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Fang C, Du H, Wang L, Liu B, Kong F. Mechanisms underlying key agronomic traits and implications for molecular breeding in soybean. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:379-393. [PMID: 37717820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is an important crop that provides protein and vegetable oil for human consumption. As soybean is a photoperiod-sensitive crop, its cultivation and yield are limited by the photoperiodic conditions in the field. In contrast to other major crops, soybean has a special plant architecture and a special symbiotic nitrogen fixation system, representing two unique breeding directions. Thus, flowering time, plant architecture, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation are three critical or unique yield-determining factors. This review summarizes the progress made in our understanding of these three critical yield-determining factors in soybean. Meanwhile, we propose potential research directions to increase soybean production, discuss the application of genomics and genomic-assisted breeding, and explore research directions to address future challenges, particularly those posed by global climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Haiping Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lingshuang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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2
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Wang L, Jiao Y, Bi Y, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Wang S, Wang S. Nodulation number tempers the relative importance of stochastic processes in the assembly of soybean root-associated communities. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:89. [PMID: 37640896 PMCID: PMC10462722 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the ecological forces that structure root-associated microbial communities is an essential step toward more sustainable agriculture. Legumes are widely utilized as model plants to study selective forces and their functioning in plant-microbial interactions owing to their ability to establish mutualism with rhizobia. Root nodules act as symbiotic organs to optimize the cost-benefit balance in this mutualistic relationship by modulating the number of nodules. However, it is not known whether the number of nodules is related to the structure of root-associated bacterial communities. Here, the root-associated bacterial communities of soybean grown in native soil by means of soybean cultivars with super- or normal nodulation were investigated across four developmental stages. We compared ecological processes between communities and found decreased relative importance of neutral processes for super-nodulating soybean, although the overall structures resembled those of normal-nodulating soybean. We identified the generalist core bacterial populations in each root-associated compartment, that are shared across root-associated niches, and persist through developmental stages. Within core bacterial species, the relative abundances of bacterial species in the rhizosphere microbiome were linked to host-plant functional traits and can be used to predict these traits from microbes using machine learning algorithms. These findings broaden the comprehensive understanding of the ecological forces and associations of microbiotas in various root-associated compartments and provide novel insights to integrate beneficial plant microbiomes into agricultural production to enhance plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, PR China
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yingdong Bi
- Institute of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150028, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Sui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, PR China.
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3
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Li JH, Muhammad Aslam M, Gao YY, Dai L, Hao GF, Wei Z, Chen MX, Dini-Andreote F. Microbiome-mediated signal transduction within the plant holobiont. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:616-628. [PMID: 36702670 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms colonizing the plant rhizosphere and phyllosphere play crucial roles in plant growth and health. Recent studies provide new insights into long-distance communication from plant roots to shoots in association with their commensal microbiome. In brief, these recent advances suggest that specific plant-associated microbial taxa can contribute to systemic plant responses associated with the enhancement of plant health and performance in face of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, most of the mechanisms associated with microbiome-mediated signal transduction in plants remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of long-distance signaling mechanisms within plants mediated by the commensal plant-associated microbiomes. We advocate the view of plants and microbes as a holobiont and explore key molecules and mechanisms associated with plant-microbe interactions and changes in plant physiology activated by signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Mehtab Muhammad Aslam
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yang-Yang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science & Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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4
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Yang Z, Du H, Xing X, Li W, Kong Y, Li X, Zhang C. A small heat shock protein, GmHSP17.9, from nodule confers symbiotic nitrogen fixation and seed yield in soybean. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:103-115. [PMID: 34487637 PMCID: PMC8710831 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legume-rhizobia symbiosis enables biological nitrogen fixation to improve crop production for sustainable agriculture. Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are involved in multiple environmental stresses and plant development processes. However, the role of sHSPs in nodule development in soybean remains largely unknown. In the present study, we identified a nodule-localized sHSP, called GmHSP17.9, in soybean, which was markedly up-regulated during nodule development. GmHSP17.9 was specifically expressed in the infected regions of the nodules. GmHSP17.9 overexpression and RNAi in transgenic composite plants and loss of function in CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing mutant plants in soybean resulted in remarkable alterations in nodule number, nodule fresh weight, nitrogenase activity, contents of poly β-hydroxybutyrate bodies (PHBs), ureide and total nitrogen content, which caused significant changes in plant growth and seed yield. GmHSP17.9 was also found to act as a chaperone for its interacting partner, GmNOD100, a sucrose synthase in soybean nodules which was also preferentially expressed in the infected zone of nodules, similar to GmHSP17.9. Functional analysis of GmNOD100 in composite transgenic plants revealed that GmNOD100 played an essential role in soybean nodulation. The hsp17.9 lines showed markedly more reduced sucrose synthase activity, lower contents of UDP-glucose and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and decreased activity of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in nodules due to the missing interaction with GmNOD100. Our findings reveal an important role and an unprecedented molecular mechanism of sHSPs in nodule development and nitrogen fixation in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwu Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryCollege of AgronomyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Hui Du
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryCollege of AgronomyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xinzhu Xing
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryCollege of AgronomyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Wenlong Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryCollege of AgronomyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Youbin Kong
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryCollege of AgronomyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xihuan Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryCollege of AgronomyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Caiying Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryCollege of AgronomyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
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Riah N, de Lajudie P, Béna G, Heulin K, Djekoun A. Variability in symbiotic efficiency with respect to the growth of pea and lentil inoculated with various rhizobial genotypes originating from sub-humid and semi-arid regions of eastern Algeria. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Boyle JA, Simonsen AK, Frederickson ME, Stinchcombe JR. Priority effects alter interaction outcomes in a legume-rhizobium mutualism. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202753. [PMID: 33715440 PMCID: PMC7944086 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Priority effects occur when the order of species arrival affects the final community structure. Mutualists often interact with multiple partners in different orders, but if or how priority effects alter interaction outcomes is an open question. In the field, we paired the legume Medicago lupulina with two nodulating strains of Ensifer bacteria that vary in nitrogen-fixing ability. We inoculated plants with strains in different orders and measured interaction outcomes. The first strain to arrive primarily determined plant performance and final relative abundances of rhizobia on roots. Plants that received effective microbes first and ineffective microbes second grew larger than plants inoculated with the same microbes in the opposite order. Our results show that mutualism outcomes can be influenced not just by partner identity, but by the interaction order. Furthermore, hosts receiving high-quality mutualists early can better tolerate low-quality symbionts later, indicating that priority effects may help explain the persistence of ineffective symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2
| | - Anna K Simonsen
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Megan E Frederickson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2.,Koffler Scientific Reserve, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3B2
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Ma Y, Chen R. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Signaling and Transport During Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683601. [PMID: 34239527 PMCID: PMC8258413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two predominant mineral elements, which are not only essential for plant growth and development in general but also play a key role in symbiotic N fixation in legumes. Legume plants have evolved complex signaling networks to respond to both external and internal levels of these macronutrients to optimize symbiotic N fixation in nodules. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and nitrate (NO3 -) are the two major forms of P and N elements utilized by plants, respectively. Pi starvation and NO3 - application both reduce symbiotic N fixation via similar changes in the nodule gene expression and invoke local and long-distance, systemic responses, of which N-compound feedback regulation of rhizobial nitrogenase activity appears to operate under both conditions. Most of the N and P signaling and transport processes have been investigated in model organisms, such as Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, etc. We attempted to discuss some of these processes wherever appropriate, to serve as references for a better understanding of the N and P signaling and transport during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rujin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rujin Chen,
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8
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Sorroche F, Morales V, Mouffok S, Pichereaux C, Garnerone AM, Zou L, Soni B, Carpéné MA, Gargaros A, Maillet F, Burlet-Schiltz O, Poinsot V, Polard P, Gough C, Batut J. The ex planta signal activity of a Medicago ribosomal uL2 protein suggests a moonlighting role in controlling secondary rhizobial infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235446. [PMID: 33002000 PMCID: PMC7529298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a regulatory loop, which we termed autoregulation of infection (AOI), by which Sinorhizobium meliloti, a Medicago endosymbiont, downregulates the root susceptibility to secondary infection events via ethylene. AOI is initially triggered by so-far unidentified Medicago nodule signals named signal 1 and signal 1' whose transduction in bacteroids requires the S. meliloti outer-membrane-associated NsrA receptor protein and the cognate inner-membrane-associated adenylate cyclases, CyaK and CyaD1/D2, respectively. Here, we report on advances in signal 1 identification. Signal 1 activity is widespread as we robustly detected it in Medicago nodule extracts as well as in yeast and bacteria cell extracts. Biochemical analyses indicated a peptidic nature for signal 1 and, together with proteomic analyses, a universally conserved Medicago ribosomal protein of the uL2 family was identified as a candidate signal 1. Specifically, MtRPuL2A (MtrunA17Chr7g0247311) displays a strong signal activity that requires S. meliloti NsrA and CyaK, as endogenous signal 1. We have shown that MtRPuL2A is active in signaling only in a non-ribosomal form. A Medicago truncatula mutant in the major symbiotic transcriptional regulator MtNF-YA1 lacked most signal 1 activity, suggesting that signal 1 is under developmental control. Altogether, our results point to the MtRPuL2A ribosomal protein as the candidate for signal 1. Based on the Mtnf-ya1 mutant, we suggest a link between root infectiveness and nodule development. We discuss our findings in the context of ribosomal protein moonlighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sorroche
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Violette Morales
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Saïda Mouffok
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche (FR3450), Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (AIB), CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - A. Marie Garnerone
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lan Zou
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Badrish Soni
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Audrey Gargaros
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Maillet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Polard
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Clare Gough
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jacques Batut
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Wang Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Li X. The NMN Module Conducts Nodule Number Orchestra. iScience 2020; 23:100825. [PMID: 31978752 PMCID: PMC6976932 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes control nodule number through nodulation and autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathways. Nodule Inception (NIN) is essential for rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis in legumes. The GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 (NMN) module, which consists of two positive regulators, GmNINa and miR172c, and a suppressor, NNC1, integrates both pathways. GmNINa activates miR172c to downregulate NNC1, leading to nodulation, while NNC1 inhibits miR172c expression, forming a negative feedback loop. GmNINa and NNC1 interact with each other and antagonistically fine-tune GmRIC1/RIC2 expression, turning AON on and off. Conversely, activation of AON inhibits GmNINa and miR172c expression, thereby reducing their inhibitory effects on NNC1 to attenuate both nodulation signaling and AON. The NMN module functions not only as an “accelerator” of the nodulation signal to promote nodulation but also as a “brake” on the signal by activating AON to orchestrate nodule number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
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Sorroche F, Walch M, Zou L, Rengel D, Maillet F, Gibelin-Viala C, Poinsot V, Chervin C, Masson-Boivin C, Gough C, Batut J, Garnerone AM. Endosymbiotic Sinorhizobium meliloti modulate Medicago root susceptibility to secondary infection via ethylene. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1505-1515. [PMID: 31059123 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A complex network of pathways coordinates nodulation and epidermal root hair infection in the symbiotic interaction between rhizobia and legume plants. Whereas nodule formation was known to be autoregulated, it was so far unclear whether a similar control is exerted on the infection process. We assessed the capacity of Medicago plants nodulated by Sinorhizobium meliloti to modulate root susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection or to purified Nod factors in split-root and volatile assays using bacterial and plant mutant combinations. Ethylene implication in this process emerged from gas production measurements, use of a chemical inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis and of a Medicago mutant affected in ethylene signal transduction. We identified a feedback mechanism that we named AOI (for Autoregulation Of Infection) by which endosymbiotic bacteria control secondary infection thread formation by their rhizospheric peers. AOI involves activation of a cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) cascade in endosymbiotic bacteria, which decreases both root infectiveness and root susceptibility to bacterial Nod factors. These latter two effects are mediated by ethylene. AOI is a novel component of the complex regulatory network controlling the interaction between Sinorhizobium meliloti and its host plants that emphasizes the implication of endosymbiotic bacteria in fine-tuning the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilda Walch
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lan Zou
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - David Rengel
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabienne Maillet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Véréna Poinsot
- Laboratoire IMRCP, UMR 5623 Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Clare Gough
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jacques Batut
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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11
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Miri M, Janakirama P, Huebert T, Ross L, McDowell T, Orosz K, Markmann K, Szczyglowski K. Inside out: root cortex-localized LHK1 cytokinin receptor limits epidermal infection of Lotus japonicus roots by Mesorhizobium loti. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1523-1537. [PMID: 30636324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During Lotus japonicus-Mesorhizobium loti symbiosis, the LOTUS HISTIDINE KINASE1 (LHK1) cytokinin receptor regulates both the initiation of nodule formation and the scope of root infection. However, the exact spatiotemporal mechanism by which this receptor exerts its symbiotic functions has remained elusive. In this study, we performed cell type-specific complementation experiments in the hyperinfected lhk1-1 mutant background, targeting LHK1 to either the root epidermis or the root cortex. We also utilized various genetic backgrounds to characterize expression of several genes regulating symbiotic infection. We show here that expression of LHK1 in the root cortex is required and sufficient to regulate both nodule formation and epidermal infections. The LHK1-dependent signalling that restricts subsequent infection events is triggered before initial cell divisions for nodule primordium formation. We also demonstrate that AHK4, the Arabidopsis orthologue of LHK1, is able to regulate M. loti infection in L. japonicus, suggesting that an endogenous cytokinin receptor could be sufficient for engineering nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis in nonlegumes. Our data provide experimental evidence for the existence of an LHK1-dependent root cortex-to-epidermis feedback mechanism regulating rhizobial infection. This root-localized regulatory module functionally links with the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to maintain the homeostasis of symbiotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Miri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5BF, Canada
| | - Preetam Janakirama
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Terry Huebert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Tim McDowell
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Kathleen Orosz
- Fanshawe College, 1001 Fanshawe College Boulevard, London, ON, N5Y 5R6, Canada
| | - Katharina Markmann
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5BF, Canada
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Yoro E, Nishida H, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Yoshida C, Suzaki T, Matsubayashi Y, Kawaguchi M. PLENTY, a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase, negatively regulates root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:507-517. [PMID: 30351431 PMCID: PMC6322572 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can survive in nitrogen-deficient environments by forming root-nodule symbioses with rhizobial bacteria; however, forming nodules consumes energy, and nodule numbers must thus be strictly controlled. Previous studies identified major negative regulators of nodulation in Lotus japonicus, including the small peptides CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-RELATED-ROOT SIGNAL1 (CLE-RS1), CLE-RS2, and CLE-RS3, and their putative major receptor HYPERNODULATION AND ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1). CLE-RS2 is known to be expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots, and is predicted to be post-translationally arabinosylated, a modification essential for its activity. Moreover, all three CLE-RSs suppress nodulation in a HAR1-dependent manner. Here, we identified PLENTY as a gene responsible for the previously isolated hypernodulation mutant plenty. PLENTY encoded a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase orthologous to ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 in Medicago truncatula. PLENTY was localized to the Golgi, and an in vitro analysis of the recombinant protein demonstrated its arabinosylation activity, indicating that CLE-RS1/2/3 may be substrates for PLENTY. The constitutive expression experiments showed that CLE-RS3 was the major candidate substrate for PLENTY, suggesting the substrate preference of PLENTY for individual CLE-RS peptides. Furthermore, a genetic analysis of the plenty har1 double mutant indicated the existence of another PLENTY-dependent and HAR1-independent pathway negatively regulating nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoro
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Yoshida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Lin JS, Li X, Luo Z, Mysore KS, Wen J, Xie F. NIN interacts with NLPs to mediate nitrate inhibition of nodulation in Medicago truncatula. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:942-952. [PMID: 30297831 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants can assimilate inorganic nitrogen and have access to fixed nitrogen through symbiotic interaction with diazotrophic bacteria called rhizobia. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an energy-consuming process and is strongly inhibited when sufficient levels of fixed nitrogen are available, but the molecular mechanisms governing this regulation are largely unknown. The transcription factor nodule inception (NIN) is strictly required for nodulation and belongs to a family of NIN-like proteins (NLPs), which have been implicated in the regulation of nitrogen homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Here, we show that mutation or downregulation of NLP genes prevents nitrate inhibition of infection, nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. We find that NIN and NLPs physically interact through their carboxy-terminal PB1 domains. Furthermore, we find that NLP1 is required for the expression of nitrate-responsive genes and that nitrate triggers NLP1 re-localization from the cytosol to the nucleus. Finally, we show that NLP1 can suppress NIN activation of CRE1 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and Medicago truncatula. Our findings highlight a central role for NLPs in the suppression of nodulation by nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Shun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenpeng Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Zou L, Gastebois A, Mathieu-Demazière C, Sorroche F, Masson-Boivin C, Batut J, Garnerone AM. Transcriptomic Insight in the Control of Legume Root Secondary Infection by the Sinorhizobium meliloti Transcriptional Regulator Clr. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1236. [PMID: 28729859 PMCID: PMC5498481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent transcriptional regulator Clr of Sinorhizobium meliloti regulates the overall number of infection events on Medicago roots by a so-far unknown mechanism requiring smc02178, a Clr-target gene of unknown function. In order to shed light on the mode of action of Clr on infection and potentially reveal additional biological functions for Clr, we inventoried genomic Clr target genes by transcriptome profiling. We have found that Clr positively controls the synthesis of cAMP-dependent succinoglycan as well as the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of a so-far unknown polysaccharide compound. In addition, Clr activated expression of 24 genes of unknown function in addition to smc02178. Genes negatively controlled by Clr were mainly involved in swimming motility and chemotaxis. Functional characterization of two novel Clr-activated genes of unknown function, smb20495 and smc02177, showed that their expression was activated by the same plant signal as smc02178 ex planta. In planta, however, symbiotic expression of smc02177 proved independent of clr. Both smc02177 and smb20495 genes were strictly required for the control of secondary infection on M. sativa. None of the three smc02177, smc02178 and smb20495 genes were needed for plant signal perception. Altogether this work provides a refined view of the cAMP-dependent Clr regulon of S. meliloti. We specifically discuss the possible roles of smc02177, smc02178, smb20495 genes and other Clr-controlled genes in the control of secondary infection of Medicago roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zou
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Batut
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet-Tolosan, France
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Ji ZJ, Yan H, Cui QG, Wang ET, Chen WF, Chen WX. Competition between rhizobia under different environmental conditions affects the nodulation of a legume. Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 40:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Carter AM, Tegeder M. Increasing Nitrogen Fixation and Seed Development in Soybean Requires Complex Adjustments of Nodule Nitrogen Metabolism and Partitioning Processes. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2044-2051. [PMID: 27451897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Legumes are able to access atmospheric di-nitrogen (N2) through a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia that reside within root nodules. In soybean, following N2 fixation by the bacteroids, ammonia is finally reduced in uninfected cells to allantoin and allantoic acid [1]. These ureides present the primary long-distance transport forms of nitrogen (N), and are exported from nodules via the xylem for shoot N supply. Transport of allantoin and allantoic acid out of nodules requires the function of ureide permeases (UPS1) located in cells adjacent to the vasculature [2, 3]. We expressed a common bean UPS1 transporter in cortex and endodermis cells of soybean nodules and found that delivery of N from nodules to shoot, as well as seed set, was significantly increased. In addition, the number of transgenic nodules was increased and symbiotic N2 fixation per nodule was elevated, indicating that transporter function in nodule N export is a limiting step in bacterial N acquisition. Further, the transgenic nodules showed considerable increases in nodule N assimilation, ureide synthesis, and metabolite levels. This suggests complex adjustments of nodule N metabolism and partitioning processes in support of symbiotic N2 fixation. We propose that the transgenic UPS1 plants display metabolic and allocation plasticity to overcome N2 fixation and seed yield limitations. Overall, it is demonstrated that transporter function in N export from nodules is a key step for enhancing atmospheric N2 fixation and nodule function and for improving shoot N nutrition and seed development in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Artenisa CR, Claire TV, Angelita DSM, Maria VSS, José DPO, Aurenivia B, Márcia DVBF. Rhizobium tropici exopolysaccharides as carriers improve the symbiosis of cowpea-Bradyrhizobium-Paenibacillus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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18
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Djordjevic MA, Mohd-Radzman NA, Imin N. Small-peptide signals that control root nodule number, development, and symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5171-81. [PMID: 26249310 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many legumes have the capacity to enter into a symbiotic association with soil bacteria generically called 'rhizobia' that results in the formation of new lateral organs on roots called nodules within which the rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). Up to 200 million tonnes of N per annum is fixed by this association. Therefore, this symbiosis plays an integral role in the N cycle and is exploited in agriculture to support the sustainable fixation of N for cropping and animal production in developing and developed nations. Root nodulation is an expendable developmental process and competency for nodulation is coupled to low-N conditions. Both nodule initiation and development is suppressed under high-N conditions. Although root nodule formation enables sufficient N to be fixed for legumes to grow under N-deficient conditions, the carbon cost is high and nodule number is tightly regulated by local and systemic mechanisms. How legumes co-ordinate nodule formation with the other main organs of nutrient acquisition, lateral roots, is not fully understood. Independent mechanisms appear to regulate lateral roots and nodules under low- and high-N regimes. Recently, several signalling peptides have been implicated in the local and systemic regulation of nodule and lateral root formation. Other peptide classes control the symbiotic interaction of rhizobia with the host. This review focuses on the roles played by signalling peptides during the early stages of root nodule formation, in the control of nodule number, and in the establishment of symbiosis. Here, we highlight the latest findings and the gaps in our understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nadiatul A Mohd-Radzman
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nijat Imin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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19
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De Cuyper C, Fromentin J, Yocgo RE, De Keyser A, Guillotin B, Kunert K, Boyer FD, Goormachtig S. From lateral root density to nodule number, the strigolactone analogue GR24 shapes the root architecture of Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:137-46. [PMID: 25371499 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the rhizosphere, strigolactones not only act as crucial signalling molecules in the communication of plants with parasitic weeds and arbuscular mycorrhiza, but they also play a key role in regulating different aspects of the root system. Here we investigated how strigolactones influence the root architecture of Medicago truncatula. We provide evidence that addition of the synthetic strigolactone analogue GR24 has an inhibitory effect on the lateral root density. Moreover, treatment with GR24 of Sinorhizobium meliloti-inoculated M. truncatula plants affects the nodule number both positively and negatively, depending on the concentration. Plants treated with 0.1 µM GR24 had a slightly increased number of nodules, whereas concentrations of 2 and 5 µM strongly reduced it. This effect was independent of the autoregulation of nodulation mechanism that is controlled by SUPER NUMERIC NODULE. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GR24 controls the nodule number through crosstalk with SICKLE-dependent ethylene signalling. Additionally, because the expression of the nodulation marker EARLY NODULATION11 was strongly reduced in GR24-treated plants, we concluded that strigolactones influence nodulation at a very early stage of the symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien De Cuyper
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Fromentin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Rosita Endah Yocgo
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Guillotin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karl Kunert
- Plant Science Department, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, 0083 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Unité Propre de Recherche 2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Shoot-derived cytokinins systemically regulate root nodulation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4983. [PMID: 25236855 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes establish symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) in root nodules to obtain nitrogen. Legumes control nodule number through long-distance communication between roots and shoots, maintaining the proper symbiotic balance. Rhizobial infection triggers the production of mobile CLE-RS1/2 peptides in Lotus japonicus roots; the perception of the signal by receptor kinase HAR1 in shoots presumably induces the production of an unidentified shoot-derived inhibitor (SDI) that translocates to roots and blocks further nodule development. Here we show that, CLE-RS1/2-HAR1 signalling activates the production of shoot-derived cytokinins, which have an SDI-like capacity to systemically suppress nodulation. In addition, we show that LjIPT3 is involved in nodulation-related cytokinin production in shoots. The expression of LjIPT3 is activated in an HAR1-dependent manner. We further demonstrate shoot-to-root long-distance transport of cytokinin in L. japonicus seedlings. These findings add essential components to our understanding of how legumes control nodulation to balance nutritional requirements and energy status.
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21
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Marmiroli N, Maestri E. Plant peptides in defense and signaling. Peptides 2014; 56:30-44. [PMID: 24681437 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on plant peptides involved in defense against pathogen infection and those involved in the regulation of growth and development. Defense peptides, defensins, cyclotides and anti-microbial peptides are compared and contrasted. Signaling peptides are classified according to their major sites of activity. Finally, a network approach to creating an interactomic peptide map is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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22
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Root-derived CLE glycopeptides control nodulation by direct binding to HAR1 receptor kinase. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2191. [PMID: 23934307 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leguminous plants establish a symbiosis with rhizobia to enable nitrogen fixation in root nodules under the control of the presumed root-to-shoot-to-root negative feedback called autoregulation of nodulation. In Lotus japonicus, autoregulation is mediated by CLE-RS genes that are specifically expressed in the root, and the receptor kinase HAR1 that functions in the shoot. However, the mature functional structures of CLE-RS gene products and the molecular nature of CLE-RS/HAR1 signalling governed by these spatially distant components remain elusive. Here we show that CLE-RS2 is a post-translationally arabinosylated glycopeptide derived from the CLE domain. Chemically synthesized CLE-RS glycopeptides cause significant suppression of nodulation and directly bind to HAR1 in an arabinose-chain and sequence-dependent manner. In addition, CLE-RS2 glycopeptide specifically produced in the root is found in xylem sap collected from the shoot. We propose that CLE-RS glycopeptides are the long sought mobile signals responsible for the initial step of autoregulation of nodulation.
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Molesini B, Cecconi D, Pii Y, Pandolfini T. Local and Systemic Proteomic Changes in Medicago Truncatula at an Early Phase of Sinorhizobium meliloti Infection. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:408-21. [DOI: 10.1021/pr4009942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Daniela Cecconi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Youry Pii
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pandolfini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, Verona 37134, Italy
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24
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Murakami Y, Yokoyama H, Fukui R, Kawaguchi M. Down-regulation of NSP2 expression in developmentally young regions of Lotus japonicus roots in response to rhizobial inoculation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:518-27. [PMID: 23335614 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During the early 1980s, Bauer and associates reported that nodulation potential in primary roots of soybean seedlings following inoculation with rhizobia was significantly reduced in developmentally younger regions. They suggested that this phenomenon might be due to a fast-acting regulatory mechanism in the host that prevented excessive nodulation. However, the molecular mechanism of this fast-acting regulatory response remains uncertain. Here, we sought to elucidate components of this regulatory mechanism by investigating the expression of the NSP1 and NSP2 genes that encode a GRAS transcription factor required for nodule initiation. First, we confirmed that younger regions of Lotus japonicus roots also show a reduction in nodule numbers in response to Mesorhizobium loti. Then, we compared the expression levels of NSP1 and NSP2 in developmentally younger regions of primary roots. After inoculation with M. loti, expression of NSP1 was transiently induced whereas that of NSP2 was significantly down-regulated 1 d after inoculation. This result implicates that down-regulation of NSP2 might cause a fast-acting regulatory mechanism to prevent further nodulation. Next we overexpressed NSP2 in wild-type plants. Overexpression resulted in the clustering of nodules in the upper region of the root but strong suppression of nodulation in the lower region. In contrast, overexpression of NSP2 in har1 hypernodulating mutants resulted in an increased number of nodule primordia even in the root tip region. These results indicate that HAR1 negatively regulates NSP2-induced excessive nodule formation in the developmentally younger regions of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Murakami
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
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25
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26
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Kassaw TK, Frugoli JA. Simple and efficient methods to generate split roots and grafted plants useful for long-distance signaling studies in Medicago truncatula and other small plants. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:38. [PMID: 22971438 PMCID: PMC3493353 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Long distance signaling is a common phenomenon in animal and plant development. In plants, lateral organs such as nodules and lateral roots are developmentally regulated by root-to-shoot and shoot-to-root long distance signaling. Grafting and split root experiments have been used in the past to study the systemic long distance effect of endogenous and environmental factors, however the potential of these techniques has not been fully realized because data replicates are often limited due to cumbersome and difficult approaches and many plant species with soft tissue are difficult to work with. Hence, developing simple and efficient methods for grafting and split root inoculation in these plants is of great importance. RESULTS We report a split root inoculation system for the small legume M. truncatula as well as robust and reliable techniques of inverted-Y grafting and reciprocal grafting. Although the split root technique has been historically used for a variety of experimental purposes, we made it simple, efficient and reproducible for M. truncatula. Using our split root experiments, we showed the systemic long distance suppression of nodulation on a second wild type root inoculated after a delay, as well as the lack of this suppression in mutants defective in autoregulation. We demonstrated inverted-Y grafting as a method to generate plants having two different root genotypes. We confirmed that our grafting method does not affect the normal growth and development of the inserted root; the composite plants maintained normal root morphology and anatomy. Shoot-to-root reciprocal grafts were efficiently made with a modification of this technique and, like standard grafts, demonstrate that the regulatory signal defective in rdn1 mutants acts in the root. CONCLUSIONS Our split root inoculation protocol shows marked improvement over existing methods in the number and quality of the roots produced. The dual functions of the inverted-Y grafting approach are demonstrated: it is a useful system to produce a plant having roots of two different genotypes and is also more efficient than published shoot-to-root reciprocal grafting techniques. Both techniques together allow dissection of long distance plant developmental regulation with very simple, efficient and reproducible approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessema K Kassaw
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 100 Jordan Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Julia A Frugoli
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 100 Jordan Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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27
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Plant-activated bacterial receptor adenylate cyclases modulate epidermal infection in the Sinorhizobium meliloti-Medicago symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6751-6. [PMID: 22493242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120260109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes and soil bacteria called rhizobia have coevolved a facultative nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Establishment of the symbiosis requires bacterial entry via root hair infection threads and, in parallel, organogenesis of nodules that subsequently are invaded by bacteria. Tight control of nodulation and infection is required to maintain the mutualistic character of the interaction. Available evidence supports a passive bacterial role in nodulation and infection after the microsymbiont has triggered the symbiotic plant developmental program. Here we identify in Sinorhizobium meliloti, the Medicago symbiont, a cAMP-signaling regulatory cascade consisting of three receptor-like adenylate cyclases, a Crp-like regulator, and a target gene of unknown function. The cascade is activated specifically by a plant signal during nodule organogenesis. Cascade inactivation results in a hyperinfection phenotype consisting of abortive epidermal infection events uncoupled from nodulation. These findings show that, in response to a plant signal, rhizobia play an active role in the control of infection. We suggest that rhizobia may modulate the plant's susceptibility to infection. This regulatory loop likely aims at optimizing legume infection.
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28
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Mortier V, Holsters M, Goormachtig S. Never too many? How legumes control nodule numbers. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:245-58. [PMID: 21819415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Restricted availability of nitrogen compounds in soils is often a major limiting factor for plant growth and productivity. Legumes circumvent this problem by establishing a symbiosis with soil-borne bacteria, called rhizobia that fix nitrogen for the plant. Nitrogen fixation and nutrient exchange take place in specialized root organs, the nodules, which are formed by a coordinated and controlled process that combines bacterial infection and organ formation. Because nodule formation and nitrogen fixation are energy-consuming processes, legumes develop the minimal number of nodules required to ensure optimal growth. To this end, several mechanisms have evolved that adapt nodule formation and nitrogen fixation to the plant's needs and environmental conditions, such as nitrate availability in the soil. In this review, we give an updated view on the mechanisms that control nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mortier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Hayashi M, Saeki Y, Haga M, Harada K, Kouchi H, Umehara Y. Rj (rj) genes involved in nitrogen-fixing root nodule formation in soybean. BREEDING SCIENCE 2012; 61:544-53. [PMID: 23136493 PMCID: PMC3406786 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.61.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that formation of symbiotic root nodules in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is controlled by several host genes referred to as Rj (rj) genes, but molecular cloning of these genes has been hampered by soybean's complicated genome structure and large genome size. Progress in molecular identification of legume genes involved in root nodule symbiosis have been mostly achieved by using two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, that have relatively simple and small genomes and are capable of molecular transfection. However, recent development of resources for soybean molecular genetic research, such as genome sequencing, large EST databases, and high-density linkage maps, have enabled us to isolate several Rj genes. This progress has been achieved in connection with systematic utilization of the information obtained from molecular genetics of the model legumes. In this review, we summarize the current status of knowledge of host-controlled nodulation in soybean based on information from recent studies on Rj genes, and discuss the future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hayashi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Yuichi Saeki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Michiyo Haga
- Fukushima Prefecture Ken-chu Agriculture and Forestry Office, 1-1-1 Hayama, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8540, Japan
| | - Kyuya Harada
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kouchi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yosuke Umehara
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Reid DE, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM. Inoculation- and nitrate-induced CLE peptides of soybean control NARK-dependent nodule formation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:606-18. [PMID: 21198362 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic autoregulation of nodulation in legumes involves a root-derived signal (Q) that is perceived by a CLAVATA1-like leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (e.g. GmNARK). Perception of Q triggers the production of a shoot-derived inhibitor that prevents further nodule development. We have identified three candidate CLE peptide-encoding genes (GmRIC1, GmRIC2, and GmNIC1) in soybean (Glycine max) that respond to Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation or nitrate treatment. Ectopic overexpression of all three CLE peptide genes in transgenic roots inhibited nodulation in a GmNARK-dependent manner. The peptides share a high degree of amino acid similarity in a 12-amino-acid C-terminal domain, deemed to represent the functional ligand of GmNARK. GmRIC1 was expressed early (12 h) in response to Bradyrhizobium-sp.-produced nodulation factor while GmRIC2 was induced later (48 to 72 h) but was more persistent during later nodule development. Neither GmRIC1 nor GmRIC2 were induced by nitrate. In contrast, GmNIC1 was strongly induced by nitrate (2 mM) treatment but not by Bradyrhizobium sp. inoculation and, unlike the other two GmCLE peptides, functioned locally to inhibit nodulation. Grafting demonstrated a requirement for root GmNARK activity for nitrate regulation of nodulation whereas Bradyrhizobium sp.-induced regulation was contingent on GmNARK function in the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugald E Reid
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, John Hines Building, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Mortier V, Fenta BA, Martens C, Rombauts S, Holsters M, Kunert K, Goormachtig S. Search for nodulation-related CLE genes in the genome of Glycine max. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2571-83. [PMID: 21273331 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CLE peptides are potentially involved in nodule organ development and in the autoregulation of nodulation (AON), a systemic process that restricts nodule number. A genome-wide survey of CLE peptide genes in the soybean glycine max genome resulted in the identification of 39 GmCLE genes, the majority of which have not yet been annotated. qRT-PCR analysis indicated two different nodulation-related CLE expression patterns, one linked with nodule primordium development and a new one linked with nodule maturation. Moreover, two GmCLE gene pairs, encoding group-III CLE peptides that were previously shown to be involved in AON, had a transient expression pattern during nodule development, were induced by the essential nodulation hormone cytokinin, and one pair was also slightly induced by the addition of nitrate. Hence, our data support the hypothesis that group-III CLE peptides produced in the nodules are involved in primordium homeostasis and intertwined in activating AON, but not in sustaining it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mortier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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Anda M, Ikeda S, Eda S, Okubo T, Sato S, Tabata S, Mitsui H, Minamisawa K. Isolation and genetic characterization of Aurantimonas and Methylobacterium strains from stems of hypernodulated soybeans. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:172-80. [PMID: 21512309 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to isolate Aurantimonas and Methylobacterium strains that responded to soybean nodulation phenotypes and nitrogen fertilization rates in a previous culture-independent analysis (Ikeda et al. ISME J. 4:315-326, 2010). Two strategies were adopted for isolation from enriched bacterial cells prepared from stems of field-grown, hypernodulated soybeans: PCR-assisted isolation for Aurantimonas and selective cultivation for Methylobacterium. Thirteen of 768 isolates cultivated on Nutrient Agar medium were identified as Aurantimonas by colony PCR specific for Aurantimonas and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Meanwhile, among 187 isolates on methanol-containing agar media, 126 were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequences as Methylobacterium. A clustering analysis (>99% identity) of the 16S rRNA gene sequences for the combined datasets of the present and previous studies revealed 4 and 8 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for Aurantimonas and Methylobacterium, respectively, and showed the successful isolation of target bacteria for these two groups. ERIC- and BOX-PCR showed the genomic uniformity of the target isolates. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of Aurantimonas revealed a phyllosphere-specific cluster in the genus. The isolates obtained in the present study will be useful for revealing unknown legume-microbe interactions in relation to the autoregulation of nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizue Anda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980–8577, Japan
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Saeki K. Rhizobial measures to evade host defense strategies and endogenous threats to persistent symbiotic nitrogen fixation: a focus on two legume-rhizobium model systems. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1327-39. [PMID: 21365276 PMCID: PMC11114668 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of rhizobium-legume symbioses require a sequence of highly regulated and coordinated events between the organisms. Although the interaction is mutually beneficial under nitrogen-limited conditions, it can resemble a pathogenic infection at some stages. Some host legumes mount defense reactions, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defensin-like antimicrobial compounds. To subvert these host defenses, the infecting rhizobial cells can use measures to passively protect themselves and actively modulate host functions. This review first describes the establishment and maintenance of active nodules, as well as the external and endogenous attack and threat stages. Next, recent studies of ROS scavenging enzymes, the BacA protein originally found in Sinorhizobium meliloti, and the type III/IV secretion systems are discussed, with a focus on two legume-rhizobium model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Saeki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoya Nishimachi, Nara, Japan.
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Staehelin C, Xie ZP, Illana A, Vierheilig H. Long-distance transport of signals during symbiosis: are nodule formation and mycorrhization autoregulated in a similar way? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:372-7. [PMID: 21455020 PMCID: PMC3142418 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.3.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Legumes enter nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia), whereas most flowering plants establish symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Once first steps of symbiosis are initiated, nodule formation and mycorrhization in legumes is negatively controlled by a shoot-derived inhibitor (SDI), a phenomenon termed autoregulation. According to current views, autoregulation of nodulation and mycorrhization in legumes is regulated in a similar way. CLE peptides induced in response to rhizobial nodulation signals (Nod factors) have been proposed to represent the ascending long-distance signals to the shoot. Although not proven yet, these CLE peptides are likely perceived by leucine-rich repeat (LRR) autoregulation receptor kinases in the shoot. Autoregulation of mycorrhization in non-legumes is reminiscent to the phenomenon of "systemic acquired resistance" in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University (East Campus); Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University (East Campus); Guangzhou, China
| | - Antonio Illana
- Departamento de Microbiología de Suelos; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; CSIC; Granada, Spain
| | - Horst Vierheilig
- Departamento de Microbiología de Suelos; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; CSIC; Granada, Spain
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Batut J, Mergaert P, Masson-Boivin C. Peptide signalling in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:181-7. [PMID: 21236724 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For two decades, signalling research in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis field has been dominated by oligosaccharide signals (mainly Nod factors and, to a lesser extent, surface polysaccharides made by the microsymbionts) and phytohormones. Recently, plant peptides have emerged as another major class of signalling molecules in the rhizobium-legume symbioses contributing to the control of nodulation, infection and bacteroid differentiation. Here we focus on three examples of symbiotically relevant peptides, namely Enod40, CLE and NCR peptides. The number of genes encoding these peptides, as well as the recent discovery of additional peptide players in the context of symbiosis, suggests that we might be seeing only the tip of the peptide iceberg in the sea of symbiotic regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Batut
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, UMR INRA-CNRS 441/2594, BP 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
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Breuillin F, Schramm J, Hajirezaei M, Ahkami A, Favre P, Druege U, Hause B, Bucher M, Kretzschmar T, Bossolini E, Kuhlemeier C, Martinoia E, Franken P, Scholz U, Reinhardt D. Phosphate systemically inhibits development of arbuscular mycorrhiza in Petunia hybrida and represses genes involved in mycorrhizal functioning. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:1002-17. [PMID: 21143680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most terrestrial plants form arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), mutualistic associations with soil fungi of the order Glomeromycota. The obligate biotrophic fungi trade mineral nutrients, mainly phosphate (P(i) ), for carbohydrates from the plants. Under conditions of high exogenous phosphate supply, when the plant can meet its own P requirements without the fungus, AM are suppressed, an effect which could be interpreted as an active strategy of the plant to limit carbohydrate consumption of the fungus by inhibiting its proliferation in the roots. However, the mechanisms involved in fungal inhibition are poorly understood. Here, we employ a transcriptomic approach to get insight into potential shifts in metabolic activity and symbiotic signalling, and in the defence status of plants exposed to high P(i) levels. We show that in mycorrhizal roots of petunia, a similar set of symbiosis-related genes is expressed as in mycorrhizal roots of Medicago, Lotus and rice. P(i) acts systemically to repress symbiotic gene expression and AM colonization in the root. In established mycorrhizal roots, P(i) repressed symbiotic gene expression rapidly, whereas the inhibition of colonization followed with a lag of more than a week. Taken together, these results suggest that P(i) acts by repressing essential symbiotic genes, in particular genes encoding enzymes of carotenoid and strigolactone biosynthesis, and symbiosis-associated phosphate transporters. The role of these effects in the suppression of symbiosis under high P(i) conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Breuillin
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Rte Albert Gockel 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Den Herder G, Van Isterdael G, Beeckman T, De Smet I. The roots of a new green revolution. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:600-7. [PMID: 20851036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A significant increase in shoot biomass and seed yield has always been the dream of plant biologists who wish to dedicate their fundamental research to the benefit of mankind; the first green revolution about half a century ago represented a crucial step towards contemporary agriculture and the development of high-yield varieties of cereal grains. Although there has been a steady rise in our food production from then onwards, the currently applied technology and the available crop plants will not be sufficient to feed the rapidly growing world population. In this opinion article, we highlight several below-ground characteristics of plants such as root architecture, nutrient uptake and nitrogen fixation as promising features enabling a very much needed new green revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Den Herder
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), D-82152 Martinsried-München, Germany
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Ikeda S, Okubo T, Anda M, Nakashita H, Yasuda M, Sato S, Kaneko T, Tabata S, Eda S, Momiyama A, Terasawa K, Mitsui H, Minamisawa K. Community- and genome-based views of plant-associated bacteria: plant-bacterial interactions in soybean and rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1398-410. [PMID: 20685969 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Diverse microorganisms are living as endophytes in plant tissues and as epiphytes on plant surfaces in nature. Questions about driving forces shaping the microbial community associated with plants remain unanswered. Because legumes developed systems to attain endosymbioses with rhizobia as well as mycorrhizae during their evolution, the above questions can be addressed using legume mutants relevant to genes for symbiosis. Analytical methods for the microbial community have recently been advanced by enrichment procedures of plant-associated microbes and culture-independent analyses targeting the small subunit of rRNA in microbial ecology. In this review, we first deal with interdisciplinary works on the global diversity of bacteria associated with field-grown soybeans with different nodulation genotypes and nitrogen application. A subpopulation of Proteobacteria in aerial parts of soybean shoots was likely to be regulated through both the autoregulation system for plant-rhizobium symbiosis and the nitrogen signaling pathway, suggesting that legumes accommodate a taxonomically characteristic microbial community through unknown plant-microbe communications. In addition to the community views, we then show multiphasic analysis of a beneficial rice endophyte for comparative bacterial genomics and plant responses. The significance and perspectives of community- and genome-based approaches are discussed to achieve a better understanding of plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Ikeda
- Memuro Research Station, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Shinsei, Memuro-cho, Kasaigun, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
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Kouchi H, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Hayashi M, Hakoyama T, Nakagawa T, Umehara Y, Suganuma N, Kawaguchi M. How many peas in a pod? Legume genes responsible for mutualistic symbioses underground. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1381-97. [PMID: 20660226 PMCID: PMC2938637 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria is the most prominent plant-microbe endosymbiotic system and, together with mycorrhizal fungi, has critical importance in agriculture. The introduction of two model legume species, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, has enabled us to identify a number of host legume genes required for symbiosis. A total of 26 genes have so far been cloned from various symbiotic mutants of these model legumes, which are involved in recognition of rhizobial nodulation signals, early symbiotic signaling cascades, infection and nodulation processes, and regulation of nitrogen fixation. These accomplishments during the past decade provide important clues to understanding not only the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-microbe endosymbiotic associations but also the evolutionary aspects of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria. In this review we survey recent progress in molecular genetic studies using these model legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kouchi
- Department of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
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Bourion V, Rizvi SMH, Fournier S, de Larambergue H, Galmiche F, Marget P, Duc G, Burstin J. Genetic dissection of nitrogen nutrition in pea through a QTL approach of root, nodule, and shoot variability. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 121:71-86. [PMID: 20180092 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the third most important grain legume worldwide, and the increasing demand for protein-rich raw material has led to a great interest in this crop as a protein source. Seed yield and protein content in crops are strongly determined by nitrogen (N) nutrition, which in legumes relies on two complementary pathways: absorption by roots of soil mineral nitrogen, and fixation in nodules of atmospheric dinitrogen through the plant-Rhizobium symbiosis. This study assessed the potential of naturally occurring genetic variability of nodulated root structure and functioning traits to improve N nutrition in pea. Glasshouse and field experiments were performed on seven pea genotypes and on the 'Cameor' x 'Ballet' population of recombinant inbred lines selected on the basis of parental contrast for root and nodule traits. Significant variation was observed for most traits, which were obtained from non-destructive kinetic measurements of nodulated root and shoot in pouches, root and shoot image analysis, (15)N quantification, or seed yield and protein content determination. A significant positive relationship was found between nodule establishment and root system growth, both among the seven genotypes and the RIL population. Moreover, several quantitative trait loci for root or nodule traits and seed N accumulation were mapped in similar locations, highlighting the possibility of breeding new pea cultivars with increased root system size, sustained nodule number, and improved N nutrition. The impact on both root or nodule traits and N nutrition of the genomic regions of the major developmental genes Le and Af was also underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bourion
- INRA, UMR102, Genetics and Ecophysiology of Grain Legumes, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon, France.
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Mortier V, Den Herder G, Whitford R, Van de Velde W, Rombauts S, D'haeseleer K, Holsters M, Goormachtig S. CLE peptides control Medicago truncatula nodulation locally and systemically. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:222-37. [PMID: 20348212 PMCID: PMC2862434 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.153718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3/embryo-surrounding region (CLE) peptides control the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation in plant development. We studied the role of CLE peptides during indeterminate nodule development and identified 25 MtCLE peptide genes in the Medicago truncatula genome, of which two genes, MtCLE12 and MtCLE13, had nodulation-related expression patterns that were linked to proliferation and differentiation. MtCLE13 expression was up-regulated early in nodule development. A high-to-low expression gradient radiated from the inner toward the outer cortical cell layers in a region defining the incipient nodule. At later stages, MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 were expressed in differentiating nodules and in the apical part of mature, elongated nodules. Functional analysis revealed a putative role for MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 in autoregulation of nodulation, a mechanism that controls the number of nodules and involves systemic signals mediated by a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, SUNN, which is active in the shoot. When MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 were ectopically expressed in transgenic roots, nodulation was abolished at the level of the nodulation factor signal transduction, and this inhibition involved long-distance signaling. In addition, composite plants with roots ectopically expressing MtCLE12 or MtCLE13 had elongated petioles. This systemic effect was not observed in transgenic roots ectopically expressing MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 in a sunn-1 mutant background, although nodulation was still strongly reduced. These results suggest multiple roles for CLE signaling in nodulation.
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Magori S, Kawaguchi M. Analysis of two potential long-distance signaling molecules, LjCLE-RS1/2 and jasmonic acid, in a hypernodulating mutant too much love. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:403-5. [PMID: 20061808 PMCID: PMC2958591 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.4.10801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants tightly control the number and development of root nodules. This is partly regulated by a long-distance signaling known as auto-regulation of nodulation (AON). AON signaling involves at least two potential long-distance signals: root-derived signal and shoot-derived signal. However, their molecular characteristics and the mode of action remain unclear. In our recent study, we isolated a novel Lotus japonicus hypernodulating mutant too much love (tml). Based on several grafting experiments, we concluded that its causative gene TML functions as a receptor of the shoot-derived signal. This finding prompted us to ask how the candidates of the long-distance signal molecules, LjCLE-RS1/2 and jasmonic acid (JA), are affected in tml mutants. Expression analysis revealed that rapid induction of LjCLE-RS1/2 upon rhizobial inoculation is still intact in tml, supporting that TML plays a role in reception of the shoot-derived signal but not in generation of the root-derived signal. Furthermore, physiological analysis showed that JA, a candidate of the shoot-derived signal, can suppress tml hypernodulation. Therefore, contrary to the previous report, JA might not be a component of AON signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Magori
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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