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Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Programmed Cell Death Reversal: Polyamines, Effectors of the U-Turn from the Program of Death in Helianthus tuberosus L. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5386. [PMID: 38791426 PMCID: PMC11121942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review describes a 50-year-long research study on the characteristics of Helianthus tuberosus L. tuber dormancy, its natural release and programmed cell death (PCD), as well as on the ability to change the PCD so as to return the tuber to a life program. The experimentation on the tuber over the years is due to its particular properties of being naturally deficient in polyamines (PAs) during dormancy and of immediately reacting to transplants by growing and synthesizing PAs. This review summarizes the research conducted in a unicum body. As in nature, the tuber tissue has to furnish its storage substances to grow vegetative buds, whereby its destiny is PCD. The review's main objective concerns data on PCD, the link with free and conjugated PAs and their capacity to switch the destiny of the tuber from a program of death to one of new life. PCD reversibility is an important biological challenge that is verified here but not reported in other experimental models. Important aspects of PA features are their capacity to change the cell functions from storage to meristematic ones and their involvement in amitosis and differentiation. Other roles reported here have also been confirmed in other plants. PAs exert multiple diverse roles, suggesting that they are not simply growth substances, as also further described in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Sadiq S, Hussain M, Iqbal S, Shafiq M, Balal RM, Seleiman MF, Chater J, Shahid MA. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Biosynthesis of the Polyamine Gene Family in Citrus unshiu. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1527. [PMID: 37628578 PMCID: PMC10454681 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) contribute to diverse plant processes, environmental interaction, and stress responses. In citrus, the mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of polyamines is poorly understood. The present study aims to identify the biosynthesis of PA gene family members in satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) and investigate their response against various stresses. The identified biosynthesis of PA genes in C. unshiu showed clustering in six groups, i.e., SPMS, SPDS, ACL5, ADC, ODC, and SAMDC. Syntenic analysis revealed that segmental duplication was prevalent among the biosynthesis of PA genes compared to tandem duplication. Thus, it might be the main reason for diversity in the gene family in C. unshiu. Almost all biosynthesis of PA gene family members in C. unshiu showed syntenic blocks in the genome of Arabidopsis, Citrus sinensis, Poncirus trifoliata, and Citrus reticulata. Analysis of Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) indicated the occurrence of hormones, light, defense, and environmental stress responses as well as the development and other plant mechanisms-related elements in the upstream sequence of the biosynthesis of PA genes. Expression profiling revealed that the biosynthesis of PA gene expression modulates in different organs during various developmental stages and stress in C. unshiu. This information will provide a deep understanding of genomic information and its expression in multiple tissues to better understand its potential application in functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Sadiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mujahid Hussain
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rashad Mukhtar Balal
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud F. Seleiman
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Chater
- Horticultural Science Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
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3
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Del Duca S, Fernández-González D, Cai G. Editorial: Regulation of pollen tube growth, volume II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1242416. [PMID: 37496862 PMCID: PMC10368124 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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4
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Parrotta L, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Cai G. Editorial: Polyamines and longevity - role of polyamine in plant survival. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1232386. [PMID: 37404540 PMCID: PMC10317502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1232386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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5
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Pollen-Pistil Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043707. [PMID: 36835118 PMCID: PMC9963197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the molecular dialogue between the pollen tube and the pistil [...].
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6
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Parrotta L, Tanwar UK, Aloisi I, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Del Duca S. Plant Transglutaminases: New Insights in Biochemistry, Genetics, and Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091529. [PMID: 35563835 PMCID: PMC9105555 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyse an acyl-transfer reaction between primary amino groups and protein-bound Gln residues. They are widely distributed in nature, being found in vertebrates, invertebrates, microorganisms, and plants. TGases and their functionality have been less studied in plants than humans and animals. TGases are distributed in all plant organs, such as leaves, tubers, roots, flowers, buds, pollen, and various cell compartments, including chloroplasts, the cytoplasm, and the cell wall. Recent molecular, physiological, and biochemical evidence pointing to the role of TGases in plant biology and the mechanisms in which they are involved allows us to consider their role in processes such as photosynthesis, plant fertilisation, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and leaf senescence. In the present paper, an in-depth description of the biochemical characteristics and a bioinformatics comparison of plant TGases is provided. We also present the phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, and sequence alignment of TGase proteins in various plant species, not described elsewhere. Currently, our knowledge of these proteins in plants is still insufficient. Further research with the aim of identifying and describing the regulatory components of these enzymes and the processes regulated by them is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Umesh Kumar Tanwar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (U.K.T.); (E.S.-N.)
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (U.K.T.); (E.S.-N.)
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Correspondence:
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7
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Aloisi I, Distefano G, Antognoni F, Potente G, Parrotta L, Faleri C, Gentile A, Bennici S, Mareri L, Cai G, Del Duca S. Temperature-Dependent Compatible and Incompatible Pollen-Style Interactions in Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan. Show Different Transglutaminase Features and Polyamine Pattern. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1018. [PMID: 32733518 PMCID: PMC7360793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In clementine, failure of fertilization can result in parthenocarpic fruit development, which has several advantages, such as seedless fruit, longer shelf-life, and greater consumer appeal. Recently, S-RNases have been identified in Citrus grandis, thus revealing that the self-incompatibility (SI) reaction relies on the S-RNase gametophytic mechanism. The fundamental role of environmental factors, mostly temperature, in determining the numbers of pollen tubes reaching the ovary is also well established in Citrus. In the present work, temperature-dependent pollen-pistil interactions in C. clementina were analyzed, focusing on several morphological aspects, as well as on polyamine (PA) content and the activity and distribution of transglutaminase (TGase), both reported to be involved in the SI response in pear and in pummelo. Results clearly indicate that temperature contributed to a different activation of the SI response, which occurs at optimal temperature of 25°C but was by-passed at 15°C. TGase activity was stimulated during the SI response, and it localized differently in the compatible and incompatible interaction: in compatible pollinated styles, TGase localized inside the style canal, while it was detected all around it in incompatible crosses. TGase localization and activity were congruent with the levels of soluble and insoluble conjugated PAs and with morphological evidences, which highlighted cell wall modification occurring as a result of SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Department of Agricultural and Food Production Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabiana Antognoni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Giulia Potente
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agricultural and Food Production Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Bennici
- Department of Agricultural and Food Production Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lavinia Mareri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Killiny N, Nehela Y. Citrus Polyamines: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040426. [PMID: 32244406 PMCID: PMC7238152 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous biogenic amines found in all living organisms from bacteria to Archaea, and Eukaryotes including plants and animals. Since the first description of putrescine conjugate, feruloyl-putrescine (originally called subaphylline), from grapefruit leaves and juice, many research studies have highlighted the importance of PAs in growth, development, and other physiological processes in citrus plants. PAs appear to be involved in a wide range of physiological processes in citrus plants; however, their exact roles are not fully understood. Accordingly, in the present review, we discuss the biosynthesis of PAs in citrus plants, with an emphasis on the recent advances in identifying and characterizing PAs-biosynthetic genes and other upstream regulatory genes involved in transcriptional regulation of PAs metabolism. In addition, we will discuss the recent metabolic, genetic, and molecular evidence illustrating the roles of PAs metabolism in citrus physiology including somatic embryogenesis; root system formation, morphology, and architecture; plant growth and shoot system architecture; inflorescence, flowering, and flowering-associated events; fruit set, development, and quality; stomatal closure and gas-exchange; and chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis. We believe that the molecular and biochemical understanding of PAs metabolism and their physiological roles in citrus plants will help citrus breeding programs to enhance tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and provide bases for further research into potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-863-956-8833
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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9
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Zhang Y, Simpson BK. Food-related transglutaminase obtained from fish/shellfish. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3214-3232. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1681357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin K. Simpson
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Québec, Québec, Canada
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10
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Mandrone M, Antognoni F, Aloisi I, Potente G, Poli F, Cai G, Faleri C, Parrotta L, Del Duca S. Compatible and Incompatible Pollen-Styles Interaction in Pyrus communis L. Show Different Transglutaminase Features, Polyamine Pattern and Metabolomics Profiles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 31249577 PMCID: PMC6584118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pollen-stigma interaction is a highly selective process, which leads to compatible or incompatible pollination, in the latter case, affecting quantitative and qualitative aspects of productivity in species of agronomic interest. While the genes and the corresponding protein partners involved in this highly specific pollen-stigma recognition have been studied, providing important insights into pollen-stigma recognition in self-incompatible (SI), many other factors involved in the SI response are not understood yet. This work concerns the study of transglutaminase (TGase), polyamines (PAs) pattern and metabolomic profiles following the pollination of Pyrus communis L. pistils with compatible and SI pollen in order to deepen their possible involvement in the reproduction of plants. Immunolocalization, abundance and activity of TGase as well as the content of free, soluble-conjugated and insoluble-bound PAs have been investigated. 1H NMR-profiling coupled with multivariate data treatment (PCA and PLS-DA) allowed to compare, for the first time, the metabolic patterns of not-pollinated and pollinated styles. Results clearly indicate that during the SI response TGase activity increases, resulting in the accumulation of PAs conjugated to hydroxycinnamic acids and other small molecules. Metabolomic analysis showed a remarkable differences between pollinated and not-pollinated styles, where, except for glucose, all the other metabolites where less concentrated. Moreover, styles pollinated with compatible pollen showed the highest amount of sucrose than SI pollinated ones, which, in turn, contained highest amount of all the other metabolites, including aromatic compounds, such as flavonoids and a cynnamoil derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mandrone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Antognoni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Potente
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Del Duca S, Aloisi I, Parrotta L, Cai G. Cytoskeleton, Transglutaminase and Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility in the Malinae (Rosaceae). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010209. [PMID: 30626063 PMCID: PMC6337636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a complex process, one out of several mechanisms that prevent plants from self-fertilizing to maintain and increase the genetic variability. This process leads to the rejection of the male gametophyte and requires the co-participation of numerous molecules. Plants have evolved two distinct SI systems, the sporophytic (SSI) and the gametophytic (GSI) systems. The two SI systems are markedly characterized by different genes and proteins and each single system can also be divided into distinct subgroups; whatever the mechanism, the purpose is the same, i.e., to prevent self-fertilization. In Malinae, a subtribe in the Rosaceae family, i.e., Pyrus communis and Malus domestica, the GSI requires the production of female determinants, known as S-RNases, which penetrate the pollen tube to interact with the male determinants. Beyond this, the penetration of S-RNase into the pollen tube triggers a series of responses involving membrane proteins, such as phospholipases, intracellular variations of cytoplasmic Ca2+, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered enzymatic activities, such as that of transglutaminase (TGase). TGases are widespread enzymes that catalyze the post-translational conjugation of polyamines (PAs) to different protein targets and/or the cross-linking of substrate proteins leading to the formation of cross-linked products with high molecular mass. When actin and tubulin are the substrates, this destabilizes the cytoskeleton and inhibits the pollen-tube's growth process. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between S-RNase penetration, TGase activity and cytoskeleton function during GSI in the Malinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luigi Parrotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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12
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Distefano G, Gentile A, Hedhly A, La Malfa S. Temperatures during flower bud development affect pollen germination, self-incompatibility reaction and early fruit development of clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:191-198. [PMID: 29106780 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the key environmental factors affecting plant reproductive systems is temperature. Characterising such effects is especially relevant for some commercially important genera such as Citrus. In this genus, failure of fertilisation results in parthenocarpic fruit development and seedlessness, which is a much-prized character. Here, we characterise the effects of temperature on flower and ovary development, and on pollen-pistil interactions in 'Comune' clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.). We examine flower bud development, in vitro pollen germination and pollen-pistil interaction at different temperatures (15, 20, 25 or 30 °C). These temperatures span the range from 'cold' to 'hot' weather during the flowering season in many citrus-growing regions. Temperature had a strong effect on flower and ovary development, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth kinetics. In particular, parthenocarpic fruit development (indicated by juice vesicle growth) was initiated early if flowers were exposed to warmer temperatures during anthesis. Exposure to different temperatures during flower bud development also alters expression of the self-incompatibility reaction. This affects the point in the pistil at which pollen tube growth is arrested and confirms the role of sub- and supra-optimal temperatures in determining the numbers of pollen tubes reaching the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Distefano
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Gentile
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Hedhly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S La Malfa
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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13
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Aloisi I, Cai G, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Transglutaminase as polyamine mediator in plant growth and differentiation. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2467-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Aloisi I, Cai G, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Polyamines in Pollen: From Microsporogenesis to Fertilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:155. [PMID: 26925074 PMCID: PMC4757701 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The entire pollen life span is driven by polyamine (PA) homeostasis, achieved through fine regulation of their biosynthesis, oxidation, conjugation, compartmentalization, uptake, and release. The critical role of PAs, from microsporogenesis to pollen-pistil interaction during fertilization, is suggested by high and dynamic transcript levels of PA biosynthetic genes, as well as by the activities of the corresponding enzymes. Moreover, exogenous supply of PAs strongly affects pollen maturation and pollen tube elongation. A reduction of endogenous free PAs impacts pollen viability both in the early stages of pollen development and during fertilization. A number of studies have demonstrated that PAs largely function by modulating transcription, by structuring pollen cell wall, by modulating protein (mainly cytoskeletal) assembly as well as by modulating the level of reactive oxygen species. Both free low-molecular weight aliphatic PAs, and PAs conjugated to proteins and hydroxyl-cinnamic acids take part in these complex processes. Here, we review both historical and recent evidence regarding molecular events underlying the role of PAs during pollen development. In the concluding remarks, the outstanding issues and directions for future research that will further clarify our understanding of PA involvement during pollen life are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Aloisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di BolognaBologna, Italia
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di SienaSiena, Italia
| | | | - Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di BolognaBologna, Italia
- *Correspondence: Stefano Del Duca,
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15
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Polyamines are common players in different facets of plant programmed cell death. Amino Acids 2014; 47:27-44. [PMID: 25399055 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that occurs throughout the life span of every plant life, from initial germination of the seed to the senescence of the plant. It is a normal physiological milestone during the plant's developmental process, but it can also be induced by external factors, including a variety of environmental stresses and as a response to pathogen infections. Changes in the morphology of the nucleus is one of the most noticeable during PCD but all the components of the plant cell (cytoplasm, cytoskeleton and organelles) are involved in this fascinating process. To date, relatively little is known about PCD in plants, but several factors, among which polyamines (PAs) and plant growth regulators, have been shown to play an important role in the initiation and regulation of the process. The role of PAs in plant PCD appears to be multifaceted acting in some instances as pro-survival molecules, whereas in others seem to be implicated in accelerating PCD. The molecular mechanism is still under study. Here we present some PCD plant models, focusing on the role of the enzyme responsible for PA conjugation to proteins: transglutaminase (TGase), an enzyme linked with the process of PCD also in some animal models. The role of PAs and plant TGase in the senescence and PCD in flowers, leaf and the self-incompatibility of pollen will be discussed and examined in depth.
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Jiang K, Song Q, Wang L, Xie T, Wu X, Wang P, Yin G, Ye W, Wang T. Antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts from Exocarpium Citri grandis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 156:97-101. [PMID: 25178947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Exocarpium Citri grandis (C. grandis, Huajuhong in Chinese), the epicarp of C. grandis 'Tomentosa', is used as an antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory drug for hundreds of years in China. The study was aimed at evaluating the antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts of C. grandis, providing experimental evidence for its traditional use, and laying a foundation for its further researches. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crude drugs of C. grandis were extracted with four kinds of solvents (water, 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol and 90% ethanol) in reflux conditions, respectively. Solutions were concentrated in reduced pressure and lyophilized in vacuum to yield the aqueous extract, 50% ethanolic extract, 70% ethanolic extract, and 90% ethanolic extract of C. grandis. Antitussive evaluations were carried out with ammonia liquor induced mice cough; expectorant effects were tested with phenol red secretion experiments in mice; anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by murine model of xylene induced ear edema in mice. RESULTS Only aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of C. grandis displayed significant antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory activities. Aqueous extract of C. grandis significantly decreased cough frequency caused by ammonia liquor, increased phenol red secretion and inhibited the development of ear edema in anti-inflammatory assay at the dose of 1005 mg/kg (P<0.05). However, aqueous extract of C. grandis did not lengthened the cough period. It was worth noting that, 70% ethanolic extract of C. grandis showed strong effect of decreasing cough frequency, prolonging cough period, increasing phenol red secretion and decreasing the extent of ear edema at the dose of 493 mg/kg (P<0.001). The low, middle, and high dose (247, 493, and 986 mg/kg) of 70% ethanolic extract of C. grandis showed significant antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory effects in good dose dependant manner. CONCLUSION The results supported the folk use of C. grandis (decoction of C. grandis) with scientific evidence, and indicated that the 70% ethanolic extract of C. grandis might have better effects of antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory than those of aqueous extract. Further investigation needs to be conducted to study the bioactive constituents of 70% ethanolic extract of C. grandis and the mechanism of observed antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Medicinal Material Resources in Lingnan, Shenzhen 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen 518057, China; Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Road Gao Xin middle 2nd, No.28, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Qian Song
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Road Gao Xin middle 2nd, No.28, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Medicinal Material Resources in Lingnan, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tianzhu Xie
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Road Gao Xin middle 2nd, No.28, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Medicinal Material Resources in Lingnan, Shenzhen 518057, China; Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Road Gao Xin middle 2nd, No.28, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen 518057, China; Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Road Gao Xin middle 2nd, No.28, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Guo Yin
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Medicinal Material Resources in Lingnan, Shenzhen 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen 518057, China; Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Road Gao Xin middle 2nd, No.28, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wencai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Medicinal Material Resources in Lingnan, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Tiejie Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Medicinal Material Resources in Lingnan, Shenzhen 518057, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen 518057, China; Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Road Gao Xin middle 2nd, No.28, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Del Duca S, Serafini-Fracassini D, Cai G. Senescence and programmed cell death in plants: polyamine action mediated by transglutaminase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:120. [PMID: 24778637 PMCID: PMC3985020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on polyamines (PAs) in plants laps a long way of about 50 years and many roles have been discovered for these aliphatic cations. PAs regulate cell division, differentiation, organogenesis, reproduction, dormancy-break and senescence, homeostatic adjustments in response to external stimuli and stresses. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of their multiple activities are still matter of research. PAs are present in free and bound forms and interact with several important cell molecules; some of these interactions may occur by covalent linkages catalyzed by transglutaminase (TGase), giving rise to "cationization" or cross-links among specific proteins. Senescence and programmed cell death (PCD) can be delayed by PAs; in order to re-interpret some of these effects and to obtain new insights into their molecular mechanisms, their conjugation has been revised here. The TGase-mediated interactions between proteins and PAs are the main target of this review. After an introduction on the characteristics of this enzyme, on its catalysis and role in PCD in animals, the plant senescence and PCD models in which TGase has been studied, are presented: the corolla of naturally senescing or excised flowers, the leaves senescing, either excised or not, the pollen during self-incompatible pollination, the hypersensitive response and the tuber storage parenchyma during dormancy release. In all the models examined, TGase appears to be involved by a similar molecular mechanism as described during apoptosis in animal cells, even though several substrates are different. Its effect is probably related to the type of PCD, but mostly to the substrate to be modified in order to achieve the specific PCD program. As a cross-linker of PAs and proteins, TGase is an important factor involved in multiple, sometimes controversial, roles of PAs during senescence and PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (Botany), University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | | | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of SienaSiena, Italy
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Li PL, Liu MH, Hu JH, Su WW. Systematic chemical profiling of Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’ by ultra-fast liquid chromatography/diode-array detector/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 90:167-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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The plant extracellular transglutaminase: what mammal analogues tell. Amino Acids 2013; 46:777-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Del Duca S, Faleri C, Iorio RA, Cresti M, Serafini-Fracassini D, Cai G. Distribution of transglutaminase in pear pollen tubes in relation to cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1706-21. [PMID: 23396835 PMCID: PMC3613450 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are ubiquitous enzymes that take part in a variety of cellular functions. In the pollen tube, cytoplasmic TGases are likely to be involved in the incorporation of primary amines at selected peptide-bound glutamine residues of cytosolic proteins (including actin and tubulin), while cell wall-associated TGases are believed to regulate pollen tube growth. Using immunological probes, we identified TGases associated with different subcellular compartments (cytosol, membranes, and cell walls). Binding of cytosolic TGase to actin filaments was shown to be Ca(2+) dependent. The membrane TGase is likely associated with both Golgi-derived structures and the plasma membrane, suggesting a Golgi-based exocytotic delivery of TGase. Association of TGase with the plasma membrane was also confirmed by immunogold transmission electron microscopy. Immunolocalization of TGase indicated that the enzyme was present in the growing region of pollen tubes and that the enzyme colocalizes with cell wall markers. Bidimensional electrophoresis indicated that different TGase isoforms were present in distinct subcellular compartments, suggesting either different roles or different regulatory mechanisms of enzyme activity. The application of specific inhibitors showed that the distribution of TGase in different subcellular compartments was regulated by both membrane dynamics and cytoskeleton integrity, suggesting that delivery of TGase to the cell wall requires the transport of membranes along cytoskeleton filaments. Taken together, these data indicate that a cytoplasmic TGase interacts with the cytoskeleton, while a different TGase isoform, probably delivered via a membrane/cytoskeleton-based transport system, is secreted in the cell wall of pear (Pyrus communis) pollen tubes, where it might play a role in the regulation of apical growth.
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Cai G, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Regulation of Pollen Tube Growth by Transglutaminase. PLANTS 2013; 2:87-106. [PMID: 27137368 PMCID: PMC4844290 DOI: 10.3390/plants2010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In pollen tubes, cytoskeleton proteins are involved in many aspects of pollen germination and growth, from the transport of sperm cells to the asymmetrical distribution of organelles to the deposition of cell wall material. These activities are based on the dynamics of the cytoskeleton. Changes to both actin filaments and microtubules are triggered by specific proteins, resulting in different organization levels suitable for the different functions of the cytoskeleton. Transglutaminases are enzymes ubiquitous in all plant organs and cell compartments. They catalyze the post-translational conjugation of polyamines to different protein targets, such as the cytoskeleton. Transglutaminases are suggested to have a general role in the interaction between pollen tubes and the extracellular matrix during fertilization and a specific role during the self-incompatibility response. In such processes, the activity of transglutaminases is enhanced, leading to the formation of cross-linked products (including aggregates of tubulin and actin). Consequently, transglutaminases are suggested to act as regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics. The distribution of transglutaminases in pollen tubes is affected by both membrane dynamics and the cytoskeleton. Transglutaminases are also secreted in the extracellular matrix, where they may take part in the assembly and/or strengthening of the pollen tube cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Donatella Serafini-Fracassini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Irnerio, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Irnerio, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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Caruso M, Merelo P, Distefano G, La Malfa S, Lo Piero AR, Tadeo FR, Talon M, Gentile A. Comparative transcriptome analysis of stylar canal cells identifies novel candidate genes implicated in the self-incompatibility response of Citrus clementina. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:20. [PMID: 22333138 PMCID: PMC3305554 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive biology in citrus is still poorly understood. Although in recent years several efforts have been made to study pollen-pistil interaction and self-incompatibility, little information is available about the molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. Here we report the identification of candidate genes involved in pollen-pistil interaction and self-incompatibility in clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.). These genes have been identified comparing the transcriptomes of laser-microdissected stylar canal cells (SCC) isolated from two genotypes differing for self-incompatibility response ('Comune', a self-incompatible cultivar and 'Monreal', a self- compatible mutation of 'Comune'). RESULTS The transcriptome profiling of SCC indicated that the differential regulation of few specific, mostly uncharacterized transcripts is associated with the breakdown of self-incompatibility in 'Monreal'. Among them, a novel F-box gene showed a drastic up-regulation both in laser microdissected stylar canal cells and in self-pollinated whole styles with stigmas of 'Comune' in concomitance with the arrest of pollen tube growth. Moreover, we identify a non-characterized gene family as closely associated to the self-incompatibility genetic program activated in 'Comune'. Three different aspartic-acid rich (Asp-rich) protein genes, located in tandem in the clementine genome, were over-represented in the transcriptome of 'Comune'. These genes are tightly linked to a DELLA gene, previously found to be up-regulated in the self-incompatible genotype during pollen-pistil interaction. CONCLUSION The highly specific transcriptome survey of the stylar canal cells identified novel genes which have not been previously associated with self-pollen rejection in citrus and in other plant species. Bioinformatic and transcriptional analyses suggested that the mutation leading to self-compatibility in 'Monreal' affected the expression of non-homologous genes located in a restricted genome region. Also, we hypothesize that the Asp-rich protein genes may act as Ca2+ "entrapping" proteins, potentially regulating Ca2+ homeostasis during self-pollen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paz Merelo
- Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries - Centre de Genómica, Carretera Montcada de l'Horta-Náquera Km. 4,5, 46113 Montcada de l'Horta (València), Spain
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano La Malfa
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Roberta Lo Piero
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francisco R Tadeo
- Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries - Centre de Genómica, Carretera Montcada de l'Horta-Náquera Km. 4,5, 46113 Montcada de l'Horta (València), Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries - Centre de Genómica, Carretera Montcada de l'Horta-Náquera Km. 4,5, 46113 Montcada de l'Horta (València), Spain
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Role of polyamines, their analogs and transglutaminases in biological and clinical perspectives. Amino Acids 2011; 42:397-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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