review updates structural information of chlorophyll catabolites and the biochemical reactions involved in their formation, and discusses the significance of chlorophyll breakdown. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Electron Transport in Chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Borrmann D, de Andrade JC, Lanfer-Marquez UM. Chlorophyll degradation and formation of colorless chlorophyll derivatives during soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) seed maturation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2030-4. [PMID: 19199443 DOI: 10.1021/jf803191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The natural chlorophyll degradation results in noncolored chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs), but there are controversies if these are the final products. The formation and degradation of NCCs during soybean seed ( Glycine max L. Merrill) maturation and two drying temperatures were investigated. Soybean was harvested at six maturation stages. The effect of postharvest drying at 40 and 60 degrees C on the NCC formation was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and results were expressed as areas under the curve. All samples contained fractions with an absorption maximum at 320 nm, typical for NCC. The amounts of NCC increased until 114 days after planting and were significantly lower in advanced maturation stages. These results indicate that the NCC in soybeans might not be the final products of chlorophyll degradation. Their reduction in advanced maturation stages may be due to further metabolization. Heating soybeans at 40 and 60 degrees C promoted unnatural chlorophyll degradation and impaired the formation of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Borrmann
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, B 14, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Moser S, Müller T, Oberhuber M, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll Catabolites - Chemical and Structural Footprints of a Fascinating Biological Phenomenon. European J Org Chem 2008; 2009:21-31. [PMID: 21037946 PMCID: PMC2965369 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the molecular basis for the seasonal disappearance of chlorophyll was still enigmatic. In the meantime, our knowledge on chlorophyll breakdown has grown considerably. As outlined here, it has been possible to decipher the basic transformations involved in natural chlorophyll breakdown by identification of chlorophyll catabolites in higher plants, and with the help of the synthesis of (putative) catabolic intermediates. In vascular plants, chlorophyll breakdown typically converts the green plant pigments efficiently into colorless and non-fluorescent tetrapyrroles. It involves colored intermediates only fleetingly and in an (elusive) enzyme-bound form. The non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites accumulate in the vacuoles of degreened leaves and are considered the products, primarily, of a detoxification process. However, they are effective antioxidants, and may thus also have physiologically beneficial chemical properties.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Moser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, E-mail:
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Kräutler B. Chlorophyll breakdown and chlorophyll catabolites in leaves and fruit. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1114-20. [PMID: 18846275 PMCID: PMC2906699 DOI: 10.1039/b802356p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll metabolism probably is the most visible manifestation of life. Total annual turnover of chlorophyll has been estimated to involve more than 1000 million tons. Surprisingly, chlorophyll catabolism has remained an enigma until less than twenty years ago, when a colorless chlorophyll catabolite from senescent plant leaves was identified and its structure was elucidated. In the meantime, chlorophyll breakdown products have been identified in a variety of plant leaves and their structural features have been elucidated. Most recently, chlorophyll breakdown products have also been identified in some ripening fruit. Chlorophyll breakdown in vascular plants only fleetingly involves enzyme-bound colored intermediates. The stage of fluorescent catabolites is also passed rapidly, as these isomerize further to colorless nonfluorescent tetrapyrrolic catabolites. The latter accumulate in the vacuoles of de-greened leaves and are considered the final products of controlled chlorophyll breakdown. The same tetrapyrroles are also found in ripening fruit and are effective antioxidants. Chlorophyll breakdown leads to tetrapyrroles that appear to have physiologically beneficial chemical properties, and it may thus not merely be a detoxification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Oberhuber M, Berghold J, Kräutler B. Chlorophyllabbau durch biomimetische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oberhuber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria), Fax: (+43) 512-507-2892,
| | - Joachim Berghold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria), Fax: (+43) 512-507-2892,
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria), Fax: (+43) 512-507-2892,
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Müller T, Ulrich M, Ongania KH, Kräutler B. In reifen Früchten gefundene farblose tetrapyrrolische Chlorophyll-Kataboliten sind wirksame Antioxidantien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Müller T, Ulrich M, Ongania KH, Kräutler B. Colorless tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll catabolites found in ripening fruit are effective antioxidants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:8699-702. [PMID: 17943948 PMCID: PMC2912502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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