1
|
Golubnitschaja O, Kapinova A, Sargheini N, Bojkova B, Kapalla M, Heinrich L, Gkika E, Kubatka P. Mini-encyclopedia of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals protecting health in primary and secondary care-clinically relevant 3PM innovation. EPMA J 2024; 15:163-205. [PMID: 38841620 PMCID: PMC11148002 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-024-00358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite their subordination in humans, to a great extent, mitochondria maintain their independent status but tightly cooperate with the "host" on protecting the joint life quality and minimizing health risks. Under oxidative stress conditions, healthy mitochondria promptly increase mitophagy level to remove damaged "fellows" rejuvenating the mitochondrial population and sending fragments of mtDNA as SOS signals to all systems in the human body. As long as metabolic pathways are under systemic control and well-concerted together, adaptive mechanisms become triggered increasing systemic protection, activating antioxidant defense and repair machinery. Contextually, all attributes of mitochondrial patho-/physiology are instrumental for predictive medical approach and cost-effective treatments tailored to individualized patient profiles in primary (to protect vulnerable individuals again the health-to-disease transition) and secondary (to protect affected individuals again disease progression) care. Nutraceuticals are naturally occurring bioactive compounds demonstrating health-promoting, illness-preventing, and other health-related benefits. Keeping in mind health-promoting properties of nutraceuticals along with their great therapeutic potential and safety profile, there is a permanently growing demand on the application of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals. Application of nutraceuticals is beneficial only if meeting needs at individual level. Therefore, health risk assessment and creation of individualized patient profiles are of pivotal importance followed by adapted nutraceutical sets meeting individual needs. Based on the scientific evidence available for mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals, this article presents examples of frequent medical conditions, which require protective measures targeted on mitochondria as a holistic approach following advanced concepts of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) in primary and secondary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Kapinova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Nafiseh Sargheini
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-Von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bianka Bojkova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marko Kapalla
- Negentropic Systems, Ružomberok, Slovakia
- PPPM Centre, s.r.o., Ruzomberok, Slovakia
| | - Luisa Heinrich
- Institute of General Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eleni Gkika
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Regazzoni L. State of the Art in the Development of Human Serum Carnosinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2024; 29:2488. [PMID: 38893364 PMCID: PMC11173852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Human serum carnosinase is an enzyme that operates the preferential hydrolysis of dipeptides with a C-terminus histidine. Only higher primates excrete such an enzyme in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. In humans, the serum hydrolytic rate has high interindividual variability owing to gene polymorphism, although age, gender, diet, and also diseases and surgical interventions can modify serum activity. Human genetic diseases with altered carnosinase activity have been identified and associated with neurological disorders and age-related cognitive decline. On the contrary, low peripheral carnosinase activity has been associated with kidney protection, especially in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, serum carnosinase is a druggable target for the development of selective inhibitors. However, only one molecule (i.e., carnostatine) has been discovered with the purpose of developing serum carnosinase inhibitors. Bestatin is the only inhibitor reported other than carnostatine, although its activity is not selective towards serum carnosinase. Herein, we present a review of the most critical findings on human serum carnosinase, including enzyme expression, localization and substrate selectivity, along with factors affecting the hydrolytic activity, its implication in human diseases and the properties of known inhibitors of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nègre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R. Reactive Carbonyl Species and Protein Lipoxidation in Atherogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:232. [PMID: 38397830 PMCID: PMC10886358 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease of medium and large arteries, characterized by the presence of lipid-rich plaques lining the intima over time. It is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases and death worldwide. Redox imbalance and lipid peroxidation could play key roles in atherosclerosis by promoting a bundle of responses, including endothelial activation, inflammation, and foam cell formation. The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids generates various lipid oxidation products such as reactive carbonyl species (RCS), including 4-hydroxy alkenals, malondialdehyde, and acrolein. RCS covalently bind to nucleophilic groups of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins, modifying their structure and activity and leading to their progressive dysfunction. Protein lipoxidation is the non-enzymatic post-translational modification of proteins by RCS. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and apolipoprotein B (apoB) modification by RCS play a major role in foam cell formation. Moreover, oxidized LDLs are a source of RCS, which form adducts on a huge number of proteins, depending on oxidative stress intensity, the nature of targets, and the availability of detoxifying systems. Many systems are affected by lipoxidation, including extracellular matrix components, membranes, cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, and other components. The mechanisms involved in lipoxidation-induced vascular dysfunction are not fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on protein lipoxidation during atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), 1297 Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rangueil—BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Salvayre
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), 1297 Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rangueil—BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hariharan R, Cameron J, Menon K, Mesinovic J, Jansons P, Scott D, Lu ZX, de Courten M, Feehan J, de Courten B. Carnosine supplementation improves glucose control in adults with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:485-496. [PMID: 38172006 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-glycating effects, with preliminary evidence suggesting it may improve important chronic disease risk factors in adults with cardiometabolic conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS In this randomised controlled trial, 43 adults (30%F) living with prediabetes or T2DM consumed carnosine (2 g) or a matching placebo daily for 14 weeks to evaluate its effect on glucose metabolism assessed via a 2-h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Secondary outcomes included body composition analysis by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), calf muscle density by pQCT, and anthropometry. Carnosine supplementation decreased blood glucose at 90 min (-1.31 mmol/L; p = 0.02) and 120 min (-1.60 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and total glucose area under the curve (-3.30 mmol/L; p = 0.04) following an oral glucose tolerance test. There were no additional changes in secondary outcomes. The carnosine group results remained significant before and after adjustment for age, sex, and change in weight (all>0.05), and in further sensitivity analyses accounting for missing data. There were no significant changes in insulin levels. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary support for larger trials evaluating carnosine as a potential treatment for prediabetes and the initial stages of T2DM. Likely mechanisms may include changes to hepatic glucose output explaining the observed reduction in blood glucose without changes in insulin secretion following carnosine supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Hariharan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - James Cameron
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart, Monash Health, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Kirthi Menon
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Jakub Mesinovic
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Jansons
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong VIC, Australia
| | - Zhong X Lu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; Monash Health Pathology, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- Mitchell Institute for Health and Education Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Mitchell Institute for Health and Education Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT, Bundoora, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Almeida Torres RJ, Moreto F, Luchini A, de Almeida Torres RJ, Longo SP, Pinho RA, Nagashima S, de Noronha L, Ferron AJT, de Almeida Silva CCV, Correa CR, Aldini G, Ferreira ALA. Carnosine supplementation and retinal oxidative parameters in a high-calorie diet rat model. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:502. [PMID: 38066465 PMCID: PMC10709828 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess oxidative effects induced by a high-calorie diet on the retina of Wistar rats and test the antioxidative effects of carnosine supplementation. METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: standard diet (SD), high-calorie diet (HcD), standard diet + carnosine (SD + Car), and high-calorie diet + carnosine (HcD + Car). The body weight, adiposity index, plasma glucose, total lipids, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), uric acid, creatinine, and triglycerides of the animals were evaluated. The retinas were analyzed for markers of oxidative stress. Hydrogen peroxide production was assessed by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF) oxidation. The total glutathione (tGSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonyl, and sulfhydryl groups of the antioxidant system were analyzed. RESULTS TAC levels increased in the retinas of the SD + Car group compared to the SD group (p < 0.05) and in the HcD + Car group compared to the HcD group (p < 0.05). The levels of GSH and the GSSH:GSSG ratio were increased in the HcD + Car group compared to the SD + Car group (p < 0.05). An increase in the retinal carbonyl content was observed in the HcD group compared to the SD group (p < 0.05) and in the HcD + Car group compared to the SD + Car group (p < 0.05). A high-calorie diet (HcD) was also associated with a decrease in retinal sulfhydryl-type levels compared to the SD group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that feeding a high-calorie diet to rats can promote an increase in carbonyl content and a reduction in sulfhydryl groups in their retinas. The administration of carnosine was not effective in attenuating these oxidative markers. TRIAL REGISTRATION Animal Ethics Committee of Botucatu Medical School - Certificate number 1292/2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogil Jose de Almeida Torres
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Moreto
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Andrea Luchini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Oftalmologico de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Sofia Pimentel Longo
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aurino Pinho
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Seigo Nagashima
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Artur Junio Togneri Ferron
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Renata Correa
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DISFARM), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lucia Anjos Ferreira
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saadati S, Cameron J, Menon K, Hodge A, Lu ZX, de Courten M, Feehan J, de Courten B. Carnosine Did Not Affect Vascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: A 14-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4835. [PMID: 38004228 PMCID: PMC10674211 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Carnosine has been suggested as a potential approach to reduce ASCVD risk factors. However, there is a paucity of human data. Hence, we performed a 14-week double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine whether carnosine compared with placebo improves vascular and metabolic outcomes in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM. In total, 49 patients with prediabetes and T2DM with good glycemic control were randomly assigned either to receive 2 g/day carnosine or matching placebo. We evaluated endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, lipid parameters, blood pressure, heart rate, hepatic and renal outcomes before and after the intervention. Carnosine supplementation had no effect on heart rate, peripheral and central blood pressure, endothelial function (logarithm of reactive hyperemia (LnRHI)), arterial stiffness (carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (CF PWV)), lipid parameters, liver fibroscan indicators, liver transient elastography, liver function tests, and renal outcomes compared to placebo. In conclusion, carnosine supplementation did not improve cardiovascular and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with prediabetes and T2DM with good glycemic control. Therefore, it is improbable that carnosine supplementation would be a viable approach to mitigating the ASCVD risk in these populations. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02917928).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeede Saadati
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
| | - James Cameron
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Kirthi Menon
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
| | - Alexander Hodge
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Zhong X. Lu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
- Monash Health Pathology, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- Mitchell Institute for Health and Education Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maugeri S, Sibbitts J, Privitera A, Cardaci V, Di Pietro L, Leggio L, Iraci N, Lunte SM, Caruso G. The Anti-Cancer Activity of the Naturally Occurring Dipeptide Carnosine: Potential for Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2592. [PMID: 37998326 PMCID: PMC10670273 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide composed of β-alanine and L-histidine, possessing a multimodal pharmacodynamic profile that includes anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Carnosine has also shown its ability to modulate cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and even glycolytic energy metabolism, all processes playing a key role in the context of cancer. Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of the 20th and 21st centuries. Among the different types of cancer, breast cancer represents the most common non-skin cancer among women, accounting for an estimated 15% of all cancer-related deaths in women. The main aim of the present review was to provide an overview of studies on the anti-cancer activity of carnosine, and in particular its activity against breast cancer. We also highlighted the possible advantages and limitations involved in the use of this dipeptide. The first part of the review entailed a brief description of carnosine's biological activities and the pathophysiology of cancer, with a focus on breast cancer. The second part of the review described the anti-tumoral activity of carnosine, for which numerous studies have been carried out, especially at the preclinical level, showing promising results. However, only a few studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of this dipeptide for breast cancer prevention or treatment. In this context, carnosine has shown to be able to decrease the size of cancer cells and their viability. It also reduces the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclin D1, NAD+, and ATP, as well as cytochrome c oxidase activity in vitro. When tested in mice with induced breast cancer, carnosine proved to be non-toxic to healthy cells and exhibited chemopreventive activity by reducing tumor growth. Some evidence has also been reported at the clinical level. A randomized phase III prospective placebo-controlled trial showed the ability of Zn-carnosine to prevent dysphagia in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Despite this evidence, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to better understand carnosine's anti-tumoral activity, especially in the context of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Maugeri
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Jay Sibbitts
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Anna Privitera
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardaci
- Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Pietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Loredana Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song H, Ma H, Shi J, Liu Y, Kan C, Hou N, Han J, Sun X, Qiu H. Optimizing glycation control in diabetes: An integrated approach for inhibiting nonenzymatic glycation reactions of biological macromolecules. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125148. [PMID: 37268079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a multifactorial disorder that increases mortality and disability due to its complications. A key driver of these complications is nonenzymatic glycation, which generates advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that impair tissue function. Therefore, effective nonenzymatic glycation prevention and control strategies are urgently needed. This review comprehensively describes the molecular mechanisms and pathological consequences of nonenzymatic glycation in diabetes and outlines various anti-glycation strategies, such as lowering plasma glucose, interfering with the glycation reaction, and degrading early and late glycation products. Diet, exercise, and hypoglycemic medications can reduce the onset of high glucose at the source. Glucose or amino acid analogs such as flavonoids, lysine and aminoguanidine competitively bind to proteins or glucose to block the initial nonenzymatic glycation reaction. In addition, deglycation enzymes such as amadoriase, fructosamine-3-kinase, parkinson's disease protein, glutamine amidotransferase-like class 1 domain-containing 3A and terminal FraB deglycase can eliminate existing nonenzymatic glycation products. These strategies involve nutritional, pharmacological, and enzymatic interventions that target different stages of nonenzymatic glycation. This review also emphasizes the therapeutic potential of anti-glycation drugs for preventing and treating diabetes complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hongyan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yongping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chengxia Kan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ningning Hou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Hongyan Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schön M, Just I, Krumpolec P, Blažíček P, Valkovič L, Aldini G, Tsai CL, De Courten B, Krššák M, Ukropcová B, Ukropec J. Supplementation-induced change in muscle carnosine is paralleled by changes in muscle metabolism, protein glycation and reactive carbonyl species sequestering. Physiol Res 2023; 72:87-97. [PMID: 36545878 PMCID: PMC10069809 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a performance-enhancing food supplement with a potential to modulate muscle energy metabolism and toxic metabolites disposal. In this study we explored interrelations between carnosine supplementation (2 g/day, 12 weeks) induced effects on carnosine muscle loading and parallel changes in (i) muscle energy metabolism, (ii) serum albumin glycation and (iii) reactive carbonyl species sequestering in twelve (M/F=10/2) sedentary, overweight-to-obese (BMI: 30.0+/-2.7 kg/m2) adults (40.1+/-6.2 years). Muscle carnosine concentration (Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; 1H-MRS), dynamics of muscle energy metabolism (Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; 31P-MRS), body composition (Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MRI), resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), glucose tolerance (oGTT), habitual physical activity (accelerometers), serum carnosine and carnosinase-1 content/activity (ELISA), albumin glycation, urinary carnosine and carnosine-propanal concentration (mass spectrometry) were measured. Supplementation-induced increase in muscle carnosine was paralleled by improved dynamics of muscle post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery, decreased serum albumin glycation and enhanced urinary carnosine-propanal excretion (all p<0.05). Magnitude of supplementation-induced muscle carnosine accumulation was higher in individuals with lower baseline muscle carnosine, who had lower BMI, higher physical activity level, lower resting intramuscular pH, but similar muscle mass and dietary protein preference. Level of supplementation-induced increase in muscle carnosine correlated with reduction of protein glycation, increase in reactive carbonyl species sequestering, and acceleration of muscle post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schön
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caruso G, Di Pietro L, Cardaci V, Maugeri S, Caraci F. The therapeutic potential of carnosine: Focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2023.100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
|
11
|
Post-Translational Modifications Evoked by Reactive Carbonyl Species in Ultraviolet-A-Exposed Skin: Implication in Fibroblast Senescence and Skin Photoaging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112281. [PMID: 36421467 PMCID: PMC9687576 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoaging is an accelerated form of aging resulting from skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV-A radiation deeply penetrates the dermis and triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which promotes damage to DNA, lipids and proteins. Lipid peroxidation results from the oxidative attack of polyunsaturated fatty acids which generate a huge amount of lipid peroxidation products, among them reactive carbonyl species (RCS) such as α, β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenals (e.g., 4-hydroxynonenal), acrolein or malondialdehyde. These highly reactive agents form adducts on free NH2 groups and thiol residues on amino acids in proteins and can also modify DNA and phospholipids. The accumulation of RCS-adducts leads to carbonyl stress characterized by progressive cellular and tissular dysfunction, inflammation and toxicity. RCS-adducts are formed in the dermis of skin exposed to UV-A radiation. Several RCS targets have been identified in the dermis, such as collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix, whose modification could contribute to actinic elastosis lesions. RCS-adducts may play a role in fibroblast senescence via the modification of histones, and the sirtuin SIRT1, leading to an accumulation of acetylated proteins. The cytoskeleton protein vimentin is modified by RCS, which could impair fibroblast motility. A better identification of protein modification and carbonyl stress in the dermis may help to develop new treatment approaches for preventing photoaging.
Collapse
|
12
|
Feehan J, Hariharan R, Buckenham T, Handley C, Bhatnagar A, Baba SP, de Courten B. Carnosine as a potential therapeutic for the management of peripheral vascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2289-2296. [PMID: 35973888 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the potential role of carnosine in the management of peripheral vascular disease. DATA SYNTHESIS Peripheral vascular disease is growing in its burden and impact; however it is currently under researched, and there are a lack of strong, non-invasive therapeutic options for the clinicians. Carnosine is a dipeptide stored particularly in muscle and brain tissue, which exhibits a wide range of physiological activities, which may be beneficial as an adjunct treatment for peripheral vascular disease. Carnosine's strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiglycating actions may aid in the prevention of plaque formation, through protective actions on the vascular endothelium, and the inhibition of foam cells. Carnosine may also improve angiogenesis, exercise performance and vasodilatory response, while protecting from ischemic tissue injury. CONCLUSIONS Carnosine may have a role as an adjunct treatment for peripheral vascular disease alongside typical exercise and surgical interventions, and may be used in high risk individuals to aid in the prevention of atherogenesis. CLINICAL RECOMMENDATION This review identifies a beneficial role for carnosine supplementation in the management of patients with peripheral vascular disease, in conjunction with exercise and revascularization. Carnosine as a supplement is safe, and associated with a host of beneficial effects in peripheral vascular disease and its key risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Rohit Hariharan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy Buckenham
- Christchurch Clinical School of Medicine University of Otago and Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Charles Handley
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Environment Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shahid Pervez Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Environment Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT, Bundoora.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He Y, Bu LJ, Xie HD, Liang GZ. Characteristics of antioxidant substances and identification of antioxidant peptides in duck embryo eggs. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:779-787. [PMID: 35796186 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2083942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. Oxidative stress in duck embryos undergoes dynamic change during incubation. However, the detailed change characteristics has not been studied yet. Here, we explored the dynamic change characteristics of different antioxidant substances in duck embryo eggs during incubation.2. The following trial assayed antioxidant substances, including vitamins E (VE) and C (VC), glutathione (GSH), reduced glutathione (reduced GSH), oxidative glutathione (GSSG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and malonic dialdehyde (MDA). Five antioxidant peptides (DY1, DY2, DY3, DY4 and DY5) were screened and their protective effect on HepG2 cells and their mechanism of action determined.3. The results showed that antioxidant substances underwent a dynamic change during incubation through various mechanisms. Moreover, the T-AOC of duck embryos at different incubation times, firstly increased and then decreased, reaching the highest level on d 15 during incubation. The peptide DY2 (TVDGPSGKLWRD) exhibited high antioxidant activity in vitro, and is known to regulate the apoptosis pathway in mitochondria.4. The data indicated that duck embryos can be used for the development of related antioxidant products and purification of new bioactive peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.,Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - L J Bu
- JinHua Polylechnic, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang JinHua 321016, PR China
| | - H D Xie
- JinHua Polylechnic, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang JinHua 321016, PR China
| | - G Z Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A Review on the Recent Advancements on Therapeutic Effects of Ions in the Physiological Environments. PROSTHESIS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis4020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the therapeutic effects of ions when released in physiological environments. Recent studies have shown that metallic ions like Ag+, Sr2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, P+5, etc., have shown promising results in drug delivery systems and regenerative medicine. These metallic ions can be loaded in nanoparticles, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs), hydroxyapatite (HA), calcium phosphates, polymeric coatings, and salt solutions. The metallic ions can exhibit different functions in the physiological environment such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, bioactive, biocompatible, and angiogenic effects. Furthermore, the metals/metalloid ions can be loaded into scaffolds to improve osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, bone development, fibroblast growth, and improved wound healing efficacy. Moreover, different ions possess different therapeutic limits. Therefore, further mechanisms need to be developed for the highly controlled and sustained release of these ions. This review paper summarizes the recent progress in the use of metallic/metalloid ions in regenerative medicine and encourages further study of ions as a solution to cure diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Unveiling the Hidden Therapeutic Potential of Carnosine, a Molecule with a Multimodal Mechanism of Action: A Position Paper. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103303. [PMID: 35630780 PMCID: PMC9143376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a naturally occurring endogenous dipeptide and an over-the-counter food supplement with a well-demonstrated multimodal mechanism of action that includes the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, the down-regulation of the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, the inhibition of aberrant protein formation, and the modulation of cells in the peripheral (macrophages) and brain (microglia) immune systems. Since its discovery more than 100 years ago, a plethora of in vivo preclinical studies have been carried out; however, there is still substantial heterogeneity regarding the route of administration, the dosage, the duration of the treatment, and the animal model selected, underlining the urgent need for "coordinated/aligned" preclinical studies laying the foundations for well-defined future clinical trials. The main aim of the present position paper is to critically and concisely consider these key points and open a discussion on the possible "alignment" for future studies, with the goal of validating the full therapeutic potential of this intriguing molecule.
Collapse
|
16
|
Amaral AG, Moretto IA, Zandonadi FDS, Zamora-Obando HR, Rocha I, Sussulini A, Thomaz AAD, Oliveira RV, Santos AMD, Simionato AVC. Comprehending Cardiac Dysfunction by Oxidative Stress: Untargeted Metabolomics of In Vitro Samples. Front Chem 2022; 10:836478. [PMID: 35464220 PMCID: PMC9023746 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.836478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are noncommunicable diseases known for their complex etiology and high mortality rate. Oxidative stress (OS), a condition in which the release of free radical exceeds endogenous antioxidant capacity, is pivotal in CVC, such as myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion, and heart failure. Due to the lack of information about the implications of OS on cardiovascular conditions, several methodologies have been applied to investigate the causes and consequences, and to find new ways of diagnosis and treatment as well. In the present study, cardiac dysfunction was evaluated by analyzing cells’ alterations with untargeted metabolomics, after simulation of an oxidative stress condition using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in H9c2 myocytes. Optimizations of H2O2 concentration, cell exposure, and cell recovery times were performed through MTT assays. Intracellular metabolites were analyzed right after the oxidative stress (oxidative stress group) and after 48 h of cell recovery (recovery group) by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) in positive and negative ESI ionization mode. Significant alterations were found in pathways such as “alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism”, “glycolysis”, and “glutathione metabolism”, mostly with increased metabolites (upregulated). Furthermore, our results indicated that the LC-MS method is effective for studying metabolism in cardiomyocytes and generated excellent fit (R2Y > 0.987) and predictability (Q2 > 0.84) values.
Collapse
|
17
|
Menon K, de Courten B, Magliano DJ, Ademi Z, Liew D, Zomer E. The Cost-Effectiveness of Supplemental Carnosine in Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14010215. [PMID: 35011089 PMCID: PMC8747040 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we assess the cost-effectiveness of 1 g daily of carnosine (an over the counter supplement) in addition to standard care for the management of type 2 diabetes and compare it to standard care alone. Dynamic multistate life table models were constructed in order to estimate both clinical outcomes and costs of Australians aged 18 years and above with and without type 2 diabetes over a ten-year period, 2020 to 2029. The dynamic nature of the model allowed for population change over time (migration and deaths) and accounted for the development of new cases of diabetes. The three health states were 'Alive without type 2 diabetes', 'Alive with type 2 diabetes' and 'Dead'. Transition probabilities, costs, and utilities were obtained from published sources. The main outcome of interest was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of cost per year of life saved (YoLS) and cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Over the ten-year period, the addition of carnosine to standard care treatment resulted in ICERs (discounted) of AUD 34,836 per YoLS and AUD 43,270 per QALY gained. Assuming the commonly accepted willingness to pay threshold of AUD 50,000 per QALY gained, supplemental dietary carnosine may be a cost-effective treatment option for people with type 2 diabetes in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Menon
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (K.M.); (Z.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | | | - Zanfina Ademi
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (K.M.); (Z.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Danny Liew
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (K.M.); (Z.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Ella Zomer
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (K.M.); (Z.A.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tabibzadeh S. Resolving Geroplasticity to the Balance of Rejuvenins and Geriatrins. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1664-1714. [DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
19
|
Maspero M, Gilardoni E, Bonfanti C, Messina G, Regazzoni L, De Amici M, Carini M, Aldini G, Dallanoce C. Synthesis and characterization of 13C labeled carnosine derivatives for isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements in biological matrices. Talanta 2021; 235:122742. [PMID: 34517610 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to the physiological properties of l-carnosine (l-1), supplementation of this dipeptide has both a nutritional ergogenic application and a therapeutic potential for the treatment of numerous diseases in which ischemic or oxidative stress are involved. Quantitation of carnosine and its analogs in biological matrices results to be crucial for these applications and HPLC-MS procedures with isotope-labeled internal standards are the state-of-the-art approach for this analytical need. The use of these standards allows to account for variations during the sample preparation process, between-sample matrix effects, and variations in instrument performance over analysis time. Although literature reports a number of studies involving carnosine, isotope-labeled derivatives of the dipeptide are not commercially available. In this work we present a fast, flexible, and convenient strategy for the synthesis of the 13C-labeled carnosine analogs and their application as internal standards for the quantitation of carnosine and anserine in a biological matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maspero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonfanti
- Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Graziella Messina
- Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jukić I, Kolobarić N, Stupin A, Matić A, Kozina N, Mihaljević Z, Mihalj M, Šušnjara P, Stupin M, Ćurić ŽB, Selthofer-Relatić K, Kibel A, Lukinac A, Kolar L, Kralik G, Kralik Z, Széchenyi A, Jozanović M, Galović O, Medvidović-Kosanović M, Drenjančević I. Carnosine, Small but Mighty-Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1037. [PMID: 34203479 PMCID: PMC8300828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine's biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jukić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Nikolina Kolobarić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Nataša Kozina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Breškić Ćurić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Vinkovci, Zvonarska 57, HR-32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Lukinac
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vukovar General Hospital, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Gordana Kralik
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Nutricin j.d.o.o. Darda, HR-31326 Darda, Croatia
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Széchenyi
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Jozanović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Olivera Galović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Medvidović-Kosanović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Feehan J, de Courten M, Apostolopoulos V, de Courten B. Nutritional Interventions for COVID-19: A Role for Carnosine? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051463. [PMID: 33925783 PMCID: PMC8146193 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues to take an enormous toll on global health, the effort to find effective preventive and treatment strategies has been unparalleled in recent history [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
- Department of Medicine—Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- Mitchell Institute for Education and Health Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (B.d.C.)
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (B.d.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Menon K, Marquina C, Hoj P, Liew D, Mousa A, de Courten B. Carnosine and histidine-containing dipeptides improve dyslipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2021; 78:939-951. [PMID: 32594145 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Cardiovascular disease is a major public health problem and represents a significant burden of disease globally. Lifestyle interventions have their limitations and an intervention that will effectively address cardiovascular risk factors to help reduce this growing burden of disease is required. OBJECTIVE Carnosine and other histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) have exerted positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases in animal and human studies. The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effects of HCDs on cardiovascular outcomes in line with the PRISMA guidelines. DATA SOURCES The Medline, Medline in process, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, and All EBM databases were searched from inception until January 25, 2019, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of HCDs on cardiovascular outcomes, compared with placebo or controls. DATA EXTRACTION Basic characteristics of the study and populations, interventions, and study results were extracted. The grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation approach was used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome. DATA ANALYSIS A total of 21 studies were included. Of these, 18 were pooled for meta-analysis (n = 913). In low risk of bias studies, HCD-supplemented groups had lower total cholesterol (n = 6 RCTs; n = 401; weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.32 mmol/L [95%CI, -0.57 to -0.07], P = 0.01) and triglyceride levels (n = 6 RCTs; n = 401; WMD, -0.14 mmol/L [95%CI, -0.20 to -0.08], P < 0.001) compared with controls. In studies using carnosine, triglycerides levels were also lower in the intervention group vs controls (n = 5 RCTS; n = 309; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in blood pressure, heart rate, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or the total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio between groups. CONCLUSIONS Carnosine and other HCDs may have a role in improving lipid profiles. Larger studies with sufficient follow-up are necessary to confirm these findings and explore the use of HCDs in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. SYSTEMIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42017075354.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Menon
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clara Marquina
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pernille Hoj
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vraneš M, Panić J, Tot A, Papović S, Gadžurić S, Podlipnik Č, Bešter-Rogač M. From amino acids to dipeptide: The changes in thermal stability and hydration properties of β-alanine, L-histidine and L-carnosine. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Anti-Cancer Effects of Carnosine-A Dipeptide Molecule. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061644. [PMID: 33809496 PMCID: PMC8002160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Carnosine is a dipeptide molecule (β-alanyl-l-histidine) with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-glycation, and chelating properties. It is used in exercise physiology as a food supplement to increase performance; however, in vitro evidence suggests that carnosine may exhibit anti-cancer properties. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effect of carnosine on breast, ovarian, colon, and leukemic cancer cell proliferation. We further examined U937 promonocytic, human myeloid leukemia cell phenotype, gene expression, and cytokine secretion to determine if these are linked to carnosine’s anti-proliferative properties. Results: Carnosine (1) inhibits breast, ovarian, colon, and leukemic cancer cell proliferation; (2) upregulates expression of pro-inflammatory molecules; (3) modulates cytokine secretion; and (4) alters U937 differentiation and phenotype. Conclusion: These effects may have implications for a role for carnosine in anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
25
|
Aldini G, de Courten B, Regazzoni L, Gilardoni E, Ferrario G, Baron G, Altomare A, D’Amato A, Vistoli G, Carini M. Understanding the antioxidant and carbonyl sequestering activity of carnosine: direct and indirect mechanisms. Free Radic Res 2020; 55:321-330. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1856830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrario
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alfonsina D’Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kilis-Pstrusinska K. Carnosine and Kidney Diseases: What We Currently Know? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1764-1781. [PMID: 31362685 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190730130024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is an endogenously synthesised dipeptide which is present in different human tissues e.g. in the kidney. Carnosine is degraded by enzyme serum carnosinase, encoding by CNDP1 gene. Carnosine is engaged in different metabolic pathways in the kidney. It reduces the level of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, inhibits advanced glycation end products' formation, moreover, it also decreases the mesangial cell proliferation. Carnosine may also serve as a scavenger of peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and a natural angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. This review summarizes the results of experimental and human studies concerning the role of carnosine in kidney diseases, particularly in chronic kidney disease, ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure, diabetic nephropathy and also drug-induced nephrotoxicity. The interplay between serum carnosine concentration and serum carnosinase activity and polymorphism in the CNDP1 gene is discussed. Carnosine has renoprotective properties. It has a promising potential for the treatment and prevention of different kidney diseases, particularly chronic kidney disease which is a global public health issue. Further studies of the role of carnosine in the kidney may offer innovative and effective strategies for the management of kidney diseases.
Collapse
|
27
|
Menon K, Mousa A, de Courten B. Reply to the Letter to the Editor from J. Matthews and C. Sale. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13043. [PMID: 32383286 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Menon
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Khan IT, Nadeem M, Imran M, Khalique A. Impact of post fermentation cooling patterns on fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and antioxidant features of cow and buffalo milk set yoghurt. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:74. [PMID: 32293468 PMCID: PMC7157986 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the manufacturing of set yoghurt, after reaching 4.6 pH, post fermentation cooling is applied to stop the bacterial activity. Depending upon the required textural and flavor attributes, one phase and two phase cooling patterns are accordingly selected. In one phase cooling, temperature of the yoghurt is rapidly decreased below 10 °C using blast freezing and then it is gradually dropped to 4-5 °C. In two phase cooling, temperature of yogurt is rapidly decreased to less than 20 °C and then it is gradually decreased to 4-5 °C. These cooling phases have a significant impact on textural and flavor perspectives of yoghurt. It is necessary to study the impact of industrially adopted cooling patterns on fatty acid profile, antioxidant characteristics, lipid oxidation and sensory characteristics of cow and buffalo milk set yoghurt. Methods This experiment was organized in a completely randomized design and every treatment was replicated five times to minimize the variation. Whole cow and buffalo milk without any standardization were converted to set yoghurt (400 g cups) using Strepotococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus as starter bacteria. After reaching 4.6 pH, cow and buffalo yoghurt samples were exposed to three different cooling patterns. In first trial, samples of cow and buffalo yoghurt were cooled from 43 °C to 25 °C in 1 h and finally cooled to 4-5 °C in another hr. (T1). In second trial, samples were cooled from 43 °C to 18 °C in 1 hr. and finally cooled down to 4-5 °C in another 1 h. (T2). In third trial, samples were cooled from 43 °C to 4-5 °C in 2 h (T1). Alteration in fatty acid profile, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, free fatty acids, peroxide value, conjugated dienes, vitamin A, E, color and flavor of cow and buffalo yoghurt samples were assessed for 20 days at the frequency of 10 days. Results All the three cooling patterns had a non-significant effect on compositional attributes of yoghurt. Buffalo milk yogurt had higher percentage of fat, protein and total solids than yoghurt prepared from cow milk (p < 0.05). At zero day, DPPH free radical scavenging activity of T2 and T3 was significantly higher than T1. This may be due to the longer exposure of T1 at relatively higher temperature than T2 and T3. Effect of storage period up to 10 days was non-significant in T2 and T3. Reducing power of cow and buffalo milk yoghurt was also significantly affected by the cooling patterns applied. Reducing power of T2 and T3 was considerably higher than T1 (p < 0.05). At zero-day, total antioxidant capacity of cow and buffalo milk yoghurt in T3 was 42.6 and 61.4%, respectively. At zero day, total antioxidant capacity of T2 and T3 was significantly higher than T1. Effect of storage on total antioxidant capacity of T2 and T3 remained non-significant till 10 days of storage. At zero day, the impact of cooling patterns on fatty acid profile of T1, T2 and T3 was non-significant, whereas, storage period had a marked impact on fatty acid profile. After 10 days, T1 was considerably different in fatty acids from T2 and T3. After 10 days of storage of cow milk yoghurt in T1, concentration of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 decreased by 0.1, 0.11, 0.09, 0.07, 0.21, 0.38, 0.28, 0.27, 0.44 and 0.06%, respectively. Cow milk yoghurt in T1 after 10 days of storage, concentration of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 decreased by 0.07, 0.15, 0.04, 0.17, 0.20, 0.34, 0.27, 0.36 and 0.04%, respectively. After 10 days of storage in T2 and T3, loss of fatty acids was 1.2 and 3.61% from C4:0 to C10:0, respectively. Milk type had no effect on peroxide value of yoghurt. Cooling of cow and buffalo yoghurt from 43 °C to 25 °C had a pronounced effect on peroxide value. At zero day, peroxide values of cow and buffalo yoghurt in T1 were 0.32 and 0.33 (MeqO2/kg). At zero day, peroxide value of cow and buffalo yoghurt in T2 were 0.24 and 0.26 (MeqO2/kg). At zero day, peroxide value cow and buffalo yoghurt in T3 were 0.23 and 0.25 (MeqO2/kg). Cooling patterns i.e. from 43 °C to 25, 18 and 5 °C (T1, T2 and T3) had a significant effect on the amount of vitamin A and E. Concentration of vitamin A and E in T1 were significantly less than T2 and T3. Cooling patterns had a significant effect on texture, T1 had a thick texture with higher viscosity as compared to T2 and T3. Thickness of yoghurt was in the order of T1 > T2 > T3 with no difference in color and flavor score till 10 days of storage. Conclusion Results of current investigation indicated that milk type and post fermentation cooling patterns had a pronounced effect on antioxidant characteristics, fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and textural characteristics of yoghurt. Buffalo milk based yoghurt had more fat, protein, higher antioxidant capacity and vitamin content. Antioxidant and sensory characteristics of T1 were optimum till 10 days of storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Taj Khan
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Anjum Khalique
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Menon K, Marquina C, Liew D, Mousa A, de Courten B. Histidine-containing dipeptides reduce central obesity and improve glycaemic outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12975. [PMID: 31828942 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with histidine-containing dipeptides has been shown to improve obesity and glycaemic outcomes in animal and human studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to examine these effects. Electronic databases were searched investigating the effects of histidine-containing dipeptides supplementation on anthropometric and glycaemic outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models to calculate the weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval. There were 30 studies for the systematic review and 23 studies pooled for meta-analysis. Histidine-containing dipeptide groups had a lower waist circumference (WMD [95% CI] = -3.53 cm [-5.65, -1.41], p = 0.001) and HbA1c level (WMD [95% CI] = -0.76% (8.5 mmol/mol) [-1.29% (14.3 mmol/mol), -0.24% (2.8 mmol/mol)], p = 0.004) at follow-up compared with controls. In sensitivity analyses of studies with low risk of bias, waist circumference, HbA1c, and fasting glucose levels (WMD [95% CI] = -0.63 mmol/L [-1.09, -0.18], p = 0.006) were significantly lower in intervention groups versus controls. There was also a trend toward lower fat mass (p = 0.09), insulin resistance (p = 0.07), and higher insulin secretion (p = 0.06) in intervention versus control groups. Supplementation with histidine-containing dipeptides may reduce central obesity and improve glycaemic outcomes. Further studies exploring histidine-containing dipeptide use in obesity and diabetes prevention and treatment are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Menon
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clara Marquina
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jargin SV. Scientific Papers and Patents on Substances with Unproven Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:37-45. [PMID: 30848224 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190307162041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is evident from reviewing scientific literature that the quality of argumentation in some areas of medical research has deteriorated during the last decades. Publication of a series of questionable reliability has continued without making references to the published criticism; examples are discussed in this review. Another tendency is that drugs without proven efficiency are advertised, corresponding products patented and marketed as evidence-based medications. Professional publications are required to register drugs and dietary supplements to obtain permissions for the practical use; and such papers appeared, sometimes being of questionable reliability. Several examples are discussed in this review when substances without proven effects were patented and introduced into practice being supported by publications of questionable reliability. Some of the topics are not entirely clear; and the arguments provided here can induce a constructive discussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Jargin
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Clementovski per 6-82, 115184 Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schmöhl F, Peters V, Schmitt CP, Poschet G, Büttner M, Li X, Weigand T, Poth T, Volk N, Morgenstern J, Fleming T, Nawroth PP, Kroll J. CNDP1 knockout in zebrafish alters the amino acid metabolism, restrains weight gain, but does not protect from diabetic complications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4551-4568. [PMID: 31073745 PMCID: PMC11105213 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gene CNDP1 was associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Its enzyme carnosinase 1 (CN1) primarily hydrolyzes the histidine-containing dipeptide carnosine but other organ and metabolic functions are mainly unknown. In our study we generated CNDP1 knockout zebrafish, which showed strongly decreased CN1 activity and increased intracellular carnosine levels. Vasculature and kidneys of CNDP1-/- zebrafish were not affected, except for a transient glomerular alteration. Amino acid profiling showed a decrease of certain amino acids in CNDP1-/- zebrafish, suggesting a specific function for CN1 in the amino acid metabolisms. Indeed, we identified a CN1 activity for Ala-His and Ser-His. Under diabetic conditions increased carnosine levels in CNDP1-/- embryos could not protect from respective organ alterations. Although, weight gain through overfeeding was restrained by CNDP1 loss. Together, zebrafish exhibits CN1 functions, while CNDP1 knockout alters the amino acid metabolism, attenuates weight gain but cannot protect organs from diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schmöhl
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Peters
- Center for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Center for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Büttner
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaogang Li
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tim Weigand
- Center for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Poth
- CMCP-Center for Model System and Comparative Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Volk
- Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Morgenstern
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, F02 Room 02.414-02.434, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pucciarini L, Gilardoni E, Ianni F, D'Amato A, Marrone V, Fumagalli L, Regazzoni L, Aldini G, Carini M, Sardella R. Development and validation of a HPLC method for the direct separation of carnosine enantiomers and analogues in dietary supplements. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1126-1127:121747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
33
|
Radio-selective effects of a natural occurring muscle-derived dipeptide in A549 and normal cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11513. [PMID: 31395939 PMCID: PMC6687720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) causes morbidity and long-term side effects. A challenge in RT is to maximize cancer cells killing while minimizing damage to normal tissue. The ideal radio-protector selectively improves survival and limits damage to normal tissues while reducing survival of cancer cells. Muscle-derived dipeptide, L-carnosine (CAR) is a potent antioxidant, with radio-protective, but also anticancer properties, affecting the cell cycle of cancer cells. We tested CAR effects in lung cancer cells, differentiated and undifferentiated normal cells. We hypothesized that CAR antioxidant properties will confer protection to the two normal cell lines against RT, while preventing lung cancer cell proliferation, and that CAR may act as a radiosensitizer of lung cancer cells due to its effects on cell-cycle progression of cancer cells. Under the experimental conditions reported here, we found that CAR increased radio-sensitivity of lung (A549) cancer cells by increasing the percentage of cells in G2/M (radiosensitive) phase of cell cycle, it negatively affected their bioenergetics, therefore reduced their viability, and DNA-double strand break repair capacity. CAR had either no effect or reduced RT-induced damage in normal cells, depending on the cell type. CAR is a versatile natural occurring compound, that could improve RT-induced lung cancer cells killing, while reducing the damage to normal differentiated and undifferentiated cells.
Collapse
|
34
|
Guo Y, Guo C, Ha W, Ding Z. Carnosine improves diabetic retinopathy via the MAPK/ERK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2641-2647. [PMID: 30930967 PMCID: PMC6425270 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common causes of blindness in developed countries. Due to its asymptomatic onset and progressive disease course, DR is typically diagnosed at a late stage when treatment options are limited and therefore often results in irreversible blindness. Studies have demonstrated that carnosine may prevent and treat DR. In a previous study, the positive effect of carnosine on DR was determined and it was revealed that there may be an association between carnosine and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. To assess the interaction between carnosine and the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, changes in PKC, ERK and p-ERK expression was assessed in diabetic rats following treatment with carnosine, PD98059 or U46619 via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The results demonstrated that the expression of ERK and p-ERK were significantly suppressed following treatment with carnosine, but no significant effect on the expression of PKC was identified, which indicates that suppressing the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway may serve an important role in carnosine-induced DR prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Chenjun Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gonçalves LDS, Franchi M, Mathor MB, Lugao AB, Carvalho VH, Medeiros MHG, Artioli GG, Varca GHC. The molecular structure of β-alanine is resistant to sterilising doses of gamma radiation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210713. [PMID: 30645623 PMCID: PMC6333371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β-alanine is the rate-limiting point for the endogenous synthesis of carnosine in skeletal muscle. Carnosine has a wide range of implications for health, normal function and exercise performance. Whilst the physiological relevance of carnosine to different tissues remains enigmatic, β-alanine administration is a useful strategy to investigate the physiological roles of carnosine in humans. Intravenous administration of β-alanine is an interesting approach to study carnosine metabolism. However, sterilisation is mandatory due to the nature of the administration route. We evaluated whether sterilising doses of gamma radiation damages the molecular structure and leads to the loss of functional characteristics of β-alanine. Pure β-alanine was sterilised by gamma radiation in sealed glass vials using a 60Co multipurpose irradiator at a dose rate of 8.5 kGy.hour-1 totalising 10, 20, 25 30 and 40 kGy. The molecular integrity was assessed by X-ray Diffraction and changes in content were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UV-HPLC) and Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (HPLC/MS-MS). Sterility assurance was evaluated by inoculation assay. To examine whether functional properties were preserved, β-alanine was infused in one participant, who rated the level of paraesthesia on the skin using a 0-3 scale. Urinary β-alanine was quantified before and 24-h following β-alanine infusion using HPLC-ESI+-MS/MS. Irradiation resulted in no change in the crystal structure of β-alanine, no degradation, and no new peaks were identified in the dose range assayed. The inoculation assay showed the absence of viable microorganisms in all β-alanine samples, including those that did not undergo irradiation. Intravenous infusion of β-alanine resulted in paraesthesia and it detected in the urine as per normal. We conclude that gamma radiation is a suitable technique for the sterilisation of β-alanine. It does not lead to degradation, damage to the β-alanine structure, content or loss of function within the evaluated irradiation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia de Souza Gonçalves
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Franchi
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Monica B. Mathor
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ademar B. Lugao
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Victor H. Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marisa H. G. Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gustavo H. C. Varca
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Carnosine Supplementation Improves Serum Resistin Concentrations in Overweight or Obese Otherwise Healthy Adults: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091258. [PMID: 30205427 PMCID: PMC6165206 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokines play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. We have previously shown that carnosine supplementation in overweight or obese non-diabetic individuals improves glucose metabolism but does not change adiponectin concentrations. However, its effect on other adipokines has not been investigated. Herein we further determined the effect of carnosine supplementation on serum adipsin, resistin and leptin. Twenty-two overweight or obese otherwise healthy adults were randomly assigned to receive either 2 g of carnosine (n = 13) or identically looking placebo (n = 9) for 12 weeks. Serum adipsin, leptin and resistin were analyzed using a bead-based multiplex assay. Carnosine supplementation decreased serum resistin concentrations compared to placebo (mean change from baseline: −35 ± 83 carnosine vs. 35 ± 55 ng/mL placebo, p = 0.04). There was a trend for a reduction in serum leptin concentrations after carnosine supplementation (−76 ± 165 ng/mL carnosine vs. 20 ± 28 ng/mL placebo, p = 0.06). The changes in leptin and resistin concentrations were inversely related to the change in concentration for urinary carnosine (r = −0.72, p = 0.0002; r = −0.67, p = 0.0009, respectively), carnosine-propanal (r = −0.56, p = 0.005; r = −0.63, p = 0.001, respectively) and carnosine-propanol (r = −0.61, p = 0.002; r = −0.60, p = 0.002, respectively). There were no differences between groups in change in adipsin concentrations. Our findings show carnosine supplementation may normalize some, but not all, of the serum adipokine concentrations involved in glucose metabolism, in overweight and obese individuals. Further clinical trials with larger samples are needed to confirm these results.
Collapse
|
37
|
Baye E, Ukropec J, de Courten MPJ, Kurdiova T, Krumpolec P, Fernández-Real JM, Aldini G, Ukropcova B, de Courten B. Carnosine supplementation reduces plasma soluble transferrin receptor in healthy overweight or obese individuals: a pilot randomised trial. Amino Acids 2018; 51:73-81. [PMID: 30136029 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of iron homeostasis have been linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Carnosine, an over-the-counter food supplement with chelating properties, has been shown to decrease serum iron and improve glucose metabolism in diabetic rodents. We have previously demonstrated that carnosine supplementation prevented worsening of glucose metabolism in healthy overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Yet, the impact of carnosine on markers of iron metabolism in humans has not been investigated. We aimed to determine whether carnosine supplementation has an effect on iron parameters in overweight and obese, otherwise healthy adults. We included 26 participants, who were randomly allocated to receive 1 g carnosine (n = 14) or identical placebo (n = 12) twice daily for 12 weeks. Iron parameters including iron, ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, total iron binding capacity and iron saturation were measured in serum or plasma by standard commercial assays. Carnosine supplementation decreased plasma soluble transferrin receptor compared to placebo (mean change difference ± standard error: - 0.07 ± 0.03 mg/l, p = 0.04). None of the other iron parameters were different between carnosine and placebo groups. At follow-up, soluble transferrin receptor was associated inversely with urinary carnosine concentrations and positively with serum carnosinase-1 activity (both p < 0.02). Our findings suggest that carnosine may modulate iron metabolism in high-risk groups which could ameliorate insulin resistance and prevent type 2 diabetes. Larger human clinical trials are required to confirm our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estifanos Baye
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maximilian P J de Courten
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timea Kurdiova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrick Krumpolec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Ukropcova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hamza RZ, Al-Juaid NS, Althubaiti EH. Antioxidant Effect of Carnosine on Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles (Al2O3-NPs)-induced Hepatotoxicity and Testicular Structure Alterations in Male Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.740.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
39
|
Tiwari N, Bhatia P, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Potential of carnosine, a histamine precursor in rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced vascular dementia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:516-531. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Tiwari
- CNS Research Lab.; Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Pankaj Bhatia
- CNS Research Lab.; Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Amit Kumar
- CNS Research Lab.; Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
- Pharmacology Division; Maharaja Agrasen School of Pharmacy; Maharaja Agrasen University; Baddi 174103 Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Amteshwar S. Jaggi
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; Punjabi University; Patiala 147002 Punjab India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Glycotoxins: Dietary and Metabolic Origins; Possible Amelioration of Neurotoxicity by Carnosine, with Special Reference to Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:164-172. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
41
|
Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Otagi E, Ohhara Y, Goda T, Kasezawa N, Kayashima Y. The Combined Effects of Genetic Variation in the CNDP1 and CNDP2 Genes and Dietary Carbohydrate and Carotene Intake on Obesity Risk. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2018; 10:146-154. [PMID: 29402779 DOI: 10.1159/000485798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS It is possible that carnosinase (CNDP1) and cellular nonspecific dipeptidase (CNDP2) have important roles in protecting cells and tissues against the damage of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation are key factors in the development of common chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity. We aimed to investigate the combined effects of genetic variations in CNDP1 and CNDP2 and dietary carbohydrate and carotene intake on obesity risk. METHODS A total of 1,059 Japanese men were randomly selected from participants who visited a medical center for routine medical checkups. We analyzed the relationships between the genotypes of 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12605520, rs7244647, rs4891558, and rs17089368) in the CNDP1/CNDP2 locus and body mass index or prevalence of obesity/overweight taking into account dietary carbohydrate and carotene intake. RESULTS We found that 2 SNPs (rs7244647 in CNDP1 and rs4891558 in CNDP2) were associated with obesity risk. In addition, these associations were observed only in the group with high carbohydrate and low carotene intake but not in the group with low carbohydrate and high carotene intake. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the combination of genetic variations in CNDP1 and CNDP2 and dietary carbohydrate/carotene intake modulate obesity risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamakawa-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Aydın AF, Küçükgergin C, Çoban J, Doğan-Ekici I, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M, Koçak-Toker N. Carnosine prevents testicular oxidative stress and advanced glycation end product formation in D-galactose-induced aged rats. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 29230838 DOI: 10.1111/and.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Galactose is shown to mimic natural ageing in rodents by exacerbating oxidative stress and glycation. Steroid production and having a poor antioxidant system make testis vulnerable to galactose-induced ageing. Antioxidation and antiglycating actions of carnosine may be intriguing for prevention of testicular ageing. In this study, male Wistar rats were applied D-galactose (300 mg/kg; subcutaneously 5 days a week) and carnosine (250 mg/kg; intraperitoneally 5 days a week) along with D-galactose for 2 months. D-Galactose treatment increased testicular reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, diene conjugates, protein carbonyls, advanced oxidation products of proteins and advanced glycation end products. Carnosine was capable of repelling oxidative stress and glycation produced by D-galactose. Johnsen's score, which describes histopathological evaluation, was also significantly improved with preserved spermatogenesis by carnosine. It appears that carnosine deters the testicular oxidative stress due to galactose-induced ageing directly by its antioxidative and antiglycating properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Aydın
- Department of Biochemistry, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - C Küçükgergin
- Department of Biochemistry, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - J Çoban
- Department of Biochemistry, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - I Doğan-Ekici
- Department of Medical Pathology, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - S Doğru-Abbasoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - M Uysal
- Department of Biochemistry, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - N Koçak-Toker
- Department of Biochemistry, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Baye E, Ukropec J, de Courten MP, Vallova S, Krumpolec P, Kurdiova T, Aldini G, Ukropcova B, de Courten B. Effect of carnosine supplementation on the plasma lipidome in overweight and obese adults: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17458. [PMID: 29234057 PMCID: PMC5727174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine has been shown to reduce oxidation and glycation of low density lipoprotein hence improving dyslipidaemia in rodents. The effect of carnosine on human plasma lipidome has thus far not been investigated. We aimed to determine whether carnosine supplementation improves the plasma lipidome in overweight and obese individuals. Lipid analysis was performed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in 24 overweight and obese adults: 13 were randomly assigned to 2 g carnosine daily and 11 to placebo, and treated for 12 weeks. Carnosine supplementation maintained trihexosylceramide (0.01 ± 0.19 vs -0.28 ± 0.34 nmol/ml, p = 0.04), phosphatidylcholine (77 ± 167 vs -81 ± 196 nmol/ml, p = 0.01) and free cholesterol (20 ± 80 vs -69 ± 80 nmol/ml, p = 0.006) levels compared to placebo. Trihexosylceramide was inversely related with fasting insulin (r = -0.6, p = 0.002), insulin resistance (r = -0.6, p = 0.003), insulin secretion (r = -0.4, p = 0.05) and serum carnosinase 1 activity (r = -0.3, p = 0.05). Both phosphatidylcholine and free cholesterol did not correlate with any cardiometabolic parameters. Our data suggest that carnosine may have beneficial effects on the plasma lipidome. Future larger clinical trials are needed to confirm this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estifanos Baye
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maximilian Pj de Courten
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Silvia Vallova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Krumpolec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Timea Kurdiova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Ukropcova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Aydın AF, Bingül İ, Küçükgergin C, Doğan-Ekici I, Doğru Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M. Carnosine decreased oxidation and glycation products in serum and liver of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:278-288. [PMID: 29205589 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats provide useful animal model for type II diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a role in the development of diabetic complications. Carnosine (CAR) has anti-oxidant and anti-glycating properties. We investigated the effects of CAR on oxidation and glycation products in HFD+STZ rats. Rats were fed with HFD (60% of total calories from fat) for 4 weeks, and then a single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg; i.p.) was applied. Rats with blood glucose levels above 200 mg/dl were fed with HFD until the end of the 12th week. CAR (250 mg/kg body weight; i.p.; five times a week) was administered to the rats for the last four weeks. CAR significantly decreased serum triglyceride (TG) (57.7%), cholesterol (35.6%) levels and hepatic marker enzyme activities of HFD+STZ rats. It significantly reduced serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) (23.7%), AGEs (13.4%) and advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP) (35.9%) and hepatic TG (59%), ROS (26%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (11.5%), protein carbonyl (PC) (19.2%) and AGE (20.2%) levels. Liver steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning were also significantly reduced. However, CAR treatment did not alter serum glucose and blood glycated haemoglobin and hepatic anti-oxidant enzyme activities/mRNA expressions in HFD+STZ rats. Our results indicate that CAR decreased accumulation of oxidation and glycation products, such as MDA, AGE, AOPP and PC in the serum and liver and ameliorated hepatic dysfunction in HFD+STZ rats. This effect may be related to its anti-oxidative, anti-glycating, and anti-lipogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - İlknur Bingül
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Küçükgergin
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Işın Doğan-Ekici
- Department of Pathology, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Doğru Abbasoğlu
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Müjdat Uysal
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shimura H, Tanaka R, Shimada Y, Yamashiro K, Hattori N, Urabe T. Glycyl-alanyl-histidine protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide toxicity. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 18:14. [PMID: 29166856 PMCID: PMC5700669 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-017-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Peptides with cytoprotective functions, including antioxidants and anti-infectives, could be useful therapeutics. Carnosine, β-alanine-histidine, is a dipeptide with anti-oxidant properties. Tripeptides of Ala-His-Lys, Pro-His-His, or Tyr-His-Tyr are also of interest in this respect. Results We synthesized several histidine-containing peptides including glycine or alanine, and tested their cytoprotective effects on hydrogen peroxide toxicity for PC12 cells. Of all these peptides (Gly-His-His, Ala-His-His, Ala-His-Ala, Ala-Ala-His, Ala-Gly-His, Gly-Ala-His (GAH), Ala-His-Gly, His-Ala-Gly, His-His-His, Gly-His-Ala, and Gly-Gly-His), GAH was found to have the strongest cytoprotective activity. GAH decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, apoptosis, morphological changes, and nuclear membrane permeability changes against hydrogen peroxide toxicity in PC12 cells. The cytoprotective activity of GAH was superior to that of carnosine against hydrogen peroxide toxicity in PC12 cells. GAH also protected PC12 cells against damage caused by actinomycin D and staurosporine. Additionally, it was found that GAH also protected SH-SY5Y and Jurkat cells from damage caused by hydrogen peroxide, as assessed by LDH leakage. Conclusion Thus, a novel tripeptide, GAH, has been identified as having broad cytoprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Shimura
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan. .,Institute for Environment and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shimada
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamashiro
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Baye E, Menon K, de Courten MPJ, Earnest A, Cameron J, de Courten B. Does supplementation with carnosine improve cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes? study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017691. [PMID: 28864708 PMCID: PMC5588946 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carnosine, an over-the-counter food supplement, has a promising potential for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases through its anti-inflammatory, antiglycation, antioxidative and chelating effects. We have previously shown that supplementation with carnosine preserves insulin sensitivity and secretion in non-diabetic overweight and obese individuals. The effect of carnosine on cardiometabolic risk and related cognitive outcomes in patients with pre-diabetes and T2DM has thus far not been studied. We therefore aim to investigate whether supplementation with carnosine improves cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in patients with pre-diabetes and T2DM. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will employ a parallel design randomised controlled trial. Fifty participants with pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance) and T2DM (with HbA1c level < 8%) aged between 18 to 70 years will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. At baseline, participants will undergo a medical review and series of tests including anthropometric measurements (body mass index, a dual X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography scan), an oral glucose tolerance test, cardiovascular measurements (central blood pressure, endothelial function and arterial stiffness), cognitive function, physical activity measurement, heart rate variability and liver fibroscan as well as questionnaires to assess dietary habits, sleep quality, depression and quality of life. The intervention group will receive 2 g of carnosine daily in two divided doses while the control group will receive identical placebo capsules for 14 weeks. All baseline measurements will be repeated at the end of the intervention. The change in glycaemic, cardiovascular and cognitive parameters as well as other measures will be compared between the groups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Monash Health and Monash University, Australia. The findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02917928; Pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estifanos Baye
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirthi Menon
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maximilian PJ de Courten
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arul Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Cameron
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bingül İ, Yılmaz Z, Aydın AF, Çoban J, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M. Antiglycation and anti-oxidant efficiency of carnosine in the plasma and liver of aged rats. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17:2610-2614. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Bingül
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Zülbiye Yılmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - A. Fatih Aydın
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Jale Çoban
- Department of Biochemistry; Yeditepe University Medical Faculty; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Semra Doğru-Abbasoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Müjdat Uysal
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Deng J, Zhong YF, Wu YP, Luo Z, Sun YM, Wang GE, Kurihara H, Li YF, He RR. Carnosine attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced bone marrow suppression by reducing oxidative DNA damage. Redox Biol 2017; 14:1-6. [PMID: 28826042 PMCID: PMC5565745 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage in bone marrow cells is the main side effect of chemotherapy drugs including cyclophosphamide (CTX). However, not all antioxidants are effective in inhibiting oxidative DNA damage. In this study, we report the beneficial effect of carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine), a special antioxidant with acrolein-sequestering ability, on CTX-induced bone marrow cell suppression. Our results show that carnosine treatment (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), and decreased chromosomal abnormalities in the bone marrow cells of mice treated with CTX (20 mg/kg, i.v., 24 h). Furthermore, carnosine evidently mitigated CTX-induced G2/M arrest in murine bone marrow cells, accompanied by reduced ratios of p-Chk1/Chk1 and p-p53/p53 as well as decreased p21 expression. In addition, cell apoptosis caused by CTX was also suppressed by carnosine treatment, as assessed by decreased TUNEL-positive cell counts, down-regulated expressions of Bax and Cyt c, and reduced ratios of cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3. These results together suggest that carnosine can protect murine bone marrow cells from CTX-induced DNA damage via its antioxidant activity. Bone marrow cells suppression induced by CTX is associated with the increasement of ROS and oxidative DNA damage. Carnosine attenuates CTX-elevated oxidative DNA damage and bone marrow cells suppression. Favorable prospects of clinical applications for carnosine in combination with CTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhong
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Zhuo Luo
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Guo-En Wang
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Citta A, Folda A, Scalcon V, Scutari G, Bindoli A, Bellamio M, Feller E, Rigobello MP. Oxidative changes in lipids, proteins, and antioxidants in yogurt during the shelf life. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:1079-1087. [PMID: 29188035 PMCID: PMC5694872 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation processes in milk and yogurt during the shelf life can result in an alteration of protein and lipid constituents. Therefore, the antioxidant properties of yogurt in standard conditions of preservation were evaluated. Total phenols, free radical scavenger activity, degree of lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation were determined in plain and skim yogurts with or without fruit puree. After production, plain, skim, plain berries, and skim berries yogurts were compared during the shelf life up to 9 weeks. All types of yogurts revealed a basal antioxidant activity that was higher when a fruit puree was present but gradually decreased during the shelf life. However, after 5–8 weeks, antioxidant activity increased again. Both in plain and berries yogurts lipid peroxidation increased until the seventh week of shelf life and after decreased, whereas protein oxidation of all yogurts was similar either in the absence or presence of berries and increased during shelf life. During the shelf life, a different behavior between lipid and protein oxidation takes place and the presence of berries determines a protection only against lipid peroxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Citta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Alessandra Folda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Valeria Scalcon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Guido Scutari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yılmaz Z, Kalaz EB, Aydın AF, Soluk-Tekkeşin M, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M, Koçak-Toker N. The effect of carnosine on methylglyoxal-induced oxidative stress in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:192-198. [PMID: 28276708 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1296468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is generated from glycolytic metabolites, lipid peroxidation, glucose autooxidation and protein glycation. It is a prooxidant inducing oxidative stress and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). Effect of carnosine (CAR) as an antioxidant on toxicity due to MG has generated interest. In this study, rats were given incrementally increased doses (100-300 mg/kg) of MG in drinking water for ten weeks. CAR (250 mg/kg i.p.) was administered with MG. Plasma thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PC), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and AGE levels were elevated by MG, and CAR decreased PC, AOPP and AGE levels. MG increased liver reactive oxygen species (ROS), TBARS, PC and AOPP levels, which were decreased by CAR. Thus, in vivo role of CAR on chronic MG administration was observed to suppress the generated hepatic and plasma oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zülbiye Yılmaz
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey , and
| | - Esra Betül Kalaz
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey , and
| | - A Fatih Aydın
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey , and
| | - Merva Soluk-Tekkeşin
- b Department of Pathology, Oncology Institute , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Semra Doğru-Abbasoğlu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey , and
| | - Müjdat Uysal
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey , and
| | - Necla Koçak-Toker
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey , and
| |
Collapse
|