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Chaplin M, Leung K, Szczuka A, Hansen B, Rockey NC, Henderson JB, Wigginton KR. Linear Mixed Model of Virus Disinfection by Free Chlorine to Harmonize Data Collected across Broad Environmental Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38923944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite the critical importance of virus disinfection by chlorine, our fundamental understanding of the relative susceptibility of different viruses to chlorine and robust quantitative relationships between virus disinfection rate constants and environmental parameters remains limited. We conducted a systematic review of virus inactivation by free chlorine and used the resulting data set to develop a linear mixed model that estimates chlorine inactivation rate constants for viruses based on experimental conditions. 570 data points were collected in our systematic review, representing 82 viruses over a broad range of environmental conditions. The harmonized inactivation rate constants under reference conditions (pH = 7.53, T = 20 °C, [Cl-] < 50 mM) spanned 4 orders of magnitude, ranging from 0.0196 to 1150 L mg-1 min-1, and uncovered important trends between viruses. Whereas common surrogate bacteriophage MS2 does not serve as a conservative chlorine disinfection surrogate for many human viruses, CVB5 was one of the most resistant viruses in the data set. The model quantifies the role of pH, temperature, and chloride levels across viruses, and an online tool allows users to estimate rate constants for viruses and conditions of interest. Results from the model identified potential shortcomings in current U.S. EPA drinking water disinfection requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Chaplin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Kaming Leung
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Brianna Hansen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Nicole C Rockey
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States
| | - James B Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, NCRC Bldg. 16 #471C, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
| | - Krista R Wigginton
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2138, United States
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2
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Sheng X, Wang J, Zhao L, Yan W, Qian J, Wang Z, Zhang J, Raghavan V. Inactivation mechanism of cold plasma combined with 222 nm ultraviolet for spike protein and its application in disinfecting of SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133458. [PMID: 38215522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible virus that has precipitated a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease since 2019. Developing an effective disinfection strategy is crucial to prevent the risk of surface cross-contamination by SARS-CoV-2. This study employed pseudovirus and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of SARS-CoV-2 as models to investigate the spike protein inactivation process and its underlying mechanisms using a novel nonthermal technology. Cold plasma combined with 222 nm ultraviolet (CP+UV) treatment was applied to accelerate the generation of reactive species and enhance sterilization efficiency. The results indicated that the binding activity of RBD protein was completely inhibited at specific concentrations (0.01-0.05 mg/cm2) with corresponding treatment times of 15-30 s. The mechanism potentially involves the reactive species generated by CP+UV, which react with the spike protein RBD of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the loss of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by causing damage to the β-sheet structure and chemical bonds in the RBD protein. Validated by a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratory, the CP+UV treatment for 30 s could completely inactivate SARS-CoV-2 with a concentration of 19054 ± 1112 TCID50/cm2. Therefore, this study potentially provides a novel disinfection strategy for the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on surface cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sheng
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Luling Zhao
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Qian
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
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Soni SK, Marya T, Sharma A, Thakur B, Soni R. A systematic overview of metal nanoparticles as alternative disinfectants for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:111. [PMID: 38372809 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03818-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a diverse family of viruses, and new strains can emerge. While the majority of coronavirus strains cause mild respiratory illnesses, a few are responsible for severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is an example of a coronavirus that has led to a pandemic. Coronaviruses can mutate over time, potentially leading to the emergence of new variants. Some of these variants may have increased transmissibility or resistance to existing vaccines and treatments. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in the recent past has sparked innovation in curbing virus spread, with sanitizers and disinfectants taking center stage. These essential tools hinder pathogen dissemination, especially for unvaccinated or rapidly mutating viruses. The World Health Organization supports the use of alcohol-based sanitizers and disinfectants globally against pandemics. However, there are ongoing concerns about their widespread usage and their potential impact on human health, animal well-being, and ecological equilibrium. In this ever-changing scenario, metal nanoparticles hold promise in combating a range of pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as other viruses such as norovirus, influenza, and HIV-1. This review explores their potential as non-alcoholic champions against SARS-CoV-2 and other pandemics of tomorrow. This extends beyond metal nanoparticles and advocates a balanced examination of pandemic control tools, exploring their strengths and weaknesses. The manuscript thus involves the evaluation of metal nanoparticle-based alternative approaches as hand sanitizers and disinfectants, providing a comprehensive perspective on this critical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Soni
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Tripta Marya
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Apurav Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Bishakha Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Raman Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, DAV College, Chandigarh, 160011, India
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4
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Arienzo A, Gallo V, Tomassetti F, Pitaro N, Pitaro M, Antonini G. A narrative review of alternative transmission routes of COVID 19: what we know so far. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:681-695. [PMID: 37350182 PMCID: PMC10614718 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2228048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemics, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, represent an unprecedented public health challenge. Beside person-to-person contagion via airborne droplets and aerosol, which is the main SARS-CoV-2's route of transmission, alternative modes, including transmission via fomites, food and food packaging, have been investigated for their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. In this context, several studies have demonstrated the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and, in some cases, of infectious particles on exposed fomites, food and water samples, confirming their possible role as sources of contamination and transmission. Indeed, fomite-to-human transmission has been demonstrated in a few cases where person-to-person transmission had been excluded. In addition, recent studies supported the possibility of acquiring COVID-19 through the fecal-oro route; the occurrence of COVID-19 gastrointestinal infections, in the absence of respiratory symptoms, also opens the intriguing possibility that these cases could be directly related to the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Overall, most of the studies considered these alternative routes of transmission of low epidemiological relevance; however, it should be considered that they could play an important role, or even be prevalent, in settings characterized by different environmental and socio-economic conditions. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings regarding SARS-CoV-2 alternative transmission routes, with the aim to disclose what is known about their impact on COVID-19 spread and to stimulate research in this field, which could potentially have a great impact, especially in low-resource contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michele Pitaro
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Akbar MA, Sharif O, Selvaganapathy PR, Kruse P. Identification and Quantification of Aqueous Disinfectants Using an Array of Carbon Nanotube-Based Chemiresistors. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2023; 1:3040-3052. [PMID: 38031538 PMCID: PMC10683762 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.3c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of water is essential to prevent the growth of pathogens, but at high levels, it can cause harm to human health. Therefore, accurate monitoring of disinfectant concentrations in water is essential to ensure safe drinking water. The use of multiple disinfectants at different stages in water treatment plants makes it necessary to also identify the type and concentrations of all of the disinfectant species present. Here, we demonstrate an effective approach to identify and quantify multiple disinfectants (using the example of free chlorine and potassium permanganate) in water using single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based reagent-free chemiresistive sensing arrays. Facile fabrication of chemiresistive devices makes them a popular choice for the implementation of sensor arrays. Our sensing array consists of functionalized and unfunctionalized (blank) SWCNT sensors to distinguish the disinfectants. The distinct responses from the different sensors at varying concentrations and pH can be fitted to the mathematical model of a Langmuir adsorption isotherm separately for each sensor. Blank and functionalized sensors respond through different mechanisms that result in varying responses that are concentration- and pH-dependent. Chemometric techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to analyze the sensor data. PCA showed an excellent separation of the analytes over five different pHs (5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5). PLS-DA provided excellent separability as well as good predictability with a Q2 of 94.26% and an R2 of 95.67% for the five pH regions of the two analytes. This proof-of-concept solid-state chemiresistive sensing array can be developed for specific disinfectants that are commonly used in water treatment plants and can be deployed in water distribution and monitoring facilities. We have demonstrated the applicability of chemiresistive devices in a sensor array format for the first time for aqueous disinfectant monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ali Akbar
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Omar Sharif
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - P. Ravi Selvaganapathy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Peter Kruse
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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6
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Patrizio HA, Phyu R, Boyle T, Schachter T. The effectiveness of disinfection protocols in medical school osteopathic manipulative medicine labs. J Osteopath Med 2023; 123:435-441. [PMID: 37310398 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2022-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare-associated infections have taken center stage. Healthcare has adjusted workflows to accommodate for more robust disinfecting regiments to help protect the community. This has resulted in the need for medical institutions to reevaluate the current disinfection protocols down to the student level. The osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) laboratory provides an optimal avenue for assessing the effectiveness of medical students' ability to clean examination tables. With OMM laboratories having a high level of interaction, adequate disinfection is important for the health and safety of students and teaching faculties. OBJECTIVES This study will evaluate the effectiveness of the current disinfection protocols in the medical school OMM labs. METHODS A cross-sectional, nonrandomized study was performed on 20 OMM examination tables utilized for osteopathic training. Tables were chosen based on their close proximity to the podium. Close proximity was utilized as a criteria to increase the probability of utilization by students. The sampled tables were observed to ensure their use by students during class. Initial samples were collected in the morning after disinfection by Environmental Services. Terminal samples were collected after Osteopathic medical students utilized and disinfected the OMM examination tables. Samples were collected from the face-cradle and midtorso regions and analyzed utilizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assays with an AccuPoint Advanced HC Reader. This reader provides a digital readout of the quantity of light measured in relative light units (RLUs), which is directly correlated to the amount of ATP present in the sample, providing an estimated pathogen count. For statistical analysis, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was utilized to find statistical differences in RLUs in samples after initial and terminal disinfection. RESULTS The face cradle showed a 40 % increase in failure rate in samples after terminal disinfection when samples were compared after initial disinfection. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed an estimated pathogen level for face cradle that was significantly higher after terminal disinfection (median, 4,295 RLUs; range, 2,269-12919 RLUs; n=20) compared to initial disinfection (median, 769 RLUs; range, 29-2,422 RLUs; n=20), z=-3.8, p=0.00008, with a large effect size, d=2.2. The midtorso region showed a 75 % increase in samples after terminal disinfection when samples were compared after initial disinfection. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed that the estimated pathogen levels for midtorso were significantly higher after terminal disinfecting (median, 656 RLUs; range, 112-1,922 RLUs; n=20) compared to initial disinfecting (median, 128 RLUs; range, 1-335 RLUs; n=20), z=-3.9, p=0.00012, with a large effect size, d=1.8. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that medical students frequently failed to disinfect high-touch regions on examination tables, such as the midtorso and the face cradle. It is recommended that the current OMM lab disinfection protocol be modified to include the disinfection of high-touch regions in order to reduce the possibility of pathogen transmission. Further research should explore the effectiveness of disinfection protocols in clinical settings such as outpatient offices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riley Phyu
- Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Boyle
- Department of Employee Health, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Todd Schachter
- Department of Family Medicine, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
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7
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Iskandar K, Pecastaings S, LeGac C, Salvatico S, Feuillolay C, Guittard M, Marchin L, Verelst M, Roques C. Demonstrating the In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial Activity of Oxide Mineral Microspheres: An Innovative Technology to Be Incorporated into Porous and Nonporous Materials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041261. [PMID: 37111747 PMCID: PMC10144421 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of surfaces treated with zinc and/or magnesium mineral oxide microspheres is a patented technology that has been demonstrated in vitro against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency and sustainability of the technology in vitro, under simulation-of-use conditions, and in situ. The tests were undertaken in vitro according to the ISO 22196:2011, ISO 20473:2013, and NF S90-700:2019 standards with adapted parameters. Simulation-of-use tests evaluated the robustness of the activity under worst-case scenarios. The in situ tests were conducted on high-touch surfaces. The in vitro results show efficient antimicrobial activity against referenced strains with a log reduction of >2. The sustainability of this effect was time-dependent and detected at lower temperatures (20 ± 2.5 °C) and humidity (46%) conditions for variable inoculum concentrations and contact times. The simulation of use proved the microsphere's efficiency under harsh mechanical and chemical tests. The in situ studies showed a higher than 90% reduction in CFU/25 cm2 per treated surface versus the untreated surfaces, reaching a targeted value of <50 CFU/cm2. Mineral oxide microspheres can be incorporated into unlimited surface types, including medical devices, to efficiently and sustainably prevent microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Iskandar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology-Lebanon (INSPECT-LB), Beirut 6573, Lebanon
| | - Sophie Pecastaings
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline LeGac
- FONDEREPHAR, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Mylène Guittard
- Pylote SAS, 22 Avenue de la Mouyssaguèse, 31280 Drémil-Lafage, France
| | - Loïc Marchin
- Pylote SAS, 22 Avenue de la Mouyssaguèse, 31280 Drémil-Lafage, France
| | - Marc Verelst
- CEMES, UPR CNRS 8011, 29 Rue Jeanne Marvig, CEDEX, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Roques
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- FONDEREPHAR, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31062 Toulouse, France
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8
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Pusterla N. Equine Coronaviruses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:55-71. [PMID: 36737293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In equids, equine coronavirus has been associated with diarrhea in foals and lethargy, fever, anorexia, and occasional gastrointestinal signs in adult horses. Although horses seem to be susceptible to the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on the high homology to the ACE-2 receptor, they seem to be incidental hosts because of occasional SARS-CoV-2 spillover from humans. However, until more clinical and seroepidemiological data are available, it remains important to monitor equids for possible transmission from humans with clinical or asymptomatic COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Balakrishnan A, Jacob MM, Senthil Kumar P, Kapoor A, Ponnuchamy M, Sivaraman P, Sillanpää M. Strategies for safe management of hospital wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023; 20:1-16. [PMID: 36817164 PMCID: PMC9925218 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Management of hospital wastewater is a challenging task, particularly during the situations like coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The hospital effluent streams are likely to contain many known and unknown contaminants including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) along with a variety of pollutants arising from pharmaceuticals, life-style chemicals, drugs, radioactive species, and human excreta from the patients. The effluents are a mixed bag of contaminants with some of them capable of infecting through contact. Hence, it is essential to identify appropriate treatment strategies for hospital waste streams. In this work, various pollutants emerging in the context of COVID-19 are examined. A methodical review is conducted on the occurrence and disinfection methods of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. An emphasis is given to the necessity of addressing the challenges of handling hospital effluents dynamically involved during the pandemic scenario to ensure human and environmental safety. A comparative evaluation of disinfection strategies makes it evident that the non-contact methods like ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide vapor, and preventive approaches such as the usage of antimicrobial surface coating offer promise in reducing the chance of disease transmission. These methods are also highly efficient in comparison with other strategies. Chemical disinfection strategies such as chlorination may lead to further disinfection byproducts, complicating the treatment processes. An overall analysis of various disinfection methods is presented here, including developing methods such as membrane technologies, highlighting the merits and demerits of each of these processes. Finally, the wastewater surveillance adopted during the COVID-19 outbreak is discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-023-04803-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - M. M. Jacob
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - P. Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai 603203 India
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai 603203 India
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413 India
| | - A. Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002 India
| | - M. Ponnuchamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - P. Sivaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - M. Sillanpää
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), NO. 2006, Xiyuan Ave., West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731 People’s Republic of China
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10
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Antimicrobial Performance of Innovative Functionalized Surfaces Based on Enamel Coatings: The Effect of Silver-Based Additives on the Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032364. [PMID: 36768684 PMCID: PMC9916675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequently touched surfaces (FTS) that are contaminated with pathogens are one of the main sources of nosocomial infections, which commonly include hospital-acquired and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). HAIs are considered the most common adverse event that has a significant burden on the public's health worldwide currently. The persistence of pathogens on contaminated surfaces and the transmission of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens by way of healthcare surfaces, which are frequently touched by healthcare workers, visitors, and patients increase the risk of acquiring infectious agents in hospital environments. Moreover, not only in hospitals but also in high-traffic public places, FTS play a major role in the spreading of pathogens. Consequently, attention has been devoted to developing novel and alternative methods to tackle this problem. This study planned to produce and characterize innovative functionalized enameled coated surfaces supplemented with 1% AgNO3 and 2% AgNO3. Thus, the antimicrobial properties of the enamels against relevant nosocomial pathogens including the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans were assessed using the ISO:22196:2011 norm.
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11
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Kumar S, Singh NA, Jain V, Subramaneyaan M, Kumar P. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Possible Transmission Routes and Alleviation Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND ALLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.51847/7owk1mtle1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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12
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Pannuti CM, Reis INRD, Souza NV, Souto MLS, Silva CGB, Bezinelli LM, Machado CM, Romito GA, Villar CC. Efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing oral SARS-COV-2 load: a review. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e038. [PMID: 37132726 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has shown that the oral cavity may be an important reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Some authors have suggested that the use of mouthrinses could reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesize evidence about the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing the salivary viral load of SARS-CoV-2. 2. Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the efficacy of different mouthrinses in reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Various active ingredients have been tested in these trials: 0.5%,1% and 2% povidone-iodine, 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.075% CPC with Zinc lactate, 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 1.5% HP + 0.12% CHX and ß-cyclodextrin and citrox. The studies reported an intra-group reduction in the salivary levels of the virus, when compared with the baseline. However, the majority of these trials failed to demonstrate a significant inter-group difference between active groups and the control group relative to the decrease in salivary SARS-CoV-2 loads. Although promising, these results should be confirmed by larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Mendes Pannuti
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalia Vilela Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Alexandre Romito
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Cunha Villar
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Jalan M, Riehm K, Nekkanti M, Agarwal S, Gibson DG, Labrique A, Thrul J. Burden of mental distress in the United States is associated with delayed medical visits and missed prescription refills during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prev Med 2022; 163:107195. [PMID: 35964776 PMCID: PMC9371769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to poor health due to a decrease in healthcare utilization and those with mental health problems may be impacted. For this analysis, data came from a cross-sectional, nationally representative December 2020 survey. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between (1) mental distress and delayed medical visits, (2) mental distress and missed prescription refills, controlling for sociodemographics, pre-existing chronic conditions, and access to health insurance. We found that, compared to those that exhibited normal levels of mental distress, those with mild (aOR = 2.83, 95% CI = 2.47-3.24), moderate (aOR = 3.43, 95% CI = 2.95-3.99), and severe (aOR = 4.96, 95% CI = 4.21-5.84) mental distress showed greater odds of delaying medical visits. Similarly, compared to those that exhibited normal levels of mental distress, those with mild (aOR =3.93, 95% CI = 3.04-5.09), moderate (aOR =6.52, 95% CI = 5.07-8.43), and severe (aOR =8.69, 95% CI = 6.71-11.32) mental distress showed greater odds of missing prescription refills. Our study shows that individuals who showed signs of mental distress had increased odds of delayed medical visits and missed prescription refills, compared to those that showed normal levels of mental distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Jalan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Kira Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Manali Nekkanti
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Smisha Agarwal
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dustin G Gibson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Alain Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Wen Y, Zhang T, Wang J, Pan Z, Wang T, Yamashita H, Qian X, Zhao Y. Electrochemical Reactors for Continuous Decentralized H 2 O 2 Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205972. [PMID: 35698896 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global utilization of H2 O2 is currently around 4 million tons per year and is expected to continue to increase in the future. H2 O2 is mainly produced by the anthraquinone process, which involves multiple steps in terms of alkylanthraquinone hydrogenation/oxidation in organic solvents and liquid-liquid extraction of H2 O2 . The energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly anthraquinone process does not meet the requirements of sustainable and low-carbon development. The electrocatalytic two-electron (2 e- ) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) driven by renewable energy (e.g. solar and wind power) offers a more economical, low-carbon, and greener route to produce H2 O2 . However, continuous and decentralized H2 O2 electrosynthesis still poses many challenges. This Minireview first summarizes the development of devices for H2 O2 electrosynthesis, and then introduces each component, the assembly process, and some optimization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichan Wen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianying Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhelun Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xufang Qian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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15
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Wen Y, Zhang T, Wang J, Pan Z, Wang T, Yamashita H, Qian X, Zhao Y. Electrochemical reactors for continuously decentralized H2O2 production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichan Wen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Jianying Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhelun Pan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering CHINA
| | - Xufang Qian
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Environmental Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Yixin Zhao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Environmental Science and Engineering 800 Dongchuan Road 44106 Shanghai CHINA
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16
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Purwar T, Dey S, Al-Kayyali OZA, Zalar AF, Doosttalab A, Castillo L, Castano VM. Electrostatic Spray Disinfection Using Nano-Engineered Solution on Frequently Touched Surfaces in Indoor and Outdoor Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127241. [PMID: 35742489 PMCID: PMC9223583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in high demand for disinfection technologies. However, the corresponding spray technologies are still not completely optimized for disinfection purposes. There are important problems, like the irregular coverage and dripping of disinfectant solutions on hard and vertical surfaces. In this study, we highlight two major points. Firstly, we discuss the effectiveness of the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) of nanoparticle-based disinfectant solutions for systematic and long-lasting disinfection. Secondly, we show that, based on the type of material of the substrate, the effectiveness of ESD varies. Accordingly, 12 frequently touched surface materials were sprayed using a range of electrostatic spray system parameters, including ion generator voltage, nozzle spray size and distance of spray. It was observed that for most cases, the surfaces become completely covered with the nanoparticles within 10 s. Acrylic, Teflon, PVC, and polypropylene surfaces show a distinct effect of ESD and non-ESD sprays. The nanoparticles form a uniform layer with better surface coverage in case of electrostatic deposition. Quantitative variations and correlations show that 1.5 feet of working distance, an 80 μm spray nozzle diameter and an ion generator voltage of 3–7 kV ensures a DEF (differential electric field) that corresponds to an optimized charge-to-mass ratio, ensuring efficient coverage of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Purwar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.D.); (O.Z.A.A.-K.); (A.F.Z.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shamya Dey
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.D.); (O.Z.A.A.-K.); (A.F.Z.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Osama Zaid Ali Al-Kayyali
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.D.); (O.Z.A.A.-K.); (A.F.Z.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Aaron Floyd Zalar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.D.); (O.Z.A.A.-K.); (A.F.Z.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Ali Doosttalab
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.D.); (O.Z.A.A.-K.); (A.F.Z.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Luciano Castillo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.D.); (O.Z.A.A.-K.); (A.F.Z.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Victor M. Castano
- Centro de Física Aplicada Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
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17
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Nucleic Acids as Biotools at the Interface between Chemistry and Nanomedicine in the COVID-19 Era. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084359. [PMID: 35457177 PMCID: PMC9031702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent development of mRNA vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 infection has turned the spotlight on the potential of nucleic acids as innovative prophylactic agents and as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Until now, their use has been severely limited by their reduced half-life in the biological environment and the difficulties related to their transport to target cells. These limiting aspects can now be overcome by resorting to chemical modifications in the drug and using appropriate nanocarriers, respectively. Oligonucleotides can interact with complementary sequences of nucleic acid targets, forming stable complexes and determining their loss of function. An alternative strategy uses nucleic acid aptamers that, like the antibodies, bind to specific proteins to modulate their activity. In this review, the authors will examine the recent literature on nucleic acids-based strategies in the COVID-19 era, focusing the attention on their applications for the prophylaxis of COVID-19, but also on antisense- and aptamer-based strategies directed to the diagnosis and therapy of the coronavirus pandemic.
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18
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Ruwan Jayakantha D, Bandara H, Gunawardana NM, Jayantha Rajapakse R, Thilakarathne DS, Comini E, Gunawardhana N, Karunarathne S. Design and construction of a low cost air purifier for killing harmful airborne microorganisms using a combination of a strong multi-directional electric-field and an ultra violet light. HARDWAREX 2022; 11:e00279. [PMID: 35509923 PMCID: PMC9058725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work we have designed and developed a low cost and simple instrument to purify air in an enclosure. The device sucks up the air in the enclosed area, kills the microorganisms and let clean air flow out. A combination of an ultra violet light and an electric field are used to kill the microorganisms in air. Three electric field chambers (radial, parallel, perpendicular) are used to clean air more effectively. Stainless steel meshes were used to increase the density of the electric fields. The outer covers were made with plastic and wood. The instrument was tested against an evaporated bacterial solution (Staphylococcus aureus) by letting it flow through the instrument and measuring the bacterial concentration of the output air. The results showed the instrument is extremely effective even when tested against high bacterial concentrations. The instrument is extremely useful to clean air in closed rooms such as in hospitals, schools, etc. and prevent the spread of airborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.N.P. Ruwan Jayakantha
- Office of Research and International Affairs, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka, Sri Lanka
- Sensor Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Brescia University, Brescia 25133, Italy
| | | | | | - R.P.V. Jayantha Rajapakse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Dulari S. Thilakarathne
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Elisabetta Comini
- Sensor Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Brescia University, Brescia 25133, Italy
| | - Nanda Gunawardhana
- Office of Research and International Affairs, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka, Sri Lanka
| | - S.M.M.L. Karunarathne
- Office of Research and International Affairs, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka, Sri Lanka
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19
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A simple and green method for direct determination of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite in household disinfectants based on personal glucose meter. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 155:109996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Wang C, Han J. Will the COVID-19 pandemic end with the Delta and Omicron variants? ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:2215-2225. [PMID: 35069059 PMCID: PMC8760078 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqi Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
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21
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Choi H, Chatterjee P, Hwang M, Lichtfouse E, Sharma VK, Jinadatha C. The viral phoenix: enhanced infectivity and immunity evasion of SARS-CoV-2 variants. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:1539-1544. [PMID: 34522191 PMCID: PMC8428212 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues with emergence of new variants of concerns. These variants are fueling the third and fourth waves of pandemic across many nations. Here we describe the new emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and why they have enhanced infectivity and possess the ability to evade immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosoon Choi
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Piyali Chatterjee
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Munok Hwang
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Aix en Provence, 13100 France
| | - Virender K. Sharma
- Program of the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Chetan Jinadatha
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012 USA
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22
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Han S, Liu X. Can imported cold food cause COVID-19 recurrent outbreaks? A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:119-129. [PMID: 34512224 PMCID: PMC8422046 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still spreading all over the world. Although China quickly brought the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) under control in 2020, sporadic outbreaks have recurred from time to time. Outbreaks since June 2020 have suggested that the imported cold food supply chain is a major cause for the recurrence and spread of COVID-19. Here we review recurrent outbreaks in China from June 2020 to March 2021, and we analyse the main causes for recurrence and transmission by the supply of imported cold food from port to fork. Contaminated cold food or food packaging material can transmit the virus through 'person-to-thing-to-person', by contrast with the classical 'person-to-person' pathway. We decribe safety precautions for the food system, operating environment and people along the cold chain logistics. Surface disinfection and nucleic acid inspection are needed in each stage of the logistics of imported cold food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilian Han
- School of Marketing and Logistics Management, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xinwang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189 China
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23
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Tavčer PF, Brenčič K, Fink R, Tomšič B. Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide on Disinfection and Soil Removal during Low-Temperature Household Laundry. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010195. [PMID: 35011427 PMCID: PMC8746306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Water, Energy and Waste Directive, the European Commission provides for the use of household washing programmes with lower temperatures (30–40 °C) and lower water consumption. However, low washing temperatures and the absence of oxidising agents in the liquid detergents, and their reduced content in powder detergents, allow biofilm formation in washing machines and the development of an unpleasant odour, while the washed laundry can become a carrier of pathogenic bacteria, posing a risk to human health. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to liquid detergents in low-temperature household washing allows disinfection of the laundry without affecting the properties of the washed textiles even after several consecutive washes. Fabrics of different colours and of different raw material compositions were repeatedly washed in a household washing machine using a liquid detergent with the addition of 3% stabilised HP solution in the main wash, prewash or rinse. The results of the antimicrobial activity, soil removal activity, colour change and tensile strength confirmed the excellent disinfection activity of the 3% HP, but only if added in the main wash. Its presence did not discolour nor affect the tensile strength of the laundry, thus maintaining its overall appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Forte Tavčer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.); (B.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katja Brenčič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Rok Fink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Brigita Tomšič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.); (B.T.)
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24
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Hu Q, Ma P, Wang Y, Huang D, Hong J, Tan Y, Yu Z. Thermal fogging with disinfectants and antifreezes enables effective industrial disinfection in subzero cold-chain environment. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2673-2682. [PMID: 34850505 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM During several local COVID-19 outbreaks in China in 2020, SARS-CoV-2 or its RNA was isolated or detected from frozen food or packages, revealing the lack of effective disinfection measures in the frozen food chain and risk of transmission. We explored the possibility that disinfectant plus antifreeze could be delivered as thermal fog to realize effective disinfection at subzero temperatures. METHODS AND RESULTS We selected two disinfectant-antifreeze combinations, didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) - propylene glycol (PPG) and peracetic acid (PAA) - triethylene glycol (TEG), and each combination is used with a custom-optimized thermal fogging machine. The two fogs were tested in -20°C freezer warehouses for their disinfection efficacy against a coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) field strain, a swine influenza virus (SIV) field strain, and three indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis endospores. At -20°C, the DDAB-PPG or PAA-TEG thermal fogs settle within 3.5 to 4.5 h and effectively inactivated PEDV with median tissue culture infective dose of 10-3.5 0.1 ml-1 and SIV-H1N1 with hemagglutination titre of 26 ml-1 within 15-60 min. DDAB-PPG could inactivate S. aureus and E. coli vegetative cells (106 cfu ml-1 ) within 15-60 min but not effective on B. subtilis spores, while PAA-TEG could disinfect B. subtilis spores more effectively than for S. aureus and E. coli. CONCLUSIONS We showed that a practical subzero temperature disinfection technology was effective in killing enveloped viruses and vegetative bacteria or bacterial spores. DDAB-PPG or PAA-TEG thermal fogging may be a practical technology for cold-chain disinfection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This subzero temperature disinfection technology could help to meet the urgent public health need of environmental disinfection in frozen food logistics against pandemic and other potential pathogens and to enhance national and international biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Hu
- Hunan Sino-Clean Bio Institute, Ningxiang High-tech Zone, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan province, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Hunan Sino-Clean Bio Institute, Ningxiang High-tech Zone, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Hunan Sino-Clean Bio Institute, Ningxiang High-tech Zone, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Hunan Sino-Clean Bio Institute, Ningxiang High-tech Zone, Hunan Province, China
| | - Junyi Hong
- Hunan Sino-Clean Bio Institute, Ningxiang High-tech Zone, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yadi Tan
- Hunan Sino-Clean Bio Institute, Ningxiang High-tech Zone, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhengjun Yu
- Hunan Sino-Clean Bio Institute, Ningxiang High-tech Zone, Hunan Province, China
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25
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Occupational Health and Safety Measures in Healthcare Settings during COVID-19: Strategies for Protecting Staff, Patients and Visitors. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 17:e48. [PMID: 34517932 PMCID: PMC8523969 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has profoundly impacted almost every aspect of healthcare systems worldwide, placing the health and safety of frontline healthcare workers at risk, and it still continues to remain an important public health challenge. Several hospitals have put in place strategies to manage space, staff, and supplies in order to continue to deliver optimum care to patients while at the same time protecting the health and safety of staff and patients. However, the emergence of the second and third waves of the virus with the influx of new cases continue to add an additional level of complexity to the already challenging situation of containing the spread and lowering the rate of transmission, thus pushing healthcare systems to the limit. In this narrative review paper, we describe various strategies including administrative controls, environmental controls, and use of personal protective equipment, implemented by occupational health and safety departments for the protection of healthcare workers, patients, and visitors from SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. The protection and safeguard of the health and safety of healthcare workers and patients through the implementation of effective infection control measures, adequate management of possible outbreaks and minimization of the risk of nosocomial transmission is an important and effective strategy of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic management in any healthcare facility. High quality patient care hinges on ensuring that the care providers are well protected and supported so they can provide the best quality of care to their patients.
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26
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Kaczmarczyk LS, Marsay KS, Shevchenko S, Pilossof M, Levi N, Einat M, Oren M, Gerlitz G. Corona and polio viruses are sensitive to short pulses of W-band gyrotron radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:3967-3972. [PMID: 34456659 PMCID: PMC8385265 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has raised the need of versatile means for virus decontamination. Millimeter waves are used in biochemical research in dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (DNP/NMR) spectroscopy. However, their efficiency in object decontamination for viruses has not been tested yet. Here we report the high efficiency of 95 GHz waves in killing both coronavirus 229E and poliovirus. An exposure of 2 s to 95 GHz waves reduced the titer of these viruses by 99.98% and 99.375%, respectively, and formed holes in the envelope of 229E virions as detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The ability of 95 GHz waves to reduce the coronavirus titer to a range of limited infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 for humans and animal models along with precise focusing capabilities for these waves suggest 95 GHz waves as an effective way to decontaminate objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz S. Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada, 40700 Ariel, Israel
- Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Katherine S. Marsay
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada, 40700 Ariel, Israel
| | - Sergey Shevchenko
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Moritz Pilossof
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Nehora Levi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada, 40700 Ariel, Israel
- Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Moshe Einat
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Matan Oren
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada, 40700 Ariel, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada, 40700 Ariel, Israel
- Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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27
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Dhama K, Patel SK, Kumar R, Masand R, Rana J, Yatoo MI, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Mohapatra RK, Natesan S, Dhawan M, Ahmad T, Emran TB, Malik YS, Harapan H. The role of disinfectants and sanitizers during COVID-19 pandemic: advantages and deleterious effects on humans and the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34211-34228. [PMID: 33991301 PMCID: PMC8122186 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants and sanitizers are essential preventive agents against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; however, the pandemic crisis was marred by undue hype, which led to the indiscriminate use of disinfectants and sanitizers. Despite demonstrating a beneficial role in the control and prevention of COVID-19, there are crucial concerns regarding the large-scale use of disinfectants and sanitizers, including the side effects on human and animal health along with harmful impacts exerted on the environment and ecological balance. This article discusses the roles of disinfectants and sanitizers in the control and prevention of the current pandemic and highlights updated disinfection techniques against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This article provides evidence of the deleterious effects of disinfectants and sanitizers exerted on humans, animals, and the environment as well as suggests mitigation strategies to reduce these effects. Additionally, potential technologies and approaches for the reduction of these effects and the development of safe, affordable, and effective disinfectants are discussed, particularly, eco-friendly technologies using nanotechnology and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G.C Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - Rupali Masand
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G.C Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - Jigyasa Rana
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajeev Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, 231001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, 758002, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Lekawada, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382042, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
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28
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Toward Sustainable Healthcare Facilities: An Initiative for Development of “Mostadam-HCF” Rating System in Saudi Arabia. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Saudi Arabia vision 2030 emphasizes the applications of sustainability concepts in all aspects of life in Saudi society. Accordingly, the Mostadam rating system for existing and new buildings was recently launched to achieve appropriate, sustainable building standards. In the medical field, sustainable healthcare facilities are an extension of the concept of sustainable buildings in terms of important sustainable healthcare parameters. Therefore, the sustainable development of healthcare facilities has great impacts on growing economic, social and environmental issues, which, in turn, improve Saudi society’s public health. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has further exposed the urgent need for sustainable healthcare facilities to control the outbreak of such dangerous pandemics. Accordingly, the retrofitting of the existing healthcare facilities and the shift toward new sustainable ones have become an important objective of many countries worldwide. Currently, the concepts related to sustainable healthcare facilities are rapidly varying their scopes toward wider perspectives. Therefore, a new local rating system for healthcare facilities based on the potential and resources of sustainable healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia should be developed. The present paper investigates the development of a new version of the Mostadam rating system, known here as “Mostadam-HCF”, in relation to the local Mostadam rating system and in accordance with the LEED version 4.1 (BD + C: Health-care). This important step can help the existing and the new healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia to obtain, firstly, national accreditation and, consequently, to be internationally accredited. Moreover, the initiative of sustainable healthcare facilities can also help in fighting the current COVID-19 pandemic and the other possible future viruses in Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Khan AH, Tirth V, Fawzy M, Mahmoud AED, Khan NA, Ahmed S, Ali SS, Akram M, Hameed L, Islam S, Das G, Roy S, Dehghani MH. COVID-19 transmission, vulnerability, persistence and nanotherapy: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:2773-2787. [PMID: 33846683 PMCID: PMC8026094 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
End 2019, the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named COVID-19 for coronavirus disease 2019, is the third adaptation of a contagious virus following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2002, SARS-CoV, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus in 2012, MERS-CoV. COVID-19 is highly infectious and virulent compared to previous outbreaks. We review sources, contagious routes, preventive measures, pandemic, outbreak, epidemiology of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 from 2002 to 2020 using a Medline search. We discuss the chronology of the three coronaviruses, the vulnerability of healthcare workers, coronaviruses on surface and in wastewater, diagnostics and cures, and measures to prevent spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Husain Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, Jazan University, Jazan, 114 Saudi Arabia
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Fawzy
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
| | - Alaa El Din Mahmoud
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
| | - Nadeem A. Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Sirajuddin Ahmed
- Civil Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Syed Sadat Ali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, 114 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Leena Hameed
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gotam Das
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharmili Roy
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Singh S, Kumar V, Kapoor D, Dhanjal DS, Bhatia D, Jan S, Singh N, Romero R, Ramamurthy PC, Singh J. Detection and disinfection of COVID-19 virus in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:1917-1933. [PMID: 33642964 PMCID: PMC7898499 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, appears as a major pandemic having adverse impact on public health and economic activities. Since viral replication in human enterocytes results in its faecal shedding, wastewater surveillance is an ideal, non-invasive, cost-effective and an early warning epidemiological approach to detect the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater, and disinfectants used to control viral spread. For detection, concentration of ribonucleic acid involves ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Identification is done by reverse transcriptase amplification, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, helicase dependent amplification, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, high throughput screening and biosensor assays. Disinfectants include ultraviolet radiations, ozone, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorites and hydrogen peroxide. Wastewater surveillance data indicates viral presence within longer detection window, and provides transmission dynamics earlier than classical methods. This is particularly relevant for pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, MP 474009 India
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Deepika Bhatia
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Sadaf Jan
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Nasib Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101 India
| | - Romina Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Medioambientales de Zonas Áridas (LIMZA), Depto. Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Iquique, Chile
| | - Praveen C. Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
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31
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Ramakanth D, Singh S, Maji PK, Lee YS, Gaikwad KK. Advanced packaging for distribution and storage of COVID-19 vaccines: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:3597-3608. [PMID: 34104127 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01256-1/figures/8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic (COVID-19) has affected billions of lives, posing critical challenges to the healthcare system, vaccine manufacturers, packaging scientists, and daily public activity. Biotechnological advances have allowed to create rapidly vaccines, yet the success of an efficient immunization mainly depends on the safe and timely delivery of vaccines. In particular, packaging plays a crucial role in protecting, preserving, transporting, and distributing vaccines. Here, we review advanced packaging for distribution and storage of COVID-19 vaccines, with focus on innovative hybrid packaging materials, cyclic olefin polymers with nanolayer glass, and vials for vaccines. We present vaccine packaging, auto-disable syringes, stoppers, and closures. We discuss the chronology of the packaging system, and the labeling of the vaccine packages, with emphasis on bar codes, quick response codes, vaccine vial monitors, anti-counterfeiting and traceability measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakuri Ramakanth
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Suman Singh
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science & Technology, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Majri grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248140 India
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Youn Suk Lee
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 220-710 South Korea
| | - Kirtiraj K Gaikwad
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
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32
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Ramakanth D, Singh S, Maji PK, Lee YS, Gaikwad KK. Advanced packaging for distribution and storage of COVID-19 vaccines: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:3597-3608. [PMID: 34104127 PMCID: PMC8173863 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic (COVID-19) has affected billions of lives, posing critical challenges to the healthcare system, vaccine manufacturers, packaging scientists, and daily public activity. Biotechnological advances have allowed to create rapidly vaccines, yet the success of an efficient immunization mainly depends on the safe and timely delivery of vaccines. In particular, packaging plays a crucial role in protecting, preserving, transporting, and distributing vaccines. Here, we review advanced packaging for distribution and storage of COVID-19 vaccines, with focus on innovative hybrid packaging materials, cyclic olefin polymers with nanolayer glass, and vials for vaccines. We present vaccine packaging, auto-disable syringes, stoppers, and closures. We discuss the chronology of the packaging system, and the labeling of the vaccine packages, with emphasis on bar codes, quick response codes, vaccine vial monitors, anti-counterfeiting and traceability measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakuri Ramakanth
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Suman Singh
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science & Technology, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Majri grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248140 India
| | - Pradip K. Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
| | - Youn Suk Lee
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 220-710 South Korea
| | - Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India
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