1
|
Wang Z, Tian W, Guo Y, Wang D, Zhang Y, Zhi Y, Li D, Li W, Li Z, Jiang R, Han R, Sun G, Li G, Tian Y, Li H, Kang X, Liu X. Dynamic alternations of three-dimensional chromatin architecture contribute to phenotypic characteristics of breast muscle in chicken. Commun Biol 2024; 7:910. [PMID: 39068219 PMCID: PMC11283561 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast muscle growth rate and intramuscular fat (IMF) content show apparent differences between fast-growing broilers and slow-growing indigenous chickens. However, the underlying genetic basis of these phenotypic characteristics remains elusive. In this study, we investigate the dynamic alterations of three-dimensional genome architecture and chromatin accessibility in breast muscle across four key developmental stages from embryo to starter chick in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers and Yufen (YF) indigenous chickens. The limited breed-specifically up-regulated genes (Bup-DEGs) are embedded in breed-specific A compartment, while a majority of the Bup-DEGs involving myogenesis and adipogenesis are regulated by the breed-specific TAD reprogramming. Chromatin loops allow distal accessible regions to interact with myogenic genes, and those loops share an extremely low similarity between chicken with different growth rate. Moreover, AA-specific loop interactions promote the expression of 40 Bup-DEGs, such as IGF1, which contributes to myofiber hypertrophy. YF-specific loop interactions or distal accessible regions lead to increased expression of 5 Bup-DEGs, including PIGO, PEMT, DHCR7, TMEM38B, and DHDH, which contribute to IMF deposition. These results help elucidate the regulation of breast muscle growth and IMF deposition in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Weihua Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yulong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yihao Zhi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Donghua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- International Joint Research, Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thorley J, Thomas C, Bailey SJ, Martin NRW, Bishop NC, Clifford T. Mechanically demanding eccentric exercise increases nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1231-1239. [PMID: 37756518 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2263713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
PRE-REGISTRATION NUMBER osf.io/kz37g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Thorley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Craig Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicolette C Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates are increased in chronically exercised skeletal muscle despite decreased anabolic signaling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7553. [PMID: 35534615 PMCID: PMC9085756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular responses to acute resistance exercise are well characterized. However, how cellular signals change over time to modulate chronic adaptations to more prolonged exercise training is less well understood. We investigated anabolic signaling and muscle protein synthesis rates at several time points after acute and chronic eccentric loading. Adult rat tibialis anterior muscle was stimulated for six sets of ten repetitions, and the muscle was collected at 0 h, 6 h, 18 h and 48 h. In the last group of animals, 48 h after the first exercise bout a second bout was conducted, and the muscle was collected 6 h later (54 h total). In a second experiment, rats were exposed to four exercise sessions over the course of 2 weeks. Anabolic signaling increased robustly 6 h after the first bout returning to baseline between 18 and 48 h. Interestingly, 6 h after the second bout mTORC1 activity was significantly lower than following the first bout. In the chronically exercised rats, we found baseline anabolic signaling was decreased, whereas myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) was substantially increased, 48 h after the last bout of exercise. The increase in MPS occurred in the absence of changes to muscle fiber size or mass. In conclusion, we find that anabolic signaling is already diminished after the second bout of acute resistance type exercise. Further, chronic exposure to resistance type exercise training results in decreased basal anabolic signaling but increased overall MPS rates.
Collapse
|
4
|
Transcriptomic adaptation during skeletal muscle habituation to eccentric or concentric exercise training. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23930. [PMID: 34907264 PMCID: PMC8671437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) contractions induce distinct muscle remodelling patterns that manifest early during exercise training, the causes of which remain unclear. We examined molecular signatures of early contraction mode-specific muscle adaptation via transcriptome-wide network and secretome analyses during 2 weeks of ECC- versus CON-specific (downhill versus uphill running) exercise training (exercise 'habituation'). Despite habituation attenuating total numbers of exercise-induced genes, functional gene-level profiles of untrained ECC or CON were largely unaltered post-habituation. Network analysis revealed 11 ECC-specific modules, including upregulated extracellular matrix and immune profiles plus downregulated mitochondrial pathways following untrained ECC. Of 3 CON-unique modules, 2 were ribosome-related and downregulated post-habituation. Across training, 376 ECC-specific and 110 CON-specific hub genes were identified, plus 45 predicted transcription factors. Secreted factors were enriched in 3 ECC- and/or CON-responsive modules, with all 3 also being under the predicted transcriptional control of SP1 and KLF4. Of 34 candidate myokine hubs, 1 was also predicted to have elevated expression in skeletal muscle versus other tissues: THBS4, of a secretome-enriched module upregulated after untrained ECC. In conclusion, distinct untrained ECC and CON transcriptional responses are dampened after habituation without substantially shifting molecular functional profiles, providing new mechanistic candidates into contraction-mode specific muscle regulation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jameson TSO, Pavis GF, Dirks ML, Lee BP, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Porter C, Alamdari N, Mikus CR, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Reducing NF-κB Signaling Nutritionally is Associated with Expedited Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function After Damage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2057-2076. [PMID: 33710344 PMCID: PMC8208676 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The early events regulating the remodeling program following skeletal muscle damage are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the association between myofibrillar protein synthesis (myoPS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling by nutritionally accelerating the recovery of muscle function following damage. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS Healthy males and females consumed daily postexercise and prebed protein-polyphenol (PP; n = 9; 4 females) or isocaloric maltodextrin placebo (PLA; n = 9; 3 females) drinks (parallel design) 6 days before and 3 days after 300 unilateral eccentric contractions of the quadriceps during complete dietary control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle function was assessed daily, and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken after 24, 27, and 36 hours for measurements of myoPS rates using deuterated water, and gene ontology and NF-κB signaling analysis using a quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) gene array. RESULTS Eccentric contractions impaired muscle function for 48 hours in PLA intervention, but just for 24 hours in PP intervention (P = 0.047). Eccentric quadricep contractions increased myoPS compared with the control leg during postexercise (24-27 hours; 0.14 ± 0.01 vs 0.11 ± 0.01%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.075) and overnight periods (27-36 hours; 0.10 ± 0.01 vs 0.07 ± 0.01%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.020), but was not further increased by PP drinks (P > 0.05). Protein-polyphenol drinks decreased postexercise and overnight muscle IL1R1 (PLA = 2.8 ± 0.4, PP = 1.1 ± 0.4 and PLA = 1.9 ± 0.4, PP = 0.3 ± 0.4 log2 fold-change, respectively) and IL1RL1 (PLA = 4.9 ± 0.7, PP = 1.6 ± 0.8 and PLA = 3.7 ± 0.6, PP = 0.7 ± 0.7 log2 fold-change, respectively) messenger RNA expression (P < 0.05) and downstream NF-κB signaling compared with PLA. CONCLUSION Protein-polyphenol drink ingestion likely accelerates recovery of muscle function by attenuating inflammatory NF-κB transcriptional signaling, possibly to reduce aberrant tissue degradation rather than increase myoPS rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom S O Jameson
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - George F Pavis
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Benjamin P Lee
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
- Correspondence: Professor Francis B. Stephens, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Solsona R, Pavlin L, Bernardi H, Sanchez AMJ. Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Growth and Organelle Biosynthesis: Practical Recommendations for Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2741. [PMID: 33800501 PMCID: PMC7962973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of skeletal muscle mass and organelle homeostasis is dependent on the capacity of cells to produce proteins and to recycle cytosolic portions. In this investigation, the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle mass regulation-especially those associated with proteosynthesis and with the production of new organelles-are presented. Thus, the critical roles of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and its regulators are reviewed. In addition, the importance of ribosome biogenesis, satellite cells involvement, myonuclear accretion, and some major epigenetic modifications related to protein synthesis are discussed. Furthermore, several studies conducted on the topic of exercise training have recognized the central role of both endurance and resistance exercise to reorganize sarcomeric proteins and to improve the capacity of cells to build efficient organelles. The molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations to exercise training are presented throughout this review and practical recommendations for exercise prescription are provided. A better understanding of the aforementioned cellular pathways is essential for both healthy and sick people to avoid inefficient prescriptions and to improve muscle function with emergent strategies (e.g., hypoxic training). Finally, current limitations in the literature and further perspectives, notably on epigenetic mechanisms, are provided to encourage additional investigations on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
| | - Laura Pavlin
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Henri Bernardi
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Anthony MJ Sanchez
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nieman DC, Zwetsloot KA, Simonson AJ, Hoyle AT, Wang X, Nelson HK, Lefranc-Millot C, Guérin-Deremaux L. Effects of Whey and Pea Protein Supplementation on Post-Eccentric Exercise Muscle Damage: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082382. [PMID: 32784847 PMCID: PMC7468723 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This randomized trial compared pea protein, whey protein, and water-only supplementation on muscle damage, inflammation, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), and physical fitness test performance during a 5-day period after a 90-min eccentric exercise bout in non-athletic non-obese males (n = 92, ages 18–55 years). The two protein sources (0.9 g protein/kg divided into three doses/day) were administered under double blind procedures. The eccentric exercise protocol induced significant muscle damage and soreness, and reduced bench press and 30-s Wingate performance. Whey protein supplementation significantly attenuated post-exercise blood levels for biomarkers of muscle damage compared to water-only, with large effect sizes for creatine kinase and myoglobin during the fourth and fifth days of recovery (Cohen’s d > 0.80); pea protein versus water supplementation had an intermediate non-significant effect (Cohen’s d < 0.50); and no significant differences between whey and pea protein were found. Whey and pea protein compared to water supplementation had no significant effects on post-exercise DOMS and the fitness tests. In conclusion, high intake of whey protein for 5 days after intensive eccentric exercise mitigated the efflux of muscle damage biomarkers, with the intake of pea protein having an intermediate effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(828)-773-0056
| | - Kevin A. Zwetsloot
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA;
| | - Andrew J. Simonson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Andrew T. Hoyle
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28608, USA; (A.J.S.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Xintang Wang
- China Academy of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Heather K. Nelson
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, Geneva, IL 60134, USA;
| | - Catherine Lefranc-Millot
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, 62136 Lestrem, France; (C.L.-M.); (L.G.-D.)
| | - Laetitia Guérin-Deremaux
- Nutrition and Health Research & Development, Roquette, 62136 Lestrem, France; (C.L.-M.); (L.G.-D.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huecker M, Sarav M, Pearlman M, Laster J. Protein Supplementation in Sport: Source, Timing, and Intended Benefits. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 8:382-396. [PMID: 31713177 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide background on the present literature regarding the utility and effectiveness of protein supplements, including protein source and nutrient timing. RECENT FINDINGS In the setting of adequate dietary protein consumption, research suggests some benefit particularly in sport or exercise activities. Protein supplements command a multi-billion-dollar market with prevalent use in sports. Many individuals, including athletes, do not consume optimal dietary protein on a daily basis. High-protein diets are remarkably safe in healthy subjects, especially in the short term. Some objective outcomes are physiologic and may not translate to clinically relevant outcomes. Athletes should, however, consider long-term implications when consuming high quantities of protein in dietary or supplement form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Huecker
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 530 S Jackson St C1H17, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Menaka Sarav
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, NorthShore University HealthSystem-University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Pearlman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Miami Health Systems, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy: molecular and applied aspects of exercise physiology. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-020-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Rindom E, Kristensen AM, Overgaard K, Vissing K, Paoli FV. Activation of mTORC1 signalling in rat skeletal muscle is independent of the EC-coupling sequence but dependent on tension per se in a dose-response relationship. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13336. [PMID: 31231946 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM mTORC1 is regarded as an important key regulator of protein synthesis and hypertrophy following mechanical stimuli in skeletal muscle. However, as excitation and tension development is tightly coupled in most experimental models, very little and largely indirect evidence exist for such a mechanosensitive pathway. Here, we sought to examine whether activation of mTORC1 signalling is dependent on tension per se in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS To examine the mechanosensitivity of mTORC1, rat EDL muscles were exposed to either excitation-induced eccentric contractions (ECC), passive stretching (PAS) with identical peak tension (Tpeak ) and Tension-Time-Integral (TTI), or ECC with addition of inhibitors of the myosin ATPases (IMA ). To further explore the relationship between tension and mTORC1 signalling, rat EDL muscles were subjected to PAS of different magnitudes of Tpeak while standardizing TTI and vice versa. RESULTS PAS and ECC with equal Tpeak and TTI produced similar responses in mTORC1 signalling despite different modes of tension development. When active tension during ECC was nearly abolished by addition of IMA , mTORC1 signalling was reduced to a level comparable to non-stimulated controls. In addition, when muscles were exposed to PAS of varying levels of Tpeak with standardized TTI, activation of mTORC1 signalling displayed a positive relationship with peak tension. CONCLUSIONS The current study directly links tension per se to activation of mTORC1 signalling, which is independent of an active EC-coupling sequence. Moreover, activation of mTORC1 signalling displays a positive dose-response relationship with peak tension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rindom
- Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Anders M. Kristensen
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kristian Overgaard
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion Following Eccentric Resistance Exercise on AKT/mTOR and ERK Pathways: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:664-670. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the acute effects of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion following a bout of maximal eccentric resistance exercise on key anabolic kinases of mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. The authors’ hypothesis was that the activation of anabolic signaling pathways known to be upregulated by resistance exercise would be further stimulated by the physiological hyperinsulinemia resulting from CHO supplementation. Methods: Ten resistance-trained men were randomized in a crossover, double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled manner to ingest either a noncaloric PLA or 3 g/kg of CHO beverage throughout recovery from resistance exercise. Muscle biopsies were collected at rest, immediately after a single bout of intense lower body resistance exercise, and after 3 hr of recovery. Results: CHO ingestion elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations throughout recovery compared with PLA ingestion. The ERK pathway (phosphorylation of ERK1/2 [Thr202/Tyr204], RSK [Ser380], and p70S6K [Thr421/Ser424]) was markedly activated immediately after resistance exercise, without any effect of CHO supplementation. The phosphorylation state of AKT (Thr308) was unchanged postexercise in the PLA trial and increased at 3 hr of recovery above resting with ingestion of CHO compared with PLA. Despite stimulating-marked phosphorylation of AKT, CHO ingestion did not enhance resistance exercise–induced phosphorylation of p70S6K (Thr389) and rpS6 (Ser235/236 and Ser240/244). Conclusion: CHO supplementation after resistance exercise and hyperinsulinemia does not influence the ERK pathway nor the mTORC1 target p70S6K and its downstream proteins, despite the increased AKT phosphorylation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060542. [PMID: 31195688 PMCID: PMC6627613 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has expanded our knowledge of the signaling pathways coordinating muscle protein turnover during various conditions including exercise. In this manuscript, the multiple mechanisms that govern the turnover of cellular components are reviewed, and their overall roles in adaptations to exercise training are discussed. Recent studies have highlighted the central role of the energy sensor (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), forkhead box class O subfamily protein (FOXO) transcription factors and the kinase mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex (MTOR) in the regulation of autophagy for organelle maintenance during exercise. A new cellular trafficking involving the lysosome was also revealed for full activation of MTOR and protein synthesis during recovery. Other emerging candidates have been found to be relevant in organelle turnover, especially Parkin and the mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Mul1) pathways for mitochondrial turnover, and the glycerolipids diacylglycerol (DAG) for protein translation and FOXO regulation. Recent experiments with autophagy and mitophagy flux assessment have also provided important insights concerning mitochondrial turnover during ageing and chronic exercise. However, data in humans are often controversial and further investigations are needed to clarify the involvement of autophagy in exercise performed with additional stresses, such as hypoxia, and to understand the influence of exercise modality. Improving our knowledge of these pathways should help develop therapeutic ways to counteract muscle disorders in pathological conditions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Møller AB, Lønbro S, Farup J, Voss TS, Rittig N, Wang J, Højris I, Mikkelsen UR, Jessen N. Molecular and cellular adaptations to exercise training in skeletal muscle from cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1449-1460. [PMID: 30968255 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that exercise training has beneficial effects in cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular basis underlying these beneficial effects in skeletal muscle from cancer patients. METHODS We investigated expression of selected proteins involved in cellular processes known to orchestrate adaptation to exercise training by western blot. Skeletal muscle biopsies were sampled from ten cancer patients before and after 4-7 weeks of ongoing chemotherapy, and subsequently after 10 weeks of continued chemotherapy in combination with exercise training. Biopsies from ten healthy matched subjects served as reference. RESULTS The expression of the insulin-regulated glucose transporter, GLUT4, increased during chemotherapy and continued to increase during exercise training. A similar trend was observed for ACC, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, but we did not observe any changes in other regulators of substrate metabolism (AMPK and PDH) or mitochondrial proteins (Cyt-C, COX-IV, SDHA, and VDAC). Markers of proteasomal proteolysis (MURF1 and ATROGIN-1) decreased during chemotherapy, but did not change further during chemotherapy combined with exercise training. A similar pattern was observed for autophagy-related proteins such as ATG5, p62, and pULK1 Ser757, but not ULK1 and LC3BII/LC3BI. Phosphorylation of FOXO3a at Ser318/321 did not change during chemotherapy, but decreased during exercise training. This could suggest that FOXO3a-mediated transcriptional regulation of MURF1 and ATROGIN-1 serves as a mechanism by which exercise training maintains proteolytic systems in skeletal muscle in cancer patients. Phosphorylation of proteins that regulate protein synthesis (mTOR at Ser2448 and 4EBP1 at Thr37/46) increased during chemotherapy and leveled off during exercise training. Finally, chemotherapy tended to increase the number of satellite cells in type 1 fibers, without any further change during chemotherapy and exercise training. Conversely, the number of satellite cells in type 2 fibers did not change during chemotherapy, but increased during chemotherapy combined with exercise training. CONCLUSIONS Molecular signaling cascades involved in exercise training are disturbed during cancer and chemotherapy, and exercise training may prevent further disruption of these pathways. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was approved by the local Scientific Ethics Committee of the Central Denmark Region (Project ID: M-2014-15-14; date of approval: 01/27/2014) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (case number 2007-58-0010; date of approval: 01/28/2015). The trial was registered at http//www.clinicaltrials.gov (registration number: NCT02192216; date of registration 07/17-2014).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Blvd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Lønbro
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean Farup
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Blvd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Schmidt Voss
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Wang
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Inger Højris
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulla Ramer Mikkelsen
- Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Institute of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Blvd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. .,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fassina P, Quadros Nunes G, Scherer Adami F, Goettert MI, Volken de Souza CF. Importance of Cheese Whey Processing: Supplements for Sports Activities – a Review. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns-2019-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
15
|
Hostrup M, Reitelseder S, Jessen S, Kalsen A, Nyberg M, Egelund J, Kreiberg M, Kristensen CM, Thomassen M, Pilegaard H, Backer V, Jacobson GA, Holm L, Bangsbo J. Beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol increases protein turnover rates and alters signalling in skeletal muscle after resistance exercise in young men. J Physiol 2018; 596:4121-4139. [PMID: 29968301 DOI: 10.1113/jp275560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Animal models have shown that beta2 -adrenoceptor stimulation increases protein synthesis and attenuates breakdown processes in skeletal muscle. Thus, the beta2 -adrenoceptor is a potential target in the treatment of disuse-, disease- and age-related muscle atrophy. In the present study, we show that a few days of oral treatment with the commonly prescribed beta2 -adrenoceptor agonist, salbutamol, increased skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during the first 5 h after resistance exercise in young men. Salbutamol also counteracted a negative net protein balance in skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. Changes in protein turnover rates induced by salbutamol were associated with protein kinase A-signalling, activation of Akt2 and modulation of mRNA levels of growth-regulating proteins in skeletal muscle. These findings indicate that protein turnover rates can be augmented by beta2 -adrenoceptor agonist treatment during recovery from resistance exercise in humans. ABSTRACT The effect of beta2 -adrenoceptor stimulation on skeletal muscle protein turnover and intracellular signalling is insufficiently explored in humans, particularly in association with exercise. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study investigating 12 trained men, the effects of beta2 -agonist (6 × 4 mg oral salbutamol) on protein turnover rates, intracellular signalling and mRNA response in skeletal muscle were investigated 0.5-5 h after quadriceps resistance exercise. Each trial was preceded by a 4-day lead-in treatment period. Leg protein turnover rates were assessed by infusion of [13 C6 ]-phenylalanine and sampling of arterial and venous blood, as well as vastus lateralis muscle biopsies 0.5 and 5 h after exercise. Furthermore, myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate, intracellular signalling and mRNA response were measured in muscle biopsies. The mean (95% confidence interval) myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate was higher for salbutamol than placebo [0.079 (95% CI, 0.064 to 0.093) vs. 0.066 (95% CI, 0.056 to 0.075%) × h-1 ] (P < 0.05). Mean net leg phenylalanine balance 0.5-5 h after exercise was higher for salbutamol than placebo [3.6 (95% CI, 1.0 to 6.2 nmol) × min-1 × 100 gLeg Lean Mass-1 ] (P < 0.01). Phosphorylation of Akt2, cAMP response element binding protein and PKA substrate 0.5 and 5 h after exercise, as well as phosphorylation of eEF2 5 h after exercise, was higher (P < 0.05) for salbutamol than placebo. Calpain-1, Forkhead box protein O1, myostatin and Smad3 mRNA content was higher (P < 0.01) for salbutamol than placebo 0.5 h after exercise, as well as Forkhead box protein O1 and myostatin mRNA content 5 h after exercise, whereas ActivinRIIB mRNA content was lower (P < 0.01) for salbutamol 5 h after exercise. These observations suggest that beta2 -agonist increases protein turnover rates in skeletal muscle after resistance exercise in humans, with concomitant cAMP/PKA and Akt2 signalling, as well as modulation of mRNA response of growth-regulating proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Kalsen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Egelund
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kreiberg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Thomassen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Backer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glenn A Jacobson
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M. Chronic Adaptations to Eccentric Training: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:917-941. [PMID: 27647157 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training is an integral component of physical preparation for athletes. A growing body of evidence indicates that eccentric strength training methods induce novel stimuli for neuromuscular adaptations. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effects of eccentric training in comparison to concentric-only or traditional (i.e. constrained by concentric strength) resistance training. METHODS Searches were performed using the electronic databases MEDLINE via EBSCO, PubMed and SPORTDiscus via EBSCO. Full journal articles investigating the long-term (≥4 weeks) effects of eccentric training in healthy (absence of injury or illness during the 4 weeks preceding the training intervention), adult (17-35 years), human participants were selected for the systematic review. A total of 40 studies conformed to these criteria. RESULTS Eccentric training elicits greater improvements in muscle strength, although in a largely mode-specific manner. Superior enhancements in power and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function have also been reported. Eccentric training is at least as effective as other modalities in increasing muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), while the pattern of hypertrophy appears nuanced and increased CSA may occur longitudinally within muscle (i.e. the addition of sarcomeres in series). There appears to be a preferential increase in the size of type II muscle fibres and the potential to exert a unique effect upon fibre type transitions. Qualitative and quantitative changes in tendon tissue that may be related to the magnitude of strain imposed have also been reported with eccentric training. CONCLUSIONS Eccentric training is a potent stimulus for enhancements in muscle mechanical function, and muscle-tendon unit (MTU) morphological and architectural adaptations. The inclusion of eccentric loads not constrained by concentric strength appears to be superior to traditional resistance training in improving variables associated with strength, power and speed performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Douglas
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. .,High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPSNZ), AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Simon Pearson
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Angus Ross
- High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPSNZ), AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Mike McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ato S, Makanae Y, Kido K, Sase K, Yoshii N, Fujita S. The effect of different acute muscle contraction regimens on the expression of muscle proteolytic signaling proteins and genes. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13364. [PMID: 28778992 PMCID: PMC5555890 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that different modes of muscle contraction (i.e., eccentric or concentric contraction) with similar contraction times can affect muscle proteolytic responses. However, the effect of different contraction modes on muscle proteolytic response under the same force-time integral (FTI: contraction force × time) has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different contraction modes, with the same FTI, on acute proteolytic signaling responses. Eleven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to eccentric (EC), concentric (CC), or isometric contraction (IC) groups. Different modes of muscle contraction were performed on the right gastrocnemius muscle using electrical stimulation, with the left muscle acting as a control. In order to apply an equivalent FTI, the number of stimulation sets was modified between the groups. Muscle samples were taken immediately and three hours after exercise. Phosphorylation of FoxO3a at Ser253 was significantly increased immediately after exercise compared to controls irrespective of contraction mode. The mRNA levels of the ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1, and MAFbx mRNA were unchanged by contraction mode or time. Phosphorylation of ULK1 at Ser317 (positive regulatory site) and Ser757 (negative regulatory site) was significantly increased compared to controls, immediately or 3 h after exercise, in all contraction modes. The autophagy markers (LC3B-II/I ratio and p62 expression) were unchanged, regardless of contraction mode. These data suggest that differences in contraction mode during resistance exercise with a constant FTI, are not factors in regulating proteolytic signaling in the early phase of skeletal muscle contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuhei Makanae
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kohei Sase
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naomi Yoshii
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Even effect of milk protein and carbohydrate intake but no further effect of heavy resistance exercise on myofibrillar protein synthesis in older men. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:583-595. [PMID: 29470691 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The responsiveness of older individuals' skeletal muscle to anabolic strategies may be impaired. However, direct comparisons within the same experimental setting are sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the resting and post-resistance exercise muscle protein synthesis rates in response to two types of milk protein and carbohydrate using a unilateral exercise leg model. METHODS Twenty-seven older (69 ± 1 year, mean ± SE) men were randomly assigned one of three groups: Whey hydrolysate (WH), caseinate (CAS), or carbohydrate (CHO). By applying stable isotope tracer techniques (L-[15N]phenylalanine), the fasted-rested (basal) myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was measured. Hereafter, FSR was measured in the postprandial phase (0.45 g nutrient/kg LBM) in both legs, one rested (fed-rest) and one exercised (10 × 8 reps at 70% 1RM; fed-exercise). In addition, the activity of p70S6K and venous plasma insulin, phenylalanine, and leucine concentrations were measured. RESULTS Insulin, phenylalanine, and leucine concentrations differed markedly after intake of the different study drinks. The basal FSR in WH, CAS, and CHO were 0.027 ± 0.003, 0.030 ± 0.003, and 0.030 ± 0.004%/h, the fed-rested FSR were 0.043 ± 0.004, 0.045 ± 0.003, and 0.035 ± 0.004%/h, and the fed-exercised FSR were 0.041 ± 0.004, 0.043 ± 0.004, and 0.034 ± 0.004%/h, respectively. No significant differences were observed at any state between the groups. Fed-rested- and fed-exercised FSR were higher than basal (P < 0.001). 3 h after exercise and feeding, no significant group differences were detected in the activity of p70S6K. CONCLUSIONS Milk protein and carbohydrate supplementation stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis in older men, with no further effect of heavy resistance exercise within 0-3 h post exercise.
Collapse
|
19
|
Davies RW, Carson BP, Jakeman PM. The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on the Temporal Recovery of Muscle Function Following Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020221. [PMID: 29462923 PMCID: PMC5852797 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein (WP) is a widely consumed nutritional supplement, known to enhance strength and muscle mass during resistance training (RT) regimens. Muscle protein anabolism is acutely elevated following RT, which is further enhanced by WP. As a result, there is reason to suggest that WP supplementation may be an effective nutritional strategy for restoring the acute loss of contractile function that occurs following strenuous RT. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a synthesis of the literature to date, investigating the effect of WP supplementation on the recovery of contractile function in young, healthy adults. Eight studies, containing 13 randomised control trials (RCTs) were included in this review and meta-analysis, from which individual standardised effect sizes (ESs) were calculated, and a temporal overall ES was determined using a random-effects model. Whilst only half of the individual studies reported beneficial effects for WP, the high-quality evidence taken from the 13 RCTs was meta-analysed, yielding overall positive small to medium effects for WP from < 24 to 96 h (ES range = 0.4 to 0.7), for the temporal restoration of contractile function compared to the control treatment. Whilst the effects for WP were shown to be consistent over time, these results are limited to 13 RCTs, principally supporting the requirement for further comprehensive research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Human Science Research Unit, Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
- Food, Health Ireland, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Brian P Carson
- Human Science Research Unit, Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
- Food, Health Ireland, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Philip M Jakeman
- Human Science Research Unit, Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
- Food, Health Ireland, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jakobsgaard JE, Christiansen M, Sieljacks P, Wang J, Groennebaek T, de Paoli F, Vissing K. Impact of blood flow-restricted bodyweight exercise on skeletal muscle adaptations. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2018; 38:965-975. [PMID: 29446524 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study ascertains the ability of bodyweight blood flow-restricted (BFR) exercise training to promote skeletal muscle adaptations of significance for muscle accretion and metabolism. Six healthy young individuals (three males and three females) performed six weeks of bodyweight BFR training. Each session consisted of five sets of sit-to-stand BFR exercise to volitional failure with 30-second inter-set recovery. Prior to, and at least 72 h after training, muscle biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis to assess changes in fibre type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell (SC) and myonuclei content and capillarization, as well as mitochondrial protein expression. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess changes in whole thigh muscle CSA. Finally, isometric knee extensor muscle strength was evaluated. An increase in knee extensor whole muscle CSA was observed at middle and distal localizations after training (3·2% and 3·5%, respectively) (P<0·05), and a trend was observed towards an increase in type I fibre CSA, whereas muscle strength did not increase. Additionally, the number of SCs and myonuclei associated with type I fibres increased by 65·7% and 20%, respectively (P<0·05). No significant changes were observed in measures of muscle capillarization and mitochondrial proteins. In conclusion, six weeks of bodyweight-based BFR exercise promoted myocellular adaptations related to muscle accretion, but not metabolic properties. Moreover, the study revealed that an appropriate total training volume needs further investigation before recommending bodyweight BFR to patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Jakobsgaard
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Christiansen
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P Sieljacks
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Wang
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T Groennebaek
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F de Paoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Vissing
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ashida Y, Himori K, Tatebayashi D, Yamada R, Ogasawara R, Yamada T. Effects of contraction mode and stimulation frequency on electrical stimulation-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:341-348. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00708.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the skeletal muscle hypertrophy resulting from isometric (Iso) or eccentric (Ecc) electrical stimulation (ES) training with different stimulation frequencies. Male Wistar rats were assigned to the Iso and Ecc groups. These were divided into three further subgroups that were stimulated at 10 Hz (Iso-10 and Ecc-10), 30 Hz (Iso-30 and Ecc-30), or 100 Hz (Iso-100 and Ecc-100). In experiment 1, the left plantarflexor muscles were stimulated every other day for 3 wk. In experiment 2, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling was investigated 6 h after one bout of ES. The contralateral right muscle served as a control (non-ES). Ecc contractions comprised forced dorsiflexion combined with ES. The peak torque and torque-time integral during ES were higher in the Ecc group than that in the Iso group in all stimulation frequencies examined. The gastrocnemius muscle weight normalized to body weight in ES side was increased compared with the non-ES side by 6, 7, and 17% in the Ecc-30, Iso-100, and Ecc-100 groups, respectively, with a greater gain in Ecc-100 than the Ecc-30 and Iso-100 groups. The p70S6K (Thr389) phosphorylation level was higher in the Ecc-30 and -100 than in the Iso-30 and -100 groups, respectively. The peak torque and torque-time integral were highly correlated with the magnitude of increase in muscle mass and the phosphorylation of p70S6K. These data suggest that ES-induced muscle hypertrophy and mTORC1 activity are determined by loading intensity and volume during muscle contraction independent of the contraction mode.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Eccentric contraction and high-frequency stimulation (HFS) are regarded as an effective way to increase muscle mass by electrical stimulation (ES) training. However, little is known about whether muscle hypertrophy is affected by contraction mode and stimulation frequency in ES training. Here, we provide the evidence that muscle hypertrophy and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity are determined by mechanical loading during contraction but not on the contraction mode itself, with a greater gain at HFS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ashida
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Himori
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tatebayashi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C. The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:485-500. [PMID: 29282529 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT)-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a highly intricate process. Despite substantial advances, we are far from understanding exactly how muscle hypertrophy develops during RT. The aim of the present review is to discuss new insights related to the role of skeletal muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in mediating RT-induced hypertrophy. Specifically, the thesis that in the early phase of RT (≤ 4 previous RT sessions) increases in muscle cross-sectional area are mostly attributable to muscle damage-induced muscle swelling; then (after ~ 10 sessions), a modest magnitude of muscle hypertrophy ensues; but only during a latter phase of RT (after ~ 18 sessions) is true muscle hypertrophy observed. We argue that the initial increases in MPS post-RT are likely directed to muscle repair and remodelling due to damage, and do not correlate with eventual muscle hypertrophy induced by several RT weeks. Increases in MPS post-RT session only contribute to muscle hypertrophy after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage, and even more significantly when damage is minimal. Furthermore, RT protocols that do not promote significant muscle damage still induce similar muscle hypertrophy and strength gains compared to conditions that do promote initial muscle damage. Thus, we conclude that muscle damage is not the process that mediates or potentiates RT-induced muscle hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training-MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training-MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ato S, Makanae Y, Kido K, Fujita S. Contraction mode itself does not determine the level of mTORC1 activity in rat skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/19/e12976. [PMID: 27688433 PMCID: PMC5064134 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training with eccentric contraction has been shown to augment muscle hypertrophy more than other contraction modes do (i.e., concentric and isometric contraction). However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of muscle contraction mode on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling using a standardized force‐time integral (load (weight) × contraction time). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: eccentric contraction, concentric contraction, and isometric contraction. The right gastrocnemius muscle was exercised via percutaneous electrical stimulation‐induced maximal contraction. In experiment 1, different modes of muscle contraction were exerted using the same number of reps in all groups, while in experiment 2, muscle contractions were exerted using a standardized force‐time integral. Muscle samples were obtained immediately and 3 h after exercise. Phosphorylation of molecules associated with mTORC1 activity was assessed using western blot analysis. In experiment 1, the force‐time integral was significantly different among contraction modes with a higher force‐time integral for eccentric contraction compared to that for other contraction modes (P < 0.05). In addition, the force‐time integral was higher for concentric contraction compared to that for isometric contraction (P < 0.05). Similarly, p70S6K phosphorylation level was higher for eccentric contraction than for other modes of contraction (P < 0.05), and concentric contraction was higher than isometric contraction (P < 0.05) 3 h after exercise. In experiment 2, under the same force‐time integral, p70S6K (Thr389) and 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation levels were similar among contraction modes 3 h after exercise. Our results suggest that mTORC1 activity is not determined by differences in muscle contraction mode itself. Instead, mTORC1 activity is determined by differences in the force‐time integral during muscle contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Makanae
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Franchi MV, Reeves ND, Narici MV. Skeletal Muscle Remodeling in Response to Eccentric vs. Concentric Loading: Morphological, Molecular, and Metabolic Adaptations. Front Physiol 2017; 8:447. [PMID: 28725197 PMCID: PMC5495834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contracts either by shortening or lengthening (concentrically or eccentrically, respectively); however, the two contractions substantially differ from one another in terms of mechanisms of force generation, maximum force production and energy cost. It is generally known that eccentric actions generate greater force than isometric and concentric contractions and at a lower metabolic cost. Hence, by virtue of the greater mechanical loading involved in active lengthening, eccentric resistance training (ECC RT) is assumed to produce greater hypertrophy than concentric resistance training (CON RT). Nonetheless, prevalence of either ECC RT or CON RT in inducing gains in muscle mass is still an open issue, with some studies reporting greater hypertrophy with eccentric, some with concentric and some with similar hypertrophy within both training modes. Recent observations suggest that such hypertrophic responses to lengthening vs. shortening contractions are achieved by different adaptations in muscle architecture. Whilst the changes in muscle protein synthesis in response to acute and chronic concentric and eccentric exercise bouts seem very similar, the molecular mechanisms regulating the myogenic adaptations to the two distinct loading stimuli are still incompletely understood. Thus, the present review aims to, (a) critically discuss the literature on the contribution of eccentric vs. concentric loading to muscular hypertrophy and structural remodeling, and, (b) clarify the molecular mechanisms that may regulate such adaptations. We conclude that, when matched for either maximum load or work, similar increase in muscle size is found between ECC and CON RT. However, such hypertrophic changes appear to be achieved through distinct structural adaptations, which may be regulated by different myogenic and molecular responses observed between lengthening and shortening contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martino V Franchi
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of NottinghamDerby, United Kingdom.,Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Neil D Reeves
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco V Narici
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of NottinghamDerby, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling and Endocrine Response Following Resistance Exercise: Implications for Muscle Hypertrophy. Sports Med 2017; 46:671-85. [PMID: 26666743 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function is critical for disease prevention, mobility and quality of life, and whole-body metabolism. Resistance exercise is known to be a major regulator for promoting muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass accretion. Manipulation of exercise intensity, volume, and rest elicit specific muscular adaptations that can maximize the magnitude of muscle growth. The stimulus of muscle contraction that occurs during differing intensities of resistance exercise results in varying biochemical responses regulating the rate of protein synthesis, known as mechanotransduction. At the cellular level, skeletal muscle adaptation appears to be the result of the cumulative effects of transient changes in gene expression following acute bouts of exercise. Thus, maximizing the resistance exercise-induced anabolic response produces the greatest potential for hypertrophic adaptation with training. The mechanisms involved in converting mechanical signals into the molecular events that control muscle growth are not completely understood; however, skeletal muscle protein synthesis appears to be regulated by the multi-protein phosphorylation cascade, mTORC1 (mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1). The purpose of this review is to examine the physiological response to resistance exercise, with particular emphasis on the endocrine response and intramuscular anabolic signaling through mTORC1. It appears that resistance exercise protocols that maximize muscle fiber recruitment, time-under-tension, and metabolic stress will contribute to maximizing intramuscular anabolic signaling; however, the resistance exercise parameters for maximizing the anabolic response remain unclear.
Collapse
|
26
|
Post-absorptive muscle protein turnover affects resistance training hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:853-866. [PMID: 28280974 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute bouts of resistance exercise and subsequent training alters protein turnover in skeletal muscle. The mechanisms responsible for the changes in basal post-absorptive protein turnover and its impact on muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise training are unknown. Our goal was to determine whether post-absorptive muscle protein turnover following 12 weeks of resistance exercise training (RET) plays a role in muscle hypertrophy. In addition, we were interested in determining potential molecular mechanisms responsible for altering post-training muscle protein turnover. METHODS Healthy young men (n = 31) participated in supervised whole body progressive RET at 60-80% 1 repetition maximum (1-RM), 3 days/week for 3 months. Pre- and post-training vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and blood samples taken during an infusion of 13C6 and 15N phenylalanine and were used to assess skeletal muscle protein turnover in the post-absorptive state. Lean body mass (LBM), muscle strength (determined by dynamometry), vastus lateralis muscle thickness (MT), myofiber type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), and mRNA were assessed pre- and post-RET. RESULTS RET increased strength (12-40%), LBM (~5%), MT (~15%) and myofiber CSA (~20%) (p < 0.05). Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) increased 24% while muscle protein breakdown (MPB) decreased 21%, respectively. These changes in protein turnover resulted in an improved net muscle protein balance in the basal state following RET. Further, the change in basal MPS is positively associated (r = 0.555, p = 0.003) with the change in muscle thickness. CONCLUSION Post-absorptive muscle protein turnover is associated with muscle hypertrophy during resistance exercise training.
Collapse
|
27
|
Carbohydrate intake and resistance-based exercise: are current recommendations reflective of actual need? Br J Nutr 2016; 116:2053-2065. [PMID: 27993175 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substantial research has been completed examining the impact of carbohydrate (CHO) intake on endurance exercise, whereas its role in resistance-based exercise performance, adaptation and cell signalling has yet to be fully characterised. This empirical shortcoming has precluded the ability to establish specific CHO recommendations for resistance exercise. This results in recommendations largely stemming from findings based on endurance exercise and/or anecdotal evidence despite the distinct energetic demands and molecular responses mediating adaptation from endurance- and resistance-based exercise. Moreover, the topic of CHO and exercise has become one of polarising nature with divergent views - some substantiated, others lacking evidence. Current literature suggests a moderately high daily CHO intake (3-7 g/kg per d) for resistance training, which is thought to prevent glycogen depletion and facilitate performance and adaptation. However, contemporary investigation, along with an emerging understanding of the molecular underpinnings of resistance exercise adaptation, may suggest that such an intake may not be necessary. In addition to the low likelihood of true glycogen depletion occurring in response to resistance exercise, a diet restrictive in CHO may not be detrimental to acute resistance exercise performance or the cellular signalling activity responsible for adaptation, even when muscle glycogen stores are reduced. Current evidence suggests that signalling of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, the key regulatory kinase for gene translation (protein synthesis), is unaffected by CHO restriction or low muscular glycogen concentrations. Such findings may call into question the current view and subsequent recommendations of CHO intake with regard to resistance-based exercise.
Collapse
|
28
|
Holm L, Rahbek SK, Farup J, Vendelbo MH, Vissing K. Contraction mode and whey protein intake affect the synthesis rate of intramuscular connective tissue. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:128-130. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg HospitalCopenhagen Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen Denmark
| | - Stine Klejs Rahbek
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhus Denmark
| | - Jean Farup
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhus Denmark
| | - Mikkel Holm Vendelbo
- Department of Internal Medicine and EndocrinologyAarhus University HospitalAarhus Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET CenterAarhus University HospitalAarhus Denmark
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhus Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reidy PT, Borack MS, Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Deer RR, Husaini SH, Walker DK, Igbinigie S, Robertson SM, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Hall-Porter JM, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Protein Supplementation Has Minimal Effects on Muscle Adaptations during Resistance Exercise Training in Young Men: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2016; 146:1660-9. [PMID: 27466602 PMCID: PMC4997282 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge the efficacy of soy-dairy protein blend (PB) supplementation with resistance exercise training (RET) has not been evaluated in a longitudinal study. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the effect of PB supplementation during RET on muscle adaptation. METHODS In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, healthy young men [18-30 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 25 ± 0.5] participated in supervised whole-body RET at 60-80% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) for 3 d/wk for 12 wk with random assignment to daily receive 22 g PB (n = 23), whey protein (WP) isolate (n = 22), or an isocaloric maltodextrin (carbohydrate) placebo [(MDP) n = 23]. Serum testosterone, muscle strength, thigh muscle thickness (MT), myofiber cross-sectional area (mCSA), and lean body mass (LBM) were assessed before and after 6 and 12 wk of RET. RESULTS All treatments increased LBM (P < 0.001). ANCOVA did not identify an overall treatment effect at 12 wk (P = 0.11). There tended to be a greater change in LBM from baseline to 12 wk in the PB group than in the MDP group (0.92 kg; 95% CI: -0.12, 1.95 kg; P = 0.09); however, changes in the WP and MDP groups did not differ. Pooling data from combined PB and WP treatments showed a trend for greater change in LBM from baseline to 12 wk compared with MDP treatment (0.69 kg; 95% CI: -0.08, 1.46 kg; P = 0.08). Muscle strength, mCSA, and MT increased (P < 0.05) similarly for all treatments and were not different (P > 0.10) between treatments. Testosterone was not altered. CONCLUSIONS PB supplementation during 3 mo of RET tended to slightly enhance gains in whole-body and arm LBM, but not leg muscle mass, compared with RET without protein supplementation. Although protein supplementation minimally enhanced gains in LBM of healthy young men, there was no enhancement of gains in strength. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01749189.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | - Michael S Borack
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | - Jared M Dickinson
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | | | - Dillon K Walker
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | - Sherry Igbinigie
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena Volpi
- Internal Medicine/Geriatrics;,Sealy Center on Aging; and
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences; Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism, Sealy Center on Aging; and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kazior Z, Willis SJ, Moberg M, Apró W, Calbet JAL, Holmberg HC, Blomstrand E. Endurance Exercise Enhances the Effect of Strength Training on Muscle Fiber Size and Protein Expression of Akt and mTOR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149082. [PMID: 26885978 PMCID: PMC4757413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports concerning the effect of endurance exercise on the anabolic response to strength training have been contradictory. This study re-investigated this issue, focusing on training effects on indicators of protein synthesis and degradation. Two groups of male subjects performed 7 weeks of resistance exercise alone (R; n = 7) or in combination with preceding endurance exercise, including both continuous and interval cycling (ER; n = 9). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after the training period. Similar increases in leg-press 1 repetition maximum (30%; P<0.05) were observed in both groups, whereas maximal oxygen uptake was elevated (8%; P<0.05) only in the ER group. The ER training enlarged the areas of both type I and type II fibers, whereas the R protocol increased only the type II fibers. The mean fiber area increased by 28% (P<0.05) in the ER group, whereas no significant increase was observed in the R group. Moreover, expression of Akt and mTOR protein was enhanced in the ER group, whereas only the level of mTOR was elevated following R training. Training-induced alterations in the levels of both Akt and mTOR protein were correlated to changes in type I fiber area (r = 0.55-0.61, P<0.05), as well as mean fiber area (r = 0.55-0.61, P<0.05), reflecting the important role played by these proteins in connection with muscle hypertrophy. Both training regimes reduced the level of MAFbx protein (P<0.05) and tended to elevate that of MuRF-1. The present findings indicate that the larger hypertrophy observed in the ER group is due more to pronounced stimulation of anabolic rather than inhibition of catabolic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kazior
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Sarah J. Willis
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Apró
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José A. L. Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Island, Spain
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Reidy PT, Rasmussen BB. Role of Ingested Amino Acids and Protein in the Promotion of Resistance Exercise-Induced Muscle Protein Anabolism. J Nutr 2016; 146:155-83. [PMID: 26764320 PMCID: PMC4725426 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.203208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this critical review is to comprehensively assess the evidence for the molecular, physiologic, and phenotypic skeletal muscle responses to resistance exercise (RE) combined with the nutritional intervention of protein and/or amino acid (AA) ingestion in young adults. We gathered the literature regarding the translational response in human skeletal muscle to acute exposure to RE and protein/AA supplements and the literature describing the phenotypic skeletal muscle adaptation to RE and nutritional interventions. Supplementation of protein/AAs with RE exhibited clear protein dose-dependent effects on translational regulation (protein synthesis) through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, which was most apparent through increases in p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) phosphorylation, compared with postexercise recovery in the fasted or carbohydrate-fed state. These acute findings were critically tested via long-term exposure to RE training (RET) and protein/AA supplementation, and it was determined that a diminishing protein/AA supplement effect occurs over a prolonged exposure stimulus after exercise training. Furthermore, we found that protein/AA supplements, combined with RET, produced a positive, albeit minor, effect on the promotion of lean mass growth (when assessed in >20 participants/treatment); a negligible effect on muscle mass; and a negligible to no additional effect on strength. A potential concern we discovered was that the majority of the exercise training studies were underpowered in their ability to discern effects of protein/AA supplementation. Regardless, even when using optimal methodology and large sample sizes, it is clear that the effect size for protein/AA supplementation is low and likely limited to a subset of individuals because the individual variability is high. With regard to nutritional intakes, total protein intake per day, rather than protein timing or quality, appears to be more of a factor on this effect during long-term exercise interventions. There were no differences in strength or mass/muscle mass on RET outcomes between protein types when a leucine threshold (>2 g/dose) was reached. Future research with larger sample sizes and more homogeneity in design is necessary to understand the underlying adaptations and to better evaluate the individual variability in the muscle-adaptive response to protein/AA supplementation during RET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
De Lisio M, Farup J, Sukiennik RA, Clevenger N, Nallabelli J, Nelson B, Ryan K, Rahbek SK, de Paoli F, Vissing K, Boppart MD. The acute response of pericytes to muscle-damaging eccentric contraction and protein supplementation in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015. [PMID: 26205545 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01112.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle pericytes increase in quantity following eccentric exercise (ECC) and contribute to myofiber repair and adaptation in mice. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine pericyte quantity in response to muscle-damaging ECC and protein supplementation in human skeletal muscle. Male subjects were divided into protein supplement (WHY; n = 12) or isocaloric placebo (CHO; n = 12) groups and completed ECC using an isokinetic dynamometer. Supplements were consumed 3 times/day throughout the experimental time course. Biopsies were collected prior to (PRE) and 3, 24, 48, and 168 h following ECC. Reflective of the damaging protocol, integrin subunits, including α7, β1A, and β1D, increased (3.8-fold, 3.6-fold and 3.9-fold, respectively, P < 0.01) 24 h post-ECC with no difference between supplements. Pericyte quantity did not change post-ECC. WHY resulted in a small, but significant, decrease in ALP(+) pericytes when expressed as a percentage of myonuclei (CHO 6.8 ± 0.3% vs. WHY 5.8 ± 0.3%, P < 0.05) or per myofiber (CHO 0.119 ± 0.01 vs. WHY 0.098 ± 0.01, P < 0.05). The quantity of myonuclei expressing serum response factor and the number of pericytes expressing serum response factor, did not differ as a function of time post-ECC or supplement. These data demonstrate that acute muscle-damaging ECC increases α7β1 integrin content in human muscle, yet pericyte quantity is largely unaltered. Future studies should focus on the capacity for ECC to influence pericyte function, specifically paracrine factor release as a mechanism toward pericyte contribution to repair and adaptation postexercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael De Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Jean Farup
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Richard A Sukiennik
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Nicole Clevenger
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Julian Nallabelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Brett Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Kelly Ryan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Stine K Rahbek
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Frank de Paoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
No differential effects of divergent isocaloric supplements on signaling for muscle protein turnover during recovery from muscle-damaging eccentric exercise. Amino Acids 2015; 47:767-78. [PMID: 25559753 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unaccustomed high-intensity eccentric exercise (ECC) can provoke muscle damage including several days of muscle force loss. Post-exercise dietary supplementation may provide a strategy to accelerate rate of force regain by affecting mechanisms related to muscle protein turnover. The aim of the current study was to investigate if protein signaling mechanisms involved in muscle protein turnover would be differentially affected by supplementation with either whey protein hydrolysate and carbohydrate (WPH+CHO) versus isocaloric carbohydrate (CHO) after muscle-damaging ECC. Twenty-four young healthy participants received either WPH+CHO (n = 12) or CHO supplements (n = 12) during post-exercise recovery from 150 maximal unilateral eccentric contractions. Prior to, at 3 h and at 24, 48, 96 and/or 168 h post-exercise, muscle strength, muscle soreness, and Akt-mTOR and FOXO signaling proteins, were measured in an ECC exercising leg and in the contralateral non-exercise control leg (CON). After ECC, muscle force decreased by 23-27 % at 24 h post-exercise, which was followed by gradual, although not full recovery at 168 h post-exercise, with no differences between supplement groups. Phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K and rpS6 increased and phosphorylation of FOXO1 and FOXO3 decreased in the ECC leg, with no differences between supplement groups. Phosphorylation changes were also observed for rpS6, FOXO1 and FOXO3a in the CON leg, suggesting occurrence of remote tissue effects. In conclusion, divergent dietary supplementation types did not produce differences in signaling for muscle turnover during recovery from muscle-damaging exercise.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the component of energy expenditure that explains the largest proportion of total daily energy requirements. Since RMR is determined largely by fat-free mass and a low RMR predicts weight gain in healthy adults, identifying the role of muscle atrophy following stroke on RMR may help identify ways to mitigate the development of obesity post-stroke. METHODS Thirty-nine stroke survivors with chronic hemiparesis (mean ± SEM: age: 61 ± 1 years, latency from stroke: 107 ± 40 months, BMI: 31 ± 3 kg/m2) underwent DXA scans for measurement of body composition, including total, paretic, and non-paretic leg lean mass and fasted, 30-min indirect calorimetry for measurement of RMR. RESULT Predicted RMR was calculated by the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, which considers weight, height, and age for both men and women. RMR was 14% lower than predicted (1438 ± 45 vs. 1669 ± 38 kcals/24 hrs; P<0.01). Total (r=0.73, P<0.01), paretic (r=0.72, P<0.01) and non-paretic (r=0.67, P<0.01) leg lean mass predicted RMR. CONCLUSION These data indicate that muscle atrophy post stroke may lead to a reduced RMR. This substantiates the need to attenuate the loss of lean mass after a stroke to prevent declines in RMR and possible weight gain common post-stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Serra
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VAMC, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Charlene E Hafer-Macko
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VAMC, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VAMC, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| |
Collapse
|