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Soh BXP, Smith NW, von Hurst PR, McNabb WC. Achieving High Protein Quality Is a Challenge in Vegan Diets: A Narrative Review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae176. [PMID: 39661760 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition toward plant-based (PB) diets has gained attention as a plausible step toward achieving sustainable and healthy dietary goals. However, the complete elimination of all animal-sourced foods from the diet (ie, a vegan diet) may have nutritional ramifications that warrant close examination. Two such concerns are the adequacy and bioavailability of amino acids (AAs) from plant-sourced foods and the consequences for older vegan populations who have elevated AA requirements. This narrative review describes the challenges of achieving high protein quality from vegan diets. Data were synthesized from peer-reviewed research articles and reviews. Plant-sourced proteins provide poorer distribution of indispensable AAs (IAAs) and have poorer digestibility, partly due to their inherent structural components within the food matrix. The review addresses complexities of combinations of varied plant protein sources and why the inclusion of novel PB alternatives adds uncertainty to the achievement of adequate protein adequacy. Meal distribution patterns of protein and the ensuing physiological impacts deserve further research and are outlined in this review. Particular attention is given to describing the challenges of achieving sufficient protein and IAA intakes by aging populations who choose to follow a vegan diet. This review contributes to the emerging discussions of nutritional risks associated with vegan diets and adds perspective to the current dietary shifts toward PB diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Xue Patricia Soh
- Sustainable Nutrition Initiative, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Smith
- Sustainable Nutrition Initiative, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Pamela R von Hurst
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Sustainable Nutrition Initiative, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
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Furtado CDC, Jamar G, Barbosa ACB, Dourado VZ, Nascimento JRD, Oliveira GCAFD, Hi EMB, Souza TDA, Parada MJG, Souza FGD, Juzwiak CR, Lombardi I. Whey Protein Supplementation in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing a Resistance Training Program: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Aging Phys Act 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39214521 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the effect of whey protein (WP) supplementation on glycemic control, muscle strength, quality of life, and body composition in older adults with non-insulin-dependent diabetes undergoing a resistance training program. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was carried out with older adults with Type 2 diabetes. Body composition, food intake, muscle strength, glycemic profile, markers of renal function, cardiopulmonary capacity, and quality of life were evaluated. Older adults were randomized into a supplementation group with 33 g of WP consumed twice a week on days of resistance training for 12 weeks supplemented group and a placebo group. RESULTS In total, 39 older adults were randomized into two groups, 19 in the supplement group and 20 in the placebo group. Both groups showed improvement in muscle strength, with the WP group failing to exceed that of the control group. WP supplementation slightly increased blood urea compared with the placebo group (p = .05), but values remained within normal limits. The group that used WP showed a small improvement in mental health, according to the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire, but without clinically important improvements. CONCLUSION Both groups showed improvements in muscle strength and mass, regardless of supplementation, showing that resistance exercises performed twice a week can contribute to the nonprogression of sarcopenia in older adults with Type 2 diabetes. More studies are needed to determine the safe and effective amount of supplementation to improve muscle strength without renal impairment in older adults with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine de Carvalho Furtado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Jamar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alan Carlos Brisola Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Zuniga Dourado
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edgar Matias Bach Hi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santos, Lusíada University Center, Santos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago de Arruda Souza
- Federal University of São Paulo-Hospital Universitário, Lusíada University Centre, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Claudia Ridel Juzwiak
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Império Lombardi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
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He W, Connolly ED, Cross HR, Wu G. Dietary protein and amino acid intakes for mitigating sarcopenia in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38803274 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2348549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Adult humans generally experience a 0.5-1%/year loss in whole-body skeletal muscle mass and a reduction of muscle strength by 1.5-5%/year beginning at the age of 50 years. This results in sarcopenia (aging-related progressive losses of skeletal muscle mass and strength) that affects 10-16% of adults aged ≥ 60 years worldwide. Concentrations of some amino acids (AAs) such as branched-chain AAs, arginine, glutamine, glycine, and serine are reduced in the plasma of older than young adults likely due to insufficient protein intake, reduced protein digestibility, and increased AA catabolism by the portal-drained viscera. Acute, short-term, or long-term administration of some of these AAs or a mixture of proteinogenic AAs can enhance blood flow to skeletal muscle, activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin cell signaling pathway for the initiation of muscle protein synthesis, and modulate the metabolic activity of the muscle. In addition, some AA metabolites such as taurine, β-alanine, carnosine, and creatine have similar physiological effects on improving muscle mass and function in older adults. Long-term adequate intakes of protein and the AA metabolites can aid in mitigating sarcopenia in elderly adults. Appropriate combinations of animal- and plant-sourced foods are most desirable to maintain proper dietary AA balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin D Connolly
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - H Russell Cross
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Merchant RA, Chan YH, Anbarasan D, Seetharaman S, Au L, Nachammai V, Lai A, Ho V, Wong BLL, Pang E, Bhaskaran K. Impact of exercise and leucine-enriched protein supplementation on physical function, body composition, and inflammation in pre-frail older adults: a quasi-experimental study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1204198. [PMID: 37644985 PMCID: PMC10461448 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1204198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise and a protein-enriched diet are essential for muscle protein synthesis, cellular growth, mitochondrial function, and immune function. The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board's current guideline on recommended dietary allowance for protein in older adults is 0.8 g/kg per day, which may not be sufficient in vulnerable pre-frail older adults. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the impact of leucine-enriched protein supplementation with or without exercise over 3 months in pre-frail older adults who consumed ≤1 g/kg/day of protein on improving (i) physical function, (ii) body composition measures, and (iii) inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Methods A non-randomized cluster quasi-experimental study guided by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist of 178 pre-frail older adults [112 control, 44 nutrition (Nu), and 22 in the nutrition with exercise (Nu+Ex) group] comparing the effect of Nu+Ex and Nu on physical function, body composition, and inflammation. At 0, 3, and 6 months, questionnaires on demographics, depression, perceived health, and cognition were administered. Physical function assessment (short physical performance battery [SPPB] test, gait speed, handgrip strength, 5× sit-to-stand [STS]) was conducted, and body composition analysis was performed using a bioelectrical impedance analysis machine. IL-6 and TNF-α were measured at 0 and 3 months. Results At 3 months, there were significant improvements in gait speed, 5× STS, SPPB scores, depression, perceived health, fat-free mass, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass indices in the Nu+Ex group. Both Nu+Ex and Nu groups had improvements in body cell mass and reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α. The improvements were not sustained after 6 months. Conclusion Our study results need to be validated in future longitudinal randomized studies with a larger sample size focusing on populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Aziz Merchant
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Santhosh Seetharaman
- Healthy Ageing Programme, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lydia Au
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vidhya Nachammai
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexa Lai
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanda Ho
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beatrix Ling Ling Wong
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice Pang
- Health Promotion Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kalpana Bhaskaran
- Glycemic Index Research Unit, School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
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Campbell WW, Deutz NEP, Volpi E, Apovian CM. Nutritional Interventions: Dietary Protein Needs and Influences on Skeletal Muscle of Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:67-72. [PMID: 37325954 PMCID: PMC10272976 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This narrative review describes foundational and emerging evidence of how dietary protein intakes may influence muscle-related attributes of older adults. METHODS PubMed was used to identify pertinent research. RESULTS Among medically stable older adults, protein intakes below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) (0.8 g/kg body weight [BW]/d) exacerbate age-related reductions in muscle size, quality, and function. Dietary patterns with total protein intakes at or moderately above the RDA, including one or preferably more meals containing sufficient dietary protein to maximize protein anabolism, promote muscle size and function. Some observational studies suggest protein intakes from 1.0 to 1.6 g/kg BW/d may promote greater muscle strength and function more so than muscle size. Experimental findings from randomized controlled feeding trials indicate protein intakes greater than the RDA (averaging ~1.3 g/kg BW/d) do not influence indices of lean body mass or muscle and physical functions with non-stressed conditions, but positively influence changes in lean body mass with purposeful catabolic (energy restriction) or anabolic (resistance exercise training) stressors. Among older adults with diagnosed medical conditions or acute illness, specialized protein or amino acid supplements that stimulate muscle protein synthesis and improve protein nutritional status may attenuate the loss of muscle mass and function and improve survival of malnourished patients. Observational studies favor animal versus plant protein sources for sarcopenia-related parameters. CONCLUSIONS Quantity, quality, and patterning of dietary protein consumed by older adults with varied metabolic states, and hormonal and health status influence the nutritional needs and therapeutic use of protein to support muscle size and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Caroline M Apovian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Song Z, Pan T, Tong X, Yang Y, Zhang Z. The effects of nutritional supplementation on older sarcopenic individuals who engage in resistance training: a meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1109789. [PMID: 37181154 PMCID: PMC10167299 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Sarcopenia is a typical age-related disorder characterized by loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical function. Resistance training has a noticeable effect on sarcopenia, but there is no consensus on whether nutritional supplements can boost this effect. We conducted a meta-analysis of relevant literature to investigate the therapeutic effect of resistance training combined with nutrition intervention on sarcopenia compared with resistance training alone. Methods Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Sinomed, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Data were searched for relevant studies on resistance training combined with nutritional intervention for aging adults with sarcopenia. The retrieval period ranged from the inception of the databases to May 24, 2022. Literature screening and information extraction were performed by two researchers. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was adopted for literature quality evaluation and Stata 15.0 software for analysis. Results Twelve clinical trials were included, involving 713 older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia, of whom 361 were assigned to the experimental group and 352 to the control group. Compared with the control group, grip strength of the experimental group was substantially elevated [WMD = 1.87, 95% CI (0.01, 3.74), P = 0.049]. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that vitamin D and protein increased grip strength and gait speed. There were no significant improvement in grip strength and gait speed in the protein and vitamin D free subgroup. Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrated that resistance training combined with additional nutritional supplementation, especially compound nutritional supplements that included protein and vitamin D, might further enhance grip strength rather than muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022346734.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingting Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
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Grant WB, Al Anouti F, Boucher BJ, Fakhoury HMA, Moukayed M, Pilz S, Al-Daghri NM. Evidence That Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations to 30 ng/mL in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates Could Greatly Improve Health Outcomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:994. [PMID: 37189612 PMCID: PMC10136066 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the potential protective effects of vitamin D against chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease (ischaemic heart disease and stroke), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and infectious diseases such as acute respiratory tract diseases, COVID-19, influenza, and pneumonia, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes. The respective evidence is based on ecological and observational studies, randomized controlled trials, mechanistic studies, and Mendelian randomization studies. However, randomized controlled trials on vitamin D supplementation have largely failed to show benefits, probably due to poor design and analysis. In this work, we aim to use the best available evidence on the potential beneficial effects of vitamin D to estimate the expected reduction in incidence and mortality rates of vitamin D-related diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates if minimum serum 25(OH)D concentrations were to be raised to 30 ng/mL. Estimated reductions by 25% for myocardial infarction incidence, 35% for stroke incidence, 20 to 35% for cardiovascular disease mortality, and 35% for cancer mortality rates depicted a promising potential for raising serum 25(OH)D. Methods to increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations at the population level could include food fortification with vitamin D3, vitamin D supplementation, improved dietary vitamin D intake, and sensible sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
| | - Fatme Al Anouti
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - Barbara J. Boucher
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E12AT, UK
| | - Hana M. A. Fakhoury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meis Moukayed
- School of Arts and Sciences, American University in Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 28282, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan Pilz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Carcelén-Fraile MDC, Lorenzo-Nocino MF, Afanador-Restrepo DF, Rodríguez-López C, Aibar-Almazán A, Hita-Contreras F, Achalandabaso-Ochoa A, Castellote-Caballero Y. Effects of different intervention combined with resistance training on musculoskeletal health in older male adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1037464. [PMID: 36684863 PMCID: PMC9853907 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1037464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Nowadays, there is a significant increase in the elderly population in many countries around the world, and sarcopenia is one of the most common consequences of this with resistance training being one of the best treatments. Hence, this systematic review was conducted to determine what are the effects of different combinations of resistance training-based interventions on the musculoskeletal health of older male adults with sarcopenia. Methods This systematic review was performed following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The search was performed between February and August 2022 in three electronic databases: Pubmed (MEDLINE), Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus employing different keywords combined with Boolean operators. Only 13 articles were included out of the initial 1,019. Results The articles studied the effects of resistance training combined with other interventions, 6 articles combined it with protein and vitamin supplementation, 4 with protein supplements only, while 3 combined it with aerobic training, finding beneficial results mainly on strength, functionality, and body composition. Conclusion Resistance Training combined with Aerobic Training or nutritional supplements has better effects than Resistance Training alone in older male adults with sarcopenia. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier: CRD42022354184.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Fernando Afanador-Restrepo
- ZIPATEFI Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, University Foundation of the Área Andina, Pereira, Colombia
- GIP Pedagogy Research Group, Faculty of Distance and Virtual Education, Antonio José Camacho University Institution, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-López
- Clinical Director at Sinapse Neurology, CEO Mbody Research and Formation Group, University Schools Gimbernat, Attached to the University of Cantabria, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Fidel Hita-Contreras
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Xi Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Chen X, Liu X, Grune T, Shi L, Hou M, Liu Z. Effects of methionine intake on cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment patients and APP/PS1 Alzheimer's Disease model mice: Role of the cystathionine-β-synthase/H 2S pathway. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102595. [PMID: 36608589 PMCID: PMC9813720 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a dietary intervention, methionine restriction (MR) has been reported to increase longevity and improve metabolism disorders. However, the effects of MR on alleviating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are largely unexplored. Here we sought to investigate the neuroprotective effects of low methionine intake in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and APP/PS1 AD model mice, and to uncover the underlying mechanisms. In a cohort composed of 45 individuals diagnosed with MCI and 61 healthy controls without cognitive impairment, methionine intake was found to be positively associated with the increased risk of MCI, where no sex differences were observed. We further conducted a 16-week MR intervention (0.17% methionine, w/w) on APP/PS1 AD model mice. Although MR reduced Aβ accumulation in the brain of both male and female APP/PS1 mice, MR improved cognitive function only in male mice, as assessed by the Morris water maze test. Consistently, MR restored synapse ultrastructure and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain of male APP/PS1 mice. Importantly, MR effectively balanced the redox status and activated cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)/H2S pathway in the brain of male APP/PS1 mice. Together, our study indicated that lower dietary methionine intake is associated with improved cognitive function, in which CBS/H2S pathway plays an essential role. MR could be a promising nutritional intervention for preventing AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Xi
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, 710119, China.
| | - Min Hou
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
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Park S. Association between polygenetic risk scores related to sarcopenia risk and their interactions with regular exercise in a large cohort of Korean adults. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5355-5364. [PMID: 34560606 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sarcopenia elevates metabolic disorders in the elderly, and genetic and environmental factors influence the risk of sarcopenia. The purpose of the study was to examine the hypothesis that polygenetic variants for sarcopenic risk had interactions with metabolic disorders and lifestyles associated with sarcopenia risk in adults >50 years in a large urban hospital cohort. METHODS Sarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight (SMI) < 29.0% for men and <22.8% for women estimated from participants aged 18-39 years in the KNHANES 2009-2010. Genetic variants were selected using a genome-wide association study for sarcopenia (sarcopenia, n = 1368; control, n = 15,472). The best model showing the gene-gene interactions was selected using a generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. The polygenic risk scores (PRS) were generated by summing the selected SNP risk alleles in the best model. RESULTS SMI was much higher in the control subjects than the sarcopenia subjects in both genders, and the fat mass index was opposite the SMI. The five-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) model included FADS2_rs97384, MYO10_rs31574 KCNQ5_rs6453647, DOCK5_rs11135857, and LRP1B_ rs74659977. Sarcopenia risk was positively associated with the PRS of the five-SNP model (ORs = 1.977, 95% CI = 1.634-2.393). The PRS interacted with age (P < 0.0001), metabolic syndrome (P = 0.01), grip strength (P = 0.007), and serum total cholesterol concentrations (P = 0.005) for the sarcopenia risk. There were no interactions of PRS with the lifestyle components except for exercise. CONCLUSION The genetic impact may be offset in the elderly, having metabolic syndrome, high serum total cholesterol concentrations, and high grip strength, but only exercise in the lifestyle factors can overcome the genetic effect. Middle-aged and elderly participants with a genetic risk for sarcopenia may require regular exercise to maintain high grip strength and prevent metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea.
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Monteyne AJ, Dunlop MV, Machin DJ, Coelho MOC, Pavis GF, Porter C, Murton AJ, Abdelrahman DR, Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Wall BT. A mycoprotein-based high-protein vegan diet supports equivalent daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates compared with an isonitrogenous omnivorous diet in older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:674-684. [PMID: 33172506 PMCID: PMC8110608 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal-derived dietary protein ingestion and physical activity stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in older adults. We determined whether a non-animal-derived diet can support daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates to the same extent as an omnivorous diet. Nineteen healthy older adults (aged 66 (sem 1) years; BMI 24 (sem 1) kg/m2; twelve males, seven females) participated in a randomised, parallel-group, controlled trial during which they consumed a 3-d isoenergetic high-protein (1·8 g/kg body mass per d) diet, where the protein was provided from predominantly (71 %) animal (OMNI; n 9; six males, three females) or exclusively vegan (VEG; n 10; six males, four females; mycoprotein providing 57 % of daily protein intake) sources. During the dietary control period, participants conducted a daily bout of unilateral resistance-type leg extension exercise. Before the dietary control period, participants ingested 400 ml of deuterated water, with 50-ml doses consumed daily thereafter. Saliva samples were collected throughout to determine body water 2H enrichments, and muscle samples were collected from rested and exercised muscle to determine daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Deuterated water dosing resulted in body water 2H enrichments of approximately 0·78 (sem 0·03) %. Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 13 (sem 8) (P = 0·169) and 12 (sem 4) % (P = 0·016) greater in the exercised compared with rested leg (1·59 (sem 0·12) v. 1·77 (sem 0·12) and 1·76 (sem 0·14) v. 1·93 (sem 0·12) %/d) in OMNI and VEG groups, respectively. Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between OMNI and VEG in either rested or exercised muscle (P > 0·05). Over the course of a 3-d intervention, omnivorous- or vegan-derived dietary protein sources can support equivalent rested and exercised daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy older adults consuming a high-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - David J Machin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Mariana OC Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - George F Pavis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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12
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Ma Z, Zhang F, Ma H, Chen X, Yang J, Yang Y, Yang X, Tian X, Yu Q, Ma Z, Zhou X. Effects of different types and doses of whey protein on the physiological and intestinal flora in D-galactose induced aging mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248329. [PMID: 33857162 PMCID: PMC8049228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The elderly usually suffer from many diseases. Improving the quality of life of the elderly is an urgent social issue. In this present study, D-galactose treated aging mice models were used to reveal the effects of different animal sources and different doses of whey protein (WP) on the immune indexes organs and intestinal flora. A total of 9 groups were set up, including normal control (NC), negative control (NS), positive control (Vc), low-, medium- and high-doses of cow WP intervention groups (CL, CM and CH for short, correspondingly) and low-, medium- and high-doses of goat WP intervention groups (GL, GM and GH for short, correspondingly). The body weight gain, thymus/body weight ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, spleen immunoglobulins G (IgG), spleen interleukin-2 (IL-2) and spleen interleukin-2 (IL-6) were measured. Then, the intestinal contents were collected, and 16s genes of intestinal bacteria were sequenced to reveal the changes in bacterial flora structure. WP intervention significantly increased the weight gain, thymus/body ratio and SOD activity, but decrease the content of MDA. WP intervention increased some immune indicators. All the WP treated aging mice showed similar values of physiological indexes to that of the Vc group, even better. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Stenotrophomonas was increased and decreased, respectively, by both cow and goat WP. Lactobacillus may be involved in regulating the functional repair of organisms. In contrast, Stenotrophomonas might play a negative role in the immune and antioxidant capacity of the body. Combining physiological indicators and intestinal flora structure, low-concentration WP for cow and goat might be optimal for aging models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuolin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fumei Zhang
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, Gansu, China
- Department of Medicine, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongxin Ma
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinghao Chen
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiaqing Yang
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yiyan Yang
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xueying Yang
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qunli Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- China-Malaysia National Joint lab, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gannan Research Institute of Yak Milk, Hezuo, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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13
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Kemmler W, Shojaa M, Steele J, Berger J, Fröhlich M, Schoene D, von Stengel S, Kleinöder H, Kohl M. Efficacy of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Non-athletic Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640657. [PMID: 33716787 PMCID: PMC7952886 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis set out to determine the efficacy on whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on body composition and strength parameters in non-athletic cohorts. A systematic review of the literature according to the PRISMA statement included (a) controlled trials, (b) WB-EMS trials with at least one exercise and one control group, (c) WB-EMS as primary physical intervention, (d) WB-EMS with at least six electrodes covering most muscle groups, (e) non-athletic cohorts. We searched eight electronic databases up to June 30, 2020, without language restrictions. Standardized mean differences (SMD) for muscle mass parameters, total body fat mass, maximum leg extension, and trunk extension strength were defined as outcome measures. In summary, 16 studies with 19 individual WB-EMS groups representing 897 participants were included. Studies vary considerably with respect to age, BMI, and physical conditions. Impulse protocols of the studies were roughly comparable, but training frequency (1-5 sessions/week) and intervention length (6-54 weeks) differed between the studies. SMD average was 1.23 (95%-CI: 0.71-1.76) for muscle mass, 0.98 (0.74-1.22) for maximum leg, and 1.08 (0.78-1.39) for maximum trunk extension strength changes (all p < 0.001). SMD for body fat changes (-0.40, [-0.98 to 0.17]), however, did not reach significance. I 2 and Q-statistics revealed substantial heterogeneity of muscle and fat mass changes between the trials. However, rank and regression tests did not indicate positive evidence for small-study bias and funnel plot asymmetries. This work provided further evidence for significant, large-sized effects of WB-EMS on muscle mass and strength parameters, but not on body fat mass. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, PROSPERO; ID: CRD42020183059.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mahdieh Shojaa
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - James Steele
- Ukactive Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Berger
- Department of Sports Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslauter, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Fröhlich
- Department of Sports Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslauter, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
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Kobayashi H, Nakamura S, Sato Y, Kobayashi T, Miyamoto K, Oya A, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Kanaji A, Miyamoto T. ALDH2 mutation promotes skeletal muscle atrophy in mice via accumulation of oxidative stress. Bone 2021; 142:115739. [PMID: 33188956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is promoted by various factors including aging, immobilization, unloading and use of drugs such as steroids. However, genetic risk factors for muscle atrophy are less well known. Here, we show that a missense SNP in the ALDH2 gene, rs671 (ALDH2*2), a dominant negative mutation, promotes significant muscle atrophy in the ALDH2*2 mouse model, accompanied by decreased expression of anabolic and catabolic muscle factors and acquisition of a low turnover state. We also demonstrate that expression of LC3, which is require for auto-phagosome formation during autophagy, increases in ALDH2*2 mouse muscles. We show that 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), a peroxidated lipid-protein and oxidant, accumulates in ALDH2*2 mouse muscles. We have shown that the rs671 mutation is associated with increased serum levels of acetaldehyde, an alcohol metabolite. We show that expression of the atrogenes Atrogin1 and MuRF1 significantly increased in myogenic cells following acetaldehyde treatment, an outcome significantly inhibited in vitro by Trolox C, an anti-oxidant. Muscle atrophy in ALDH2*2 mice was also significantly rescued by dietary administration of the anti-oxidant vitamin E, which blocked 4HNE accumulation in muscle. Taken together, our data indicate that rs671 is a genetic risk factor for muscle atrophy, but that such atrophy can be rescued by vitamin E treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuiko Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Advanced Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders II, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Musculoskeletal Reconstruction and Regeneration Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tami Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Musculoskeletal Reconstruction and Regeneration Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kana Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akihito Oya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Arihiko Kanaji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Advanced Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders II, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Musculoskeletal Reconstruction and Regeneration Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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15
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Li C, Kang B, Zhang T, Gu H, Song P, Chen J, Wang X, Xu B, Zhao W, Zhang J. Dietary Pattern and Dietary Energy from Fat Associated with Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Chinese People: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Regions of China. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3689. [PMID: 33265923 PMCID: PMC7760936 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between dietary patterns (DPs) and sarcopenia remain controversial, and fewer studies have mentioned the relationship between dietary energy composition and sarcopenia. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in three regions of China, to detect the associations between DPs and sarcopenia, and to identify the influencing nutrients. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for DP identification. Logistic regressions were performed to explore the associations between DPs and sarcopenia. Dietary nutrients and dietary energy composition were calculated and compared among different DPs. Three DPs were identified from 861 community-dwelling older people. The "mushrooms-fruits-milk" pattern was negatively associated with sarcopenia (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.14~0.77, p-trend = 0.009). Subjects in the highest quartile of the "mushrooms-fruits-milk" pattern showed more abundant intake (1.7 g/kg/d) of dietary protein, and lower percentage (31%) of energy from fat (PEF) than the other two DPs. Further analyses indicated that lower PEF (<30%) was negatively associated with sarcopenia. In conclusion, the "mushrooms-fruits-milk" pattern was negatively associated with sarcopenia in community-dwelling older Chinese people. This pattern showed abundant protein intake and low PEF, which may partially contribute to its protective effect on sarcopenia. Therefore, besides protein, dietary fat and PEF may also be considered in the prevention and management of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Bingxian Kang
- Wuyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 105 Shiji Road, Wuyuan 015100, China; (B.K.); (X.W.)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Yuexiu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 Jiaochang West Road, Guangzhou 510030, China; (T.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Hongru Gu
- Taicang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 36 Xianfu West Street, Taicang 215400, China;
| | - Pengkun Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jingyi Chen
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xile Wang
- Wuyuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 105 Shiji Road, Wuyuan 015100, China; (B.K.); (X.W.)
| | - Bin Xu
- Yuexiu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 Jiaochang West Road, Guangzhou 510030, China; (T.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (C.L.); (P.S.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
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16
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Cardiac and Metabolic Impact of Functional Foods with Antioxidant Properties Based on Whey Derived Proteins Enriched with Hemp Seed Oil. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111066. [PMID: 33143213 PMCID: PMC7692817 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impaired ability to feed properly, evident in oncologic, elderly, and dysphagic patients, may result in malnutrition and sarcopenia. Increasing the consumption of dietary proteins by functional foods and enriching their composition by adding beneficial nutrients may represent an adjuvant therapy. We aimed to evaluate the safety and the positive effects of a standard diet (SD) supplemented with whey-derived protein puddings (WDPP), with appropriate rheological properties, and hemp seed oil (HSO), rich in polyphenols. Rats were assigned to SD, WDPP, WDPP plus hemp seed oil (HSOP), and HSO supplemented diets for eight weeks. “Anthropometric”, metabolic, and biochemical variables, oxidative stress, tissue injury, liver histology, and cardiac susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion were analyzed. All the supplementations did not induce significant changes in biochemical and metabolic variables, also in relation to glucose tolerance, and livers did not undergo morphological alteration and injury. An improvement of cardiac post-ischemic function in the Langendorff perfused heart model and a reduction of infarct size were observed in WDPP and HSOP groups, thanks to their antioxidant effects and the activation of Akt- and AMPK-dependent protective pathways. Data suggest that (i) functional foods enriched with WDPP and HSOP may be used to approach malnutrition and sarcopenia successfully under disabling conditions, also conferring cardioprotection, and that (ii) adequate rheological properties could positively impact dysphagia-related problems.
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17
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Oberoi A, Giezenaar C, Jensen C, Lange K, Hausken T, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Acute effects of whey protein on energy intake, appetite and gastric emptying in younger and older, obese men. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:37. [PMID: 33004790 PMCID: PMC7531014 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is becoming more prevalent in older people. A management strategy in obese, young adults is to increase dietary protein relative to other macronutrients. It is not clear if this is effective in obese, older individuals. Obesity may be associated with diminished sensitivity to nutrients. We have reported that a 30-g whey protein drink slows gastric emptying more, and suppresses energy intake less, in older, than younger, non-obese men. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 30 g whey protein drink on energy intake, GE and glycaemia in obese, older and younger men. METHODS In randomized, double-blind order, 10 younger (age: 27 ± 2 years; BMI: 36 ± 2 kg/m²), and 10 older (72 ± 1 years; 33 ± 1 kg/m²), obese men were studied twice. After an overnight fast, subjects ingested a test drink containing 30 g whey protein (120 kcal) or control (2 kcal). Postprandial gastric emptying (antral area, 2D Ultrasound) and blood glucose concentrations were measured for 180 min. At t = 180 min subjects were given a buffet meal and ad libitum energy intake was assessed. RESULTS Older subjects ate non-significantly less (~20%) that the younger subjects (effect of age, P = 0.16). Whey protein had no effect on subsequent energy intake (kcal) compared to control in either the younger (decrease 3 ± 8%) or older (decrease 2 ± 8%) obese men (age effect P > 0.05, protein effect P = 0.46, age × protein interaction effect P = 0.84). Whey protein slowed gastric emptying, to a similar degree in both age groups (50% emptying time: control vs. protein young men: 255 ± 5 min vs. 40 ± 7 min; older men: 16 ± 5 min vs. 50 ± 8 min; protein effect P = 0.001, age effect P = 0.93, age × protein interaction effect P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that obesity may blunt/abolish the age-related effect of whey protein on suppression of energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Oberoi
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | | | - Caroline Jensen
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Ian Chapman
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Effects of high-protein diet combined with exercise to counteract frailty in pre-frail and frail community-dwelling older adults: study protocol for a three-arm randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:637. [PMID: 32653012 PMCID: PMC7353704 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proportion of older citizens is increasing worldwide. A well-known syndrome in old age is physical frailty which is associated with a greater risk of disabilities in activities of daily living, greater reliance on in-home services, hospitalization, institutionalization, and premature mortality. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of an intervention with high-protein diet alone or in combination with power training in pre-frail and frail old adults. Methods The study is a community-based assessor-blinded parallel randomized controlled trial (RCT), consisting of two phases. Phase 1 is a 1-month stabilization phase, where self-reliant community-dwelling adults + 80 years old will receive individual guidance regarding protein intake, to prevent the risk of negative protein balance prior to phase 2 and to only include participants who have reached the minimum recommended level of protein intake (1.0 g/kg/day) in the randomized controlled trial. Phase 2 is a 4-month RCT where 150 participants will be randomized into the following three arms: protein-only where participants will be provided with dairy products to increase their protein intake to 1.5 g/kg/day, protein + exercise where participants will be provided with the protein intervention in combination with power training two times a week, and recommendation group where participants will continue as in phase 1. Primary outcome is lower leg muscle power. Secondary outcomes include physical function and mobility, frailty status, muscle mechanical function, body composition, nutritional status, and health-related quality of life. The statistical analysis will include an intention-to-treat analysis of all randomized participant and per-protocol analysis of all compliant participants. The study hypothesis will be tested with mixed linear models to assess changes in the main outcomes over time and between study arms. Discussion The finding of this study may add to the knowledge about the beneficial effects of high-protein diet from dairy products combined with power training to counteract frailty in community-dwelling older adults. This may ultimately have an impact on the ability to live well and independent for longer. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03842579. Registered on 15 February 2019, version 1
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19
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Camps SG, Koh HR, Wang NX, Henry CJ. A fructose-based meal challenge to assess metabotypes and their metabolic risk profile: A randomized, crossover, controlled trial. Nutrition 2020; 78:110799. [PMID: 32544846 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first aim of this study was to determine the metabolic type of individuals based on the postprandial metabolic response after the ingestion of a meal challenge that was high protein and either high glucose (high GI) or fructose (low GI). The second aim was to compare the baseline characteristics between the different metabolic types (metabotypes). The third aim was to assess whether the inclusion of fructose or glucose in a high-protein breakfast modulated the glucose, insulin, and TG response over a 4-h period. METHODS The study included 46 Asian women with a body mass index between 17 and 28 kg/m2 in a randomized crossover design. Metabolic typing was based on the assessment of the postprandial glycemic, insulin and triacylglycerol (TG) response after the ingestion of two high-protein meal challenges either high in fructose or glucose. Baseline characteristics were compared between the different metabolic types. Baseline and 4-h postprandial blood samples were collected and glucose, insulin, and TG levels were analyzed. Cluster analysis was used to phenotype the participants in distinct groups. Baseline characteristics including anthropometry, glycemic, and lipid profiles and resting metabolic rate were compared among the metabolic types. RESULTS Cluster analysis revealed that women could be grouped into three metabolic types based on postprandial glucose, insulin, and TG response after the fructose meal challenge: cluster 1 with an average glucose + high TG response (highTG; n = 12), cluster 2 with a high glucose + average TG response (highGLU; n = 8), and cluster 3 with an average glucose + average TG response (Avg; n = 26). Post hoc analysis revealed significantly greater waist-to-hip ratio and a worse lipid profile for the highTG cluster and a higher fasting blood glucose, body mass index, fat percentage, and hip circumference in the highGLU cluster. CONCLUSIONS Three metabolic types with a distinct metabolic response could be distinguished after a high fructose meal. The results suggest a different risk profile and may indicate why some people develop diabetes in an obesogenic environment. Improved metabolic-type assessments will enable us to develop and optimize nutritional and medical interventions for individuals with differing diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gerardus Camps
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Huann Rong Koh
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Nan Xin Wang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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20
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Granic A, Hurst C, Dismore L, Aspray T, Stevenson E, Witham MD, Sayer AA, Robinson S. Milk for Skeletal Muscle Health and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:695-714. [PMID: 32546988 PMCID: PMC7247608 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s245595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle aging manifests as a decline in muscle quantity and quality that accelerates with aging, increasing the risk of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle strength and mass, and contributes to adverse health outcomes in older adults. Intervention studies have shown that sarcopenia may be treated by higher protein intake in combination with resistance exercise (RE). In comparison, less is known about the role of whole protein-containing foods in preventing or treating sarcopenia. Liquid milk contains multiple nutrients and bioactive components that may be beneficial for muscle, including proteins for muscle anabolism that, alone or with RE, may have myoprotective properties. However, there is a lack of evidence about the role of milk and its effects on muscle aging. This narrative review considers evidence from three observational and eight intervention studies that used milk or fortified milk, with or without exercise, as an intervention to promote muscle health and function in older adults (aged 50–99 years). The observational studies showed no association between higher habitual milk consumption and muscle-related outcomes. The results of intervention studies using fortified milk in relation to elements of sarcopenia were also negative, with further inconclusive results from the studies using a combination of (fortified) milk and exercise. Although milk contains nutrients that may be myoprotective, current evidence does not show beneficial effects of milk on muscle health in older adults. This could be due to high habitual protein intakes (>1.0 g/kg BW/d) in study participants, differences in the type of milk (low-fat vs whole) and timing of milk consumption, length of interventions, as well as differences in the sarcopenia status of participants in trials. Adequately powered intervention studies of individuals likely to benefit are needed to test the effectiveness of a whole food approach, including milk, for healthy muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Hurst
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lorelle Dismore
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Research and Development, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Terry Aspray
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Musculoskeletal Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Miles D Witham
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Avan A Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sian Robinson
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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21
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Crocetti D, Carbotta G, Cantelli F, Iorio O, Gurrado A, Sibio S, Brauneis S, Cavallaro G. Dietary Protein Supplementation Helps in Muscle Thickness Regain after Abdominal Wall Reconstruction for Incisional Hernia. Am Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/000313482008600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A modern approach to incisional hernia is oriented toward midline restoration to re-establish abdominal wall physiology and to restore muscular strength. A high-protein diet has been demonstrated to improve muscle function and mass. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the effect of a high-protein diet on abdominal muscle remodeling in patients submitted to abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR). Forty-five patients submitted to elective AWR were prospectively divided into two groups depending on pre- and postoperative daily protein assumption: Group A patients were submitted to a standard 2300 kcal diet with 103 g of protein intake (males) and 1800 kcal diet with 80 g of protein intake (females) starting one month before surgery and lasting for three months postoperatively; Group B patients were submitted to the same dietary regimen plus 34 g of purified proteins daily. Patients underwent ultrasound scan preoperatively and three and six months after surgery, to evaluate the widest thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle on the transverse umbilical line. Three patients reporting hernia recurrence were excluded. No significant difference among the two groups in muscle thickness growth after surgery was observed at three months after surgery, even if a favorable trend in Group B was noted (10% vs 19%, P = not significant). At six months after surgery, Group B patients showed a significant difference in muscle thickening (13% vs 32%, P < 0.05). The study demonstrates a positive effect of a protein diet on the rectus abdominis muscle thickening after AWR. Further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Crocetti
- Department of Surgery “P. Valdoni,” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Olga Iorio
- General Surgery Unit, “F. Spaziani” Hospital, ASL, Frosinone, Italy
| | - Angela Gurrado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; and
| | - Simone Sibio
- Department of Surgery “P. Valdoni,” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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22
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Lichtenberg T, von Stengel S, Sieber C, Kemmler W. The Favorable Effects of a High-Intensity Resistance Training on Sarcopenia in Older Community-Dwelling Men with Osteosarcopenia: The Randomized Controlled FrOST Study. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:2173-2186. [PMID: 31908428 PMCID: PMC6924654 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s225618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass combined with the loss of muscle function, has become a public health issue. There is an urgent need for interventions. The study aimed to determine the effect of high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT), a time- and cost-efficient training modality, on sarcopenia in osteosarcopenic (OS) older men. Methods Forty-three community-dwelling men aged ≥72 years from Northern Bavaria, Germany, with OS were randomly assigned to either an active HI-RT group (HI-RT) or an inactive control group (CG). Both received dietary protein (up to 1.5 g/kg/day in HI-RT and 1.2 g/kg/day in CG) and Vitamin-D (up to 800 IE/d) supplements. The HI-RT was applied as a consistently supervised single-set training on resistance exercise machines using intensifying strategies, with two training sessions/week, structured into three phases (ranging from 8 to 12 weeks) totaling 28 weeks. The primary study endpoint was the Sarcopenia Z-score; secondary endpoints were changes in the underlying physiological parameters, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), handgrip-strength and gait velocity. Results The results show a significant effect of the exercise intervention on the sarcopenia Z-score in the HI-RT (p<0.001) and a significant worsening of it in the CG (p=0.012) in the intention-to-treat analysis, as well as a significant intergroup change (p<0.001). Analysis upon the underlying parameters showed a significant increase of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in the HI-RT group (p<0.001) and a significant intergroup difference of SMI (p<0.001) and handgrip strength (p<0.001). There were no adverse effects related to dietary supplementation or training. Conclusion The results clearly confirm the favorable effects of HI-RT on sarcopenia. We conclude that HI-RT is a feasible, highly efficient and safe training modality for combating sarcopenia, also in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lichtenberg
- Osteoporosis Research-Center, Institute of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Osteoporosis Research-Center, Institute of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornel Sieber
- Internal Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- Osteoporosis Research-Center, Institute of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Butterworth M, Lees M, Harlow P, Hind K, Duckworth L, Ispoglou T. Αcute effects of essential amino acid gel-based and whey protein supplements on appetite and energy intake in older women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1141-1149. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in protein and energy intakes are partly responsible for age-related sarcopenia. We investigated the effects of supplements matched in essential amino acid (EAA) content (7.5 g) on energy intake and appetite. Ten women aged 69.2 ± 2.7 years completed 3 trials in a randomised, crossover design. Composite appetite scores, peptide-YY (PYY), and insulin responses to a 200-mL whey protein (WP) isolate (275 kJ), a 50-mL EAA gel (GEL, 478 kJ), or nothing as the control (CON) condition were investigated over 1 h, followed by an ad libitum breakfast. Energy intake at breakfast (CON, 1957 ± 713; WP, 1413 ± 623; GEL, 1963 ± 611 kJ) was higher in CON and GEL than in WP (both P = 0.006). After accounting for supplement energy content, energy intake in GEL was higher than in CON (P = 0.0006) and WP (P = 0.0008). Time-averaged area under the curve for composite appetite scores (CON, 74 ± 20; WP, 50 ± 22; GEL, 60 ± 16 mm) was higher in CON than WP (P = 0.015). Time-averaged area under the curve for PYY (CON, 87 ± 13; WP, 119 ± 27; GEL, 97 ± 22 pg·mL−1) was higher in WP than CON (P = 0.009) and GEL (P = 0.012). In conclusion, supplementation with WP facilitated an increase in protein intake, whereas supplementation with GEL increases in both energy and protein intakes, when consumed before an ad libitum breakfast. Such findings highlight potential gel-based EAA supplementation intake for addressing age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Butterworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Matthew Lees
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Paul Harlow
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, 42 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK
| | - Lauren Duckworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Theocharis Ispoglou
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
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24
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Thalacker-Mercer A, Riddle E, Barre L. Protein and amino acids for skeletal muscle health in aging. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 91:29-64. [PMID: 32035599 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and its building blocks, amino acids, have many physiological roles in the body. While some amino acids can be synthesized endogenously, exogenous protein and amino acids are necessary to maintain homeostasis. Because skeletal muscle contains a large portion of endogenous protein and plays important roles in movement, regulation, and metabolism, imbalanced protein and amino acid availability may result in clinical conditions including skeletal muscle atrophy, impaired muscle growth or regrowth, and functional decline. Aging is associated with changes in protein metabolism and multiple physiological and functional alterations in the skeletal muscle that are accentuated by decreased dietary protein intake and impaired anabolic responses to stimuli. Inactivity and chronically elevated inflammation of the skeletal muscle can initiate and/or augment pathological remodeling of the tissue (i.e., increase of fat and fibrotic tissues and atrophy of the muscle). Defining an adequate amount of dietary protein that is appropriate to maintain the availability of amino acids for biological needs is necessary but is still widely debated for older adults. This chapter will provide (i) an overview of dietary protein and amino acids and their role in skeletal muscle health; (ii) an overview of skeletal muscle structure and function and the deterioration of muscle that occurs with advancing age; (iii) a discussion of the relationship between protein/amino acid metabolism and skeletal muscle decline with aging; and (iv) a brief discussion of optimal protein intakes for older adults to maintain skeletal muscle health in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Barre
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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25
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Garcia M, Seelaender M, Sotiropoulos A, Coletti D, Lancha AH. Vitamin D, muscle recovery, sarcopenia, cachexia, and muscle atrophy. Nutrition 2019; 60:66-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Al-Nimr RI. Optimal Protein Intake during Weight Loss Interventions in Older Adults with Obesity. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 38:50-68. [PMID: 30806592 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2018.1544533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity rates in people 60 years and older are increasing. While obesity is linked with detrimental health risks, weight loss in this population has previously been considered controversial due to potential worsening of age-related sarcopenia. Protein intake during energy restriction has been linked to lean body mass preservation. No formal guidelines for optimal protein intake during structured weight loss interventions exist for this population, but it appears that the current Recommended Dietary Allowance of 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day may be inadequate. The purpose of this review is to discuss optimal protein intake during structured weight loss interventions in persons 60 years and older with obesity and to present a framework for guidelines to be used by health professionals focusing on weight loss interventions in older adults. Goals for the amount, source, and timing of protein intake, from both food and supplements, are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Itani Al-Nimr
- a The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA.,b Department of Medicine , Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , Lebanon , NH , USA
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27
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Liao Y, Peng Z, Chen L, Zhang Y, Cheng Q, Nüssler AK, Bao W, Liu L, Yang W. Prospective Views for Whey Protein and/or Resistance Training Against Age-related Sarcopenia. Aging Dis 2019; 10:157-173. [PMID: 30705776 PMCID: PMC6345331 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle aging is characterized by decline in skeletal muscle mass and function along with growing age, which consequently leads to age-related sarcopenia, if without any preventive timely treatment. Moreover, age-related sarcopenia in elder people would contribute to falls and fractures, disability, poor quality of life, increased use of hospital services and even mortality. Whey protein (WP) and/or resistance training (RT) has shown promise in preventing and treating age-related sarcopenia. It seems that sex hormones could be potential contributors for gender differences in skeletal muscle and age-related sarcopenia. In addition, skeletal muscle and the development of sarcopenia are influenced by gut microbiota, which in turn is affected by WP or RT. Gut microbiota may be a key factor for WP and/or RT against age-related sarcopenia. Therefore, focusing on sex hormones and gut microbiota may do great help for preventing, treating and better understanding age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Liao
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Peng
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andreas K Nüssler
- 3Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wei Bao
- 4Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Liegang Liu
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- 1Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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28
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Loveday SM. Food Proteins: Technological, Nutritional, and Sustainability Attributes of Traditional and Emerging Proteins. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:311-339. [PMID: 30649962 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein is an essential macronutrient and a key structural component of many foods. The nutritional and technological properties of food protein ingredients depend on their source, extraction and purification, modification during food manufacture, and interactions with other food components. In addition to covering these elements, this review seeks to highlight underappreciated aspects of protein environmental sustainability and explores the potential of cultured meat and insect-derived proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Loveday
- Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
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29
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Krok-Schoen JL, Archdeacon Price A, Luo M, Kelly OJ, Taylor CA. Low Dietary Protein Intakes and Associated Dietary Patterns and Functional Limitations in an Aging Population: A NHANES analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:338-347. [PMID: 30932132 PMCID: PMC6507527 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-019-1174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate protein intakes across demographic characteristics in relation to dietary patterns and functional outcomes in older adults. DESIGN Observational and cross-sectional study. SETTING Non-institutionalized participants from the 2005-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS Data from 11,680 adults were categorized into 51-60 years (n= 4,016), 61-70 years (n=3,854), and 71 years and older (n=3,810) for analysis. MEASUREMENTS Adults were stratified by meeting or not meeting the protein recommendation (0.8 g/kg/d) to compare demographics, diet quality with Healthy Eating Index-2015, functional limitations, and other dietary intakes. Dietary recalls were collected using the multiple pass method. Data analyses were weighted to create a nationally-representative sample. RESULTS Dietary protein intakes were significantly lower in older age groups, with up to 46% of the oldest adults not meeting the protein intake recommendation. Participants consuming protein below the recommended intake level had significantly poorer diet quality across all age groups (P<0.01), however, overall diet quality was better in older adults. Those not meeting the protein recommendation were more likely to have intakes of other nutrients below recommended levels. Those below the protein recommendation had significantly more functional limitations across all age groups, while grip strength was significantly lower in those over 70 years old. CONCLUSION Lower protein intakes, and lower diet quality and physical functioning are related in an aging population. Meeting the protein recommendation was linked to better overall diet quality and may be protective of lean mass; therefore, evaluation of individual characteristics which may affect protein intakes is crucial in supporting older adults to meet their protein needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Krok-Schoen
- Christopher Alan Taylor, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA,
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30
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Camps SG, Koh HR, Wang NX, Henry CJ. High fructose consumption with a high-protein meal is associated with decreased glycemia and increased thermogenesis but reduced fat oxidation: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2018; 58:77-82. [PMID: 30391694 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fructose is often recommended due to its ability to lower glycemic response and its increased thermogenic effect. Additionally, proteins can reduce the glycemic response of carbohydrate-rich foods and have a high diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the inclusion of fructose in a high-protein meal would demonstrate metabolic advantages. METHODS Nineteen Asian women (body mass index 17-28 kg/m2) consumed a low-glycemic index (GI; fructose) or high GI (glucose), high-protein breakfast followed by a standardized lunch in a randomized crossover design. Simultaneously, 8-h continuous glucose monitoring provided incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and 4-h indirect calorimetry provided DIT and respiratory quotient (RQ). RESULTS The low GI diet resulted in a lower glucose iAUC (135 ± 25 versus 212 ± 23 mmol/L, P < 0.05) following breakfast, but no second-meal effect after the standardized lunch (217 ± 37 versus 228 ± 27 mmol/L, P < 0.05) compared with the high GI diet. Furthermore, 4-h DIT was greater (40.6 ± 2.3 versus 34.9 ± 1.8 kcal, P < 0.05) and RQ was increased after the fructose high-protein breakfast (0.047 ± 0.009 versus 0.028 ± 0.009, P < 0.05) compared with the glucose meal. CONCLUSIONS Fructose is an effective sweetener in reducing glycemia and increasing DIT in the presence of a high-protein diet. However, the reduced fat oxidation after high fructose consumption might present a risk for increased lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gerardus Camps
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Huann Rong Koh
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Nan Xin Wang
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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31
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Kemmler W, Kohl M, Freiberger E, Sieber C, von Stengel S. Effect of whole-body electromyostimulation and / or protein supplementation on obesity and cardiometabolic risk in older men with sarcopenic obesity: the randomized controlled FranSO trial. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:70. [PMID: 29523089 PMCID: PMC5845205 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic Obesity (SO) is characterized by low lean and high fat mass; i.e. from a functional aspect a disproportion between engine (muscle) and mass to be moved (fat). At present, most research focuses on the engine, but the close "cross talk" between age-associated adipose and skeletal muscle tissue inflammation calls for comprehensive interventions that affect both components alike. Protein and exercise are likely candidates, however with respect to the latter, the enthusiasm for intense and frequent exercise is rather low, especially in functionally limited older people. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), a time-efficient, joint-friendly and highly customizable exercise technology, on obesity parameters and cardiometabolic risk in men with SO. METHODS One-hundred community-dwelling (cdw) Bavarian men ≥70 years with SO were randomly assigned to either (a) whey protein supplementation (WPS), (b) WB-EMS and protein supplementation (WB-EMS&P) or (c) non-intervention control (CG). Protein supplementation contributed to an intake of 1.7-1.8 g/kg/body mass/d, WB-EMS consisted of 1.5 × 20 min/week (85 Hz, 350 μs, 4 s of strain-4 s of rest) with moderate-high intensity. Using an intention to treat approach with multiple imputation, the primary study endpoint was total body fat mass (TBF), secondary endpoints were trunk fat mass (TF), waist circumference (WC) and total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C). RESULTS After 16 weeks of intervention, TBF was reduced significantly in the WPS (- 3.6 ± 7.2%; p = 0.005) and WB-EMS&P (- 6.7 ± 6.2%; p < 0.001), but not in the CG (+ 1.6 ± 7.1%; p = 0.191). Changes in the WB-EMS&P (p < 0.001) and the WPS group (p = 0.011) differ significantly from the CG. TF decreased in the WB-EMS&P (p < 0.001) and WPS (p = .117) and increased in the CG (p = .159); WC decreased significantly in the treatment groups and was maintained in the CG. Lastly, the TC/HDL-C ratio improved significantly in the WB-EMS&P and WPS group and was maintained in the CG. Significant differences between WB-EMS&P and WPS were determined for waist circumference only (p = 0.015; TBF: p = 0.073; TF: p = 0.087; TC/HDL-C: p = .773). CONCLUSION Moderate-high dosed whey protein supplementation, especially when combined with WB-EMS, may be a feasible choice to address obesity and cardiometabolic risk in older cdw men with SO unable or unmotivated to exercise conventionally. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02857660 ; registration date: 05/01/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Ellen Freiberger
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Cornel Sieber
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Dellis S, Papadopoulou S, Krikonis K, Zigras F. Sarcopenic Dysphagia. A Narrative Review. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 2018; 3:1-7. [PMID: 32300688 PMCID: PMC7155347 DOI: 10.22540/jfsf-03-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenic dysphagia is described as difficulty swallowing due to generalized sarcopenia of skeletal muscles and thus swallowing muscles. It is a recently recognized condition. It draws attention due to its important complications. The risk factors of dysphagia include age, history of clinical disease, and physical frailty, including reduced activities of daily living. It is a common syndrome among the elderly and demands multidisciplinary therapeutic interventions, including nutritional support and rehabilitation programs, which are non-invasive but effective methods, mandatory for the best outcome. The prevention, assessment, and intervention methods for sarcopenic dysphagia are very important. Recent studies demonstrate that new concepts in rehabilitation and nutritional support render promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soultana Papadopoulou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The speed of dietary protein digestion influences postprandial amino acid availability which is crucial for improving altered anabolic response of skeletal muscle one feature of sarcopenia during aging. RECENT FINDINGS By analogy with carbohydrate and in reference to their absorption rate, dietary proteins can be classified as 'fast' or 'slow' proteins depending on matrix food structure and technological processes, which can influence amino acids availability and their subsequent metabolic actions. 'Fast' digestive proteins have been shown to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and to improve muscle function in several recent studies involving older patients. These new aspects may be applied for improving health through preservation or restoration of muscle protein mass and function in clinical situations (obesity, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer cachexia). SUMMARY Using fast digestive proteins is of major interest to overcome 'anabolic resistance' of aging for limiting sarcopenia. Fast proteins' action on muscle anabolism may be stimulated by other nutrients like vitamin D or omega 3 fatty acids or by combination with exercise. The beneficial impact of the 'fast' protein concept beyond the amount of dietary protein on muscle preservation is a promising therapeutic perspective to improve mobility and quality of life of older patients affected with chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Boirie
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Ispoglou T, Deighton K, King RF, White H, Lees M. Novel essential amino acid supplements enriched with L-leucine facilitate increased protein and energy intakes in older women: a randomised controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:75. [PMID: 29183324 PMCID: PMC5704600 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inadequate protein intake (PI), containing a sub-optimal source of essential amino acids (EAAs), and reduced appetite are contributing factors to age-related sarcopenia. The satiating effects of dietary protein per se may negatively affect energy intake (EI), thus there is a need to explore alternative strategies to facilitate PI without compromising appetite and subsequent EI. Methods Older women completed two experiments (EXP1 and EXP2) where they consumed either a Bar (565 kJ), a Gel (477 kJ), both rich in EAAs (7.5 g, 40% L-leucine), or nothing (Control). In EXP1, participants (n = 10, 68 ± 5 years, mean ± SD) consumed Bar, Gel or Control with appetite sensations and appetite-related hormonal responses monitored for one hour, followed by consumption of an ad libitum breakfast (ALB). In EXP2, participants (n = 11, 69 ± 5 years) ingested Bar, Gel or Control alongside an ALB. Results In EXP1, EI at ALB was not different (P = 0.674) between conditions (1179 ± 566, 1254 ± 511, 1206 ± 550 kJ for the Control, Bar, and Gel respectively). However, total EI was significantly higher in the Bar and Gel compared to the Control after accounting for the energy content of the supplements (P < 0.0005). Analysis revealed significantly higher appetite Area under the Curve (AUC) (P < 0.007), a tendency for higher acylated ghrelin AUC (P = 0.087), and significantly lower pancreatic polypeptide AUC (P = 0.02) in the Control compared with the Bar and Gel. In EXP2, EI at ALB was significantly higher (P = 0.028) in the Control (1282 ± 513 kJ) compared to the Bar (1026 ± 565 kJ) and Gel (1064 ± 495 kJ). However, total EI was significantly higher in the Bar and Gel after accounting for the energy content of the supplements (P < 0.007). Conclusions Supplementation with either the Bar or Gel increased total energy intake whether consumed one hour before or during breakfast. This may represent an effective nutritional means for addressing protein and total energy deficiencies in older women. Trial registration Clinical trial register: retrospectively registered, ISRCTN12977929 on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theocharis Ispoglou
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK. .,Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Roderick Fgj King
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Helen White
- School of Applied and Clinical Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, CL413 Calverley Building Civic Quarter, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Matthew Lees
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
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Kemmler W, Weissenfels A, Teschler M, Willert S, Bebenek M, Shojaa M, Kohl M, Freiberger E, Sieber C, von Stengel S. Whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation favorably affect sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older men at risk: the randomized controlled FranSO study. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1503-1513. [PMID: 28989278 PMCID: PMC5624743 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s137987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a geriatric syndrome characterized by the disproportion between the amount of lean mass and fat mass. Exercise decreases fat and maintains muscle mass; however, older people fail to exercise at doses sufficient to affect musculoskeletal and cardiometabolic risk factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), a time-efficient, joint-friendly and highly individualized exercise technology, on sarcopenia and SO in older men. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 community-dwelling northern Bavarian men aged ≥70 years with sarcopenia and obesity were randomly (1-1-1) assigned to either 16 weeks of 1) WB-EMS and protein supplementation (WB-EMS&P), 2) isolated protein supplementation or 3) nonintervention control. WB-EMS consisted of 1.5×20 min (85 Hz, 350 µs, 4 s of strain to 4 s of rest) applied with moderate-to-high intensity while moving. We further generated a daily protein intake of 1.7-1.8 g/kg/body mass per day. The primary study end point was Sarcopenia Z-Score, and the secondary study end points were body fat rate (%), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and handgrip strength. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis determined a significantly favorable effect of WB-EMS&P (P<0.001) and protein (P=0.007) vs control. Both groups significantly (P<0.001) lost body fat (WB-EMS&P: 2.1%; protein: 1.1%) and differed significantly (P≤0.004) from control (0.3%). Differences between WB-EMS&P and protein were significant for the Sarcopenia Z-Score (P=0.39) and borderline nonsignificant (P=0.051) for body fat. SMI increased significantly in both groups (P<0.001 and P=0.043) and decreased significantly in the control group (CG; P=0.033); differences between the verum groups and control were significant (P≤0.009). Handgrip strength increased in the WB-EMS group (1.90 kg; P<0.001; P=0.050 vs control) only. No adverse effects of WB-EMS or protein supplementation were recorded. CONCLUSION WB-EMS&P is a safe and efficient method for tackling sarcopenia and SO in older men. However, the suboptimum effect on functional parameters should be addressed by increased voluntary activation during WB-EMS application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Weissenfels
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc Teschler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Willert
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Bebenek
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mahdieh Shojaa
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty of Medical and Life Science, University of Furtwangen, Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Ellen Freiberger
- Institute of Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Cornel Sieber
- Institute of Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Intramuscular Adipose Tissue and the Functional Components of Sarcopenia in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients. Geriatrics (Basel) 2017; 2:geriatrics2010011. [PMID: 31011021 PMCID: PMC6371171 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics2010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) could be an important missing value in the assessment of sarcopenia. This study tries to determine the relation between IMAT, muscle strength, functionality and mortality. In addition, the relation with nutritional status is screened. For six months, all patients admitted to the University Geriatric Center of Antwerp were evaluated for strength (hand grip), functionality (short physical performance battery—SPPB) and nutritional status. After one year, patients/relatives were contacted to obtain a current health status (mortality). A total of 303 patients were included at a mean age of 83.0 ± 6.4 years. The mean percentage of IMAT was 29.2% ± 13.0% (range 3.2%–86.2%). There was a negative correlation between IMAT and both grip strength and SPPB. SPPB was positively correlated with both grip strength and muscle mass. There was a positive correlation between IMAT and mortality. There was a negative correlation between grip strength, SPPB and mortality. IMAT did not have a clear relation with nutritional status. IMAT should be addressed in the work-up of sarcopenia, as it is correlated with muscle strength, functionality and mortality. In this cohort of hospitalized geriatric patients, there is a mean of about one-third of measured muscle volume that appears to be adipose tissue.
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