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Sampaio C, Cusicanqui Méndez DA, Buzalaf MAR, Pessan JP, Cruvinel T. Influence of different growth conditions on the composition and acidogenicity of saliva-derived microcosm biofilm and their effects on enamel demineralization. BIOFOULING 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39377107 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2410781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the influence of growth conditions on the composition and acidogenicity of saliva-derived microcosm biofilms and enamel demineralization. Biofilms grown in sucrose-supplemented modified McBain medium, containing 25/50 mmol/L PIPES (buffer), under anaerobiosis/microaerophilia, for 3 and 7 days were evaluated for their acidogenicity, microbial composition, matrix, and enamel mineral content. The viability of total lactobacilli was higher in the group containing 25 mmol/L PIPES grown under anaerobiosis, which also showed lower pH values. The viability of total streptococci and total microorganisms was significantly higher at 7 days in the groups with 50 mmol/L PIPES than at 3 days, regardless of the incubation atmosphere. No significant differences were observed in lactic acid, calcium, superficial hardness loss, or lesion depth. In conclusion, the incubation atmosphere, buffer content in the growth media, and duration of biofilm formation displayed species-varied influence on microcosm biofilms, without causing significant changes in acid metabolism or enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Sampaio
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cruvinel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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Khan AS, AlAbdali A, Irshad N, AlMusayyab O, AlQahtani N, Shah AT, Akhtar S, Slimani Y. Evaluation of Mechanical and Elemental Properties of Bioceramic-Coated Orthodontic Brackets and Enamel Surface. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 39293491 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1789003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim is to coat orthodontic brackets with two different bioactive materials and to compare the mechanical and morphological properties of coated brackets and tooth surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 stainless steel brackets were divided equally into three groups, that is, the uncoated brackets and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)-coated, and nanobioactive glass (nBG)-coated brackets using a spin coater machine. The brackets were bonded on the enamel surface and underwent remineralization/demineralization cycles for days 1, 7, 14, and 30. At each time interval, the bond strength of the brackets was assessed using mechanical loading. An optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for surface evaluation, and the adhesive remanent index (ARI) values were obtained and quantified. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS One-way analysis of variance using Tukey's test was used to compare the differences among the groups. RESULTS A uniform distribution of nanoparticles occurred on the surfaces of brackets. The shear bond strength (SBS) showed no significant differences in any tested groups on days 1, 7, and 14. However, control and nBG showed a significant difference from nHA at day 30. On days 7, 14, and 30, the nHA group showed the highest SBS values among the groups. For ARI, most samples showed an adhesive nature of failure at the enamel-brackets interface. The images confirmed the presence of coated particles on brackets and remnants of adhesives after SBS. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that the nHA- and nBG-coated brackets have a high potential for application in orthodontics regarding structural and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad Khan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam AlAbdali
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Irshad
- Department of Dental Materials, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Othoob AlMusayyab
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah AlQahtani
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Tufail Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yassine Slimani
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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He Y, Bright R, Vasilev K, Zilm P. Development of "Intelligent particles" for the treatment of dental caries. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 202:114374. [PMID: 38942176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide, mediated by a multispecies biofilm that consists of high levels of acidogenic bacteria which ferment sugar to acid and cause teeth demineralization. Current treatment practice remains insufficient in addressing 1) rapid clearance of therapeutic agents from the oral environment 2) destroying bacteria that contribute to the healthy oral microbiome. In addition, increasing concerns over antibiotic resistance calls for innovative alternatives. In this study, we developed a pH responsive nano-carrier for delivery of polycationic silver nanoparticles. Branched-PEI capped silver nanoparticles (BPEI-AgNPs) were encapsulated in a tannic acid - Fe (III) complex-modified poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particle (Fe(III)-TA/PLGA@BPEI-AgNPs) to enhance binding to the plaque biofilm and demonstrate "intelligence" by releasing BPEI-AgNPs under acidic conditions that promote dental caries The constructed Fe(III)-TA/PLGA@BPEI-AgNPs (intelligent particles - IPs) exhibited significant binding to an axenic S. mutans biofilm grown on hydroxyapatite. Ag+ ions were released faster from the IPs at pH 4.0 (cariogenic pH) compared to pH 7.4. The antibiofilm results indicated that IPs can significantly reduce S. mutans biofilm volume and viability under acidic conditions. Cytotoxicity on differentiated Caco-2 cells and human gingival fibroblasts indicated that IPs were not cytotoxic. These findings demonstrate great potential of IPs in the treatment of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping He
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Richard Bright
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia
| | - Peter Zilm
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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MacDonald D, Telyakova V. An Overview of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Dental Panoramic Radiography in Dentistry in the Community. Tomography 2024; 10:1222-1237. [PMID: 39195727 PMCID: PMC11359355 DOI: 10.3390/tomography10080092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reviews the two most important and frequently used systems of tomography used in dentistry today. These are the dental panoramic radiograph (DPR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The importance of the DPR has been accentuated by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, as it does not produce an aerosol. Its clinical importance is derived from its panoramic display of the jaws and associated structures and should be examined for incidental findings that may portend a potentially serious outcome. An important recent spin-off of the DPR is the extra-oral bitewing, which can replace its traditional, uncomfortable and aerosol-generating intra-oral counterpart. Although much has been written about them, this paper reviews their essential attributes and limitations in clinical dentistry. Although attempts have been made to reproduce some of the attributes of CT in CBCT such as Hounsfield Units (HU) and improve the contrast resolution of the soft tissues, these remain elusive. Nevertheless, CBCT's dataset should be appropriately reconstructed to fully display the clinical feature prompting its prescription. In certain cases, more than one mode of reconstruction is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David MacDonald
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
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Zakis DR, Brandt BW, van der Waal SV, Keijser BJF, Crielaard W, van der Plas DW, Volgenant CM, Zaura E. The effect of different sweeteners on the oral microbiome: a randomized clinical exploratory pilot study. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2369350. [PMID: 38919384 PMCID: PMC11198155 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2369350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to evaluate the modulating effects of five commonly used sweetener (glucose, inulin, isomaltulose, tagatose, trehalose) containing mouth rinses on the oral microbiome. Methods A single-centre, double-blind, parallel randomized clinical trial was performed with healthy, 18-55-year-old volunteers (N = 65), who rinsed thrice-daily for two weeks with a 10% solution of one of the allocated sweeteners. Microbiota composition of supragingival dental plaque and the tongue dorsum coating was analysed by 16S RNA gene amplicon sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region (Illumina MiSeq). As secondary outcomes, dental plaque red fluorescence and salivary pH were measured. Results Dental plaque microbiota changed significantly for two groups: inulin (F = 2.0239, p = 0.0006 PERMANOVA, Aitchison distance) and isomaltulose (F = 0.67, p = 0.0305). For the tongue microbiota, significant changes were observed for isomaltulose (F = 0.8382, p = 0.0452) and trehalose (F = 1.0119, p = 0.0098). In plaque, 13 species changed significantly for the inulin group, while for tongue coating, three species changed for the trehalose group (ALDEx2, p < 0.1). No significant changes were observed for the secondary outcomes. Conclusion The effects on the oral microbiota were sweetener dependant with the most pronounced effect on plaque microbiota. Inulin exhibited the strongest microbial modulating potential of the sweeteners tested. Further full-scale clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis R. Zakis
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cariology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd W. Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzette V. van der Waal
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. F. Keijser
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derek W.K. van der Plas
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M.C. Volgenant
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cariology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cariology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sevagaperumal A, R JJ, Periyasamy S. Formulation and Evaluation of Characteristics, Remineralization Potential, and Antimicrobial Properties of Toothpaste Containing Nanohydroxyapatite and Nanosilver Particles: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024; 17:630-636. [PMID: 39391146 PMCID: PMC11463799 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim and objectives The current study is aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and remineralizing properties of toothpaste containing nanosilver and nanohydroxyapatite (NH-NS TP). Materials and methods The toothpaste was prepared by incorporating NH-NS TP into a toothpaste base. Following this, a physicochemical analysis of the prepared toothpaste was carried out. The toxicity against human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells was assessed. The antimicrobial activity of the toothpaste was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli using the disk diffusion method. Subsequently, 15 selected human premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were used to measure the remineralization potential. The surfaces of the selected teeth were demineralized using a prepared demineralizing solution [323.4 mg of calcium chloride (CaCl2), M450 µL of calcium acetate (CH3COO)2Ca, 300 mg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) at pH 4.4-4.7] for 72 hours and were subjected to a toothbrush simulator applying the prepared toothpaste. The remineralization potential was evaluated by measuring the microhardness of the enamel surface before and after treatment with the toothpaste. Further, the remineralization potential was assessed based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging accompanied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results The results showed that the NH-NS TP had significantly greater antimicrobial activity compared to the control toothpaste and no toxicity against HGF-1 up to 40 µg. Approximately, 7-9 mm inhibition zone against S. mutans and 4-6 mm inhibition against E. coli was achieved. Additionally, the toothpaste significantly increased (31.4%) the microhardness of the enamel surface, indicating its potential for remineralization. The SEM images revealed the presence of regular deposits, mostly pertaining to the demineralized spots, resulting in a regained smooth surface. Following this, physicochemical analysis of the prepared toothpaste was carried out, resulting in a pH of 7.38 and showing good extrusion, frothing, and organoleptic properties. Additionally, the toothpaste significantly increased the microhardness of the enamel surface, further indicating its potential for remineralization. Conclusion NH-NS TP may provide a promising approach for improving oral health by enhancing antimicrobial efficacy and promoting enamel remineralization, while exhibiting reduced toxicity. How to cite this article Sevagaperumal A, Joel JR Periyasamy S. Formulation and Evaluation of Characteristics, Remineralization Potential, and Antimicrobial Properties of Toothpaste Containing Nanohydroxyapatite and Nanosilver Particles: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(6):630-636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapoorani Sevagaperumal
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesanth Joel R
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sugavanesh Periyasamy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sampaio C, Méndez DAC, Buzalaf MAR, Pessan JP, Cruvinel T. Arginine and sodium fluoride affect the microbial composition and reduce biofilm metabolism and enamel mineral loss in an oral microcosm model. J Dent 2024; 145:104997. [PMID: 38621525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of arginine, with or without sodium fluoride (NaF; 1,450 ppm), on saliva-derived microcosm biofilms and enamel demineralization. METHODS Saliva-derived biofilms were grown on bovine enamel blocks in 0.2 % sucrose-containing modified McBain medium, according to six experimental groups: control (McBain 0.2 %); 2.5 % arginine; 8 % arginine; NaF; 2.5 % arginine with NaF; and 8 % arginine with NaF. After 5 days of growth, biofilm viability was assessed by colony-forming units counting, laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to determine biofilm vitality and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, while biofilm metabolism was evaluated using the resazurin assay and lactic acid quantification. Demineralization was evaluated by measuring pH in the culture medium and calcium release. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis' and Dunn's tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS 8 % arginine with NaF showed the strongest reduction in total streptococci and total microorganism counts, with no significant difference compared to arginine without NaF. Neither 2.5 % arginine alone nor NaF alone significantly reduced microbial counts compared to the control, although in combination, a reduction in all microbial groups was observed. Similar trends were found for biofilm vitality and EPS, and calcium released to the growth medium. CONCLUSIONS 8 % Arginine, with or without NaF, exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity and reduced enamel calcium loss. Also, NaF enhanced the effects of 2.5 % arginine, yielding similar results to 8 % arginine for most parameters analyzed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results provided further evidence on how arginine, with or without NaF, affects oral microcosm biofilms and enamel mineral loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Sampaio
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Daniela Alejandra Cusicanqui Méndez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária SP, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cruvinel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária SP, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
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Fernández CE, Silva-Acevedo CA, Padilla-Orellana F, Zero D, Carvalho TS, Lussi A. Should We Wait to Brush Our Teeth? A Scoping Review Regarding Dental Caries and Erosive Tooth Wear. Caries Res 2024; 58:454-468. [PMID: 38621371 DOI: 10.1159/000538862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth brushing is a universal recommendation. However, the recommendations related to the time of its execution are conflicting, especially when dealing with patients at risk of erosive tooth wear (ETW) or dental caries. SUMMARY Our objective was to summarize the evidence on the timing of brushing with fluoridated toothpaste in relation to ETW and cariogenic dietary challenges. We conducted a scoping review following the PRISMA-ScR checklist, using three databases searching for in vivo, in situ, or in vitro studies involving human teeth exposed to either a cariogenic or an erosive challenge. Only models including human saliva and fluoride were assessed. Data selection, extraction, and risk of bias analysis were done in duplicate and independently. From 1,545 identified studies, 17 (16 related to ETW and 1 to dental caries) were included. Most evidence (n = 10) supported that brushing with a fluoride-containing product does not increase ETW, independent of the moment of brushing. Delaying tooth brushing up to 1 h (n = 4) or individualized recommendations based on the patient's problem (n = 2) were less frequent. Only one study reported that brushing pre- or post-meal does not affect Streptococcus mutans counts. Most data were in situ (n = 13), and the overall study quality was judged as sufficient/low risk of bias. KEY MESSAGES Although the available evidence lacked robust clinical studies, tooth brushing using fluoridated products immediately after an erosive challenge does not increase the risk of ETW and can be recommended, which is in line with recommendations for dental caries prevention. Furthermore, we suggest updating the international guidelines to promote individualized recommendations based on risk factors to prevent either ETW or dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza E Fernández
- Cariology Unit, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
- Master Program in Oral and Buco-MaxiloFacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Consuelo A Silva-Acevedo
- Master Program in Oral and Buco-MaxiloFacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Fernanda Padilla-Orellana
- Odontopediatric Specialty Program, Pediatric Stomatology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Domenick Zero
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thiago Saads Carvalho
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Lussi
- University Hospital for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Polyakova M, Egiazaryan A, Doroshina V, Zaytsev A, Malashin A, Babina K, Novozhilova N. The Effect of Oral Care Foams and a Spray on Salivary pH Changes after Exposure to Acidic Beverages in Young Adults. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:93. [PMID: 38668005 PMCID: PMC11049306 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft drinks may have a deleterious effect on dental health due to a high titratable acidity and a low pH that could be sufficient to induce tooth demineralization. The use of oral care products immediately after acidic challenge may diminish the erosive potential of soft drinks. We assessed the effect of oral care foams and a spray on salivary pH changes after exposure to Coca-Cola® in young adults. Thirty-three consenting eligible patients were recruited in this double-blind, randomized, crossover study performed in six visits. Baseline examination included unstimulated salivary flow rate, stimulated salivary buffer capacity, and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) assessment. Salivary pH and time for pH recovery were registered after exposure to Coca-Cola® alone or that followed by the application of each of the studied products (an oral foam containing hydroxyapatite and probiotics, an oral foam containing amino fluoride, an alkaline oral spray, and tap water). Thirty-two patients completed the entire study protocol and were included in the final analysis. The mean minimum salivary pH and the mean oral clearance rate after rinsing with Coca-Cola® were 6.3 and 27 min, respectively. Further rinsing with any one of the tested solutions, including tap water, resulted in a significant improvement in these parameters. When the pH curves were plotted, the oral care products demonstrated a lower area under the curve that differed significantly from the area under the curve for Coca-Cola®; tap water did not differ significantly from Coca-Cola® and oral care products. Minimum salivary pH correlated positively with salivary buffer capacity and salivation rate, while salivary clearance correlated with OHI-S plaque scores. In conclusion, the effect of oral care foams and a spray on minimum salivary pH and salivary clearance after exposure to Coca-Cola® did not differ significantly among the tested products and tap water. Trial registration NCT06148662. Funding: none.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Polyakova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Anna Egiazaryan
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Vladlena Doroshina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Alexandr Zaytsev
- Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Ksenia Babina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Nina Novozhilova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (A.E.); (V.D.); (N.N.)
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10
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Sangha JS, Barrett P, Curtis TP, Métris A, Jakubovics NS, Ofiteru ID. Effects of glucose and lactate on Streptococcus mutans abundance in a novel multispecies oral biofilm model. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0371323. [PMID: 38376204 PMCID: PMC10986578 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03713-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome plays an important role in protecting oral health. Here, we established a controlled mixed-species in vitro biofilm model and used it to assess the impact of glucose and lactate on the ability of Streptococcus mutans, an acidogenic and aciduric species, to compete with commensal oral bacteria. A chemically defined medium was developed that supported the growth of S. mutans and four common early colonizers of dental plaque: Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces oris, Neisseria subflava, and Veillonella parvula. Biofilms containing the early colonizers were developed in a continuous flow bioreactor, exposed to S. mutans, and incubated for up to 7 days. The abundance of bacteria was estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). At high glucose and high lactate, the pH in bulk fluid rapidly decreased to approximately 5.2, and S. mutans outgrew other species in biofilms. In low glucose and high lactate, the pH remained above 5.5, and V. parvula was the most abundant species in biofilms. By contrast, in low glucose and low lactate, the pH remained above 6.0 throughout the experiment, and the microbial community in biofilms was relatively balanced. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that all species were present in the biofilm and the majority of cells were viable using live/dead staining. These data demonstrate that carbon source concentration is critical for microbial homeostasis in model oral biofilms. Furthermore, we established an experimental system that can support the development of computational models to predict transitions to microbial dysbiosis based on metabolic interactions.IMPORTANCEWe developed a controlled (by removing host factor) dynamic system metabolically representative of early colonization of Streptococcus mutans not measurable in vivo. Hypotheses on factors influencing S. mutans colonization, such as community composition and inoculation sequence and the effect of metabolite concentrations, can be tested and used to predict the effect of interventions such as dietary modifications or the use of toothpaste or mouthwash on S. mutans colonization. The defined in vitro model (species and medium) can be simulated in an in silico model to explore more of the parameter space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Sangha
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Barrett
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P. Curtis
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Aline Métris
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas S. Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Irina D. Ofiteru
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Hayashida N, Urano-Tashiro Y, Horie T, Saiki K, Yamanaka Y, Takahashi Y. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 under acidic conditions. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:112-118. [PMID: 38135272 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Streptococcus gordonii is associated with the formation of biofilms, especially those that comprise dental plaque. Notably, S. gordonii DL1 causes infective endocarditis (IE). Colonization of this bacterium requires a mechanism that can tolerate a drop in environmental pH by producing acid via its own sugar metabolism. The ability to survive acidic environmental conditions might allow the bacterium to establish vegetative colonization even in the endocardium due to inflammation-induced lowering of pH, increasing the risk of IE. At present, the mechanism by which S. gordonii DL1 survives under acidic conditions is not thoroughly elucidated. The present study was thus conducted to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which S. gordonii DL1 survives under acidic conditions. METHODS We analyzed dynamic changes in gene transcription and intracellular metabolites in S. gordonii DL1 exposed to acidic conditions, using transcriptome and metabolome analyses. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of genes involved in heat shock response and glycolysis, and down regulation of genes involved in phosphotransferase systems and biosynthesis of amino acids. The most upregulated genes were a beta-strand repeat protein of unknown function (SGO_RS06325), followed by copper-translocating P-type ATPase (SGO_RS09470) and malic enzyme (SGO_RS01850). The latter two of these contribute to cytoplasmic alkalinization. S. gordonii mutant strains lacking each of these genes showed significantly reduced survival under acidic conditions. Metabolome analysis revealed that cytoplasmic levels of several amino acids were reduced. CONCLUSIONS S. gordonii survives the acidic conditions by recovering the acidic cytoplasm using the various activities, which are regulated at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hayashida
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Urano-Tashiro
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Horie
- Research Center for Odontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keitarou Saiki
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yamanaka
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Weiss EI, Enoch O, Steinkeller-Dekel M. Effect of composite resin containing antibacterial filler on sugar-induced pH drop caused by whole saliva bacteria. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:938.e1-938.e7. [PMID: 37833182 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Secondary caries around restorations is a major problem and can be attributed to bacteria invading microgaps formed at the tooth-restoration interface. An antibacterial composite resin containing quaternary ammonium silica (QASi) filler has been reported to inhibit enamel demineralization in situ. However, whether the prevention of enamel demineralization by QASi-containing composite resin is because of the reduced metabolic activity of acid-producing saliva bacteria is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of QASi-containing composite resin and 2 other restorative materials on the viability of salivary bacteria and sugar-induced acid production. MATERIAL AND METHODS Whole saliva from each of the 30 study participants, 14 at high risk and 16 at low risk for caries, was brought into contact with quadruplicate specimens of 3 restorative materials, Infinix Flowable Composite, an anti-bacterial composite resin containing 1.5% QASi filler (Nobio), Filtek Supreme Flowable Restorative (3M), a conventional flowable composite resin, and dental amalgam (Silmet). Bacterial growth and sugar-induced acid production on each restorative material were measured every 20 minutes for 18 hours. Caries risk groups were compared using the t test and repeated measures analysis of variance (α=.05). When significant, Bonferroni multiple comparisons were used. RESULTS On average, the saliva with the QASi-containing composite resin specimens maintained a near-neutral pH, not dropping below pH 6.0. The saliva associated with both conventional restorative materials exhibited a pH drop below 5.5 (P<.001), the critical threshold for tooth demineralization according to the Stephan curve. Virtually no growth was measured on the surface of the antibacterial composite resin, whereas bacteria grew on the conventional composite resin and dental amalgam (P<.001). No differences were observed between participants at high and low risk of caries. CONCLUSIONS Unlike amalgam and conventional composite resin, the QASi-containing composite resin showed a near-complete shutdown of the metabolic activity of salivary bacteria upon contact and virtually no bacterial viability. This suggests that the prevention of tooth demineralization by QASi-containing restoratives is associated with a significant reduction in bacterial metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin I Weiss
- Professor of Prosthodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Omer Enoch
- Predoctoral student, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Steinkeller-Dekel
- Clinical Instructor, Department of Prosthodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Yip K, Abdalla MM, Bijle MN, Yiu C. Effect of arginine-fluoride varnish on preventing enamel erosion by paediatric liquid medicaments. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:892. [PMID: 37985984 PMCID: PMC10662501 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study objective was to examine the effect of arginine-sodium fluoride (Arg-NaF) varnish on preventing enamel erosion by acidic paediatric liquid medicaments (PLM). METHODS The treatment groups were: 1) 2% Arg-NaF; 2) 4% Arg-NaF; 3) 8% Arg-NaF; 4) NaF; 5) MI (CPP-ACFP) varnishes; and 6) no varnish. The pH of PLM (paracetamol and chlorpheniramine) was measured at baseline and after immersing the Perspex® blocks coated with varnishes at 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h. Seventy-two enamel specimens (n = 72) were randomly divided into 2 groups by PLM and further by treatment groups. Then, the specimens were pre-treated with varnishes and subjected to erosive cycles (5 min, 2×/day for 4 days) by PLM. After each erosive challenge, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva. At baseline and after 4 days, the specimens were assessed for surface roughness (Ra) using 2D-surface profilometric analysis (SPA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, the Ca/P ratio was determined using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Paired samples dependent t-test, 1-way ANOVA and 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to analyse data with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The pH of PLM with 8% Arg-NaF was significantly higher than the other groups at 30 min and 4 h (p < 0.05). With paracetamol, no significant difference was observed between the baseline and post-erosive cycle measured enamel Ra (by SPA/AFM) and Ca/P ratio for all treatment groups (p > 0.05). The Ra determined by AFM, at the post-erosive cycle with chlorpheniramine, when treated with 4 and 8% Arg-NaF was significantly lower than the other groups (p < 0.05); except CPP-ACFP (p > 0.05). With the chlorpheniramine post-erosive cycle, the Ca/P ratio for 4, 8% Arg-NaF and CPP-ACFP treated specimens was significantly higher than the baseline Ca/P (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The 4%/8% Arg-NaF and MI varnish® application exhibit an enhanced preventive effect against low pH (pH < 3.0) PLM-mediated enamel erosive challenges compared to 5% NaF varnish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Yip
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Abdalla
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong
- Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong.
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D'Ercole S, Parisi P, D'Arcangelo S, Lorusso F, Cellini L, Dotta TC, Di Carmine M, Petrini M, Scarano A, Tripodi D. Correlation between use of different type protective facemasks and the oral ecosystem. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1992. [PMID: 37828542 PMCID: PMC10571399 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spread worldwide through droplets, the Virus Sars-Cov-19 has caused a global health emergency alarm. In order to limit its spread, the use of masks has become part of the daily life of the entire population, however, little is known about its constant use and the changes generated in the oral cavity. This work aims to investigate correlations between the continuous use of masks covering the nose and mouth for 3 h and changes in the ecological factors of the oral cavity. METHODS 34 volunteers were divided into 2 groups: wear only the filtering facepiece code 2 (FFP2) mask (Group A) and wear the FFP2 mask covered by a surgical mask (Group B). Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), saliva rehydration and consistency test, collection of basal saliva and saliva stimulated with paraffin gum and mucosal swab were collected and analyzed at two times: before using the mask(s) (T0) and 3 h after continuous use of the mask(s) (T1). RESULTS The results indicated a significant difference between the groups, in which the basal saliva volume and pH and the peaks of VOCs increased for group B between T0 and T1. The rehydration time decreased and the volume and pH of the stimulated saliva increased, but with no significant difference between the groups. Furthermore, group B showed a significant decrease in Candida albicans Colony Forming Units (CFUs) and Total Bacterial Count (TBC) between T0 and T1. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the prolonged use of the FFP2 mask covered by a surgical mask can generate oral alterations in the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta D'Ercole
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy.
| | - Paolo Parisi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Sara D'Arcangelo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "Gd'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Luigina Cellini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Tatiane Cristina Dotta
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Maristella Di Carmine
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "Gd'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Morena Petrini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "Gd'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Domenico Tripodi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
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15
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Basic A, Dahlén G. Microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases: a narrative review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1210200. [PMID: 37388417 PMCID: PMC10300593 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the importance of microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. These diseases, involving gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory conditions initiated and maintained by the polymicrobial dental plaque/biofilm. Gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory condition while periodontitis involves also irreversible destruction of the periodontal tissues including the alveolar bone. The inflammatory response of the host is a natural reaction to the formation of plaque and the continuous release of metabolic waste products. The microorganisms grow in a nutritious and shielded niche in the periodontal pocket, protected from natural cleaning forces such as saliva. It is a paradox that the consequences of the enhanced inflammatory reaction also enable more slow-growing, fastidious, anaerobic bacteria, with often complex metabolic pathways, to colonize and thrive. Based on complex food chains, nutrient networks and bacterial interactions, a diverse microbial community is formed and established in the gingival pocket. This microbiota is dominated by anaerobic, often motile, Gram-negatives with proteolytic metabolism. Although this alternation in bacterial composition often is considered pathologic, it is a natural development that is promoted by ecological factors and not necessarily a true "dysbiosis". Normal commensals are adapting to the gingival crevice when tooth cleaning procedures are absent. The proteolytic metabolism is highly complex and involves a number of metabolic pathways with production of a cascade of metabolites in an unspecific manner. The metabolites involve short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acid), amines (indole, scatole, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine) and gases (NH3, CO, NO, H2S, H2). A homeostatic condition is often present between the colonizers and the host response, where continuous metabolic fluctuations are balanced by the inflammatory response. While it is well established that the effect of the dental biofilm on the host response and tissue repair is mediated by microbial metabolites, the mechanisms behind the tissue destruction (loss of clinical attachment and bone) are still poorly understood. Studies addressing the functions of the microbiota, the metabolites, and how they interplay with host tissues and cells, are therefore warranted.
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16
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Catunda RQ, Altabtbaei K, Flores-Mir C, Febbraio M. Pre-treatment oral microbiome analysis and salivary Stephan curve kinetics in white spot lesion development in orthodontic patients wearing fixed appliances. A pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:239. [PMID: 37095478 PMCID: PMC10127078 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White spot lesions (WSLs) are a formidable challenge during orthodontic treatment, affecting patients regardless of oral hygiene. Multifactorial in nature, amongst potential contributors to their development are the microbiome and salivary pH. The aim of our pilot study is to determine if pre-treatment differences in salivary Stephan curve kinetics and salivary microbiome features correlate with WSL development in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. We hypothesize that non-oral hygiene determined differences in saliva could be predictive of WSL formation in this patient population through analysis of salivary Stephan curve kinetics, and that these differences would further manifest as changes in the oral microbiome. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, twenty patients with initial simplified oral hygiene index scores of "good" that were planning to undergo orthodontic treatment with self-ligating fixed appliances for at least 12 months were enrolled. At pre-treatment stage, saliva was collected for microbiome analysis, and at 15-minute intervals after a sucrose rinse over 45 min for Stephan curve kinetics. RESULTS 50% of patients developed a mean 5.7 (SEM: 1.2) WSLs. There were no differences in saliva microbiome species richness, Shannon alpha diversity or beta diversity between the groups. Capnocytophaga sputigena exclusively and Prevotella melaninogenica predominantly were found in WSL patients, while Streptococcus australis was negatively correlated with WSL development. Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus anginosus were primarily present in healthy patients. There was no evidence to support the primary hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS While there were no differences in salivary pH or restitution kinetics following a sucrose challenge and no global microbial differences in WSL developers, our data showed change in salivary pH at 5 min associated with an abundance of acid-producing bacteria in saliva. The results suggest salivary pH modulation as a management strategy to inhibit the abundance of caries initiators. Our study may have uncovered the earliest predecessors to WSL/caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Altabtbaei
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Carlos Flores-Mir
- Division of Orthodontics School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11361-87th Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Yang B, Song B, Liang J, Zhou X, Ren B, Peng X, Han Q, Li M, Cheng L. pH-responsive DMAEM Monomer for dental caries inhibition. Dent Mater 2023; 39:497-503. [PMID: 37019743 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous research indicated that there is an aggregate of microorganism in oral cavity which takes part in promoting the occurrence of dental caries, but few studies on anticaries materials for these 'core microbiome' were developed. And We've found that DMAEM monomer has an obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and saliva biofilm, but the effect of that on the "core microbiome" of caries need further research. Thus, the objectives of this study were to explore the effect of DMAEM monomer on the core microbiota of dental caries, and to further study its anticaries effect. The changes of microbial structure and metabolic activity of the core microbiota biofilm were detected through measuring lactic acid yield, viable bacteria counts and demineralization depth, et al., and the anticaries potential in vivo of DMAEM monomer was evaluated by rat caries model. Meanwhile, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the microbial diversity change of saliva samples of rats. The results showed that DMAEM monomer could inhibit the growth of the core microbiota biofilm, decrease the metabolic activity and the acid production, as well as reduce the ability of demineralization under acidic conditions. Moreover, the degree of caries in the DMAEM group was significantly reduced, and the diversity and the evenness of oral microecology in the rats were statistically higher. In summary, DMAEM monomer could respond to acidic environment, significantly inhibit the cariogenic ability of the 'core microbiome' of caries, and help to maintain the microecological balance of oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China school of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of stomatology, Zhongshan hospital of Xiamen University, Medical college of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Bingqing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China school of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingou Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Pediatrics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China school of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China school of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China school of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China school of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Human Tooth as a Fungal Niche: Candida albicans Traits in Dental Plaque Isolates. mBio 2023; 14:e0276922. [PMID: 36602308 PMCID: PMC9973264 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02769-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, a fungus typically found in the mucosal niche, is frequently detected in biofilms formed on teeth (dental plaque) of toddlers with severe childhood caries, a global public health problem that causes rampant tooth decay. However, knowledge about fungal traits on the tooth surface remains limited. Here, we assess the phylogeny, phenotype, and interkingdom interactions of C. albicans isolated from plaque of diseased toddlers and compare their properties to reference strains, including 529L (mucosal isolate). C. albicans isolates exhibit broad phenotypic variations, but all display cariogenic traits, including high proteinase activity, acidogenicity, and acid tolerance. Unexpectedly, we find distinctive variations in filamentous growth, ranging from hyphal defective to hyperfilamentous. We then investigate the ability of tooth isolates to form interkingdom biofilms with Streptococcus mutans (cariogenic partner) and Streptococcus gordonii (mucosal partner). The hyphal-defective isolate lacks cobinding with S. gordonii, but all C. albicans isolates develop robust biofilms with S. mutans irrespective of their filamentation state. Moreover, either type of C. albicans (hyphae defective or hyperfilamentous) enhances sucrose metabolism and biofilm acidogenicity, creating highly acidic environmental pH (<5.5). Notably, C. albicans isolates show altered transcriptomes associated with pH, adhesion, and cell wall composition (versus reference strains), further supporting niche-associated traits. Our data reveal that C. albicans displays distinctive adaptive mechanisms on the tooth surface and develops interactions with pathogenic bacteria while creating an acidogenic state regardless of fungal morphology, contrasting with interkingdom partnerships in mucosal infections. Human tooth may provide new insights into fungal colonization/adaptation, interkingdom biofilms, and contributions to disease pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Severe early childhood caries is a widespread global public health problem causing extensive tooth decay and systemic complications. Candida albicans, a fungus typically found in mucosal surfaces, is frequently detected in dental plaque formed on teeth of diseased toddlers. However, the clinical traits of C. albicans isolated from tooth remain underexplored. Here, we find that C. albicans tooth isolates exhibit unique biological and transcriptomic traits. Notably, interkingdom biofilms with S. mutans can be formed irrespective of their filamentation state. Furthermore, tooth isolates commonly share dental caries-promoting functions, including acidogenesis, proteolytic activity, and enhanced sugar metabolism, while displaying increased expression of pH-responsive and adhesion genes. Our findings reveal that C. albicans colonizing human teeth displays distinctive adaptive mechanisms to mediate interkingdom interactions associated with a disease-causing state on a mineralized surface, providing new insights into Candida pathobiology and its role in a costly pediatric disease.
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Wang X, Li J, Zhang S, Zhou W, Zhang L, Huang X. pH-activated antibiofilm strategies for controlling dental caries. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1130506. [PMID: 36949812 PMCID: PMC10025512 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1130506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental biofilms are highly assembled microbial communities surrounded by an extracellular matrix, which protects the resident microbes. The microbes, including commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens, coexist with each other to maintain relative balance under healthy conditions. However, under hostile conditions such as sugar intake and poor oral care, biofilms can generate excessive acids. Prolonged low pH in biofilm increases proportions of acidogenic and aciduric microbes, which breaks the ecological equilibrium and finally causes dental caries. Given the complexity of oral microenvironment, controlling the acidic biofilms using antimicrobials that are activated at low pH could be a desirable approach to control dental caries. Therefore, recent researches have focused on designing novel kinds of pH-activated strategies, including pH-responsive antimicrobial agents and pH-sensitive drug delivery systems. These agents exert antibacterial properties only under low pH conditions, so they are able to disrupt acidic biofilms without breaking the neutral microenvironment and biodiversity in the mouth. The mechanisms of low pH activation are mainly based on protonation and deprotonation reactions, acids labile linkages, and H+-triggered reactive oxygen species production. This review summarized pH-activated antibiofilm strategies to control dental caries, concentrating on their effect, mechanisms of action, and biocompatibility, as well as the limitation of current research and the prospects for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingling Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojing Huang,
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20
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Effect of fluoride varnish in combination with simulated oral environment on enamel-bracket shear bond strength. Odontology 2023; 111:85-92. [PMID: 35771340 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effect of fluoride varnish application combined with a simulated oral environment prior to bracket bonding on the shear bond strength (SBS) between brackets and tooth enamel. Sixty de-identified, extracted teeth were grouped to either receive or not receive fluoride varnish and then stored for 7 days at 37 °C in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution or PBS combined with three 15-min cycles/day in a demineralizing solution to simulate pH variation following meals. Subsequently, brackets were bonded and after 24-h dark cure at 37 °C, debonded using shear forces in a simulated oral environment. The maximum shear force was used to calculate SBS, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined by image analysis of photos of the bracket mesh pad after debonding. A statistically higher SBS (10.16 MPa) was observed when fluoride varnish was applied prior to storage in PBS + demineralizing solution compared to SBS (6.38 MPa) following storage in the same solution without varnish application. Based on 37% effect size, this difference is also clinically relevant. In contrast, no significant differences in SBS were observed with varnish application combined with PBS with no demineralizing solution or between storage solution alone. Moreover, there was no significant difference in ARI due to varnish combined with either storage method or storage solution only. Results suggest varnish application prior to bracket bonding in combination with simulated oral environment that included acid exposure is beneficial in maintaining higher SBS between bracket and enamel. Despite higher SBS, adhesive remaining on enamel did not increase.
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21
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Alavi SE, Raza A, Gholami M, Giles M, Al-Sammak R, Ibrahim A, Ebrahimi Shahmabadi H, Sharma LA. Advanced Drug Delivery Platforms for the Treatment of Oral Pathogens. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2293. [PMID: 36365112 PMCID: PMC9692332 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a complex ecosystem accommodating various microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and fungi). Various factors, such as diet change and poor oral hygiene, can change the composition of oral microbiota, resulting in the dysbiosis of the oral micro-environment and the emergence of pathogenic microorganisms, and consequently, oral infectious diseases. Systemic administration is frequently used for drug delivery in the treatment of diseases and is associated with the problems, such as drug resistance and dysbiosis. To overcome these challenges, oral drug delivery systems (DDS) have received considerable attention. In this literature review, the related articles are identified, and their findings, in terms of current therapeutic challenges and the applications of DDSs, especially nanoscopic DDSs, for the treatment of oral infectious diseases are highlighted. DDSs are also discussed in terms of structures and therapeutic agents (e.g., antibiotics, antifungals, antiviral, and ions) that they deliver. In addition, strategies (e.g., theranostics, hydrogel, microparticle, strips/fibers, and pH-sensitive nanoparticles), which can improve the treatment outcome of these diseases, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Max Gholami
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Michael Giles
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Rayan Al-Sammak
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Ali Ibrahim
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Hasan Ebrahimi Shahmabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan 7717933777, Iran
| | - Lavanya A. Sharma
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
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22
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Ludovichetti FS, Signoriello AG, Colussi N, Zuccon A, Stellini E, Mazzoleni S. Soft drinks and dental erosion during pediatric age: a clinical investigation. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2022; 71:262-269. [PMID: 36321620 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.22.04662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental erosion is an irreversible condition of loss of teeth hard tissues caused by intrinsic or extrinsic acids attack, without bacterial involvement. Common soft drinks have an acid pH and they release hydrogen ions and act as chelating agents, dissolving teeth mineral component. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between the consumption of soft drinks in children and the degree of dental erosion. METHODS A questionnaire of 15 multiple choice questions was addressed to the parents of the 231 children needing different dental treatments. Responses were compared with the level of dental erosion of their child, that was clinically investigated using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) index. RESULTS About 26.8% of subjects fall into a high-risk category of dental erosion while 24.2% in a low risk level. Socioeconomic status and oral hygiene habits are able to affect the degree of dental erosion. Toothpastes containing fluoride have not proved effective in preventing this phenomenon and no significant correlations were found between the type of toothbrush used and its frequency of use. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to apply preventive measures such as information on the processes and causes of erosion, instruction about right home oral hygiene maneuvers and the possible use of specific products, to avoid the development of problems related to severe dental wear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna G Signoriello
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Noemi Colussi
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Zuccon
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Edoardo Stellini
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sergio Mazzoleni
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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23
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Shi Y, Liang J, Zhou X, Ren B, Wang H, Han Q, Li H, Cheng L. Effects of a Novel, Intelligent, pH-Responsive Resin Adhesive on Cariogenic Biofilms In Vitro. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091014. [PMID: 36145446 PMCID: PMC9502692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Secondary caries often result in a high failure rate of resin composite restoration. Herein, we studied the dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate−modified resin adhesive (DMAEM@RA) to investigate its pH-responsive antimicrobial effect on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms and on secondary caries. Methods: Firstly, the pH-responsive antimicrobial experiments including colony-forming units, scanning electron microscopy and exopoly-saccharide staining were measured. Secondly, lactic acid measurement and transverse microradiography analysis were performed to determine the preventive effect of DMAEM@RA on secondary caries. Lastly, quantitative real-time PCR was applied to investigate the antimicrobial effect of DMAEM@RA on cariogenic virulence genes. Results: DMAEM@RA significantly inhibited the growth, EPS, and acid production of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms under acidic environments (p < 0.05). Moreover, at pH 5 and 5.5, DMAEM@RA remarkably decreased the mineral loss and lesion depth of tooth hard tissue (p < 0.05) and down-regulated the expression of cariogenic genes, virulence-associated genes, and pH-regulated genes of dual-species biofilms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: DMAEM@RA played an antibiofilm role on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms, prevented the demineralization process, and attenuated cariogenic virulence in a pH-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingou Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (L.C.)
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24
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Lorenzini EC, Lazzari B, Tartaglia GM, Farronato G, Lanteri V, Botti S, Biscarini F, Cozzi P, Stella A. Oral ecological environment modifications by hard-cheese: from pH to microbiome: a prospective cohort study based on 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach. J Transl Med 2022; 20:312. [PMID: 35810305 PMCID: PMC9271248 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oral ecosystem conditions dental health, and is known to be positively modified by oral hygiene which cannot always be performed between meals, especially outside home. It is therefore important to identify the practices to be adopted to influence the oral environment in an anticariogenic direction. Milk and cheese are considered functional foods and have a role on oral health. There are several mechanisms by which cheese exerts its beneficial effects on teeth. The aim of the present study was to examine whether short term consumption of hard cheese would affect the oral pH and microbial flora of healthy adults modifying ecological oral environment. The Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach was applied to study the effect of Italian Grana Padano (GP), as a prototype of typical hard cheese, on the oral microbiota composition. Finally, we explored Streptococcusmutans/sanguinis ratio as a marker of protective biofilm composition. Methods Nine oral-healthy adults were instructed to eat 25 gr of GP cheese for 5 consecutive days. Three time points were chosen for supragingival samples collection and pH measurement. 16S rRNA-gene sequences were obtained both from oral samples and GP cheese using the MiSeq platform and analyzed against the expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD). ProgPerm was used to perform statistical analyses to investigate strain differential representation after cheese consumption. Results Taxonomic analyses of the oral microbiota revealed that Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. GP cheese significantly modifies oral pH, causing a shift toward basic conditions which are kept for a few hours. The Streptococcus mutans/Streptococcus sanguinis ratio lowers in the last observed timepoint. Conclusion Our results reveal that a portion of GP cheese eaten after dinner provides important micronutrients (i.e. calcium, vitamins and some aminoacids such as arginine) and changes oral pH toward basic conditions, resulting in a light modification of the oral microbiome towards the reduction of the overall amount of acidophilic bacteria. Furthermore, the S.mutans/S. sanguinis ratio is reduced, contributing to obtain a more protecting environment towards caries establishment and evolution. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03506-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Cecilia Lorenzini
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Lazzari
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy.,UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry. Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - Giampietro Farronato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Lanteri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Loc. Cascina Codazza, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Filippo Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Cozzi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy
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25
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Sun H, Wei X, Ma Z, Li J, Bai Y, Wu Z, Zhang X. NIR-activated nanosystems with self-modulated bacteria targeting for enhanced biofilm eradication and caries prevention. Bioact Mater 2022; 13:269-285. [PMID: 35224308 PMCID: PMC8844857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacious delivery of antimicrobial drugs to intractable oral biofilms remains a challenge due to inadequate biofilm penetration and lack of pathogen targeting. Herein, we have developed a microenvironment-activated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-sheddable nanoplatform to mediate targeted delivery of drugs into oral biofilms for the efficient prevention of dental caries. The PEGylated nanoplatform with enhanced biofilm penetration is capable of deshielding the PEG layer under slightly acidic conditions in a PEG chain length-dependent manner to re-expose the bacteria-targeting ligands, thereby facilitating targeted codelivery of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and IR780 to the bacteria after accumulation within biofilms. The nanoplatform tends to induce bacterial agglomeration and suffers from degradation in the acidic oral biofilm microenvironment, triggering rapid drug release on demand around bacterial cells. The self-modulating nanoplatform under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation accordingly displays greatly augmented potency in oral biofilm penetration and disruption compared with drugs alone. Topical oral treatment with nanoplatforms involving synergetic pharmacological and photothermal/photodynamic trinary therapy results in robust biofilm dispersion and efficacious suppression of severe tooth decay in rats. This versatile nanoplatform can promote local accumulation and specific drug transport into biofilms and represents a new paradigm for targeted drug delivery for the management of oral biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yijie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China
- Hospital of Stomatology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zeyuan Chen
- Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China
- Hospital of Stomatology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haonan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaosong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yayun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhongming Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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26
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Shi J, Wang Q, Ruan G, Chen Y, Zhao M, Shi D, Pan B, Xu Z, Zhang T, Wang F, Xu C. Efficacy of probiotics against dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9977-9994. [PMID: 35607893 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2077693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries causes serious consequences and the financial burden of society especially in children with high morbidity rate. Here we carried out a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the efficacy of probiotics against dental caries in children. Forty-three RCTs were eligible for this meta-analysis after searching the PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science from the inception through October 2021. Pooled estimates demonstrated that treatment with probiotics significantly reduced noncavitated (dicdas2-6mft) (SMD = -0.18, 95% CI: -0.3 to -0.06, p = 0.002) and cavitated (dicdas5-6mft) carious lesions in children (SMD = -0.32, 95% CI: -0.5 to 0.14, p = 0.0004). Probiotics also reduced prevalence of noncavitated (dicdas2-6mft) carious lesions (RR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.67 to-0.97, p = 0.02). Salivary Streptococcus mutans was declined after intervention (SMD = -1.17, 95% CI: -1.85 to -0.5, p = 0.0007), while Lactobacillus counts were upregulated (SMD = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.46-1.92, p = 0.001). However, no significant effects in total bacteria counts and salivary pH were observed. Our findings suggest that probiotics especially Lactobacillus could be a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical applications in children dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmin Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qinjian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gaoyi Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaoxuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dibang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Binhui Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tiaotiao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Changlong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Nguyen AT, Goswami S, Ferracane J, Koley D. Real-time monitoring of the pH microenvironment at the interface of multispecies biofilm and dental composites. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1201:339589. [PMID: 35300800 PMCID: PMC9167049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial-mediated local pH change plays an important role in altering the integrity of resin dental composite materials in a dynamic environment such as the oral cavity. To address this, we developed a 300-μm-diameter, flexible, solid-state potentiometric pH microsensor capable of detecting and quantifying the local pH microenvironment at the interface of multispecies biofilm and dental resin in real time over 10 days. We used fluorinated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as the back contact in our newly developed pH sensor, along with a PVC-based ion-selective membrane and PTFE-AF coating. The high temporal resolution pH data demonstrated pH changes from 7 to 6 and 7 to 5.8 for the first 2 days and then fluctuated between 6.5 to 6 and 6 to 5.5 for the remaining 8 days with the resin composite or glass slide substrate respectively. We could observe the fluctuations in pH mediated by lactic acid production within the biofilm and the re-establishment of pH back to 7. However, acid production started to overwhelm buffering capacity with the continuous feed of sucrose cycles and reduced the local pH nearer to 5.5. No such changes or fluctuations were observed above the biofilm, as the pH remained at 7.0 ± 0.2 for 10 days. The localized real-time monitoring of the pH within the biofilm showed that the pH shift underneath the biofilm could lead to damage to the underlying material and their interface but cannot be sensed external to the biofilm.
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28
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One decay more! Br Dent J 2022; 232:354-355. [PMID: 35338268 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-022-4106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Peng X, Han Q, Zhou X, Chen Y, Huang X, Guo X, Peng R, Wang H, Peng X, Cheng L. Effect of pH-sensitive nanoparticles on inhibiting oral biofilms. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:561-573. [PMID: 35156501 PMCID: PMC8856036 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2037788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a biofilm-related preventable infectious disease caused by interactions between the oral bacteria and the host’s dietary sugars. As the microenvironments in cariogenic biofilms are often acidic, pH-sensitive drug delivery systems have become innovative materials for dental caries prevention in recent years. In the present study, poly(DMAEMA-co-HEMA) was used as a pH-sensitive carrier to synthesize a chlorhexidine (CHX)-loaded nanomaterial (p(DH)@CHX). In vitro, p(DH)@CHX exhibited good pH sensitivity and a sustained and high CHX release rate in the acidic environment. It also exhibited lower cytotoxicity against human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) compared to free CHX. Besides, compared with free CHX, p(DH)@CHX showed the same antibacterial effects on S. mutans biofilms. In addition, it had no effect on eradicating healthy saliva-derived biofilm, while free CHX exhibited an inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the 16s rDNA sequencing results showed that p(DH)@CHX had the potential to alter oral microbiota composition and possibly reduce caries risk. In conclusion, the present study presents an alternative option to design an intelligent material to prevent and treat dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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30
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Kotsanos N, Sulyanto R, Ng MW. Dental Caries Prevention in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Dent 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78003-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li Y, Milewska M, Khine YY, Ariotti N, Stenzel MH. Trehalose coated nanocellulose to inhibit the infections by S. aureus. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01422f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preventing bacterial infection by using antiadhesive compounds is one alternative to antibiotic treatment. Trehalose based polymers can serve as an antiadhesive agent that are selective to bacteria as trehalose is...
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The use of hydroxyapatite toothpaste to prevent dental caries. Odontology 2021; 110:223-230. [PMID: 34807345 PMCID: PMC8930857 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution of hydroxyapatite from the tooth structure at low pH can lead to the irreversible destruction of enamel and dentin, which if left untreated can result in pain and tooth loss. Hydroxyapatite toothpastes contain hydroxyapatite particles in micro- or nanocrystalline form that have been shown to deposit and restore demineralized enamel surfaces. As such, they are currently being explored as a fluoride-free anti-caries agent. This narrative review article aims to summarize the recent findings of the research investigating the remineralization potential of HAP toothpaste in vitro, in situ and in vivo, as well as some other applications in dentistry.
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Effects of pH on the Properties of Membrane Vesicles Including Glucosyltransferase in Streptococcus mutans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112308. [PMID: 34835434 PMCID: PMC8618110 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans releases membrane vesicles (MVs) and induces MV-dependent biofilm formation. Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) are bound to MVs and contribute to the adhesion and glucans-dependent biofilm formation of early adherent bacteria on the tooth surface. The biofilm formation of S. mutans may be controlled depending on whether the initial pH tends to be acidic or alkaline. In this study, the characteristics and effects of MVs extracted from various conditions {(initial pH 6.0 and 8.0 media prepared with lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA), and with NaOH (NO), respectively)} on the biofilm formation of S. mutans and early adherent bacteria were investigated. The quantitative changes in glucans between primary pH 6.0 and 8.0 conditions were observed, associated with different activities affecting MV-dependent biofilm formation. The decreased amount of Gtfs on MVs under the initial pH 6.0 conditions strongly guided low levels of MV-dependent biofilm formation. However, in the initial pH 6.0 and 8.0 solutions prepared with AA and NO, the MVs in the biofilm appeared to be formed by the expression of glucans and/or extracellular DNA. These results suggest that the environmental pH conditions established by acid and alkaline factors determine the differences in the local pathogenic activities of biofilm development in the oral cavity.
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Rüdiger SG, Carlén A. Approximal plaque pH lowering after sugar intake in a periodontally infected dentition. Acta Odontol Scand 2021; 79:606-612. [PMID: 33956555 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1921258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal inflammation on the approximal plaque pH after a sucrose rinse. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two periodontitis patients (aged 38-72 years; 9M/23F) were included. All patients were in need of periodontal surgery. Two non-adjacent interdental spaces, one healthy (no bleeding on probing [BoP] and probing pocket depth [PPD] < 4 mm) and one periodontally diseased (BoP and PPD ≥5 mm) were selected. Before and after surgery, the approximal plaque pH was measured before and after 2, 5 and 10 min after a 1-min rinse with sucrose solution. RESULTS In periodontally diseased interdental spaces, a significant pH drop was seen 5 min after rinsing. In healthy spaces and after surgery, a significant pH drop was seen after 2 min. A multilevel regression analysis showed that greater probing pocket depths were significantly associated with pH change measured 5 min after rinsing (p < .05). Further on, the approximal pH drop after a sucrose rinse tended to be delayed in dentitions with ≥10% of PPD ≥5 mm (p = .052). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that an ongoing periodontal inflammation could temporarily neutralize acidic metabolic products after a sugar challenge. This may further suggest that plaque pH measured after a sugar rinse might be used to identify an ongoing periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Rüdiger
- Department of Periodontology, Specialist Dental Care Centre, Public Dental Service, Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Carlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Souza NDO, Cunha DA, Rodrigues NDS, Pereira AL, Medeiros EJT, Pinheiro ADA, de Vasconcelos MA, do Nascimento Neto LG, Bezerra TT, Mazzetto SE, Lomonaco D, Teixeira EH, Saboia VDPA. Cashew nut shell liquids: Antimicrobial compounds in prevention and control of the oral biofilms. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 133:105299. [PMID: 34735926 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of natural (n-CNSL) and technical (t-CNSL) cashew nut shell liquid against streptococci and enterococci related to dental caries and chronic apical periodontitis, respectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined to assess the antimicrobial effect of both CNSLs (n-CSNL and t-CNSL) against S. oralis ATCC 10557, S. sobrinus ATCC 6715, S. parasanguinis ATCC 903, S. mutans UA 159 and E. faecalis ATCC 19433. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by total biomass quantification, colony forming unit (CFU) counting and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, cytotoxic effect of the substances was evaluated on L929 and HaCat cell lines by MTS assay. RESULTS The n-CNSL and t-CNSL showed inhibitory and bactericidal effect against all strains tested in this study, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 1.5 to 25 μg/mL. Overall, both CNSLs showed significant reduction in biomass quantification and enumeration of biofilm-entrapped cells for the strains analyzed, in biofilm formation and preformed biofilms (p < 0.05). In biofilm inhibition assay, the t-CNSL and n-CNSL showed reduction in biomass and CFU number for all bacteria, except in cell viability of S. parasanguinis treated with t-CNSL (p > 0.05). Indeed, SEM images showed a reduction in the amount of biomass, bacterial cells and changes in cellular morphology of S. mutans. CONCLUSION In conclusion, both substances showed effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against the strains used in the study, except in viability of S. parasanguinis cells treated with t-CNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara de Oliveira Souza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, 949 Alexandre Baraúna St, Fortaleza, CE 60430-160, Brazil
| | - Diana Araújo Cunha
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, 949 Alexandre Baraúna St, Fortaleza, CE 60430-160, Brazil
| | - Nara de Sousa Rodrigues
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Fortaleza, 1321 Washington Soares Ave., Fortaleza, CE 60811-905, Brazil
| | - Anna Luísa Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules, Federal University of Ceará, 100 Five St., Fortaleza, CE 60355-636, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Jordanya Teixeira Medeiros
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules, Federal University of Ceará, 100 Five St., Fortaleza, CE 60355-636, Brazil
| | - Aryane de Azevedo Pinheiro
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules, Federal University of Ceará, 100 Five St., Fortaleza, CE 60355-636, Brazil
| | - Mayron Alves de Vasconcelos
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules, Federal University of Ceará, 100 Five St., Fortaleza, CE 60355-636, Brazil; Minas Gerais State University, Divinópolis, MG 35501-179, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga do Nascimento Neto
- Departamento do Núcleo Comum, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Campus Limoeiro do Norte, Limoeiro do Norte, CE 62930-000, Brazil
| | - Thayllan Teixeira Bezerra
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, 100 Five St., Fortaleza, CE 60355-636, Brazil
| | - Selma Elaine Mazzetto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, 100 Five St., Fortaleza, CE 60355-636, Brazil
| | - Diego Lomonaco
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, 100 Five St., Fortaleza, CE 60355-636, Brazil
| | - Edson Holanda Teixeira
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules, Federal University of Ceará, 100 Five St., Fortaleza, CE 60355-636, Brazil.
| | - Vicente de Paulo Aragão Saboia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, 949 Alexandre Baraúna St, Fortaleza, CE 60430-160, Brazil
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Tan GR, Hsu CYS, Zhang Y. pH-Responsive Hybrid Nanoparticles for Imaging Spatiotemporal pH Changes in Biofilm-Dentin Microenvironments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46247-46259. [PMID: 34570460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineering highly sensitive nanomaterials to monitor spatiotemporal pH changes has rather broad applications in studying various biological systems. Intraoral/biofilm-tooth pH is the single parameter that has demonstrated accurate assessment of dental caries risk, reflecting the summative integrated outcome of the complicated interactions between three etiological factors, namely, microorganisms/biofilm, diet/carbohydrates, and tooth/saliva/host. However, there is little to no technology/system capable of accurately probing simultaneously both the micro-pH profiles in dentin tissues and acidogenic oral biofilms and examining the pathophysiologic acid attacks with high spatial/temporal resolution. Therefore, a highly sensitive pH-responsive hybrid nanoparticle (pH-NP) is developed and coupled with an ex vivo tooth-biofilm caries model to simulate and study the key cariogenic determinants/steps. The pH-NP emits two distinct fluorescences with mutually inversely proportional intensities that vary accordingly to the proximity pH and with a ratiometric output sensitivity of 13.4-fold across a broad clinically relevant pH range of 3.0-8.0. Using [H+], in addition to pH, to calculate the "area-under-curve" corroborates the "minimum-pH" in semiquantifying the demineralizing potential in each biofilm-dentin zones/depth. The data mechanistically elucidates a two-pronged cariogenic effect of a popular-acidic-sweet-drink, in inundating the biofilm/tooth-system with H+ ions from both the drink and the metabolic byproducts of the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Rong Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119085, Singapore
| | - Chin-Ying Stephen Hsu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119085, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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Amissah F, Andey T, Ahlschwede KM. Nanotechnology-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of Streptococcus mutans-derived dental caries. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:327-336. [PMID: 34536629 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries results from long-term acid production when sugar is metabolized by a bacterial biofilm, resulting in a loss of calcium and phosphate from the enamel. Streptococcus mutans is a type of acid-producing bacteria and a virulent contributor to oral biofilms. Conventional treatment options, such as cefazolin and ampicillin, have significant levels of bacterial resistance. Other topical agents, such as fluoride, tend to be washed away by saliva, resulting in low therapeutic efficacy. HIGHLIGHT This review aims to highlight the solubility issues that plague poorly water-soluble therapeutic agents, various novel polymeric, and lipid-based nanotechnology systems that aim to improve the retention of therapeutic agents in the oral cavity. CONCLUSION In this review, different formulation types demonstrated improved therapeutic outcomes by enhancing drug solubility, promoting penetration into the deep layers of the biofilm, facilitating prolonged residence time in the buccal cavity, and reducing the emergence of drug-resistant phenotypes. These formulations have a strong potential to give new life to therapeutic agents that have limited physicochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Amissah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Terrick Andey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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A Repeated State of Acidification Enhances the Anticariogenic Biofilm Activity of Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Fluoro-Zinc-Silicate Fillers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080977. [PMID: 34439027 PMCID: PMC8388977 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the anticariogenic biofilm activity of a novel zinc-containing glass ionomer cement, Caredyne Restore (CR), using a flow-cell system that reproduces Stephan responses. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were cultured on either CR or hydroxyapatite (HA) discs mounted on a modified Robbins device. The media were allowed to flow at a speed of 2 mL/min for 24 h while exposed to an acidic buffer twice for 30 min to mimic dietary uptake. Acid exposure enhanced biofilm inhibition in the CR group, which showed 2.6 log CFU/mm2 in viable cells and a 2 log copies/mL reduction in total cells compared to the untreated group after 24 h of incubation, suggesting enhanced anticariogenic activity due to the release of fluoride and zinc ions. However, there was no difference in the number of viable and total cells between the two experimental groups after 24 h of incubation in the absence of an acidic environment. The anticariogenic biofilm activity of CR occurs in acidic oral environments, for example in the transient pH drop following dietary uptake. CR restorations are recommended in patients at high risk of caries due to hyposalivation, difficulty brushing, and frequent sugar intake.
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Kristensen MF, Frandsen Lau E, Schlafer S. Ratiometric imaging of extracellular pH in Streptococcus mutans biofilms exposed to different flow velocities and saliva film thicknesses. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1949427. [PMID: 34349890 PMCID: PMC8291056 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1949427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fluid flow has a prominent influence on the metabolism of surface-attached biofilms. Dental biofilms are covered by a thin saliva film that flows at different rates in different locations under stimulated and unstimulated conditions. Methods:The present study employed pH ratiometry to study the impact of different flow velocities, saliva film thicknesses and saliva concentrations on microscale pH developments in Streptococcus mutans biofilms of different age. Results:While saliva flow at a velocity of 0.8 mm/min (unstimulated flow) had little impact on biofilm pH, stimulated flow (8 mm/min; 80 mm/min) affected vertical pH gradients in the biofilms and raised the average pH in 48-h biofilms, but not in 72-h and 168-h biofilms. The saliva film thickness had a strong impact on biofilm pH under both static and dynamic conditions. pH drops were significantly higher in biofilms exposed to a thin saliva film (≤ 50 µm) than a thick saliva film (> 50 µm). pH drops in the biofilms were also strongly dependent on the saliva concentration and thus the buffer capacity of the salivary medium. For 48-h and 72-h biofilms, but not for 168-h biofilms, pH drops in distinct microenvironments were more pronounced when the local biofilm thickness was high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Frandsen Lau
- Section for Periodontology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Schlafer
- Department of Dentistry and oral health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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pH-responsive aminolipid nanocarriers for antimicrobial peptide delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 603:398-407. [PMID: 34197988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS pH-responsive aminolipid self-assemblies are promising platforms for the targeted delivery of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), with the potential to improve their therapeutic efficiency and physico-chemical stability. EXPERIMENTS pH-sensitive nanocarriers based on dispersed self-assemblies of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DODAP) with the human cathelicidin LL-37 in excess water were characterized at different pH values using small-angle X-ray scattering, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Fluorescence and electrophoretic mobility measurements were used to probe the encapsulation efficiency of LL-37 and the nanocarriers' surface potential. FINDINGS Upon decreasing pH in the DODAP/water systems, normal oil-in-water emulsions at pH ≥ 5.0 transitioned to emulsions encapsulating inverse hexagonal and cubic structures at pH between 4.5 and 4.0, and mostly positively-charged vesicles at pH < 4.0. These colloidal transformations are driven by the protonation of DODAP upon pH decrease. The larger lipid-water interfacial area provided by the DODAP self-assemblies at pH ≤ 4.5 allowed for an adequate encapsulation efficiency of LL-37, favouring the formation of vesicles in a concentration-dependent manner. Contrary, LL-37 was found to dissociate from the emulsion droplets at pH 6.0. The knowledge on the pH-triggered self-assembly of LL-37 and DODAP, combined with the results on peptide release from the structures contribute to the fundamental understanding of lipid/peptide self-assembly. The results can guide the rational design of future pH-responsive AMP delivery systems.
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Iijima T, Kurokawa H, Takamizawa T, Hirokane E, Takahashi N, Wakamatsu K, Suda S, Miyazaki M. Prevention of acidic attack on tooth enamel surfaces using polishing paste containing ion-releasing filler. Dent Mater J 2021; 40:1352-1358. [PMID: 34193730 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of polishing paste containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler to prevent acidic attack on tooth enamel surfaces. Resin composites were filled in the standardized cavities and finished with silicon carbide paper. These specimens were divided into three groups: the unpolished "control" group, the "PRG" group polished with S-PRG paste, and the "DDP" group polished with diamond-containing polishing paste. Following polishing, the specimens were immersed in a lactic acid buffer solution for 28 days. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) signals were measured to obtain the signal intensity and width at 1/e2 at selected locations on the enamel surface adjacent to the restoration. Although signal intensity significantly increased in all groups, widths at 1/e2 did not change significantly in the PRG group. For both the control and DDP groups, signal intensity and width at 1/e2 increased and decreased over time, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Iijima
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroyasu Kurokawa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Eizo Hirokane
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Nao Takahashi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Kengo Wakamatsu
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Shunichi Suda
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Masashi Miyazaki
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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da Silva Meirelles Dória Maia JN, Portela MB, Sanchez Candela DR, Neves ADA, Noronha-Filho JD, Mendes ADO, Barros MA, Moreira da Silva E. Fabrication and characterization of remineralizing dental composites containing calcium type pre-reacted glass-ionomer (PRG-Ca) fillers. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1325-1336. [PMID: 33962791 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To fabricate and characterize dental composites with calcium type pre-reacted glass-ionomer (PRG-Ca) fillers. METHODS PRG-Ca fillers were prepared by the reaction of calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass with polyacrylic acid. Seven dental composites were produced from the same organic matrix (70/30wt% Bis-GMA/TEGDMA), with partial replacement of barium borosilicate (BaBSi) fillers (60wt%) by PRG-Ca fillers (wt%): E0 (0) - control, E1 (10), E2 (20), E3 (30), E4 (40), E5 (50) and E6 (60). Enamel remineralization was evaluated in caries-like enamel lesions induced by S. mutans biofilm using micro-CT. The following properties were characterized: degree of conversion (DC%), roughness (Ra), Knoop hardness (KHN), flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), water sorption (Wsp), water solubility (Wsl), and translucency (TP). Data were analyzed to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α=0.05). RESULTS All composites with PRG-Ca induced enamel remineralization. E0 and E1 presented similar and highest DC% than E2=E3=E4=E5=E6. Ra and KHN were not influenced by PRG-Ca fillers (p<0.05). The higher the content of PRG-Ca, the lower FS, FM and TP (p<0.05). Wsp increased linearly with the content of PRG-Ca fillers (p<0.05). E6 presented the highest Wsl (p<0.05), while the Wsl of the other composites were not different from each other (p>0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Incorporation of 10-40wt.% of PRG-Ca fillers endowed remineralizing potential to dental composites without jeopardizing the overall behavior of their physicochemical properties. Dental composites with PRG-Ca fillers seems to be a good alternative for reinforcing the enamel against caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maristela Barbosa Portela
- Odontopediatric Division, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Aline de Almeida Neves
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Paediatric Dentistry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jaime Dutra Noronha-Filho
- Analitical Laboratory of Restorative Biomaterials - LABiom-R, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Oliveira Mendes
- Analitical Laboratory of Restorative Biomaterials - LABiom-R, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo Barros
- Analitical Laboratory of Restorative Biomaterials - LABiom-R, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Moreira da Silva
- Analitical Laboratory of Restorative Biomaterials - LABiom-R, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Zhu Y, Marin LM, Xiao Y, Gillies ER, Siqueira WL. pH-Sensitive Chitosan Nanoparticles for Salivary Protein Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041028. [PMID: 33920657 PMCID: PMC8073935 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Salivary proteins such as histatins (HTNs) have demonstrated critical biological functions directly related to tooth homeostasis and prevention of dental caries. However, HTNs are susceptible to the high proteolytic activities in the oral environment. Therefore, pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) have been proposed as potential carriers to protect proteins from enzymatic degradation at physiological salivary pH. Four different types of chitosan polymers were investigated and the optimal formulation had good batch to batch reproducibility, with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 144 ± 6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.15 ± 0.04, and a zeta potential of 18 ± 4 mV at a final pH of 6.3. HTN3 encapsulation and release profiles were characterized by cationic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The CNs successfully encapsulated HTN3 and selectively swelled at acidic pH to facilitate HTN3 release. Protection of HTN3 against enzymatic degradation was investigated in diluted whole saliva. HTN3 encapsulated in the CNs had a prolonged survival time compared to the free HTN3. CNs with and without HTN3 also successfully reduced biofilm weight and bacterial viability. The results of this study have demonstrated the suitability of CNs as potential protein carriers for oral applications, especially for complications occurring at acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Lina M. Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (E.R.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Walter L. Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Gontsarik M, Yaghmur A, Salentinig S. Dispersed liquid crystals as pH-adjustable antimicrobial peptide nanocarriers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 583:672-682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Nomura R, Ohata J, Otsugu M, Okawa R, Naka S, Matsumoto-Nakano M, Nakano K. Inhibitory effects of flavedo, albedo, fruits, and leaves of Citrus unshiu extracts on Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 124:105056. [PMID: 33517170 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTVES Citrus unshiu has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial effects against citrus diseases. In the present study, C. unshiu was divided into flavedo, albedo, fruits, and leaves; the inhibitory effects of these extracts on Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, were investigated. DESIGN C. unshiu specimens were separated into flavedo, albedo, fruits, and leaves. First, pH values and polyphenol amounts in Citrus extracts were measured. In addition, Citrus extract was added to the bacterial suspensions of S. mutans MT8148, and inhibitory effects of C. unshiu extracts on MT8148 for antimicrobial activity, bacterial growth, and biofilm formation were analyzed. These assays were also performed using C. sinensis extracts. RESULTS Among these extracts, albedo exhibited a pH value closest to neutral, while the fruits exhibited the most acidic pH value; the pH values significantly differed between these extracts (P < 0.05). In addition, the amounts of polyphenols were significantly higher in albedo than in other extracts (P < 0.001). All extracts showed inhibitory effects on MT8148 for antimicrobial activity, bacterial growth and biofilm formation. These inhibitory effects were significantly stronger in flavedo, albedo, and fruits, compared with leaves (P < 0.05). Furthermore, extracts of Citrus sinensis also showed inhibitory effects on S. mutans, although these effects were weaker than the effects of C. unshiu. CONCLUSION These results suggest that extracts from C. unshiu fruits exhibit inhibitory effects on S. mutans, among which albedo may be especially useful for dental caries prevention due to its neutral pH and abundant polyphenols, in addition to its inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Ohata
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Otsugu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rena Okawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Naka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Burleigh MC, Sculthorpe N, Henriquez FL, Easton C. Nitrate-rich beetroot juice offsets salivary acidity following carbohydrate ingestion before and after endurance exercise in healthy male runners. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243755. [PMID: 33320868 PMCID: PMC7737958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been recent calls for strategies to improve oral health in athletes. High carbohydrate diets, exercise induced dehydration and transient perturbations to immune function combine to increase oral disease risk in this group. We tested whether a single dose of nitrate (NO3-) would offset the reduction in salivary pH following carbohydrate ingestion before and after an exercise bout designed to cause mild dehydration. Eleven trained male runners ( V˙O2max 53 ± 9 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, age 30 ± 7 years) completed a randomised placebo-controlled study comprising four experimental trials. Participants ingested the following fluids one hour before each trial: (a) 140 ml of water (negative-control), (b) 140 ml of water (positive-control), (c) 140 ml of NO3- rich beetroot juice (~12.4 mmol NO3-) (NO3- trial) or (d) 140 ml NO3- depleted beetroot juice (placebo-trial). During the negative-control trial, participants ingested 795 ml of water in three equal aliquots: before, during, and after 90 min of submaximal running. In the other trials they received 795 ml of carbohydrate supplements in the same fashion. Venous blood was collected before and after the exercise bout and saliva was sampled before and repeatedly over the 20 min following carbohydrate or water ingestion. As expected, nitrite (NO2-) and NO3- were higher in plasma and saliva during the NO3- trial than all other trials (all P<0.001). Compared to the negative-control, salivary-pH was significantly reduced following the ingestion of carbohydrate in the positive-control and placebo trials (both P <0.05). Salivary-pH was similar between the negative-control and NO3- trials before and after exercise despite ingestion of carbohydrate in the NO3- trial (both P≥0.221). Ingesting NO3- attenuates the expected reduction in salivary-pH following carbohydrate supplements and exercise-induced dehydration. NO3- should be considered by athletes as a novel nutritional strategy to reduce the risk of developing acidity related oral health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia C. Burleigh
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Fiona L. Henriquez
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute of Clinical Health and Exercise Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
- * E-mail:
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Florez Salamanca EJ, Dantas RM, Rodriguez MJ, Klein MI. Establishment of microcosm biofilm models that reproduce a cariogenic diet intake. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:1196-1209. [PMID: 33349045 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1862093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms were developed from human saliva on bovine enamel discs in four experimental conditions to investigate dental caries development: feast and famine (M1), abundance and scarcity (M2), three meals daily (M3), and three meals plus two snacks daily (M4). The main difference between these models was the diet for microbial growth. The evaluations included verifying the pH of the spent culture media and analyzing the enamel discs for demineralization (microhardness and roughness) and biofilms (biomass, viable populations of mutans streptococci, and total microbiota). Two major behaviors were observed: M1 and M2 promoted an acidic environment, while M3 and M4 maintained pH values closer to neutral. The demineralization process was slower in the neutral groups but more pronounced in M3, while a greater increase in microbiota and biomass was observed over time for both neutral groups. Thus, the M3 model was better at mimicking the oral environment that leads to demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin Jahir Florez Salamanca
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Mariana Dantas
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marlise Inêz Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Suzuki I, Shimizu T, Senpuku H. Short chain fatty acids induced the type 1 and type 2 fimbrillin-dependent and fimbrillin-independent initial attachment and colonization of Actinomyces oris monoculture but not coculture with streptococci. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:329. [PMID: 33129273 PMCID: PMC7603776 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinomyces oris is an early colonizer and has two types of fimbriae on its cell surface, type 1 fimbriae (FimP and FimQ) and type 2 fimbriae (FimA and FimB), which contribute to the attachment and coaggregation with other bacteria and the formation of biofilm on the tooth surface, respectively. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolic products of oral bacteria including A. oris and regulate pH in dental plaques. To clarify the relationship between SCFAs and fimbrillins, effects of SCFAs on the initial attachment and colonization (INAC) assay using A. oris wild type and fimbriae mutants was investigated. INAC assays using A. oris MG1 strain cells were performed with SCFAs (acetic, butyric, propionic, valeric and lactic acids) or a mixture of them on human saliva-coated 6-well plates incubated in TSB with 0.25% sucrose for 1 h. The INAC was assessed by staining live and dead cells that were visualized with a confocal microscope. RESULTS Among the SCFAs, acetic, butyric and propionic acids and a mixture of acetic, butyric and propionic acids induced the type 1 and type 2 fimbriae-dependent and independent INAC by live A. oris, but these cells did not interact with streptococci. The main effects might be dependent on the levels of the non-ionized acid forms of the SCFAs in acidic stress conditions. GroEL was also found to be a contributor to the FimA-independent INAC by live A. oris cells stimulated with non-ionized acid. CONCLUSION SCFAs affect the INAC-associated activities of the A. oris fimbrillins and non-fimbrillins during ionized and non-ionized acid formations in the form of co-culturing with other bacteria in the dental plaque but not impact the interaction of A. oris with streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Suzuki
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shimizu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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Bijle MN, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Synbiotics in caries prevention: A scoping review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237547. [PMID: 32785270 PMCID: PMC7423128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The scoping review aimed to examine the evidence on the role of synbiotics in caries prevention. PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases search were performed. Any in vitro study, clinical trial, systematic review with/without meta-analysis, umbrella review/meta-evaluation, narrative review addressing the role of synbiotics in caries prevention were included in the scoping review. Data were extracted from the included studies using pre-approved registered protocol. Twenty-eight records were identified, of which 5 in vitro studies, 1 quasi-experimental clinical trial and 1 narrative review were included in the present review. No controlled clinical trials or systematic reviews on the role of synbiotics in caries prevention could be identified. Except 1, all in vitro studies examined the combined effect of saccharides and lactobacilli spp. as potential synbiotics on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. However, the proposed synbiotics in 4 in vitro studies either did not qualify or remained ambiguous of its eligibility as a potential synbiotic for caries prevention. One recent in vitro study explored the possibility of L-arginine and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG synbiotic for caries prevention. The quasi-experimental clinical study without a control arm did not explicitly mention the intervention composition and thus, its synbiotic potential remains unclear. A narrative review highlighted the potential of combining arginine (prebiotic) with arginolytic bacteria (probiotic) as a synbiotic, which appears promising for caries prevention. The eligibility of the proposed synbiotics as a true synbiotic needs to be carefully addressed. Due to a lack of controlled clinical studies on synbiotics for caries prevention, evidence on their caries-preventive potential is weak. Future studies are needed to examine the combination of amino acids (esp. arginine) with probiotics as a potential synbiotic against cariogenic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward C. M. Lo
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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50
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Liang J, Liu F, Zou J, Xu HHK, Han Q, Wang Z, Li B, Yang B, Ren B, Li M, Peng X, Li J, Zhang S, Zhou X, Cheng L. pH-Responsive Antibacterial Resin Adhesives for Secondary Caries Inhibition. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1368-1376. [PMID: 32600095 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520936639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary caries caused by dental plaque is one of the major reasons for the high failure rate of resin composite restoration. Although antimicrobial agent-modified dental restoration systems have been researched for years, few reported intelligent anticaries materials could respond to the change of the oral environment and help keep oral eubiosis. Herein, we report tertiary amine (TA)-modified resin adhesives (TA@RAs) with pH-responsive antibacterial effect to reduce the occurrence of secondary caries. Two kinds of newly designed TA monomers were synthesized: DMAEM (dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and HMAEM (hexadecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate). In the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration test against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii, they exhibited antibacterial effect only in acidic medium, which preliminarily verified the acid-activated effect of TAs. Then DMAEM and HMAEM were incorporated into adhesive resin at the mass fraction of 5%, yielding TA@RAs. In vivo and in vitro tests showed that the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the adhesive were not affected. A S. mutans biofilm model in acidic and neutral medium was used and confirmed that TA@RAs could respond to the critical pH value of de-/remineralization and acquire reversible antibiofilm effect via the protonation and deprotonation of TAs. Meanwhile, the stability of antibacterial effect was confirmed via a 5-d pH-cycling experiment and a saliva-derived biofilm aging model. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that TA@RAs could increase the diversity of the saliva-derived biofilms, which implied that the novel materials could help regulate the microbial community to a healthy one. Finally, an in vitro demineralization model and in vivo secondary caries model were applied and demonstrated that TA@RAs could prevent secondary dental caries effectively. In summary, the reversible pH-responsive and non-drug release antibacterial resin adhesives ingeniously overcome the defect of the present materials and hold great promise for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - F Liu
- National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Q Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - S Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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