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Ninga E, Hakme E, Poulsen ME. Assessing the performance of various sorbents in micro-solid phase extraction cartridges for pesticide residue analysis in feed. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3784-3797. [PMID: 38828558 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Newly designed micro-solid phase extraction cartridges are now available, reflecting the increasing shift towards laboratory automation, especially in the clean-up step for the analysis of pesticide residues in food and feed. In the present study, the introduction of different sorbents on the newly designed PAL µSPE CTC cartridges was investigated for the removal of matrix interferents and the recovery of pesticides. Eight cartridges containing different sorbent combinations and different amounts were used including EMR-lipid (not activated), Z-sep, chitin, C18, PSA, and GCB. The evaluation of co-extractive removal for each cartridge showed that the optimal choice for removing fatty acids was the cartridges containing PSA and Z-sep as clean-up sorbents. However, the presence of C18 and EMR-lipid was still required for the removal of sterols and tocopherols. Two grams of sample, fish feed (FF) and rapeseed cake (RSC) were extracted using QuEChERS citrate buffer, followed by a freeze-out step. The recoveries and repeatability of QuEChERS using µ-SPE clean-up were evaluated for 216 pesticide residues (112 compounds analyzed by GC-MS/MS and 143 compounds by LC-MS/MS, from which 39 compounds were analyzed using both techniques). The best results, with recovery between 70 and 120% and RSD <20%, were achieved when FF samples were cleaned-up with 15 mg EMR-lipid and 20 mg MgSO4. This was achieved for 94% of GC-amenable compounds and 86% of LC-amenable compounds. In the case of RSC, the best results were seen when samples were cleaned-up with the cartridge containing only 20 mg Z-sep and 20 mg MgSO4. This was achieved for 88% of GC-amenable compounds and 90% of LC-amenable compounds. Although these cartridges yielded optimal results in terms of recovery, their use could require more instrument maintenance, especially for GC-MS/MS, due to the lower removal of co-extractives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederina Ninga
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DTU-Food, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Elena Hakme
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DTU-Food, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mette Erecius Poulsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DTU-Food, Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Schürmann A, Crüzer C, Duss V, Kämpf R, Preiswerk T, Huebschmann HJ. Automated micro-solid-phase extraction clean-up and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides in foods extracted with ethyl acetate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:689-700. [PMID: 37971663 PMCID: PMC10766720 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Generic extraction methods for the multi-compound pesticide analysis of food have found their solid place in laboratories. Ethyl acetate and acetonitrile extraction methods have been developed as fast and easy to handle standard multi-compound methods, both feature benefits and limitations. The direct injection to gas chromatography can be impaired by a high burden of coextracted matrix, resulting in deterioration of the chromatographic system and matrix effects, requiring frequent maintenance. Therefore, common clean-up methods, such as dispersive solid-phase extraction, freeze-out of fats, or gel permeation chromatography, have been applied in clean-up. Automated clean-up using micro-solid-phase extraction (µSPE) is a recent development with several demonstrated advantages when employed in the analysis of pesticides and other contaminants in foods extracted with acetonitrile, but it has not yet been evaluated in this application using ethyl acetate for extraction. In this study, an automated procedure using µSPE cartridges was developed and established on an x,y,z robotic sampler for the raw extract clean-up and preparation of diluted samples for injection on a GC-MS/MS system. Validation experiments for 212 pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lettuce, avocado, raspberry, paprika, egg, and liver extracts were performed using µSPE with MgSO4, PSA, C18, and CarbonX. The performance in routine operation is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schürmann
- Cantonal Laboratory Zürich, Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, Department Pesticide Analysis, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Claudio Crüzer
- Cantonal Laboratory Zürich, Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, Department Pesticide Analysis, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Duss
- Cantonal Laboratory Zürich, Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, Department Pesticide Analysis, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Kämpf
- Cantonal Laboratory Zürich, Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, Department Pesticide Analysis, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Jesús F, Rosa García A, Stecconi T, Cutillas V, Rodríguez Fernández-Alba A. Determination of highly polar anionic pesticides in beehive products by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:675-688. [PMID: 37749278 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of highly polar pesticides is challenging due to their unique physicochemical properties, requiring specialized chromatographic techniques for their accurate and sensitive detection. Furthermore, the high level of co-extracted polar matrix components that can co-elute with the analytes can interfere with the analysis. Consequently, there is lack of pesticide monitoring data, as the European Food Safety Authority has pointed out. This article explores the overcoming of such difficulties in the analysis of these compounds. Analytical methodologies for the extraction, clean-up, and direct determination of 11 highly polar anionic pesticides, including glyphosate, glufosinate, ethephon, fosetyl-aluminium, and their related metabolites in complex food matrices such as honey and pollen by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry were successfully developed and validated. Solid-phase extraction and micro-solid-phase extraction employing strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges were implemented for clean-up. The automation and miniaturization of SAX clean-up for these compounds were achieved for the first time. For method validation, SANTE/11312/2021 guideline was followed. Recoveries were between 70 and 120%, with RSDs below 20%. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.005 to 0.020 mg kg-1. Linearity was evaluated from 0.002 to 0.200 mg kg-1. Matrix effects were assessed, showing medium to low signal suppression for most compounds. AMPA and glufosinate presented the highest signal suppression, but it was reduced after SAX clean-up. Analysis of real honey and pollen samples revealed the occurrence of the studied compounds in beehive products and showed the applicability of the validated methodologies for routine control of these complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Jesús
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Adrián Rosa García
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Tommaso Stecconi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Víctor Cutillas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Amadeo Rodríguez Fernández-Alba
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
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4
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Manzano Sánchez L, Jesús F, Ferrer C, Gómez-Ramos MM, Fernández-Alba A. Evaluation of automated clean-up for large scope pesticide multiresidue analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463906. [PMID: 36907077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Clean-up step is essential during the multiresidue sample preparation process to remove undesired matrix components that may cause analytical interferences or suppression effect. However, its application generally by specific sorbents entails time-consuming work producing low recoveries for some compounds. Moreover, it usually needs to be adapted to the different co-extractives from the matrix present in the samples by using different chemical sorbents increasing the number of validation procedures. Therefore, the development of a more efficient and automated and unified clean-up procedure means a significant time reduction and laboratory work with improved performance. In this study, extracts from different matrices (tomato, orange, rice, avocado and black tea) were purified by manual dispersive clean-up (different procedures according to the matrix group) in parallel with an automated µSPE clean-up workflow, in both cases based on QuEChERS extraction. The latter procedure employed clean-up cartridges containing a mixture of sorbent materials (anhydrous MgSO4/PSA/C18/CarbonX) suitable for multiple matrices. All the samples were analysed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and the results obtained from both procedures have been compared in terms of the extract cleanness, performance, interferences, and sample workflow. At the levels studied, similar recoveries were achieved by both techniques (manual and automated) except for reactive compounds when PSA was used as the sorbent material producing low recoveries. However, the µSPE recoveries were between 70-120%. Furthermore, closer calibration line slopes were provided when µSPE was applied to the different matrix groups studied. It is important to note that up to 30% more samples per day can be analysed using an automated µSPE compared to the manual method (which requires shaking, centrifuging, then taking the supernatant and adding formic acid in ACN); it also provides good repeatability - an RSD (%) < 10%. Consequently, this technique is a very useful option for routine analyses, greatly simplifying the work of muti-residue methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Manzano Sánchez
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruits & Vegetables. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra. Sacramento S/N˚, University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almeria 04120, Spain
| | - Florencia Jesús
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruits & Vegetables. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra. Sacramento S/N˚, University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almeria 04120, Spain
| | - Carmen Ferrer
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruits & Vegetables. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra. Sacramento S/N˚, University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almeria 04120, Spain
| | - M Mar Gómez-Ramos
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruits & Vegetables. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra. Sacramento S/N˚, University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almeria 04120, Spain
| | - Amadeo Fernández-Alba
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruits & Vegetables. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra. Sacramento S/N˚, University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almeria 04120, Spain.
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5
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Rao Pasupuleti R, Ku YJ, Tsai TY, Hua HT, Lin YC, Shiea J, Huang PC, Andaluri G, Ponnusamy VK. Novel fast pesticides extraction (FaPEx) strategy coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS for rapid monitoring of emerging pollutant fipronil and its metabolite in food and environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114823. [PMID: 36402184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated a new, environmental-friendly and effective sample preparation strategy named 'in-syringe-assisted fast pesticides extraction (FaPEx)' technique coupled with LC-MS/MS for the rapid identification and monitoring of emerging pollutant fipronil and its metabolite fipronil sulfone in chicken egg and environmental soil samples. FaPEx strategy comprising of two simple steps. Firstly, the sample was placed in the syringe and extracted using low-volume acetonitrile with NaCl and anhydrous MgSO4 salts. Secondly, the extractant was passed through in-syringe-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) kit containing cleanup sorbents and salt combinations (C18, primary secondary amine, and anhydrous MgSO4) for the cleanup process. Then, the obtained clean extractant was injected into LC-MS/MS for the quantification of target analytes. Various important parameters influencing the FaPEx performances, such as solvent type, salt type, salt amount, sorbent type, and amount, were examined and optimized. The method validation results showed excellent linearity with high correlation coefficients were ≥ 0.99. The estimated LODs were between 0.05-0.07 μg/kg, and LOQs ranged between 0.1-0.25 μg/kg for target analytes in both egg and soil sample matrices, and precision values were ≤7.90%. The developed method was applied to commercial chicken egg samples and environmental soil samples analysis. Spiked recoveries ranged between 88.75-110.91% for egg samples with RSDs ≤7.42% and 82.47-107.46% for soil samples with RSDs <7.37%. These results proved that the developed sample preparation method is a simple, fast, green, low-cost, and efficient method for the analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in food and environmental samples. Thus, this method can be applied as an alternative analytical methodology in routine and standard food and environmental testing laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Rao Pasupuleti
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jia Ku
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City, 813 Taiwan
| | - Tseng-Yu Tsai
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City, 813 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ta Hua
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City, 813 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Lin
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City, 813 Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
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6
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Zhang S, Song N, He Z, Zeng M, Chen J. Multi-Pesticide Residue Analysis Method Designed for the Robot Experimenters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16424-16434. [PMID: 36521107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Robots replacing humans as the executioners is crucial work for intelligent multi-pesticide residue analysis to maximize reproducibility and throughput while minimizing the expertise required to perform the entire process. Traditional analysis methods are predicated on manual execution, so we configured our robot experimenter, automated the analytical workflow, and achieved the goal of robotics execution. Our robot experimenter with an X-Y-Z axis robotic arm was interfaced with seven modules and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for automated standard solution preparation, sample pre-treatment, and UPLC-MS/MS detection. An algorithm was established to make the prepared matrix-matched standard solutions meet the monitoring requirements. The strategy was demonstrated and validated for the detection of 325 pesticides in 4 typical food matrices, suggesting that the developed method is applicable for the analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables and tea as part of regulatory monitoring programs and other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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7
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Godfrey AR, Dunscombe J, Gravell A, Hunter A, Barrow MP, van Keulen G, Desbrow C, Townsend R. Use of QuEChERS as a manual and automated high-throughput protocol for investigating environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136313. [PMID: 36067814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has strong links to adverse human health outcomes with risks of pollution through production, use, ineffective wastewater (WW) remediation, and/or leachate from landfill. 'Fit-for-purpose' monitoring approaches are critical for better pollution control and mitigation of harm, with current sample preparation methods for complex environmental matrices typically time-consuming and labour intensive, unsuitable for high-throughput screening. This study has shown that a modified 'Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe' (QuEChERS) sample preparation is a viable alternative for selected environmental matrices required for pollution monitoring (e.g. WW effluent, treated sludge cake and homogenised biota tissue). As a manual approach, reduced extraction times (hours to ∼20 min/sample) with largely reproducible (albeit lower) recoveries of a range of pharmaceuticals and biocidal surfactants have been reported. Its application has shown clear differentiation of matrices via chemometrics, and the measurement of pollutants of interest to the UK WW industry at concentrations significantly above suggested instrument detection limits (IDL) for sludge, indicating insufficient removal and/or bioaccumulation during WW treatment. Furthermore, new pollutant candidates of emerging concern were identified - these included detergents, polymers and pharmaceuticals, with quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) biocides observed at 2.3-70.4 mg/kg, and above levels associated with priority substances for environmental quality regulation (EQSD). Finally, the QuEChERS protocol was adapted to function as a fully automated workflow, further reducing the resource to complete both the preparation and analysis to <40 min. This operated with improved recovery for soil and biota (>62%), and when applied to a largely un-investigated clay matrix, acceptable recovery (88.0-131.1%) and precision (≤10.3% RSD) for the tested pharmaceuticals and biocides was maintained. Therefore, this preliminary study has shown the successful application of a high-throughput QuEChERS protocol across a range of environmental solids for potential deployment in a regulated laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruth Godfrey
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | | | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wales Analytical Services, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ann Hunter
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Claire Desbrow
- Biotage GB Limited, Dyffryn Business Park, Hengoed, CF82 7TS, UK
| | - Rachel Townsend
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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8
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Michlig N, Lehotay SJ. Evaluation of a septumless mini-cartridge for automated solid-phase extraction cleanup in gas chromatographic analysis of >250 pesticides and environmental contaminants in fatty and nonfatty foods. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Ninga E, Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Lightfield AR, Strahan GD, Monteiro SH. Analysis of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and environmental contaminants in goat and lamb by the QuEChERSER mega-method. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2761-2770. [PMID: 35788773 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00713d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of chemical residues in foods is a big challenge for developing countries due to lack of financial and professional resources needed to meet international quality standards for trade. However, the implementation of simple multiclass, multi-residue methods in monitoring programs can provide significant benefits to save cost, time, and labor. The aim of this project was to investigate the "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust" (QuEChERSER) mega-method for the fatty muscle matrices of goat and lamb. To achieve wide analytical scope covering pesticides, environmental contaminants, and veterinary drugs, extracts were analyzed by both ultrahigh-performance liquid and low-pressure gas chromatography (UHPLC and LPGC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The QuEChERSER mega-method was validated in ovine (goat) and caprine (lamb) muscles at four different spiking levels with 10 replicates per level for a total of 330 analytes and metabolites, consisting of 225 pesticides, 89 veterinary drugs, and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In the case of LPGC-MS/MS (preceded by automated "instrument-top sample preparation"), 92% and 82% of the analytes met the data quality objectives of 70-120% recovery and <20% RSD for goat and lamb, respectively. For UHPLC-MS/MS, 95% and 92% of the analytes met the acceptable validation criteria in goat and lamb, respectively. Thus, the QuEChERSER mega-method has been demonstrated to be a useful streamlined approach to more efficiently replace multiple methods currently used to cover the same analytical scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederina Ninga
- Department of Toxicology and Residues Monitoring, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Tirana, Albania
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Gary D Strahan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Sergio H Monteiro
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Environmental Protection Research Center, Biological Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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10
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Varela-Martínez DA, Riaño-Herrera DA. Pesticide-Residue Analysis in Soils by the QuEChERS Method: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134323. [PMID: 35807567 PMCID: PMC9268078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are among the most important contaminants worldwide due to their wide use, persistence, and toxicity. Their presence in soils is not only important from an environmental point of view, but also for food safety issues, since such residues can migrate from soils to food. However, soils are extremely complex matrices, which present a challenge to any analytical chemist, since the extraction of a wide range of compounds with diverse physicochemical properties, such as pesticides, at trace levels is not an easy task. In this context, the QuEChERS method (standing for quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) has become one of the most green and sustainable alternatives in this field due to its inherent advantages, such as fast sample preparation, the minimal use of hazardous reagents and solvents, simplicity, and low cost. This review is aimed at providing a critical revision of the most relevant modifications of the QuEChERS method (including the extraction and clean-up steps of the method) for pesticide-residue analysis in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 nº 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia;
- Correspondence: (M.Á.G.-C.); (D.A.R.-H.)
| | | | - Diego Alejandro Riaño-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental y Energías, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 nº 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
- Correspondence: (M.Á.G.-C.); (D.A.R.-H.)
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11
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Chu N, Shu X, Yuan L, Zhang X, Tang M, Yang J, Li D, Wu S. Determination of 52 hidden chemical pesticides in biopesticide products by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:504-515. [PMID: 35559732 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2072645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Addition of chemical pesticides in biopesticides are expected to be common, due to effect of pest control during plant protection. These hidden chemical pesticides may cause various food safety problems if consumed. The purpose of our study was to develop a method to determine 52 hidden chemical pesticides in three formulation biopesticide products. Optimizations of different parameters, such as the instrument analysis condition for target, the extraction, and the composition of clean-up materials were carried out. The developed method used acetonitrile as an extraction solvent for all biopesticide formulations. The composition of adsorbents was based on QuEChERS, called QuSEL which was a needle filter head, containing PSA, GCB, and MgSO4. Fifty-two chemical pesticides residues were then analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The present results showed good linearity by correlation coefficients of more than 0.99 for all analyses. The LOQ ranged from 5.0 to 20.0 μg kg-1. Recoveries of 32 chemical pesticides ranged from 71.9% to 118.4% at the spiked level of 10, 50, and 100 μg kg-1, and 20 chemical pesticides ranged from 75.3% to 119.8% at the spiked level of 5, 25, and 50 μg kg-1. The developed method was applied for biopesticide products, and 9 samples were positive in 20 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengming Chu
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Shu
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Liang Yuan
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Mingfeng Tang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Junyin Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Dianyan Li
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Abstract
Introduced in 2003, the “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe” (QuEChERS) sample preparation approach has been widely adopted in many applications, particularly in chemical residue analysis of foods. Prior to QuEChERS, sample preparation generally entailed several time-consuming, labor-intensive, and reagent-excessive steps, but the commercialization at the time of powerful, cost-effective, benchtop gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem MS (LC–MS/MS) instruments enabled the implementation of the QuEChERS procedure. Despite analytical technologies continuing to improve over the last two decades, many laboratories are still using QuEChERS protocols developed for outdated instrumentation. Recently, QuEChERS has been updated into QuEChERSER (with “efficient and robust” being added to the portmanteau) to better take advantage of the features provided by modern sample preparation and analytical techniques. Most notably, QuEChERSER is a “mega-method” that covers a broader scope of polar and nonpolar analytes in diverse sample types. In this article, the new QuEChERSER approach and its advantages over QuEChERS are explained.
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Pszczolińska K, Kociołek B. The pesticide residue analysis in commodities with high content of chlorophyll based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method: A review. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:149-165. [PMID: 34347938 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In multiresidue analysis, the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) is one of the most popular techniques routinely used by researchers during pesticide analysis of food and vegetable samples. Originally, the QuEChERS method was developed for analysis of pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the extraction of analytes from different matrices. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques: it requires lower sample and solvent amounts while shortening the time of sample preparation. However, it presents some limitations for complex matrices such as those containing high amounts of chlorophyll. To overcome the problem of strong matrix effect and influence of interferences, different approaches are applied. Most are concerning modifications of the cleanup step, that is, sorbent type and its amount. Optimization of other parameters, such as sample size, hydration level, extraction solvent, and buffering, also has an impact on overall performance. Combining proper sample preparation with modern highly sensitive and selective detection techniques enables receiving desired limits of quantification. This article presents an overview of strategies employed by researchers for analysis of green, high chlorophyll content commodities and results obtained in their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pszczolińska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute Branch Sośnicowice, Sośnicowice, Poland
| | - Barbara Kociołek
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute Branch Sośnicowice, Sośnicowice, Poland
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14
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Hakme E, Poulsen ME. Evaluation of the automated micro-solid phase extraction clean-up system for the analysis of pesticide residues in cereals by gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462384. [PMID: 34261021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food analysis is a tremendously broad field that is constantly evolving. New methods have emerged to increase productivity, such as modern miniaturized and robotic analytical techniques. In this paper, a micro-solid-phase extraction system (µ-SPE) for clean-up was combined with a robotic autosampler to yield ready-to-analyze extracts. The system was evaluated for its applicability in routine laboratories. The new, automated, high-throughput µ-SPE clean-up method was applied to acetonitrile extracts and was developed for the analysis of pesticide residues in cereals by gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-MS). The µ-SPE clean-up efficiency was demonstrated in the removal of matrix-interfering components and in the recovery of pesticides. The sorbent bed mixture consisted of magnesium sulfate, primary-secondary amine, C18, and CarbonX, and effectively retained matrix components without loss of target analytes. Analysis of five types of cereals (barley, oat, rice, rye, and wheat) by GC-Orbitrap-MS showed that the method removed more than 70% of matrix components. The clean-up method was validated for 170 pesticides in rye, 159 pesticides in wheat, 142 pesticides in barley, 130 pesticides in oat, and 127 pesticides in rice. Spike recovery values were 70-120% for all pesticides and the repeatability, calculated as the relative standard deviation, was less than 20%. The limits of quantitation achieved were 0.005 mg kg-1 for almost all analytes, ensuring compliance with the maximum residue limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hakme
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark.
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15
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Michlig N, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR, Beldoménico H, Repetti MR. Validation of a high-throughput method for analysis of pesticide residues in hemp and hemp products. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462097. [PMID: 33848664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemp has been an agricultural commodity for millennia, and it has been undergoing a resurgence in interest and production due to its high content of cannabinoids, protein, fiber and other ingredients. For legal possession and use throughout the USA, hemp and hemp products must have delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration < 0.3%. As with most crops, pesticides may be applied when farming hemp, which need to be monitored in food, feed, and medicinal products. The aim of this work was to evaluate and validate the recently developed "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust" (QuEChERSER) sample preparation mega-method to determine pesticide residues in hemp plants, flowers, powders, oils, and pellets. High-throughput analysis of final extracts for 106 targeted pesticides and metabolites from North American monitoring lists entailed: 1) ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with column back-flushing, and 2) instrument-top sample preparation + low-pressure gas chromatography (ITSP+LPGC-MS/MS). In QuEChERSER, 2 g sample is extracted with 10 mL 4/1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water by mechanical shaking for 10 min, followed by 3 min centrifugation. For LC, 0.2 mL of extract is taken and solvent exchanged into initial mobile phase followed by 5 min ultra-centrifugation prior to the 10 min analysis. For GC-amenable pesticides, the remaining initial extract is partitioned with 4/1 (w/w) anh. MgSO4/NaCl, and 1 mL is taken for automated ITSP cleanup in parallel with 10 min LPGC analysis. In the former case, the UHPLC column is back-flushed with 1/1 (v/v) methanol/acetonitrile for 3 min between each injection to keep the system clean and avoid ghost peaks. Multi-level, multi-day validation results achieved 70-120% recoveries with RSDs < 20% for more than 80% of the analytes in hemp protein powder, oil, pellets, and fresh plant (dried hemp plant and flower were too complex). Limits of quantification (LOQs) were < 10 ng/g were achieved for nearly all pesticides, yielding 2.8% false negatives among >13,000 analyte results in the spiked samples. The QuEChERSER method was demonstrated to meet the challenge for several complex hemp matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Michlig
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA; Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Horacio Beldoménico
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Repetti
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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16
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Dugheri S, Marrubini G, Mucci N, Cappelli G, Bonari A, Pompilio I, Trevisani L, Arcangeli G. A review of micro-solid-phase extraction techniques and devices applied in sample pretreatment coupled with chromatographic analysis. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2020.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSample pretreatment is one of the most crucial and error-prone steps of an analytical procedure; it consents to improve selectivity and sensitivity by sample clean-up and pre-concentration. Nowadays, the arousing interest in greener and sustainable analytical chemistry has increased the development of microextraction techniques as alternative sample preparation procedures. In this review, we aimed to show two different categorizations of the most used micro-solid-phase extraction (μSPE) techniques. In essence, the first one concerns the solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent selection and structure: normal-phase, reversed-phase, ion-exchange, mixed-mode, molecular imprinted polymer, and special techniques (e.g., doped cartridges for specific analytes). The second is a grouping of the commercially available μSPE products in categories and sub-categories. We present every device and technology into the classifications paying attention to their historical development and the actual state of the art. So, this study aims to provide the state-of-the-art of μSPE techniques, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and possible future developments in sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- 1Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Mucci
- 3Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- 3Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ilenia Pompilio
- 4General Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Trevisani
- 3Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- 3Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Monteiro SH, Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Ninga E, Lightfield AR. High-Throughput Mega-Method for the Analysis of Pesticides, Veterinary Drugs, and Environmental Contaminants by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Robotic Mini-Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup + Low-Pressure Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Part 1: Beef. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1159-1168. [PMID: 32442376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new mega-method of sample preparation called "QuEChERSER" (more than QuEChERS) is being presented for the first time. Fast, efficient, and cost-effective analysis of chemical contaminants in meat is useful for international trade, domestic monitoring, risk assessment, and other purposes. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a simple high-throughput mega-method for residual analysis of 161 pesticides, 63 veterinary drugs, 24 metabolites, and 14 legacy environmental contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls) in bovine muscle for implementation in routine laboratory analyses. Sample preparation of 2 g test portions entailed QuEChERS-based extraction with 10 mL of 4:1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water, and then 204 μL was taken, diluted, and ultracentrifuged prior to analysis of veterinary drugs and pesticides by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The remaining extract was salted out with 4:1 (w/w) anhydrous MgSO4/NaCl, and 1 mL was transferred to an autosampler vial for automated mini-cartridge solid-phase extraction (Instrument Top Sample Preparation) cleanup with immediate injection using fast low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The automated cleanup and both instruments were all operated in parallel in 13-15 min cycle times per sample. Method validation according to United States Department of Agriculture requirements demonstrated that 221 (85%) of the 259 analytes gave average recovery between 70 and 120% and interday relative standard deviation of ≤25%. Analysis of a certified reference material for veterinary drugs in freeze-dried bovine muscle was also very accurate, further demonstrating that the QuEChERSER mega-method can be implemented to save time, labor, and resources compared to current practices to use multiple methods to cover the same analytical scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio H Monteiro
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Environmental Protection Research Center, Biological Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Ederina Ninga
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
- Department of Toxicology and Residues Monitoring, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
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18
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Ninga E, Sapozhnikova Y, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR, Monteiro SH. High-Throughput Mega-Method for the Analysis of Pesticides, Veterinary Drugs, and Environmental Contaminants by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Robotic Mini-Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup + Low-Pressure Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Part 2: Catfish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1169-1174. [PMID: 32442377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop and validate a new method for simultaneous determination of 106 veterinary drugs and 227 pesticides and their metabolites plus 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at and below their regulatory levels established for catfish muscle in the European Union and U.S.A. To do this, two different QuEChERS-based methods for veterinary drugs and pesticides and PCBs were modified and merged into a single mega-method dubbed "QuEChERSER" (more than QuEChERS), which is presented here for the first time. The mega-method was validated in catfish at four different spiking levels with 10 replicates per level. Sample extraction of 2 g test portions was made with 10 mL of 4:1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water, and then an aliquot was taken for ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis of 106 veterinary drugs and 125 pesticides, including metabolites. The remaining extract after salting out was subjected to automated mini-solid-phase extraction cleanup (Instrument Top Sample Preparation) for immediate injection in low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LPGC-MS/MS). The cleanup was conducted in parallel with the 10 min LPGC-MS/MS analysis for 167 PCBs, pesticides, and metabolites, which was conducted in parallel with the 10 min UHPLC-MS/MS analysis for 231 analytes to increase sample throughput (49 analytes were included in both techniques). In MS/MS, three ion transitions were monitored for nearly all targeted analytes to provide unambiguous identification as well as quantification. Satisfactory recoveries (70-120%) and relative standard deviations of ≤20% were achieved for 98 (92%) of the veterinary drugs and their metabolites and for 222 (91%) of pesticides, metabolites, and PCBs, demonstrating that the developed method is applicable for the analysis of these contaminants in fish as part of regulatory monitoring programs and other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederina Ninga
- Department of Toxicology and Residues Monitoring, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, 1001 Tirana, Albania
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Sergio H Monteiro
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Environmental Protection Research Center, Biological Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil
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19
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Eyring P, Preiswerk T, Frandsen HL, Duedahl-Olesen L. Automated micro-solid-phase extraction clean-up of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food oils for analysis by gas chromatography-orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:600-608. [PMID: 33185942 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Food can contain unwanted compounds and need to be analyzed for compounds like carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to ensure consumer safety. The analytes need to be extracted from the sample matrix and cleaned-up to enable detection. However, established methods for clean-up are labor intensive and have a high expenditure on organic solvents. Here, we show a newly developed micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge method to automate the clean-up for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sunflower oil using gas chromatography with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry with a TriPlus autosampler. This automated micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge method needs only 4 μL of vegetable oil sample and requires only 360 μL acetonitrile for elution, and, therefore, it needs only small amounts of organic solvent. Two different micro-solid-phase extraction cartridge methods were developed, one using two commercially available cartridges with florisil and octadecylsilane/Z-Sep/CarbonX, and the other method using one commercially available cartridge with florisil followed by one self-made cartridge with octadecylsilane/Z-Sep. The latter method showed successful lipid removal and was further validated for 22 of 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in sunflower oil at a spiked level of 1090 μg/kg with recoveries ranging from 53 to 118% and relative standard deviation below 22%. This method shows promising short-time clean-up with low expenditure of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Eyring
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Rodríguez-Ramos R, Lehotay SJ, Michlig N, Socas-Rodríguez B, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Critical review and re-assessment of analyte protectants in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1632:461596. [PMID: 33045497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite nearly 80 years of advancements in gas chromatography (GC), indirect chemical matrix effects (MEs), known as the matrix-induced response enhancement effect, still occur to cause a high bias in the GC analysis of susceptible analytes, unless precautions are taken. Matrix-matched calibration is one common option used in GC to compensate for the MEs, but this approach is usually inconvenient, imprecise, and inefficient. Other options, such as the method of standard additions, surface deactivation techniques, chemical derivatizations, priming the GC, and/or use of internal standards, also have flaws in practice. When methods are accommodating, the use of analyte protectants (APs) can provide the best practical solution to not only overcome MEs, but also to maximize analyte signal by increasing chromatographic and detection efficiencies for the analytes. APs address the source of MEs in every injection by filling active sites in the GC inlet, column, and detector, particularly in GC-MS, rather than the analytes that would otherwise undergo degradation, peak tailing, and/or diminished response due to interactions with the active sites. The addition of an adequate amount of APs (e.g. sugar derivatives) to all calibration standards and final extracts alike often leads to lower detection limits, better accuracy, narrower peaks, and greater robustness than the other options to compensate for MEs in GC. This article consists of a critical review of the scientific literature, proposal of mechanisms and theory, and re-evaluation studies involving APs for the first time in GC-orbitrap and GC-MS/MS with a high-efficiency ion source design. The findings showed that 1 µg each of co-injected shikimic acid and sorbitol in the former case, and 1 µg shikimic acid alone in the latter case, led to high quality results in multi-residue analysis of pesticides and environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rodríguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna (Tenerife), España
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Nicolás Michlig
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna (Tenerife), España
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21
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Fernandes VC, Luts W, Delerue-Matos C, Domingues VF. Improved QuEChERS for Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Capsicum Cultivars Using Gas Chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3260-3266. [PMID: 32050063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges for analytical laboratories and food safety authorities is the control of food contaminants hazardous to human health. For the first time, a simple, fast, and cost-effective sample preparation method is proposed as an extraction technique to determine 12 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and five novel BFRs) in Capsicum cultivars. Different QuEChERS and dispersive solid-phase extract (d-SPE) sorbent compositions were evaluated in terms of recovery and matrix effects. The best results were obtained with citrate-buffered version QuEChERS and a cleanup step, with 150 mg of MgSO4, 50 mg of primary secondary amine (PSA), 50 mg of C18, and 5 mg of carbon. The limit of detection (LOD) was between 1.4 and 9.3 μg/kg and R2 > 0.99. Recoveries and matrix effects were between 66 and 104% and 0.58 and 2.18, respectively. The relative standard deviations from repeatability and reproducibility studies and estimation of measurement uncertainty were lower than 20%. Gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer was used to confirm the presence of BFRs in the samples. Novel BFRs were detected lower than the LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr° António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ward Luts
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr° António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Hasselt University, KU Leuven, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr° António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr° António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Lehotay SJ, Michlig N, Lightfield AR. Assessment of Test Portion Sizes after Sample Comminution with Liquid Nitrogen in an Improved High-Throughput Method for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1468-1479. [PMID: 31945291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sample processing of bulk commodities using an efficient one-step comminution procedure with liquid nitrogen (LN2) was devised and assessed in the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. LN2 was added to the fresh samples from a tank by opening a valve, and the standard food chopper was kept in a laboratory hood to reduce safety risks. Test portions of four replicates each of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 g were taken from eight fruits and vegetables (tomato, squash, broccoli, apple, grape, peach, green bean, and cucumber) individually comminuted with LN2. For comparison without comminution, similar test portions of a reconstituted freeze-dried certified reference material of pesticides in cucumber were also analyzed by the same method. More than 100 pesticides were monitored by both ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and instrument top sample preparation (ITSP) + fast low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LPGC-MS/MS). A new version of QuEChERS-based sample preparation was followed, in which 5 mL of 4:1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water per gram of sample is used for extraction and 200 μL of initial extract is quickly evaporated, reconstituted in water, and ultracentrifuged for UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. For ITSP+LPGC-MS/MS, another portion of the initial extract undergoes salt-out partitioning with 4:1 (w/w) anhydrous MgSO4/NaCl and the upper layer extract is transferred to an autosampler vial for automated cleanup and analysis in parallel. Quality control spikes were made during the comminution, extraction, cleanup, and analysis steps to isolate and estimate the individual and overall measurement uncertainties of the approach. The recommended test portion size is 2 g for routine monitoring by this approach, but results demonstrated that subsamples as low as 0.5 g typically gave overall biases and relative standard deviations of <10% for nearly all pesticides, commodities, and methods, which is 3-5% lower than previously evaluated sample processing and analytical methods. This approach can be used to improve data quality, laboratory efficiency, and sample throughput in routine monitoring programs for regulatory, risk assessment, and other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
| | - Nicolás Michlig
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química , Universidad Nacional del Litoral , Santiago del Estero 2654 , 3000 Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
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23
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Han L, Sapozhnikova Y, Nuñez A. Analysis and Occurrence of Organophosphate Esters in Meats and Fish Consumed in the United States. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12652-12662. [PMID: 31246019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are chemicals extensively used as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial and consumer products. In this study, we developed and validated a method for the analysis of 13 common OPEs in meat (chicken, pork, and beef) and fish (catfish and salmon) to study their occurrence in those foods in the United States. The method was based on QuEChERS extraction with acetonitrile and automated robotic cleanup of the extracts, followed by low pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis for 8 of the OPEs and ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis for 13 OPEs, including 8 overlapping OPEs. The developed method was validated in the muscle tissues at four spiking levels (5, 10, 20, and 40 ng/g). The background levels in the laboratory environment and materials presented a challenge for accurate quantification at low ng/g levels. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS analysis was utilized to pinpoint the source of their contamination. OPEs were found in the water used in the liquid chromatography (LC) mobile phase, and flow injection analysis with organic mobile phase was suggested as an alternative to avoid OPEs contamination in LC-MS/MS analysis. The validated method was applied to the analysis of 68 real-world meat and fish samples from the U.S. markets by three instrumental methods. Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were found in meat, and TCPP and TPP were measured in fish samples. The sum of median OPE concentrations (averaged for the three instrumental methods) measured in the meat and fish samples were 6.2 and 8.7 ng/g wet weight, respectively. No regulations on the maximum residue levels of OPEs permitted in food were found for the U.S. or other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Han
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
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24
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Current trends in QuEChERS method. A versatile procedure for food, environmental and biological analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Recent Advances and Trends in Applications of Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques in Food and Environmental Analysis. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Kadar A, Peyre L, Wortham H, Doumenq P. A simple GC–MS method for the determination of diphenylamine, tolylfluanid propargite and phosalone in liver fractions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1113:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Perestrelo R, Silva P, Porto-Figueira P, Pereira JAM, Silva C, Medina S, Câmara JS. QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1070:1-28. [PMID: 31103162 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method is a simple and straightforward extraction technique involving an initial partitioning followed by an extract clean-up using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Originally, the QuEChERS approach was developed for recovering pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the comprehensive isolation of analytes from different matrices. According to PubMed, since its development in 2003 up to November 2018, about 1360 papers have been published reporting QuEChERS as extraction method. Several papers have reported different improvements and modifications to the original QuEChERS protocol to ensure more efficient extractions of pH-dependent analytes and to minimize the degradation of labile analytes. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques, requiring low sample and solvent volumes, as well as less time for sample preparation. Furthermore, most of the published studies show that the QuEChERS protocol provides higher recovery rate and a better analytical performance than conventional extraction procedures. This review proposes an updated overview of the most recent developments and applications of QuEChERS beyond its original application to pesticides, mycotoxins, veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals, forensic analysis, drugs of abuse and environmental contaminants. Their pros and cons will be discussed, considering the factors influencing the extraction efficiency. Whenever possible, the performance of the QuEChERS is compared to other extraction approaches. In addition to the evolution of this technique, changes and improvements to the original method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sonia Medina
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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28
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Li X, Dai Y, Row KH. Preparation of two-dimensional magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers based on boron nitride and a deep eutectic solvent for the selective recognition of flavonoids. Analyst 2019; 144:1777-1788. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02258e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) boron nitride (BN) were developed as a 2D scaffold material in preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Korea
| | - Yunliang Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Korea
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29
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Szabóová Ž, Blaško J, Galbavá P, Nižnanský L, Górová R, Filipiak W, Musil K, Čabala R, Gabrišová L, Peciar M, Kubinec R. Analysis of triglycerides in butter, plant oils, and adulterated butter with LPGC-MS. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Possibilities and Limitations of Isocratic Fast Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Hits and misses in research trends to monitor contaminants in foods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5331-5351. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Han L, Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y. Use of an Efficient Measurement Uncertainty Approach To Compare Room Temperature and Cryogenic Sample Processing in the Analysis of Chemical Contaminants in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4986-4996. [PMID: 29136366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, analytical results were compared when using different approaches to bulk food sample comminution, consisting of a vertical chopper (Blixer) at room temperature and dry ice cryogenic conditions, followed by further subsample processing (20 g) using liquid nitrogen cryogenic conditions (cryomill). Analysis of the 43 targeted spiked and incurred contaminants in a food mixture consisting of equal parts orange, apple, kale, salmon, and croaker involved quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) with automated mini-column solid-phase extraction (known as ITSP) cleanup, followed by low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LPGC-MS/MS). Different ambient Blixer test portion sizes of 20, 10, 5, 2, and 1 g were assessed, and for cryogenic Blixer conditions, a 0.5 g test portion was also tested. In the case of the cryomill, test portions were 2, 1, and 0.5 g and all subsamples in all cases entailed five replicates. Determined concentrations and precisions (CV) of the analytes were compared to assess possible differences in systematic and random forms of error. A quality control spike was made before each step in the procedures to isolate that individual step in the uncertainty measurements using the error propagation sum of squares approach. Results indicated that the uncertainty of the sample preparation and LPGC-MS/MS analysis steps were 2-7 and 11% CV, respectively, while uncertainties of sample processing ranged from 6% CV for the cryomill to 12% CV for the ambient Blixer conditions. The common use of internal standards reduced overall method uncertainty from 12-15 to 7-10% CV. For the analytes, matrix, conditions, and tools used in this study, the minimal test sample weight that gave satisfactory recoveries and precision was found to be 1 g in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Han
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
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33
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Use of a quality control approach to assess measurement uncertainty in the comparison of sample processing techniques in the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5465-5479. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Li X, Row KH. Application of novel ternary deep eutectic solvents as a functional monomer in molecularly imprinted polymers for purification of levofloxacin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1068-1069:56-63. [PMID: 29031109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of ecofriendly ternary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different molar ratios were prepared as candidate functional monomers. Three of the optimal ternary DESs as functional monomers were applied to the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). After synthesis, the proposed polymers were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements (BET) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). These MIPs based on ternary DESs with different molar ratios exhibited different absorption capacities of levofloxacin. A sample of levofloxacin (500ng) was dissolved in a millet extractive (10mL). All MIPs were used as SPE adsorbents to purify the extracts. According to characterization result, the ternary DES-3 (1:3:1.5) was joined in the synthetic process of MIP-1. The green ternary DES-3-based MIPs had the best selectivity recovery for levofloxacin (91.4%) from the millet extractive. The best selectivity of MIP-1 was attributed to the novel monomer (ternary DES) in the preparation of the materials. Overall, ternary DES-based MIPs have potential applications as media in many research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Wang J, He Z, Wang L, Xu Y, Peng Y, Liu X. Automatic single-step quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe sample preparation devices for analysis of pesticide residues in foods. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Shao G, Agar J, Giese RW. Cold-induced aqueous acetonitrile phase separation: A salt-free way to begin quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:128-133. [PMID: 28558907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cooling a 1:1 (v/v) solution of acetonitrile and water at -16° C is known to result in two clear phases. We will refer to this event as "cold-induced aqueous acetonitrile phase separation (CIPS)". On a molar basis, acetonitrile is 71.7% and 13.6% in the upper and lower phases, respectively, in our study. The phase separation proceeds as a descending cloud of microdroplets. At the convenient temperature (typical freezer) employed here the lower phase is rather resistant to solidification, although it emerges from the freezer as a solid if various insoluble matter is present at the outset. In a preliminary way, we replaced the initial (salting-out) step of a representative QuEChERS procedure with CIPS, applying this modified procedure ("CIPS-QuEChERS") to a homogenate of salmon (and partly to beef). Three phases resulted, where only the upper, acetonitrile-rich phase is a liquid (that is completely clear). The middle phase comprises ice and precipitated lipids, while the lower phase is the residual matrix of undissolved salmon or meat. Treating the upper phase from salmon, after isolation, with anhydrous MgSO4 and C18-Si (typical QuEChERS dispersive solid phase extraction sorbents), and injecting into a GC-MS in a nontargeted mode, gives two-fold more preliminary hits for chemicals, and also number of spiked pesticides recovered, relative to that from a comparable QuEChERS method. In part, this is because of much higher background signals in the latter case. Further study of CIPS-QuEChERS is encouraged, including taking advantage of other QuERChERS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute, Bouve College, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Agar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute, Bouve College, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roger W Giese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute, Bouve College, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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37
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Li X, Row KH. Purification of antibiotics from the millet extract using hybrid molecularly imprinted polymers based on deep eutectic solvents. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are potential ecofriendly surfactants for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Korea
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38
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Recent Advances and Developments in the QuEChERS Method. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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