1
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Hale AT, Boudreau H, Devulapalli R, Duy PQ, Atchley TJ, Dewan MC, Goolam M, Fieggen G, Spader HL, Smith AA, Blount JP, Johnston JM, Rocque BG, Rozzelle CJ, Chong Z, Strahle JM, Schiff SJ, Kahle KT. The genetic basis of hydrocephalus: genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:24. [PMID: 38439105 PMCID: PMC10913327 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus (HC) is a heterogenous disease characterized by alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics that may cause increased intracranial pressure. HC is a component of a wide array of genetic syndromes as well as a secondary consequence of brain injury (intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), infection, etc.) that can present across the age spectrum, highlighting the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease. Surgical treatments include ventricular shunting and endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization, both of which are prone to failure, and no effective pharmacologic treatments for HC have been developed. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the genetic architecture and molecular pathogenesis of HC. Without this knowledge, the development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures is impeded. However, the genetics of HC is extraordinarily complex, based on studies of varying size, scope, and rigor. This review serves to provide a comprehensive overview of genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact of genetics contributing to all etiologies of HC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK.
| | - Hunter Boudreau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Rishi Devulapalli
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Travis J Atchley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Michael C Dewan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mubeen Goolam
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graham Fieggen
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather L Spader
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anastasia A Smith
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Blount
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - James M Johnston
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Brandon G Rocque
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Curtis J Rozzelle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Zechen Chong
- Heflin Center for Genomics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Munch TN, Hedley PL, Hagen CM, Bækvad-Hansen M, Geller F, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Werge TM, Melbye M, Hougaard DM, Larsen LA, Christensen ST, Christiansen M. The genetic background of hydrocephalus in a population-based cohort: implication of ciliary involvement. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad004. [PMID: 36694575 PMCID: PMC9866251 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is one of the most common congenital disorders of the central nervous system and often displays psychiatric co-morbidities, in particular autism spectrum disorder. The disease mechanisms behind hydrocephalus are complex and not well understood, but some association with dysfunctional cilia in the brain ventricles and subarachnoid space has been indicated. A better understanding of the genetic aetiology of hydrocephalus, including the role of ciliopathies, may bring insights into a potentially shared genetic aetiology. In this population-based case-cohort study, we, for the first time, investigated variants of postulated hydrocephalus candidate genes. Using these data, we aimed to investigate potential involvement of the ciliome in hydrocephalus and describe genotype-phenotype associations with an autism spectrum disorder. One-hundred and twenty-one hydrocephalus candidate genes were screened in a whole-exome-sequenced sub-cohort of the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research study, comprising 72 hydrocephalus patients and 4181 background population controls. Candidate genes containing high-impact variants of interest were systematically evaluated for their involvement in ciliary function and an autism spectrum disorder. The median age at diagnosis for the hydrocephalus patients was 0 years (range 0-27 years), the median age at analysis was 22 years (11-35 years), and 70.5% were males. The median age for controls was 18 years (range 11-26 years) and 53.3% were males. Fifty-two putative hydrocephalus-associated variants in 34 genes were identified in 42 patients (58.3%). In hydrocephalus cases, we found increased, but not significant, enrichment of high-impact protein altering variants (odds ratio 1.51, 95% confidence interval 0.92-2.51, P = 0.096), which was driven by a significant enrichment of rare protein truncating variants (odds ratio 2.71, 95% confidence interval 1.17-5.58, P = 0.011). Fourteen of the genes with high-impact variants are part of the ciliome, whereas another six genes affect cilia-dependent processes during neurogenesis. Furthermore, 15 of the 34 genes with high-impact variants and three of eight genes with protein truncating variants were associated with an autism spectrum disorder. Because symptoms of other diseases may be neglected or masked by the hydrocephalus-associated symptoms, we suggest that patients with congenital hydrocephalus undergo clinical genetic assessment with respect to ciliopathies and an autism spectrum disorder. Our results point to the significance of hydrocephalus as a ciliary disease in some cases. Future studies in brain ciliopathies may not only reveal new insights into hydrocephalus but also, brain disease in the broadest sense, given the essential role of cilia in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina N Munch
- Correspondence to: Tina Nørgaard Munch, MD Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery 6031 Copenhagen University Hospital, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark E-mail:
| | - Paula L Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Brazen Bio, Los Angeles, 90502 CA, USA
| | - Christian M Hagen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre, Capital Region of Denmark, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre, Capital Region of Denmark, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0473, Norway,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - David M Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars A Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Mohamadian M, Rastegar M, Pasamanesh N, Ghadiri A, Ghandil P, Naseri M. Clinical and Molecular Spectrum of Muscular Dystrophies (MDs) with Intellectual Disability (ID): a Comprehensive Overview. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:9-23. [PMID: 34727324 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies encompass a wide and heterogeneous subset of hereditary myopathies that manifest by the structural or functional abnormalities in the skeletal muscle. Some pathogenic mutations induce a dysfunction or loss of proteins that are critical for the stability of muscle cells, leading to progressive muscle degradation and weakening. Several studies have well-established cognitive deficits in muscular dystrophies which are mainly due to the disruption of brain-specific expression of affected muscle proteins. We provide a comprehensive overview of the types of muscular dystrophies that are accompanied by intellectual disability by detailed consulting of the main libraries. The current paper focuses on the clinical and molecular evidence about Duchenne, congenital, limb-girdle, and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophies as well as myotonic dystrophies. Because these syndromes impose a heavy burden of psychological and financial problems on patients, their families, and the health care community, a thorough examination is necessary to perform timely psychological and medical interventions and thus improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mohamadian
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, 616476515.
| | - Mandana Rastegar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Negin Pasamanesh
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ata Ghadiri
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pegah Ghandil
- Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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4
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Brock S, Cools F, Jansen AC. Neuropathology of genetically defined malformations of cortical development-A systematic literature review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:585-602. [PMID: 33480109 PMCID: PMC8359484 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Malformations of cortical development (MCD) include a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical, imaging, molecular and histopathological entities. While the understanding of genetic causes of MCD has improved with the availability of next-generation sequencing modalities, genotype-histopathological correlations remain limited. This is the first systematic review of molecular and neuropathological findings in patients with MCD to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature. METHODS A systematic review was performed between November 2019 and February 2020. A MEDLINE search was conducted for 132 genes previously linked to MCD in order to identify studies reporting macroscopic and/or microscopic findings in patients with a confirmed genetic cause. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included in this review reporting neuropathological features associated with pathogenic variants in 46 genes (46/132 genes, 34.8%). Four groups emerged, consisting of (1) 13 genes with well-defined histological-genotype correlations, (2) 27 genes for which neuropathological reports were limited, (3) 5 genes with conflicting neuropathological features, and (4) 87 genes for which no histological data were available. Lissencephaly and polymicrogyria were reported most frequently. Associated brain malformations were variably present, with abnormalities of the corpus callosum as most common associated feature. CONCLUSIONS Neuropathological data in patients with MCD with a defined genetic cause are available only for a small number of genes. As each genetic cause might lead to unique histopathological features of MCD, standardised thorough neuropathological assessment and reporting should be encouraged. Histological features can help improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of MCD and generate hypotheses with impact on further research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brock
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium.,Neurogenetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Cools
- Department of Neonatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna C Jansen
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Song D, Dai Y, Chen X, Fu X, Chang X, Wang N, Zhang C, Yan C, Zheng H, Wu L, Jiang L, Hua Y, Yang H, Wang Z, Dai T, Zhu W, Han C, Yuan Y, Kobayashi K, Toda T, Xiong H. Genetic variations and clinical spectrum of dystroglycanopathy in a large cohort of Chinese patients. Clin Genet 2021; 99:384-395. [PMID: 33200426 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dystroglycanopathy is a group of muscular dystrophies with deficient glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG). We recruited patients from 36 tertiary academic hospitals in China. In total, 143 patients with genetically diagnosed dystroglycanopathy were enrolled. Of these, limb girdle muscular dystrophy was the most common initial diagnosis (83 patients) and Walker-Warburg syndrome was the least common (1 patient). In 143 patients, mutations in FKRP gene were the most prevalent (62 patients), followed by POMT2, POMT1 (16), POMGNT1, ISPD (14), FKTN, GMPPB, B3GALNT2, DPM3, and DAG1. Several frequent mutations were identified in FKRP, POMT1, POMGNT1, ISPD, and FKTN genes. Many of these were founder mutations. Patients with FKRP mutations tended to have milder phenotypes, while those with mutations in POMGNT1 genes had more severe phenotypes. Mental retardation was a clinical feature associated with mutations of POMT1 gene. Detailed clinical data of 83 patients followed up in Peking University First Hospital were further analyzed. Our clinical and genetic analysis of a large cohort of Chinese patients with dystroglycanopathy expanded the genotype variation and clinical spectrum of congenital muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Haipo Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingjun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxi Han
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hui Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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6
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Jin SC, Dong W, Kundishora AJ, Panchagnula S, Moreno-De-Luca A, Furey CG, Allocco AA, Walker RL, Nelson-Williams C, Smith H, Dunbar A, Conine S, Lu Q, Zeng X, Sierant MC, Knight JR, Sullivan W, Duy PQ, DeSpenza T, Reeves BC, Karimy JK, Marlier A, Castaldi C, Tikhonova IR, Li B, Peña HP, Broach JR, Kabachelor EM, Ssenyonga P, Hehnly C, Ge L, Keren B, Timberlake AT, Goto J, Mangano FT, Johnston JM, Butler WE, Warf BC, Smith ER, Schiff SJ, Limbrick DD, Heuer G, Jackson EM, Iskandar BJ, Mane S, Haider S, Guclu B, Bayri Y, Sahin Y, Duncan CC, Apuzzo MLJ, DiLuna ML, Hoffman EJ, Sestan N, Ment LR, Alper SL, Bilguvar K, Geschwind DH, Günel M, Lifton RP, Kahle KT. Exome sequencing implicates genetic disruption of prenatal neuro-gliogenesis in sporadic congenital hydrocephalus. Nat Med 2020; 26:1754-1765. [PMID: 33077954 PMCID: PMC7871900 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH), characterized by enlarged brain ventricles, is considered a disease of excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation and thereby treated with neurosurgical CSF diversion with high morbidity and failure rates. The poor neurodevelopmental outcomes and persistence of ventriculomegaly in some post-surgical patients highlight our limited knowledge of disease mechanisms. Through whole-exome sequencing of 381 patients (232 trios) with sporadic, neurosurgically treated CH, we found that damaging de novo mutations account for >17% of cases, with five different genes exhibiting a significant de novo mutation burden. In all, rare, damaging mutations with large effect contributed to ~22% of sporadic CH cases. Multiple CH genes are key regulators of neural stem cell biology and converge in human transcriptional networks and cell types pertinent for fetal neuro-gliogenesis. These data implicate genetic disruption of early brain development, not impaired CSF dynamics, as the primary pathomechanism of a significant number of patients with sporadic CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chih Jin
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Weilai Dong
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shreyas Panchagnula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andres Moreno-De-Luca
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Genomic Medicine Institute, Department of Radiology, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Charuta G Furey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - August A Allocco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca L Walker
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Hannah Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ashley Dunbar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sierra Conine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xue Zeng
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael C Sierant
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James R Knight
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tyrone DeSpenza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reeves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnaud Marlier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Irina R Tikhonova
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Helena Perez Peña
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - James R Broach
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Christine Hehnly
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Engineering Science & Mechanics, and Physics; Center for Neural Engineering and Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Li Ge
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière et GHUEP Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, GRC "Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme", Paris, France
| | - Andrew T Timberlake
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - June Goto
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Francesco T Mangano
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William E Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Warf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Engineering Science & Mechanics, and Physics; Center for Neural Engineering and Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory Heuer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric M Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bermans J Iskandar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shozeb Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Bulent Guclu
- Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasar Bayri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yener Sahin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Charles C Duncan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael L J Apuzzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael L DiLuna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ellen J Hoffman
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura R Ment
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Murat Günel
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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7
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Congenital hearing impairment associated with peripheral cochlear nerve dysmyelination in glycosylation-deficient muscular dystrophy. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008826. [PMID: 32453729 PMCID: PMC7274486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensory impairments and etiologically and genetically heterogeneous disorders in humans. Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by non-muscular symptoms. Aberrant glycosylation of α-dystroglycan causes at least eighteen subtypes of MD, now categorized as MD-dystroglycanopathy (MD-DG), with a wide spectrum of non-muscular symptoms. Despite a growing number of MD-DG subtypes and increasing evidence regarding their molecular pathogeneses, no comprehensive study has investigated sensorineural HL (SNHL) in MD-DG. Here, we found that two mouse models of MD-DG, Largemyd/myd and POMGnT1-KO mice, exhibited congenital, non-progressive, and mild-to-moderate SNHL in auditory brainstem response (ABR) accompanied by extended latency of wave I. Profoundly abnormal myelination was found at the peripheral segment of the cochlear nerve, which is rich in the glycosylated α-dystroglycan–laminin complex and demarcated by “the glial dome.” In addition, patients with Fukuyama congenital MD, a type of MD-DG, also had latent SNHL with extended latency of wave I in ABR. Collectively, these findings indicate that hearing impairment associated with impaired Schwann cell-mediated myelination at the peripheral segment of the cochlear nerve is a notable symptom of MD-DG. Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensory impairments and heterogeneous disorders in humans. Up to 60% of HL cases are caused by genetic factors, and approximately 30% of genetic HL cases are syndromic. Although 400–700 genetic syndromes are associated with sensorineural HL (SNHL), caused due to problems in the nerve pathways from the cochlea to the brain, only about 45 genes are known to be associated with syndromic HL. Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by non-muscular symptoms. MD-dystroglycanopathy (MD-DG), caused by aberrant glycosylation of α-dystroglycan, is an MD subtype with a wide spectrum of non-muscular symptoms. Despite a growing number of MD-DG subtypes (at least 18), no comprehensive study has investigated SNHL in MD-DG. Here, we found that hearing impairment was associated with abnormal myelination of the peripheral segment of the cochlear nerve caused by impaired dystrophin–dystroglycan complex in two mouse models (type 3 and 6) of MD-DG and in patients (type 4) with MD-DG. This is the first comprehensive study investigating SNHL in MD-DG. Our findings may provide new insights into understanding the pathogenic characteristics and mechanisms underlying inherited syndromic hearing impairment.
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Angelini C, Pinzan E. Advances in imaging of brain abnormalities in neuromuscular disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419845567. [PMID: 31105770 PMCID: PMC6503605 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419845567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain atrophy, white matter abnormalities, and ventricular enlargement have been
described in different neuromuscular diseases (NMDs). We aimed to provide a
comprehensive overview of the substantial advancement of brain imaging in
neuromuscular diseases by consulting the main libraries (Pubmed,
Scopus and Google Scholar) including the more
common forms of muscular dystrophies such as dystrophinopathies,
dystroglycanopathies, myotonic dystrophies, facioscapulohumeral dystrophy,
limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, congenital myotonia, and congenital myopathies.
A consistent, widespread cortical and subcortical involvement of grey and white
matter was found. Abnormalities in the functional connectivity in brain networks
and metabolic alterations were observed with positron emission tomography (PET)
and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Pathological brain
changes with cognitive dysfunction seemed to be frequently associated in NMDs.
In particular, in congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs), skeletal muscular
weakness, severe hypotonia, WM abnormalities, ventricular dilatation and
abnormalities in cerebral gyration were observed. In dystroglycanopathy 2I subtype (LGMD2I), adult patients showed subcortical
atrophy and a WM periventricular involvement, moderate ventriculomegaly, and
enlargement of subarachnoid spaces. Correlations with clinical features have
been observed with brain imaging characteristics and alterations were prominent
in congenital or childhood onset cases. In myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2)
symptoms seem to be less severe than in type 1 (DM1). In Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD, BMD) cortical atrophy is
associated with minimal ventricular dilatation and WM abnormalities. Late-onset glycogenosis type II (GSD II) or Pompe infantile forms are
characterized by delayed myelination. Only in a few cases of oculopharyngeal
muscular dystrophy (OPMD) central nervous system involvement has been described
and associated with executive functions impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Angelini
- Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo IRCCS, Via Alberoni 70, Venezia, 30126, Italia
| | - Elena Pinzan
- Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo IRCCS, Venezia, Italia
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9
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Francisco R, Pascoal C, Marques-da-Silva D, Morava E, Gole GA, Coman D, Jaeken J, Dos Reis Ferreira V. Keeping an eye on congenital disorders of O-glycosylation: A systematic literature review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:29-48. [PMID: 30740740 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a rapidly growing family comprising >100 genetic diseases. Some 25 CDG are pure O-glycosylation defects. Even among this CDG subgroup, phenotypic diversity is broad, ranging from mild to severe poly-organ/system dysfunction. Ophthalmic manifestations are present in 60% of these CDG. The ophthalmic manifestations in N-glycosylation-deficient patients have been described elsewhere. The present review documents the spectrum and incidence of eye disorders in patients with pure O-glycosylation defects with the aim of assisting diagnosis and management and promoting research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Francisco
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Morava
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glen A Gole
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Queensland, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Coman
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Detection of variants in dystroglycanopathy-associated genes through the application of targeted whole-exome sequencing analysis to a large cohort of patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:23. [PMID: 30060766 PMCID: PMC6066920 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dystroglycanopathies are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that are typically characterised by limb-girdle muscle weakness. Mutations in 18 different genes have been associated with dystroglycanopathies, the encoded proteins of which typically modulate the binding of α-dystroglycan to extracellular matrix ligands by altering its glycosylation. This results in a disruption of the structural integrity of the myocyte, ultimately leading to muscle degeneration. Methods Deep phenotypic information was gathered using the PhenoTips online software for 1001 patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness from 43 different centres across 21 European and Middle Eastern countries. Whole-exome sequencing with at least 250 ng DNA was completed using an Illumina exome capture and a 38 Mb baited target. Genes known to be associated with dystroglycanopathies were analysed for disease-causing variants. Results Suspected pathogenic variants were detected in DPM3, ISPD, POMT1 and FKTN in one patient each, in POMK in two patients, in GMPPB in three patients, in FKRP in eight patients and in POMT2 in ten patients. This indicated a frequency of 2.7% for the disease group within the cohort of 1001 patients with unexplained limb-girdle muscle weakness. The phenotypes of the 27 patients were highly variable, yet with a fundamental presentation of proximal muscle weakness and elevated serum creatine kinase. Conclusions Overall, we have identified 27 patients with suspected pathogenic variants in dystroglycanopathy-associated genes. We present evidence for the genetic and phenotypic diversity of the dystroglycanopathies as a disease group, while also highlighting the advantage of incorporating next-generation sequencing into the diagnostic pathway of rare diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0170-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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11
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Kask K, Tikker L, Ruisu K, Lulla S, Oja EM, Meier R, Raid R, Velling T, Tõnissoo T, Pooga M. Targeted deletion of RIC8A in mouse neural precursor cells interferes with the development of the brain, eyes, and muscles. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:374-390. [PMID: 29380551 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive disorders such as Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, Walker-Warburg syndrome, and the muscle-eye-brain disease are characterized by defects in the development of patient's brain, eyes, and skeletal muscles. These syndromes are accompanied by brain malformations like type II lissencephaly in the cerebral cortex with characteristic overmigrations of neurons through the breaches of the pial basement membrane. The signaling pathways activated by laminin receptors, dystroglycan and integrins, control the integrity of the basement membrane, and their malfunctioning may underlie the pathologies found in the rise of defects reminiscent of these syndromes. Similar defects in corticogenesis and neuromuscular disorders were found in mice when RIC8A was specifically removed from neural precursor cells. RIC8A regulates a subset of G-protein α subunits and in several model organisms, it has been reported to participate in the control of cell division, signaling, and migration. Here, we studied the role of RIC8A in the development of the brain, muscles, and eyes of the neural precursor-specific conditional Ric8a knockout mice. The absence of RIC8A severely affected the attachment and positioning of radial glial processes, Cajal-Retzius' cells, and the arachnoid trabeculae, and these mice displayed additional defects in the lens, skeletal muscles, and heart development. All the discovered defects might be linked to aberrancies in cell adhesion and migration, suggesting that RIC8A has a crucial role in the regulation of cell-extracellular matrix interactions and that its removal leads to the phenotype characteristic to type II lissencephaly-associated diseases. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 374-390, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiu Kask
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Laura Tikker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrin Ruisu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Sirje Lulla
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Eva-Maria Oja
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Riho Meier
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Raivo Raid
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Teet Velling
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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Falsaperla R, Praticò AD, Ruggieri M, Parano E, Rizzo R, Corsello G, Vitaliti G, Pavone P. Congenital muscular dystrophy: from muscle to brain. Ital J Pediatr 2016; 42:78. [PMID: 27576556 PMCID: PMC5006267 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-016-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are a wide group of muscular disorders that manifest with very early onset of muscular weakness, sometime associated to severe brain involvement.The histologic pattern of muscle anomalies is typical of dystrophic lesions but quite variable depending on the different stages and on the severity of the disorder.Recent classification of CMDs have been reported most of which based on the combination of clinical, biochemical, molecular and genetic findings, but genotype/phenotype correlation are in constant progression due to more diffuse utilization of the molecular analysis.In this article, the Authors report on CMDs belonging to the group of dystroglycanopathies and in particular on the most severe forms represented by the Fukuyama CMD, Muscle-Eye-Brain disease and Walker Walburg syndrome.Clinical diagnosis of infantile hypotonia is particularly difficult considering the different etiologic factors causing the lesions, the difficulty in localizing the involved CNS area (central vs. peripheral) and the limited role of the diagnostic procedures at this early age.The diagnostic evaluation is not easy mainly in differentiating the various types of CMDs, and represents a challenge for the neonatologists and pediatricians. Suggestions are reported on the way to reach a correct diagnosis with the appropriate use of the diagnostic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Falsaperla
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea D. Praticò
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Parano
- National Research Council—Section of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vitaliti
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, Catania, Italy
| | - Piero Pavone
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, Catania, Italy
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Dwyer CA, Esko JD. Glycan susceptibility factors in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:104-14. [PMID: 27418189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders with unknown etiology. An estimated 1:68 children in the U.S. are diagnosed with ASDs, making these disorders a substantial public health issue. Recent advances in genome sequencing have identified numerous genetic variants across the ASD patient population. Many genetic variants identified occur in genes that encode glycosylated extracellular proteins (proteoglycans or glycoproteins) or enzymes involved in glycosylation (glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases). It remains unknown whether "glycogene" variants cause changes in glycosylation and whether they contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of ASDs. Insights into glycan susceptibility factors are provided by studies in the normal brain and congenital disorders of glycosylation, which are often accompanied by ASD-like behaviors. The purpose of this review is to present evidence that supports a contribution of extracellular glycans and glycoconjugates to the etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic ASDs and other types of pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissa A Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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14
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Massalska D, Zimowski JG, Bijok J, Kucińska-Chahwan A, Łusakowska A, Jakiel G, Roszkowski T. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies. Clin Genet 2016; 90:199-210. [PMID: 27197572 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies constitute a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of rare inherited diseases characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy, motor delay and respiratory insufficiency. To date, curative care is not available for these diseases, which may severely affect both life-span and quality of life. We discuss prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for families at risk, as well as diagnostic possibilities in sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Massalska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J G Zimowski
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Bijok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Kucińska-Chahwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Łusakowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Jakiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Roszkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Casanova EL, Sharp JL, Chakraborty H, Sumi NS, Casanova MF. Genes with high penetrance for syndromic and non-syndromic autism typically function within the nucleus and regulate gene expression. Mol Autism 2016; 7:18. [PMID: 26985359 PMCID: PMC4793536 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability (ID), autism, and epilepsy share frequent yet variable comorbidities with one another. In order to better understand potential genetic divergence underlying this variable risk, we studied genes responsible for monogenic IDs, grouped according to their autism and epilepsy comorbidities. METHODS Utilizing 465 different forms of ID with known molecular origins, we accessed available genetic databases in conjunction with gene ontology (GO) to determine whether the genetics underlying ID diverge according to its comorbidities with autism and epilepsy and if genes highly penetrant for autism or epilepsy share distinctive features that set them apart from genes that confer comparatively variable or no apparent risk. RESULTS The genetics of ID with autism are relatively enriched in terms associated with nervous system-specific processes and structural morphogenesis. In contrast, we find that ID with highly comorbid epilepsy (HCE) is modestly associated with lipid metabolic processes while ID without autism or epilepsy comorbidity (ID only) is enriched at the Golgi membrane. Highly comorbid autism (HCA) genes, on the other hand, are strongly enriched within the nucleus, are typically involved in regulation of gene expression, and, along with IDs with more variable autism, share strong ties with a core protein-protein interaction (PPI) network integral to basic patterning of the CNS. CONCLUSIONS According to GO terminology, autism-related gene products are integral to neural development. While it is difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding IDs unassociated with autism, it is clear that the majority of HCA genes are tightly linked with general dysregulation of gene expression, suggesting that disturbances to the chronology of neural maturation and patterning may be key in conferring susceptibility to autism spectrum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Casanova
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, Greenville Health System, Patewood Medical Campus, 200A Patewood Dr, Greenville, SC 29615 USA
| | - Julia L. Sharp
- />Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
| | - Hrishikesh Chakraborty
- />Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nahid Sultana Sumi
- />Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Manuel F. Casanova
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, Greenville Health System, Patewood Medical Campus, 200A Patewood Dr, Greenville, SC 29615 USA
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Xu M, Yamada T, Sun Z, Eblimit A, Lopez I, Wang F, Manya H, Xu S, Zhao L, Li Y, Kimchi A, Sharon D, Sui R, Endo T, Koenekoop RK, Chen R. Mutations in POMGNT1 cause non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1479-88. [PMID: 26908613 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of human diseases have been linked to defects in protein glycosylation that affects a wide range of organs. Among them, O-mannosylation is an unusual type of protein glycosylation that is largely restricted to the muscular and nerve system. Consistently, mutations in genes involved in the O-mannosylation pathway result in infantile-onset, severe developmental defects involving skeleton muscle, brain and eye, such as the muscle-eye-brain disease (MIM no. 253280). However, the functional importance of O-mannosylation in these tissues at later stages remains largely unknown. In our study, we have identified recessive mutations in POMGNT1, which encodes an essential component in O-mannosylation pathway, in three unrelated families with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP), but without extraocular involvement. Enzymatic assay of these mutant alleles demonstrate that they greatly reduce the POMGNT1 enzymatic activity and are likely to be hypomorphic. Immunohistochemistry shows that POMGNT1 is specifically expressed in photoreceptor basal body. Taken together, our work identifies a novel disease-causing gene for RP and indicates that proper protein O-mannosylation is not only essential for early organ development, but also important for maintaining survival and function of the highly specialized retinal cells at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchu Xu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center
| | - Takeyuki Yamada
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Zixi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Aiden Eblimit
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center
| | - Irma Lopez
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada and
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center
| | - Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center
| | - Adva Kimchi
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dror Sharon
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ruifang Sui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Robert K Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada and
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, The Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,
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18
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Clinical, radiological, and genetic survey of patients with muscle-eye-brain disease caused by mutations in POMGNT1. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50:491-7. [PMID: 24731844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate clinical, genetic, and radiologic features of our patients with muscle-eye-brain disease. METHODS The data of patients who were diagnosed with muscle-eye-brain disease from a cohort of patients with congenital muscular dystrophy in the Division of Pediatric Neurology of Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine and Gaziantep Children's Hospital between 2005 and 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS From a cohort of 34 patients with congenital muscular dystrophy, 12 patients from 10 families were diagnosed with muscle-eye-brain disease. The mean age of the patients was 9 ± 5.5 years (2-19 years). Mean serum creatine kinase value was 2485.80 ± 1308.54 IU/L (700-4267 IU/L). All patients presented with muscular hypotonia at birth followed by varying degrees of spasticity and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes in later stages of life. Three patients were able to walk. The most common ophthalmologic and radiologic abnormalities were cataracts, retinal detachment, periventricular white matter abnormalities, ventriculomegaly, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and multiple cerebellar cysts. All of the patients had mutations in the POMGNT1 gene. The most common mutation detected in 66% of patients was c.1814 G > A (p.R605H). Two novel mutations were identified. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that muscle-eye-brain disease is a relatively common muscular dystrophy in Turkey. It should be suspected in patients with muscular hypotonia, increased creatine kinase, and structural eye and brain abnormalities. The c.1814 G > A mutation in exon 21 of the POMGNT1 gene is apparently a common mutation in the Turkish population. Individuals with this mutation show classical features of muscle-eye-brain disease, but others may exhibit a milder phenotype and retain the ability to walk independently. Congenital muscular dystrophy patients from Turkey carrying the clinical and radiologic features of muscle-eye-brain disease should be evaluated for mutations in POMGNT1 gene.
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Homozygous dystroglycan mutation associated with a novel muscle-eye-brain disease-like phenotype with multicystic leucodystrophy. Neurogenetics 2013; 14:205-13. [PMID: 24052401 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-013-0374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Defects in dystroglycan post-translational modification result in congenital muscular dystrophy with or without additional eye and brain involvement, are referred to as secondary dystroglycanopathies and have been associated with mutations in 11 different genes encoding glycosyltransferases or associated proteins. However, only one patient with a mutation in the dystroglycan encoding gene DAG1 itself has been described before. We here report a homozygous novel DAG1 missense mutation c.2006G>T predicted to result in the amino acid substitution p.Cys669Phe in the β-subunit of dystroglycan in two Libyan siblings. The affected girls presented with a severe muscle-eye-brain disease-like phenotype with distinct additional findings of macrocephaly and extended bilateral multicystic white matter disease, overlapping with the cerebral findings in patients with megalencephalic leucoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. This novel clinical phenotype observed in our patients further expands the clinical spectrum of dystroglycanopathies and suggests a role of DAG1 not only for dystroglycanopathies but also for some forms of more extensive and multicystic leucodystrophy.
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20
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Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Dafoulis V, Kalyva E, Vargiami E. Autism spectrum disorders: the quest for genetic syndromes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:327-66. [PMID: 23650212 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disabilities with various etiologies, but with a heritability estimate of more than 90%. Although the strong correlation between autism and genetic factors has been long established, the exact genetic background of ASD remains unclear. A number of genetic syndromes manifest ASD at higher than expected frequencies compared to the general population. These syndromes account for more than 10% of all ASD cases and include tuberous sclerosis, fragile X, Down, neurofibromatosis, Angelman, Prader-Willi, Williams, Duchenne, etc. Clinicians are increasingly required to recognize genetic disorders in individuals with ASD, in terms of providing proper care and prognosis to the patient, as well as genetic counseling to the family. Vice versa, it is equally essential to identify ASD in patients with genetic syndromes, in order to ensure correct management and appropriate educational placement. During investigation of genetic syndromes, a number of issues emerge: impact of intellectual disability in ASD diagnoses, identification of autistic subphenotypes and differences from idiopathic autism, validity of assessment tools designed for idiopathic autism, possible mechanisms for the association with ASD, etc. Findings from the study of genetic syndromes are incorporated into the ongoing research on autism etiology and pathogenesis; different syndromes converge upon common biological backgrounds (such as disrupted molecular pathways and brain circuitries), which probably account for their comorbidity with autism. This review paper critically examines the prevalence and characteristics of the main genetic syndromes, as well as the possible mechanisms for their association with ASD.
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21
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Jiao H, Manya H, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li X, Xiao J, Yang Y, Kobayashi K, Toda T, Endo T, Wu X, Xiong H. Novel POMGnT1 mutations cause muscle-eye-brain disease in Chinese patients. Mol Genet Genomics 2013; 288:297-308. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-013-0749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Marshall JL, Kwok Y, McMorran BJ, Baum LG, Crosbie-Watson RH. The potential of sarcospan in adhesion complex replacement therapeutics for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. FEBS J 2013; 280:4210-29. [PMID: 23601082 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three adhesion complexes span the sarcolemma and facilitate critical connections between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton: the dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein complexes and α7β1 integrin. Loss of individual protein components results in a loss of the entire protein complex and muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a progressive, lethal wasting disease characterized by repetitive cycles of myofiber degeneration and regeneration. Protein-replacement therapy offers a promising approach for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. Recently, we demonstrated that sarcospan facilitates protein-protein interactions amongst the adhesion complexes and is an important potential therapeutic target. Here, we review current protein-replacement strategies, discuss the potential benefits of sarcospan expression, and identify important experiments that must be addressed for sarcospan to move to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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23
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Yu T, Chahrour M, Coulter M, Jiralerspong S, Okamura-Ikeda K, Ataman B, Schmitz-Abe K, Harmin D, Adli M, Malik A, D’Gama A, Lim E, Sanders S, Mochida G, Partlow J, Sunu C, Felie J, Rodriguez J, Nasir R, Ware J, Joseph R, Hill R, Kwan B, Al-Saffar M, Mukaddes N, Hashmi A, Balkhy S, Gascon G, Hisama F, LeClair E, Poduri A, Oner O, Al-Saad S, Al-Awadi S, Bastaki L, Ben-Omran T, Teebi A, Al-Gazali L, Eapen V, Stevens C, Rappaport L, Gabriel S, Markianos K, State M, Greenberg M, Taniguchi H, Braverman N, Morrow E, Walsh C. Using whole-exome sequencing to identify inherited causes of autism. Neuron 2013; 77:259-73. [PMID: 23352163 PMCID: PMC3694430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant heritability of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), their extreme genetic heterogeneity has proven challenging for gene discovery. Studies of primarily simplex families have implicated de novo copy number changes and point mutations, but are not optimally designed to identify inherited risk alleles. We apply whole-exome sequencing (WES) to ASD families enriched for inherited causes due to consanguinity and find familial ASD associated with biallelic mutations in disease genes (AMT, PEX7, SYNE1, VPS13B, PAH, and POMGNT1). At least some of these genes show biallelic mutations in nonconsanguineous families as well. These mutations are often only partially disabling or present atypically, with patients lacking diagnostic features of the Mendelian disorders with which these genes are classically associated. Our study shows the utility of WES for identifying specific genetic conditions not clinically suspected and the importance of partial loss of gene function in ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.W. Yu
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- The Autism Consortium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02114
| | - M.H. Chahrour
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- The Autism Consortium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - M.E. Coulter
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - S. Jiralerspong
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3H1P3
| | - K. Okamura-Ikeda
- Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - B. Ataman
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - K. Schmitz-Abe
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - D.A. Harmin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - M. Adli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, 22908
| | - A.N. Malik
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - A.M. D’Gama
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - E.T. Lim
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02114
| | - S.J. Sanders
- Department of Genetics, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and Program on Neurogenetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 06510
| | - G.H. Mochida
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02114
| | - J.N. Partlow
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - C.M. Sunu
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - J.M. Felie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - J. Rodriguez
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - R.H. Nasir
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - J. Ware
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - R.M. Joseph
- The Autism Consortium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02118
| | - R.S. Hill
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - B.Y. Kwan
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
| | - M. Al-Saffar
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - N.M. Mukaddes
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A. Hashmi
- Armed Forces Hospital, King Abdulaziz Naval Base, Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Balkhy
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - G.G. Gascon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02114
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Clinical Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912
| | - F.M. Hisama
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, 98195
| | - E. LeClair
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - A. Poduri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,02115
| | - O. Oner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr Sami Ulus Childrens’ Hospital, Telsizler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S. Al-Saad
- Kuwait Center for Autism, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - L. Bastaki
- Kuwait Medical Genetics Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - T. Ben-Omran
- Section of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetic Medicine, Weil-Cornell Medical College, New York and Doha, Qatar
| | - A. Teebi
- Section of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetic Medicine, Weil-Cornell Medical College, New York and Doha, Qatar
| | - L. Al-Gazali
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - V. Eapen
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney (AUCS), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C.R. Stevens
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 02142
| | - L. Rappaport
- The Autism Consortium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - S.B. Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 02142
| | - K. Markianos
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - M.W. State
- Department of Genetics, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics and Program on Neurogenetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 06510
| | - M.E. Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
| | - H. Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - N.E. Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3H1P3
| | - E.M. Morrow
- The Autism Consortium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912
| | - C.A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- The Autism Consortium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
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Wells L. The o-mannosylation pathway: glycosyltransferases and proteins implicated in congenital muscular dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6930-5. [PMID: 23329833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.438978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several forms of congenital muscular dystrophy, referred to as dystroglycanopathies, result from defects in the protein O-mannosylation biosynthetic pathway. In this minireview, I discuss 12 proteins involved in the pathway and how they play a role in the building of glycan structures (most notably on the protein α-dystroglycan) that allow for binding to multiple proteins of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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25
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Dobson CM, Hempel SJ, Stalnaker SH, Stuart R, Wells L. O-Mannosylation and human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2849-57. [PMID: 23115008 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is arguably the most prevalent co- and post-translational modification. It is responsible for increased heterogeneity and functional diversity of proteins. Here we discuss the importance of one type of glycosylation, specifically O-mannosylation and its relationship to a number of human diseases. The most widely studied O-mannose modified protein is alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG). Recent studies have focused intensely on α-DG due to the severity of diseases associated with its improper glycosylation. O-mannosylation of α-DG is involved in cancer metastasis, arenavirus entry, and multiple forms of congenital muscular dystrophy [1, 2]. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional characteristics of O-mannose-initiated glycan structures on α-DG, enzymes involved in the O-mannosylation pathway, and the diseases that are a direct result of disruptions within this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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26
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Pane M, Messina S, Vasco G, Foley A, Morandi L, Pegoraro E, Mongini T, D’Amico A, Bianco F, Lombardo M, Scalise R, Bruno C, Berardinelli A, Pini A, Moroni I, Mora M, Toscano A, Moggio M, Comi G, Santorelli F, Bertini E, Muntoni F, Mercuri E. Respiratory and cardiac function in congenital muscular dystrophies with alpha dystroglycan deficiency. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:685-9. [PMID: 22727687 PMCID: PMC3476532 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to assess respiratory and cardiac function in a large cohort of patients with congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) with reduced glycosylation of alphadystroglycan (α-DG). Thirteen of the 115 patients included in the study died between the age of 1 month and 20 years. The age at last follow up of the surviving 102 ranged between 1 year and 68 years (median: 9.3 years). Cardiac involvement was found in 7 of the 115 (6%), 5 with dilated cardiomyopathy, 1 cardiac conductions defects and 1 mitral regurgitation. Respiratory function was impaired in 14 (12%). Ten of the 14 required non invasive nocturnal respiratory support, while the other four required invasive ventilation. Cardiac or respiratory involvement was found in patients with mutations in FKRP, POMT1, POMT2. All of the patients in whom mutation in POMGnT1 were identified had normal cardiac and respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pane
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Messina
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - G. Vasco
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - A.R. Foley
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - L. Morandi
- Myopathology and Neuroimmunolgy, Pediatric Neurology and Neuroradiology Units, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - E. Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - T. Mongini
- Neuromuscular Center, S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
| | - A. D’Amico
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Bianco
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - M.E. Lombardo
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Scalise
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - C. Bruno
- Neuromuscular Disease Unit, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - A. Pini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - I. Moroni
- Myopathology and Neuroimmunolgy, Pediatric Neurology and Neuroradiology Units, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Mora
- Myopathology and Neuroimmunolgy, Pediatric Neurology and Neuroradiology Units, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Toscano
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - M. Moggio
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Neurological Science, University of Milan, Italy
| | - G. Comi
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Neurological Science, University of Milan, Italy
| | - F.M. Santorelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - E. Bertini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - E. Mercuri
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Saredi S, Ardissone A, Ruggieri A, Mottarelli E, Farina L, Rinaldi R, Silvestri E, Gandioli C, D'Arrigo S, Salerno F, Morandi L, Grammatico P, Pantaleoni C, Moroni I, Mora M. Novel POMGNT1 point mutations and intragenic rearrangements associated with muscle-eye-brain disease. J Neurol Sci 2012; 318:45-50. [PMID: 22554691 PMCID: PMC3405532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital muscular dystrophies due to defects in genes encoding proteins involved in α-dystroglycan (α-DG) glycosylation are a heterogeneous group of muscle disorders variably associated with central nervous system and eye abnormalities. One of the more severe is muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB). Mutations in genes coding for proven or putative glycosyltransferases (POMT1, POMT2, POMGnT1, fukutin, FKRP, and LARGE), the DPM3 gene encoding a DOL-P-Man synthase subunit, and the DAG1 gene encoding α-dystroglycan, have been associated with altered α-DG glycosylation. We report new POMGnT1 mutations and evaluate protein expression in 3 patients and 2 foetuses with variably severe MEB features. We identify two new point mutations (c.643 C > T, c.1863delC), one new intragenic rearrangement (deletion of exons 2–8), and a new intron retention (between exons 21 and 22) resulting from a known point mutation c.1895 + 1 G > T. Our study provides further evidence that rearrangements of the POMGnT1 gene are relatively common. Importantly, if heterozygous, they can be missed on standard genomic DNA sequencing. POMGNT1 protein analysis in 3 patients showed that the severity of the phenotype does not correlate with protein expression. Cerebral MRI is important for identifying MEB and α-dystroglycanopathy phenotypes in children and foetuses, and hence for directing the genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saredi
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
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Novel retinal findings in an infant with muscle-eye-brain disease. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2012; 6:206-8. [PMID: 25390965 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0b013e318234ccbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe novel retinal findings in an infant with muscle-eye-brain disease and suggest a novel mechanism for congenital retinal detachment. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 7-week-old, white, female infant presented with total retinal detachment, peripheral retinal avascularity, and neovascularization of the right eye. In the left eye, there was hypoplastic optic nerve, no identifiable foveal avascular zone, and a small area of avascularity in the temporal peripheral retina. Genetic testing ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of muscle-eye-brain disease, a disorder of aberrant neuronal migration. CONCLUSION This case describes retinal findings that, to our knowledge, have not been reported in previous cases of muscle-eye-brain disease: peripheral avascularity, leading to retinal detachment in one eye, and foveal dysplasia. It is speculated that aberrant retinal vasculogenesis arose from disordered migration and patterning of retinal neurons.
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Biochemical correlation of activity of the α-dystroglycan-modifying glycosyltransferase POMGnT1 with mutations in muscle-eye-brain disease. Biochem J 2011; 436:447-55. [PMID: 21361872 PMCID: PMC3133881 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital muscular dystrophies have a broad spectrum of genotypes and phenotypes and there is a need for a better biochemical understanding of this group of diseases in order to aid diagnosis and treatment. Several mutations resulting in these diseases cause reduced O-mannosyl glycosylation of glycoproteins, including α-dystroglycan. The enzyme POMGnT1 (protein-O-mannose N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1; EC 2.4.1.-) catalyses the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine to O-linked mannose of α-dystroglycan. In the present paper we describe the biochemical characterization of 14 clinical mutants of the glycosyltransferase POMGnT1, which have been linked to muscle-eye-brain disease or similar conditions. Truncated mutant variants of the human enzyme (recombinant POMGnT1) were expressed in Escherichia coli and screened for catalytic activity. We find that three mutants show some activity towards mannosylated peptide substrates mimicking α-dystroglycan; the residues affected by these mutants are predicted by homology modelling to be on the periphery of the POMGnT1 surface. Only in part does the location of a previously described mutated residue on the periphery of the protein structure correlate with a less severe disease mutant.
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Labelle-Dumais C, Dilworth DJ, Harrington EP, de Leau M, Lyons D, Kabaeva Z, Manzini MC, Dobyns WB, Walsh CA, Michele DE, Gould DB. COL4A1 mutations cause ocular dysgenesis, neuronal localization defects, and myopathy in mice and Walker-Warburg syndrome in humans. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002062. [PMID: 21625620 PMCID: PMC3098190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB) and Walker Warburg Syndrome (WWS) belong to a spectrum of autosomal recessive diseases characterized by ocular dysgenesis, neuronal migration defects, and congenital muscular dystrophy. Until now, the pathophysiology of MEB/WWS has been attributed to alteration in dystroglycan post-translational modification. Here, we provide evidence that mutations in a gene coding for a major basement membrane protein, collagen IV alpha 1 (COL4A1), are a novel cause of MEB/WWS. Using a combination of histological, molecular, and biochemical approaches, we show that heterozygous Col4a1 mutant mice have ocular dysgenesis, neuronal localization defects, and myopathy characteristic of MEB/WWS. Importantly, we identified putative heterozygous mutations in COL4A1 in two MEB/WWS patients. Both mutations occur within conserved amino acids of the triple-helix-forming domain of the protein, and at least one mutation interferes with secretion of the mutant proteins, resulting instead in intracellular accumulation. Expression and posttranslational modification of dystroglycan is unaltered in Col4a1 mutant mice indicating that COL4A1 mutations represent a distinct pathogenic mechanism underlying MEB/WWS. These findings implicate a novel gene and a novel mechanism in the etiology of MEB/WWS and expand the clinical spectrum of COL4A1-associated disorders. Muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB) and Walker-Warburg Syndrome (WWS) are devastating childhood diseases that belong to a subgroup of congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) characterized by ocular dysgenesis, neuronal migration defects, and congenital myopathy. Genetic studies have revealed a number of genes involved in the etiology of CMDs, and subsequent studies show that alterations in dystroglycan glycosylation underlie MEB/WWS. However, over half of MEB/WWS patients do not have mutations in known genes encoding glycosyltransferases, suggesting that other genes are involved. Here, we describe a novel and genetically complex mouse model for MEB/WWS and identify putative heterozygous mutations in COL4A1 in two MEB/WWS patients. We identify a novel gene implicated in the etiology of MEB/WWS, provide evidence of mechanistic heterogeneity for this subgroup of congenital muscular dystrophies, and develop an assay to test the functional significance of putative COL4A1 mutations. Our findings represent the first evidence for a dominant mutation leading to MEB/WWS–like diseases and expand the spectrum of clinical disorders resulting from Col4a1/COL4A1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Dilworth
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emily P. Harrington
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle de Leau
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Lyons
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhyldyz Kabaeva
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - M. Chiara Manzini
- Division of Genetics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Departments of Human Genetics, Neurology, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Michele
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Douglas B. Gould
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Takahashi H, Kanesaki H, Igarashi T, Kameya S, Yamaki K, Mizota A, Kudo A, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Takeda S, Takahashi H. Reactive gliosis of astrocytes and Müller glial cells in retina of POMGnT1-deficient mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:119-30. [PMID: 21447391 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-linked mannose beta1, 2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGnT1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine to O-mannose of glycoproteins. Alpha-dystroglycan, a substrate of POMGnT1, is concentrated around the blood vessels, in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), and in the inner limiting membrane (ILM) of the retina. Mutations of the POMGnT1 gene in humans cause muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease. Several ocular abnormalities including retinal dysplasia, ERG abnormalities, and retinal detachments have been reported in patients with MEB. We have analyzed the eyes of POMGnT1-deficient mice, generated by standard gene targeting technique, to study the retinal abnormalities. Clinical examination of adult mutant mice revealed a high incidence (81% by 12-months-of-age) of retinal detachments. Sheathing of the retinal vessels and the presence of ectopic fibrous tissues around the optic nerve head were also found. Histological examinations showed focal retinal detachment associated with GFAP immunopositivity. The ILM of the mutant mice was disrupted with ectopic cells near the disruptions. The expression of Dp71, a shorter isoform of dystrophin, was severely reduced in the ILM and around retinal blood vessels of POMGnT1-deficient mice. The expression of Dp427, Dp260, Dp140 were also reduced in the OPL of the mutant mice. Electroretinographic (ERG) analyses showed reduced a- and b-wave amplitudes. Examinations of flat mounts revealed abnormal vascular network associated with highly irregular astrocytic processes. In addition, ER-TR7-positive fibrous tissue was found closely associated with reactive astrocytes especially around the optic nerve head. Our results suggest that altered glycosylation of alpha-DG may be responsible for the reactive gliosis and reticular fibrosis in the retina, and the subsequent developments of retinal dysplasia, abnormal ERGs, and retinal detachment in the mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatomo Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba 270-1694, Japan
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Betancur C. Etiological heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: more than 100 genetic and genomic disorders and still counting. Brain Res 2010; 1380:42-77. [PMID: 21129364 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) can arise from rare highly penetrant mutations and genomic imbalances. The rare nature of these variants, and the often differing orbits of clinical and research geneticists, can make it difficult to fully appreciate the extent to which we have made progress in understanding the genetic etiology of autism. In fact, there is a persistent view in the autism research community that there are only a modest number of autism loci known. We carried out an exhaustive review of the clinical genetics and research genetics literature in an attempt to collate all genes and recurrent genomic imbalances that have been implicated in the etiology of ASD. We provide data on 103 disease genes and 44 genomic loci reported in subjects with ASD or autistic behavior. These genes and loci have all been causally implicated in intellectual disability, indicating that these two neurodevelopmental disorders share common genetic bases. A genetic overlap between ASD and epilepsy is also apparent in many cases. Taken together, these findings clearly show that autism is not a single clinical entity but a behavioral manifestation of tens or perhaps hundreds of genetic and genomic disorders. Increased recognition of the etiological heterogeneity of ASD will greatly expand the number of target genes for neurobiological investigations and thereby provide additional avenues for the development of pathway-based pharmacotherapy. Finally, the data provide strong support for high-resolution DNA microarrays as well as whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing as critical approaches for identifying the genetic causes of ASDs.
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Finsterer J, Ramaciotti C, Wang CH, Wahbi K, Rosenthal D, Duboc D, Melacini P. Cardiac findings in congenital muscular dystrophies. Pediatrics 2010; 126:538-45. [PMID: 20679303 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac involvement (CI) in congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) has been only rarely investigated so far. By means of a systematic literature search we reviewed the literature about CI in CMD and found that CI is apparently absent in Ullrich CMD or CMD with integrin deficiency and only mild in Bethlem CMD. CI in merosin deficiency includes dilated cardiomyopathy and systolic dysfunction. CI in dystroglycanopathies seems most prevalent among all CMDs and includes dilated cardiomyopathy, systolic dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis in Fukuyama CMD. Among the nonspecified dystroglycanopathies, CI manifests as dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CMP) or systolic dysfunction. With CMD type 1C, as well as with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2I, up to half of the patients develop dilated cardiomyopathy. In rigid-spine syndrome, predominantly the right heart is affected secondary to thoracic deformity. In patients who carry LMNA mutations, CI may manifest as dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Overall, CI in patients with CMD varies considerably between the different CMD types from absent or mild CI to severe cardiac disease, particularly in merosin deficiency, dystroglycanopathies, and laminopathies. Patients with CMD with CI require regular cardiologic surveillance so that severe, treatable cardiac disease is not overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Danube University, Krems, Vienna, Austria.
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Liu J, Yang Y, Li X, Zhang P, Qi Y, Hu H. Cellular and molecular characterization of abnormal brain development in protein o-mannose N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 knockout mice. Methods Enzymol 2010; 479:353-66. [PMID: 20816176 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)79020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein O-mannose N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGnT1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine to O-mannose of glycoproteins. It is involved in posttranslational modification of alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG). POMGnT1-null mice were generated by gene trapping with a retroviral vector inserted into exon 2 of the POMGnT1 gene. Expression of POMGnT1 was completely disrupted as evidenced by absence of its mRNA expression. POMGnT1 knockout mice were viable but with reduced fertility and variable lifespan. The functional glycosylated form of alpha-DG was markedly reduced in POMGnT1 knockout mice along with impaired alpha-DG-laminin binding activity. Multiple developmental defects in muscle, brain, and eye were observed. In addition, the knockout mice exhibited extensive abnormalities in the neocortex, including changed neuron distribution, presence of ectopic fibroblasts, and GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes. Analysis of POMGnT1 knockout neocortex at several developmental stages revealed that these defects were secondary to disruptions of the pial basement membrane.
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Demir E, Gucuyener K, Akturk A, Talim B, Konus O, Del Bo R, Ghezzi S, Comi GP. An unusual presentation of Muscle–Eye–Brain disease: Severe eye abnormalities with mild muscle and brain involvement. Neuromuscul Disord 2009; 19:692-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Uyanik G, Hehr U. Angeborene Hirnfehlbildungen und geistige Behinderung. MED GENET-BERLIN 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-009-0165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hirnfehlbildungen sind klinisch und genetisch bedeutsame Ursachen für psychomotorische Entwicklungsstörungen und Epilepsien. Die diagnostische Einordnung erfolgt durch bildgebende Verfahren und ist die Grundlage für eine individuelle genetische Abklärung und für zuverlässige prognostische Aussagen. Für einen beträchtlichen Teil der Hirnfehlbildungen sind die molekularen Ursachen bereits bekannt. Mutationen in diesen Genen können mit milden Verlaufsformen assoziiert sein, bis hin zur geistigen Behinderung ohne strukturelle Hirnfehlbildungen. Die Aufklärung der molekulargenetischen Ursachen von Hirnfehlbildungen trägt zum besseren Verständnis der Gehirnentwicklung bei und eröffnet gleichzeitig neue Einsichten in die Pathophysiologie von geistiger Behinderung und Epilepsie. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht sie die Erkennung und individuelle genetische Beratung von Anlageträgern und ist eine Voraussetzung für die pränatale molekulargenetische Diagnostik in Risikofamilien.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Uyanik
- Aff1_165 grid.13648.38 0000000121803484 Institut für Humangenetik, Campus-Forschung, Gebäude 146 Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistraße 52 20246 Hamburg Deutschland
| | - U. Hehr
- Aff2_165 grid.7727.5 0000000121905763 Zentrum und Institut für Humangenetik Universität Regensburg Regensburg Deutschland
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Reed UC. Congenital muscular dystrophy. Part I: a review of phenotypical and diagnostic aspects. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2009; 67:144-68. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2009000100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous hereditary myopathies with preferentially autosomal recessive inheritance, that are characterized by congenital hypotonia, delayed motor development and early onset of progressive muscle weakness associated with dystrophic pattern on muscle biopsy. The clinical course is broadly variable and can comprise the involvement of the brain and eyes. From 1994, a great development in the knowledge of the molecular basis has occurred and the classification of CMDs has to be continuously up dated. We initially present the main clinical and diagnostic data concerning the CMDs related to changes in the complex dystrophin-associated glycoproteins-extracellular matrix: CMD with merosin deficiency (CMD1A), collagen VI related CMDs (Ullrich CMD and Bethlem myopathy), CMDs with abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (Fukuyama CMD, Muscle-eye-brain disease, Walker-Warburg syndrome, CMD1C, CMD1D), and the much rarer CMD with integrin deficiency. Finally, we present other forms of CMDs not related with the dystrophin/glycoproteins/extracellular matrix complex (rigid spine syndrome, CMD1B, CMD with lamin A/C deficiency), and some apparently specific clinical forms not yet associated with a known molecular mechanism. The second part of this review concerning the pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives of the different subtypes of CMD will be described in a next number.
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Sisodiya S. Brain structure, function, and genetics revealed by studies of the eye and face. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 21:404-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e3283052d0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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