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Luigi M, Tiberini A, Taglienti A, Bertin S, Dragone I, Sybilska A, Tarchi F, Goggioli D, Lewandowski M, Simoni S, Faggioli F. Molecular Methods for the Simultaneous Detection of Tomato Fruit Blotch Virus and Identification of Tomato Russet Mite, a New Potential Virus-Vector System Threatening Solanaceous Crops Worldwide. Viruses 2024; 16:806. [PMID: 38793687 PMCID: PMC11126101 DOI: 10.3390/v16050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomato fruit blotch virus (ToFBV) (Blunervirus solani, family Kitaviridae) was firstly identified in Italy in 2018 in tomato plants that showed the uneven, blotchy ripening and dimpling of fruits. Subsequent High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) analysis allowed ToFBV to be identified in samples collected in Australia, Brazil, and several European countries, and its presence in tomato crops was dated back to 2012. In 2023, the virus was found to be associated with two outbreaks in Italy and Belgium, and it was included in the EPPO Alert list as a potential new threat for tomato fruit production. Many epidemiologic features of ToFBV need to be still clarified, including transmission. Aculops lycopersici Massee (Acariformes: Eriophyoidea), the tomato russet mite (TRM), is a likely candidate vector, since high population densities were found in most of the ToFBV-infected tomato cultivations worldwide. Real-time RT-PCR tests for ToFBV detection and TRM identification were developed, also as a duplex assay. The optimized tests were then transferred to an RT-ddPCR assay and validated according to the EPPO Standard PM 7/98 (5). Such sensitive, reliable, and validated tests provide an important diagnostic tool in view of the probable threat posed by this virus-vector system to solanaceous crops worldwide and can contribute to epidemiological studies by simplifying the efficiency of research. To our knowledge, these are the first molecular methods developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of ToFBV and TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Luigi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Tiberini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Taglienti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bertin
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Immacolata Dragone
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Sybilska
- Department of Plant Protection, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Franca Tarchi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Donatella Goggioli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Department of Plant Protection, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sauro Simoni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Faggioli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy
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Olmedo-Velarde A, Larrea-Sarmiento A, Wang X, Hu J, Melzer M. A Breakthrough in Kitavirids: Genetic Variability, Reverse Genetics, Koch's Postulates, and Transmission of Hibiscus Green Spot Virus 2. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:282-293. [PMID: 37366568 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-23-0110-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hibiscus green spot virus 2 (HGSV-2), a member of the genus Higrevirus (family Kitaviridae), is a positive-stranded RNA virus associated with leprosis-like symptoms in citrus and green spots on leaves in hibiscus. HGSV-2 has only been reported in Hawaii, and while it is speculated that mites in the genus Brevipalpus might be responsible for its transmission, proper transmission assays have yet to be conducted. This study characterizes additional citrus and hibiscus isolates of HGSV-2 collected from two Hawaiian Islands. We constructed an infectious cDNA clone from a hibiscus isolate of HGSV-2 collected on Oahu and demonstrated its ability to infect several experimental hosts, including Phaseolus vulgaris, Nicotiana tabacum, and N. benthamiana, as well as natural hosts, Citrus reticulata and Hibiscus arnottianus. Bacilliform virions with varied sizes of 33 to 120 nm (length) and 14 to 70 nm (diameter) were observed in partially purified preparations obtained from agroinoculated leaves. Virus progeny from the infectious cDNA clone was found to be infectious after mechanical transmission to N. benthamiana and to cause local lesions. Finally, an isoline colony of the mite Brevipalpus azores had vector competence to transmit a citrus isolate of HGSV-2 collected from Maui to citrus and hibiscus plants, demonstrating the mite-borne nature of HGSV-2. The infectious cDNA clone developed in this study is the first reverse-genetics system for a kitavirid and will be fundamental to better characterize basic biology of HGSV-2 and its interactions with host plants and mite vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Adriana Larrea-Sarmiento
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Xupeng Wang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - John Hu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
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Druciarek T, Sierra-Mejia A, Zagrodzki SK, Singh S, Ho T, Lewandowski M, Tzanetakis IE. Phyllocoptes parviflori is a distinct species and a vector of the pervasive blackberry leaf mottle associated virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 117:105538. [PMID: 38072369 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Several viruses are transmitted by eriophyid mites (Acariformes: Eriophyoidea) including blackberry leaf mottle-associated emaravirus (BLMaV) (Emaravirus rubi). BLMaV is transmitted by an unidentified eriophyid species and is involved in blackberry yellow vein, a devastating disease in the southeastern United States. In this study, we assessed the eriophyid mite Phylocoptes parviflori as a vector of BLMaV and clarified its taxonomic status as it was previously synonymized with Phyllocoptes gracilis. P. parviflori can efficiently transmit BLMaV. The virus was found to cause yellow vein disease symptoms on 'Ouachita' blackberry marking a paradigm shift as disease symptoms have always been associated with multiple virus infections. Therefore, we propose renaming the virus to blackberry leaf mottle virus. The occurrence of P. parviflori on wild and cultivated blackberries, as well as its ability to colonize other Rubus species, enhances its importance as a major contributor to the spread of yellow vein disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobiasz Druciarek
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrea Sierra-Mejia
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Stanislaw K Zagrodzki
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shivani Singh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Thien Ho
- Driscoll's Inc., Watsonville, CA 95076, USA
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ioannis E Tzanetakis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Druciarek T, Lewandowski M, Tzanetakis I. Identification of a Second Vector for Rose Rosette Virus. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2313-2315. [PMID: 36724024 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2686-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rose rosette devastates the ornamentals industry in the United States. The disease, caused by rose rosette emaravirus (RRV), is vectored by the eriophyoid mite Phyllocoptes fructiphilus (Acari: Eriophyoidea). In this communication, we investigate two other Phyllocoptes species, P. adalius and P. arcani, for their vector competency and transmission efficiencies in single and multiple mite transfer experiments. P. arcani was identified as a second vector of RRV, a finding of significance for the epidemiology of the disease, as the second vector may be present in plants where P. fructiphilus is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobiasz Druciarek
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Department of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ioannis Tzanetakis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
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Endoparasitic Gall Mites: Two New Novophytoptus Species (Eriophyoidea, Phytoptidae) from Southern African Sedges (Cyperaceae, Carex) and New Hypotheses on the Phylogeny of Novophytoptines. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Eriophyoid mites (Acariformes, Eriophyoidea) are microscopic chelicerates morphologically greatly preadapted to endoparasitism on plants. Members of at least six phylogenetically distant eriophyoid genera from two families homoplastically transitioned to endoparasitism and acquired the ability to penetrate under the plant epidermis and feed on parenchymatous cells, usually causing necrosis. Theoretically, endoparasites are expected to show patterns of codivergence with hosts more than ectoparasites. Novophytoptus Roivainen 1947 is the only eriophyoid genus comprising exclusively endoparasitic species living in subepidermal tissues of herbaceous monocots of three families of the order Poales: Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Poaceae. Here, we described two new endoparasitic species, N. limpopoensis n. sp. and N. zuluensis n. sp., from southern African sedges Carex spicatopaniculata Boeckeler ex C.B.Clarke and C. zuluensis C.B.Clarke, respectively, and investigated the Cox1 phylogeny of Novophytoptus. Contrary to expectations, molecular phylogenetics did not recover host-specific mite clades associated with Cyperaceae and Juncaceae, but revealed geographical groups of Novophytoptus species from Africa and Eurasia. Our results provide a substantial basis for future coevolutionary studies on novophytoptines, which will be possible when more species and sequences of Novophytoptus from geographically remote regions and from diverse hosts representing all major clades of Poales become available for analyses.
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Medberry A, Tzanetakis IE. Identification, Characterization, and Detection of a Novel Strawberry Cytorhabdovirus. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2784-2787. [PMID: 36176214 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2449-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, a novel agent was discovered in strawberry, a rhabdovirus closely related to lettuce necrotic yellows virus. The new virus, named strawberry virus 2 (StrV-2), was discovered in an accession of the Fragaria virus collection of the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR), and for this reason, it was studied in-depth. The complete StrV-2 genome was obtained and investigated in silico. Transmission was assessed using two aphid species whereas a multiplex RT-PCR test targeting plant and virus genes was developed and used to screen the NCGR Fragaria virus collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Medberry
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Ioannis E Tzanetakis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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Olmedo Velarde A, Roy A, Larrea-Sarmiento A, Wang X, Padmanabhan C, Nunziata S, Nakhla MK, Hu J, Melzer M. First report of the hibiscus strain of citrus leprosis virus C2 infecting passionfruit (Passiflora edulis). PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2539. [PMID: 35253490 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2314-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In Hawaii, passionfruit (Passiflora edulis; Passifloraceae) is grown primarily in residential properties and community gardens (CG). In 2019, passionfruit plants displaying chlorotic spots on young leaves, and green spots in senescing leaves were observed at two CG in Honolulu. Symptoms resembled those of passionfruit green spot virus (PfGSV) infection in Passiflora spp. (Ramos-González et al. 2020) and of the hibiscus strain of citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2H) infection in hibiscus in Hawaii (Melzer et al. 2013). Both viruses belong to the genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae. Total RNA was extracted from two sample pools comprised of 40 symptomatic leaves collected from both the CG following a CTAB-based procedure (Li et al. 2008). To identify the virus associated with the P. edulis infection, reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using CiLV-C2 (Olmedo-Velarde et al. 2021) and PfGSV specific primers (Ramos-González et al. 2020). RT-PCR assay amplified the CiLV-C2 amplicon but failed to produce the PfGSV amplicon from infected leaves. Amplicon sequencing followed by a BLASTn search showed the nucleotide sequence had >99% identity with the CiLV-C2H-RNA1 (KC626783). A ribo-depleted RNA library created using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep kit (Illumina) underwent high throughput sequencing (HTS) on a NextSeq550 Illumina platform (2x75 cycles). The 6.5 million raw reads obtained were trimmed, filtered, and de novo assembled using Metaviral SPAdes v. 3.15.02 (Antipov et al. 2020). The resulting contigs were searched against an in-house database generated from GenBank virus and viroid sequences using BLASTn. This identified 12 and 3 contigs corresponding to CiLV-C2H and watermelon mosaic virus, respectively, with the latter being previously reported in passionfruit (Watanabe et al. 2016). RNA1 contigs covered 80.17% of the CiLV-C2H genome, whereas RNA2 contigs covered 94.5% with an average coverage depth of 31.660 and 57.121, respectively. To obtain the near complete genome of CiLV-C2H, gaps from the assembled HTS data were filled by overlapping RT-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. RNA1 (8,536 nt, Acc. No. MW413437) and RNA2 (4,878 nt, MW413438) genome sequences shared 99.2% and 97.0% identity with CiLV-C2H-RNA1 (KC626783) and -RNA2 (KC626784). To further confirm the presence of CiLV-C2H in symptomatic P. edulis plants, 40 symptomatic leaf samples were individually tested by RT-PCR, and 30 samples were positive. Brevipalpus mites collected from CiLV-C2H-positive P. edulis leaves were transferred to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings (Garita et al. 2013). At 15-30 days post-transfer, RNA extracted from lesions observed in recipient plants tested positive for CiLV-C2H by RT-PCR. Total RNA from individual Brevipalpus mites was isolated, and cDNA was prepared to tentatively identify the mite species involved in CiLV-C2H transmission in passionfruit (Druciarek et al 2019, Olmedo-Velarde et al. 2021). CiLV-C2H was detected in individual mites, and the 28S ribosomal mite RNA sequence (MZ478051) shared 99-100% nucleotide identity with B. yothersi (MK293678 and MT812697), a vector of CiLV-C2 (Roy et al. 2013). CiLV-C2 currently has a host range limited to the families Malvaceae, Araceae, and Rutaceae (Roy et al. 2015). CiLV-C2H infects hibiscus alone and citrus in mixed infection with CiLV-C2 (Roy et al; 2018) which is responsible for causing citrus leprosis disease. Detection of CiLV-C2H in passionfruit expands the number of host families of CiLV-C2H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Olmedo Velarde
- University of Hawaii System, 3939, Plant & Environmental Protection Sciences, 3190 Maile Way, St John 315, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822;
| | - Avijit Roy
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 17123, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Building 004, Room 117, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20250;
| | - Adriana Larrea-Sarmiento
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3949, PEPS, 3190 Maile Way, St John 310, Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822-2217;
| | - Xupeng Wang
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3949, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, 3190 Maile Way, Room 310, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3949, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, 3190 Maile Way, Room 310, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822;
| | - Chellappan Padmanabhan
- PPQ, CPHST, National Plant Germplasm and Biotechnology Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, United States;
| | - Schyler Nunziata
- PPQ, CPHST, National Plant Germplasm and Biotechnology Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, United States;
| | - Mark K Nakhla
- PPQ, CPHST, National Plant Germplasm and Biotechnology Laboratory, BARC-East, Bldg-580, Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, Maryland, United States, 20705;
| | - John Hu
- 3190 Maile WayRm 310C310CHonolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822
- United States;
| | - Michael Melzer
- University of Hawaii, Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 310, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822;
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Druciarek T, Lewandowski M, Tzanetakis I. Molecular phylogeny of Phyllocoptes associated with roses discloses the presence of a new species. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105051. [PMID: 34450295 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are few plant maladies as devastating as rose rosette, a disease caused by an eriophyoid -transmitted virus. Rosette annihilates roses across North America, and to date, there is a single verified vector of the virus, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus Keifer. In direct contrast to the importance of rose for the ornamental industry there is limited knowledge on the eriophyoids that inhabit roses in North America and even less information on their vectoring capacities. This study dissects the genetic diversity of the eriophyoid fauna in rosette-affected hotspots and provides evidence of the existence of an undescribed species named Phyllocoptes arcani sp. nov., that could potentially be a second vector of the rosette virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobiasz Druciarek
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Section of Applied Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ioannis Tzanetakis
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
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Olmedo-Velarde A, Hu J, Melzer MJ. A Virus Infecting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Represents an Evolutionary Link Between Cileviruses and Higreviruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660237. [PMID: 34012426 PMCID: PMC8126721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus (Hibiscus spp.) are popular ornamental and landscape plants in Hawaii which are susceptible to foliar diseases caused by viruses belonging to the genera Cilevirus and Higrevirus (family Kitaviridae). In this study, a virus infecting H. rosa-sinensis plants displaying foliar symptoms consistent with infection by a kitavirus, including yellow chlorotic blotches with a green perimeter, was characterized. The genome consisted of two RNAs 8.4 and 4.4 kb in length, and was organized most similarly to cileviruses, but with important distinctions. These included the location of the p29 homolog as the 3′-terminal open reading frame (ORF) of RNA2 instead of its typical locus at the 3′-end of RNA1; the absence of a p15 homolog on RNA2 and the adjacent intergenic region which also harbors small putative ORFs of unknown function; and the presence of an ORF encoding a 10 kDa protein at the 3′-terminal end of RNA1 that was also found to be present in the hibiscus green spot virus 2 genome. Spherical particles approximately 55–65 nm in diameter were observed in infected leaf tissue, and viral RNA was detected by reverse-transcription PCR in individual mites collected from symptomatic plants tentatively identified as Brevipalpus yothersi. Although phylogenetic analyses placed this virus between the higrevirus and cilevirus clades, we propose the tentative taxonomic placement of this virus, designated hibiscus yellow blotch virus (HYBV), within the genus Cilevirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - John Hu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Michael J Melzer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
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