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Esteban L, Bellido I, Arcos-Romero AI. The "Chemsex" Phenomenon and Its Relationship with Psychological Variables in Men Who Have Sex with Men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024:10.1007/s10508-024-02920-7. [PMID: 38956002 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Chemsex is described as the use of psychoactive substances during sexual activity to sustain, enhance, disinhibit, or facilitate the sexual experience. It preferentially concerns men who have sex with men. The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between participation in chemsex and the psychological variables impulsivity, sexual assertiveness, and hypersexuality. The sample was composed of 137 Spanish men. A total of 104 participants reported that they had engaged in chemsex, with ages ranging from 19 to 42 years (M = 31.41, SD = 4.83). A total of 33 participants reported that they had never participated in chemsex sessions. The participants were contacted and recruited at social centers, LGBT associations, and key informants. Results showed that men who participated in chemsex reported higher impulsivity, higher hypersexuality, and lower sexual assertiveness than those who have never participated in it. The frequency of participation in chemsex, as well as the number of substances consumed, was positively and significantly correlated with dimensions of impulsivity and hypersexuality. This frequency and this consumption were negatively and significantly correlated with sexual assertiveness. Findings showed significant differences in the psychological variables based on the number of consumed substances (polydrug use/consumption of one substance) and the time of consumption (before, during or before and during sex). In conclusion, the study demonstrates the existence of a clear relationship between the experience of chemsex and psychological factors such as being an impulsive person, presenting hypersexual behavior, and/or having low sexual assertiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Esteban
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Avda. de las Universidades, 2, Dos Hermanas, PC: 41704, Seville, Spain.
| | - Iván Bellido
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Avda. de las Universidades, 2, Dos Hermanas, PC: 41704, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Arcos-Romero
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Avda. de las Universidades, 2, Dos Hermanas, PC: 41704, Seville, Spain
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Berlin GW, Dermody SS, Noor SW, Skakoon-Sparling S, Ghauri Y, Zahran A, Card KG, Lachowsky NJ, Cox J, Moore DM, Lambert G, Jollimore J, Grace D, Zhang H, Apelian H, Sang JM, Dvorakova M, Lal A, Hart TA. Minority Stress, Psychological Distress, Sexual Compulsivity, and Avoidance-Based Motivations Associated with Methamphetamine Use Among Sexual Minority Men Living with HIV: Examining Direct and Indirect Associations Using Cross-Sectional Structural Equation Modeling. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1629-1639. [PMID: 38950280 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2369159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual minority men (SMM) living with HIV report significantly greater methamphetamine use compared with heterosexual and HIV-negative peers. Greater use may be related to stressors (e.g., HIV-related stigma) faced by SMM living with HIV and subsequent psychological and behavioral sequelae. We tested an integrated theoretical model comprised of pathways between stigma, discrimination, childhood sexual abuse, psychological distress, sexual compulsivity, and cognitive escape in predicting methamphetamine use among SMM living with HIV. METHODS Among 423 SMM living with HIV, we tested a structural equation model examining factors hypothesized to be directly and indirectly associated with methamphetamine use. Analyses were adjusted for demographic covariates and sampling bias. RESULTS The model showed good fit (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.01). Heterosexist discrimination was associated with psychological distress (β = 0.39, p < 0.001) and psychological distress was associated with sexual compulsivity (β = 0.33, p < 0.001). Sexual compulsivity was associated with cognitive escape (β = 0.31, p < 0.001), which was associated with methamphetamine use (β = 0.51, p < 0.001). Psychological distress was associated with methamphetamine use via serial indirect effects of sexual compulsivity and cognitive escape (β = 0.05, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Heterosexist discrimination contributed to psychological distress among SMM living with HIV. Psychological distress is linked to methamphetamine use via sexual compulsivity and cognitive avoidance. Interventions seeking to reduce the likelihood that SMM living with HIV use methamphetamine should include coping strategies specific to heterosexism and related psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Syed W Noor
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
- Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Yusuf Ghauri
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adhm Zahran
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kiffer G Card
- University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Cox
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - David M Moore
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Institute National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jody Jollimore
- Canadian AIDS Treatment Information Exchange (CATIE), Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Herak Apelian
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jordan M Sang
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Milada Dvorakova
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Allan Lal
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Trevor A Hart
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Briken P, Bőthe B, Carvalho J, Coleman E, Giraldi A, Kraus SW, Lew-Starowicz M, Pfaus JG. Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a sexual medicine perspective. Sex Med Rev 2024; 12:355-370. [PMID: 38529667 PMCID: PMC11214846 DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qeae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The addition of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) into the ICD-11 chapter on mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders has greatly stimulated research and controversy around compulsive sexual behavior, or what has been termed "hypersexual disorder," "sexual addiction," "porn addiction," "sexual compulsivity," and "out-of-control sexual behavior." OBJECTIVES To identify where concerns exist from the perspective of sexual medicine and what can be done to resolve them. METHODS A scientific review committee convened by the International Society for Sexual Medicine reviewed pertinent literature and discussed clinical research and experience related to CSBD diagnoses and misdiagnoses, pathologizing nonheteronormative sexual behavior, basic research on potential underlying causes of CSBD, its relationship to paraphilic disorder, and its potential sexual health consequences. The panel used a modified Delphi method to reach consensus on these issues. RESULTS CSBD was differentiated from other sexual activity on the basis of the ICD-11 diagnostic criteria, and issues regarding sexual medicine and sexual health were identified. Concerns were raised about self-labeling processes, attitudes hostile to sexual pleasure, pathologizing of nonheteronormative sexual behavior and high sexual desire, mixing of normative attitudes with clinical distress, and the belief that masturbation and pornography use represent "unhealthy" sexual behavior. A guide to CSBD case formulation and care/treatment recommendations was proposed. CONCLUSIONS Clinical sexologic and sexual medicine expertise for the diagnosis and treatment of CSBD in the psychiatric-psychotherapeutic context is imperative to differentiate and understand the determinants and impact of CSBD and related "out-of-control sexual behaviors" on mental and sexual well-being, to detect forensically relevant and nonrelevant forms, and to refine best practices in care and treatment. Evidence-based, sexual medicine-informed therapies should be offered to achieve a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Sur Les Problèmes Conjugaux Et Les Agressions Sexuelles, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Joana Carvalho
- William James Center for Research, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Eli Coleman
- Eli Coleman Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States
| | - Annamaria Giraldi
- Sexological Clinic, Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen CPH 2200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 5030, United States
| | - Michał Lew-Starowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw 01-809, Poland
| | - James G Pfaus
- Center for Sexual Health and Intervention, Czech National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany 25067, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague 18200, Czech Republic
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Amundsen E, Muller AE, Reierth E, Skogen V, Berg RC. Chemsex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Systematic Scoping Review of Research Methods. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:1392-1418. [PMID: 36939142 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2170757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemsex refers to the use of psychoactive substances with sex. We carried out a systematic scoping review of methodological characteristics of chemsex research among men who have sex with men (MSM), published between 2010 and 2020. For inclusion, chemsex had to be the main focus, and studies had to specify GHB/GBL, stimulant (amphetamine, crystal meth, ecstasy/MDMA, cathinones, cocaine) and/or ketamine use with sex as a variable. From 7055 titles/abstracts, 108 studies were included, mostly cross-sectional, and from Western countries. About one-third of studies recruited exclusively from clinical settings. A majority of these recruited from sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics. The included quantitative studies analyzed possible associations between chemsex and STI health (40%), mental health (15%), drug health (12%), sexological health (10%), and post-diagnostic HIV health (7%). Most studies included GHB/GBL and crystal meth in their operationalization of chemsex. Definitions and operationalizations of chemsex vary greatly in the literature, and researchers of chemsex among MSM should consider ways in which this variation impacts the validity of their results. More studies are needed among MSM in non-high income and non-Western countries, and examination of possible links between chemsex and post-diagnostic HIV health, sexological health, and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Amundsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Eirik Reierth
- Science and Health Library, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vegard Skogen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rigmor C Berg
- Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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del Pozo-Herce P, Baca-García E, Martínez-Sabater A, Chover-Sierra E, Gea-Caballero V, Curto-Ramos J, Czapla M, Karniej P, Martínez-Tofe J, Sánchez-Barba M, de Viñaspre RR, Juárez-Vela R. Descriptive study on substance uses and risk of sexually transmitted infections in the practice of Chemsex in Spain. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1391390. [PMID: 38799691 PMCID: PMC11121992 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1391390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, there has been an increasing use of sex-related substances (known as "Chemsex") to facilitate, intensify, and prolong the sexual experience of men who have sex with men. This phenomenon poses a public health problem, increasing the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and mental disorders. Objective The primary aim of this study was to delve into the correlation between substance use and sexual health, specifically examining the association between different substances used and the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the context of Chemsex in Spain. Methods An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 563 Spanish participants between January and April 2023. Non-probabilistic purposive sampling was used by the investigators. The researchers administered a questionnaire to men who have sex with men who use substances, especially in the sexual sphere, in all the autonomous communities of Spain. Results 14.7% reported having practiced slamsex in the last year, and 17.94% were diagnosed with a Sexually Transmitted Infection in the previous 6 months. Of these, 21% were on PREP treatment, with the main STIs being gonorrhea (p < 0.001), chlamydia (p < 0.001), genital herpes (p = 0.020), and syphilis (p < 0.001). The 63.7% used methamphetamines as the main drug in the practice of chemsex. Discussion Chemsex in Spain is linked to a high prevalence of STIs, especially gonorrhea and chlamydia, even among those on PrEP treatment. The use of various drugs during chemsex, such as amyl nitrite, GHB, ecstasy, and others, correlates with higher rates of STIs, highlighting the need for interventions to reduce risk and harm. The drugs most associated with slamsex include ketamine, mephedrone, and methamphetamine, underscoring the importance of addressing the risk behaviors associated with this activity. Conclusion This study shows that chemsex appears to be associated with a high prevalence among men who have sex with men. Who use multiple substances in a sexual context, and are particularly exposed to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), indicating a particular need for STI prevention and care in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo del Pozo-Herce
- Department of Psychiatry, Fundación Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Baca-García
- Department of Psychiatry, Fundación Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Sabater
- Nursing Department, Nursing Care and Education Research Group (GRIECE), Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Care Research Group (INCLIVA), Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Chover-Sierra
- Nursing Department, Nursing Care and Education Research Group (GRIECE), Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Internal Medicine, Consorci Hospital University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Gea-Caballero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group Community Health and Care, International University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Curto-Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Mental Health, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michal Czapla
- Department of Emergency Medical Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group in Care, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Piotr Karniej
- Faculty of Finance and Management, WSB University in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jesús Martínez-Tofe
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group in Care, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Mercedes Sánchez-Barba
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Regina Ruiz de Viñaspre
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group in Care, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Raúl Juárez-Vela
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group in Care, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Institute of Salamanca, Prevention and Early Intervention in Mental Health, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Jiménez-Rivagorza L, Orozco R, Medina-Mora ME, Rafful C. HIV-Related Stigma and Treatment Adherence Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Use Crystal Meth in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1561-1574. [PMID: 38409457 PMCID: PMC10954905 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Internationally, HIV-related stigma and crystal methamphetamine (meth) use have been described as barriers to treatment adherence among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). Crystal meth use has been increasing among gbMSM in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between HIV-related stigma and HIV treatment adherence among gbMSM who use crystal meth in the MAMC. This study was undertaken as part of an exploratory study of crystal meth use in the MAMC. The data were collected from September to December 2021 through an encrypted online survey. Participants (n = 89) were gbMSM adults living with HIV who reported crystal meth use in the past month that were recruited through an online snowball sampling. The online survey included questions about HIV treatment adherence, sexual behaviors, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involved Screening Test, and the HIV-Related Stigma Mechanisms Scale. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between HIV-related stigma and HIV treatment adherence. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that, controlling for health insurance [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.13; 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.02-0.59] and educational level (AOR = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.02-0.88), non-adherence to HIV treatment was independently associated with higher HIV-related stigma (AOR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.01-1.12). Public health policies must include HIV-related stigma and substance use in treating gbMSM with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Jiménez-Rivagorza
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Orozco
- Center for Global Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elena Medina-Mora
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
- Center for Global Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Rafful
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Center for Global Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Rodríguez-Expósito B, Rieker JA, Uceda S, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Echeverry-Alzate V, Gómez-Ortega M, Positivo A, Reiriz M. Psychological characteristics associated with chemsex among men who have sex with men: Internalized homophobia, conscientiousness and serostatus as predictive factors. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100465. [PMID: 38737628 PMCID: PMC11088328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although significant progress has been made in the rights of the LGBTQ+ community, even today this population still faces stigma and discrimination that impacts their mental health. In the case of men who have sex with men, it has been demonstrated that the use of drugs in a sexual context (chemsex) is one of the coping mechanisms and means of escape to deal with these situations. Method We assessed 284 native Spanish speakers' participants, 45,4 % were not engaged in sexualised drug use (n = 129) while 54,6 % were chemsex users (n = 155) using 18,7 % of them the injected via. The participants completed six questionnaires about life and sexual satisfaction, depression, anxiety, internalised homophobia and personality. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess the associations between sexual behaviour-related and psychological variables. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to analysed the impact on mental health of the administration via. Results Aged, unprotected sexual relationships, positive serostatus, homonegativity and conscientiousness predicted the chemsex engagement. Furthermore, we found differences regarding the administration via. Conclusions We conclude that mental health significantly correlates with the practice of chemsex, highlighting the importance of integrating mental health considerations into the prevention of risky sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Rodríguez-Expósito
- Nebrija University, Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid 28240, Spain
- Departament of Psychology, UNED, Seville, Spain
| | - Jennifer A. Rieker
- NBC Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Uceda
- NBC Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Echeverry-Alzate
- NBC Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Manuel Reiriz
- NBC Group, Psychology Department, School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain
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Kamadjou A, Decock A, Huleux T, Depreux A, Aissi E, Landre L, Baclet V, Viget N, Valette M, Robineau O, Meybeck A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual behaviour and welfare of HIV preexposure prophylaxis users: a mixed-method study. AIDS Care 2024; 36:343-350. [PMID: 37128640 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2206100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic can affect people using HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). To assess its consequences on PrEP users' sexual behaviour and welfare, we conducted a mixed-method study. A self-administered questionnaire was given to PrEP users during scheduled consultation in Tourcoing Hospital from February to May 2021. In addition, a qualitative study included 14 participants who took part in semi-structured in-depth interviews (IDIs). Ninety-four PrEP users completed the questionnaire. During lockdown, 62% of participants continued PrEP. After lockdown release, the average number of sexual intercourses and partners increased from 6 ± 12 to 13 ± 17 intercourses/month (p < 0.001) and from 3 ± 11 to 11 ± 34 partners/month (p < 0.001). Similarly, the proportion of PrEP users who engaged in group sex, sex with alcohol or chemsex increased respectively from 28% to 55% (p < 0.001), 28% to 45% (p < 0.001) and 28% to 38% (p < 0.001). Analysis of IDIs revealed emotional deprivation and sexual frustration during the lockdown. After its release, frequent clandestine chemsex parties and curfew forcing overnight stay increased fears of intimate violence and overdoses. In conclusion, PrEP users reduced their sexual activity during the lockdown. Its release led to an increase in sexual risk-taking. Social distancing measures could favour medical and social harm of sexual risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Kamadjou
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Anna Decock
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
- Sexual Health Clinic, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Thomas Huleux
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
- Sexual Health Clinic, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Alma Depreux
- Sexual Health Clinic, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Emmanuelle Aissi
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
- Sexual Health Clinic, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Laura Landre
- Sexual Health Clinic, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Véronique Baclet
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
- Sexual Health Clinic, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Nathalie Viget
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
- Sexual Health Clinic, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Michel Valette
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
- Sexual Health Clinic, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Olivier Robineau
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Agnès Meybeck
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
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Yuen AWH, Sang JM, Wang L, Barath J, Lachowsky NJ, Lal A, Elefante J, Hart TA, Skakoon-Sparling S, Grey C, Grace D, Cox J, Lambert G, Noor SW, Apelian H, Parlette A, Card KG, Hull MW, Jollimore J, Moore DM. Attitudes of Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (GBM) toward Their Use of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Relation to Reducing Use in Three Canadian Cities. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:278-290. [PMID: 37867395 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2269577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored attitudes of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) toward their amphetamine-use and associations with reduced use over time. METHODS We recruited sexually-active GBM aged 16+ years in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, Canada, from 02-2017 to 08-2019, with follow-up visits every 6-12 months until November 2020. Among participants who reported past-six-month (P6M) amphetamine-use at enrollment, we used logistic regression to identify demographic, psychological, social, mental health, other substance-use, and behavioral factors associated with reporting needing help reducing their substance-use. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to model reduced P6M amphetamine-use with perceived problematic-use as our primary explanatory variable. RESULTS We enrolled 2,449 GBM across sites. 15.5-24.7% reported P6M amphetamine-use at enrollment and 82.6 - 85.7% reported needing no help or only a little help in reducing their substance use. Reporting needing a lot/of help or completely needing help in reducing substance-use was associated with group sex participation (AOR = 2.35, 95%CI:1.25-4.44), greater anxiety symptomatology (AOR = 2.11, 95%CI:1.16-3.83), greater financial strain (AOR = 1.35, 95%CI:1.21-1.50), and greater Escape Motive scores (AOR = 1.07, 95%CI:1.03-1.10). Reductions in P6M amphetamine-use were less likely among GBM who perceived their amphetamine-use as problematic (AOR = 0.17 95% CI 0.10 - 0.29). CONCLUSIONS Most amphetamine-using GBM did not feel they needed help reducing their substance use, and many reported reduced amphetamine-use at subsequent visits. Those who perceived their use as problematic were less likely to reduce their use. Further interventions to assist GBM in reducing their use are needed to assist those who perceive their use as problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan M Sang
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lu Wang
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Justin Barath
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathan J Lachowsky
- University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allan Lal
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Trevor A Hart
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Cox
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Syed W Noor
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Herak Apelian
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kiffer G Card
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Mark W Hull
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - David M Moore
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Austin A, Favril L, Craft S, Thliveri P, Freeman TP. Factors associated with drug use in prison: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 122:104248. [PMID: 37952319 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About a third of people use drugs during their incarceration, which is associated with multiple adverse health and criminal justice outcomes. Many studies have examined factors associated with in-prison drug use, but this evidence has not yet been systematically reviewed. We aimed to systematically review and synthesise the evidence on factors related to drug use in prison. METHODS Three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase) were systematically searched as well as grey literature, for quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies examining factors related to drug use inside prison. We excluded studies that did not explicitly measure in prison drug use or only measured alcohol and/or tobacco use. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) for quantitative studies and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) for qualitative studies. The review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021295898). RESULTS Fifty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting data on 26,399 people in prison. Most studies were of low or moderate-quality, and all used self-report to assess drug use. In quantitative studies, studies found that previous criminal justice involvement, poor prison conditions, pre-prison drug use and psychiatric diagnosis were positively associated with drug use in prison. In qualitative studies, reasons for drug use were closely linked to the prison environment lacking purposeful activity and the social context of the prison whereby drug use was seen as acceptable, necessary for cohesion and pressurised. CONCLUSION In the first systematic review of factors associated with drug use in prison, key modifiable risk factors identified from quantitative and qualitative studies were psychiatric morbidity and poor prison conditions. Non-modifiable factors included previous drug use and criminal history linked to substance use. Our findings indicate an opportunity to intervene and improve the prison environment to reduce drug use and associated adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Austin
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Louis Favril
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Sam Craft
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Phoebe Thliveri
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK.
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11
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Palmer L, Maviglia F, Wickersham JA, Khati A, Kennedy O, Copenhaver NM, Uyer C, Halim MAA, Ikhtiaruddin WM, Azwa I, Gautam K, Shrestha R. Chemsex and Harm Reduction Practices Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Malaysia: Findings from a Qualitative Study. J Psychoactive Drugs 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37610135 PMCID: PMC10884347 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2250342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemsex is a form of sexualized drug use commonly practiced among MSM with psychoactive substances, such as methamphetamine. While this phenomenon has gained global attention in the past two decades, there is a dearth of empirical data to inform culturally competent interventions. The current work investigates the socio-contextual factors related to chemsex and harm reduction practices among Malaysian MSM. Between February and August 2022, we conducted six online focus group sessions with Malaysian MSM who had engaged in chemsex during the previous 6 months (N = 22). We queried participants about perceived benefits and harms, harm reduction practices, and informational needs. Most participants' first chemsex experience occurred in a casual sexual encounter, often facilitated by mobile technology. Participants reported engaging in harm reduction practices before (e.g. medication reminders), during (e.g. peer support), and after (e.g. rest) chemsex. These findings have implications for future efforts to develop and implement tailored interventions to address the specific and acute needs of Malaysian MSM engaging in chemsex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Palmer
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Francesca Maviglia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Wickersham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Antoine Khati
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Olivia Kennedy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Christopher Uyer
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mohd Akbar Ab Halim
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Ikhtiaruddin
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Iskandar Azwa
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Gautam
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Roman Shrestha
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Gómez-Núñez MI, Molla-Esparza C, Gandia Carbonell N, Badenes Ribera L. Prevalence of Intoxicating Substance Use Before or During Sex Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:2503-2526. [PMID: 36897426 PMCID: PMC10501956 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug use before or during sex is a high-risk sexual behavior associated with adverse health risks and outcomes, such as increasing the likelihood of overdoses and of acquiring sexually-transmitted diseases. This systematic review and meta-analysis of three scientific databases examined the prevalence of the use of intoxicating substances, those tending to excite or stupefy the user on a psychoactive level, before or during sex, among young adults (18-29 years old). A total of 55 unique empirical studies met the inclusion criteria (48,145 individuals; 39% males), were assessed for risk of bias using the tools of Hoy et al. (2012), and were analyzed via a generalized linear mixed-effects model. The results produced a global mean prevalence of this sexual risk behavior of 36.98% (95% CI: 28.28%, 46.63%). Nonetheless, significant differences were identified between different intoxicating substances, with the use of alcohol (35.10%; 95% CI: 27.68%, 43.31%), marijuana (27.80%; 95% CI: 18.24%, 39.92%), and ecstasy (20.90%; 95% CI: 14.34%, 29.45%) significantly more prevalent than that of cocaine (4.32%; 95% CI: 3.64%, 5.11%), heroin (.67%; 95% CI: .09%, 4.65%), methamphetamine (7.10%; 95% CI: 4.57%, 10.88%), and GHB (6.55%; 95% CI: 4.21%, 10.05%). Moderator analyses showed that the prevalence of alcohol use before or during sex differed according to geographical sample origin, and increased as the proportion of ethnic whites in samples increased. The remaining demographic (e.g., gender, age, reference population), sexual (e.g., sexual orientation, sexual activity), health (e.g., drug consumption, STI/STD status), methodological (e.g., sampling technique), and measurement (e.g., timeframe) variables that were examined did not moderate prevalence estimates. Implications for sexual development interventions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Gómez-Núñez
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnostics in Education, International University of La Rioja, UNIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Cristian Molla-Esparza
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnostics in Education, University of Valencia, UVEG, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 30, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Gandia Carbonell
- Llaurant la Llum Therapeutic Community, Center for the Treatment, Withdrawal and Detoxification of Addictions and Other Associated Disorders, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Health Sciences Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Badenes Ribera
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioural Sciences, University of Valencia, UVEG, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Íncera-Fernández D, Román FJ, Moreno-Guillén S, Gámez-Guadix M. Understanding Sexualized Drug Use: Substances, Reasons, Consequences, and Self-Perceptions among Men Who Have Sex with Other Men in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2751. [PMID: 36768116 PMCID: PMC9916109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sexualized drug use (SDU) has been identified as a health risk factor among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). This study aimed to analyze the associations between SDU frequency and a broad set of substances, motives, consequences, and self-perceptions. Sampling was conducted through an online survey. The final sample consisted of 185 GBMSM aged between 18 and 78 years old (mean age = 38.38, SD = 11.52) who engaged in SDU. We analyzed the frequency of SDU in terms of practicing it "once," "moderately" ("once a month or less" or "a few times a month"), or "frequently" (from "once a week" to "daily") during the previous 18 months. A questionnaire was administered through which sociodemographic variables, substances, reasons, consequences, and self-perceptions of SDU practice were analyzed. Participants who did so frequently were significantly more likely to use mephedrone, methamphetamine, and GHB/GBL than those who performed SDU less often (large effect sizes). In addition, habitual SDU was associated with motivations to achieve pleasurable emotions and sensations and manage negative feelings. Health implications, such as blackout moments, were also significantly related to frequent SDUs. Finally, those who practiced frequent SDU perceived it as a severe problem and wanted to control it. These data indicate the importance of raising awareness of chemsex as a public health problem among GBMSM. Specific identification, education, and prevention programs need to be strengthened to reduce the incidence of the most undesirable implications of SDU among GBMSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Íncera-Fernández
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Román
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno-Guillén
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Manuel Gámez-Guadix
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Orser L, Holmes D. The Dimensions of Desire Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men (gbMSM): An Evolutionary Concept Analysis. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2023; 37:40-58. [PMID: 36792314 DOI: 10.1891/rtnp-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Within nursing discourses, the concept of desire among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) is not well understood. Among nurses, this concept is often constructed as being synonymous with sexual and other risk-taking behaviors, which can influence the type of care nurses provide to gbMSM and affect how this group engages with nurses - and their health. This misinterpretation of what desire represents has resulted in gbMSM becoming the target of public health campaigns and nursing interventions aimed at curbing their deviant behaviors. Such an approach by nurses, however, overlooks the meaning of desire among gbMSM. Methods: To enhance nursing knowledge about, and improve nursing practice for, gbMSM, a concept analysis of desire specific to this group was undertaken using Rodger's evolutionary model. For this analysis, 90 articles reviewed from the disciplines of nursing and allied health, medicine, and psychology. Results: Findings from this analysis revealed a complexity to desire among gbMSM that extended well beyond engagement in radical sexual practices and into dimensions of desire for connection, freedom, and acceptance. These revelations were applied to demonstrate how nurses' beliefs about desire and subsequent regulations for "good health" can inhibit the ways in which desire is produced among gbMSM. Implications for Practice: Such findings demonstrate a need to develop future approaches for nursing practice that recognize the innate value and individual perspectives about desire held by this group, which can be uniquely tailored to meet their health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Orser
- University of Ottawa, School of Nursing, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dave Holmes
- University of Ottawa, School of Nursing, Ottawa, Canada
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15
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Wang H, Jonas KJ, Guadamuz TE. Chemsex and chemsex associated substance use among men who have sex with men in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 243:109741. [PMID: 36630807 PMCID: PMC10435892 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of chemsex has been reported by multiple systematic reviews among men who have sex with men (MSM) focussing predominantly on the Global North. An Asian perspective with meta-analytical evidence is missing. This meta-analysis summarised the prevalence of substance use associated with chemsex, and chemsex activity among MSM and MSM sub-populations in Asia, as well as the likelihood for chemsex among MSM living with or without HIV. METHODS We utilized PubMed, Web of Science and medRxiv to search for literature describing chemsex and its associated substance use among MSM and MSM sub-populations in Asia from January 1, 2010 to November 1, 2021 to conduct three meta-analyses with both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. RESULTS We identified 219 studies and included 23 in the meta-analysis. Based on the frequentist models, methamphetamine was the default substance associated with chemsex among MSM in Asia (prevalence = 0.16, 95 %CI:0.09-0.22), followed by GHB/GBL (prevalence = 0.15, 95 %CI:0.03-0.27) and ketamine (prevalence = 0.08, 95 %CI:0.04-0.12), but hardly any cocaine (prevalence = 0.01, 95 %CI:0.00-0.03). Compared to a general MSM population (prevalence = 0.19, 95 %CI:0.15-0.23), MSM engaging in transactional sex showed a higher prevalence of chemsex (MSM sex work clients [prevalence = 0.28, 95 %CI:0.11-0.45]; MSM sex worker [prevalence = 0.28, 95 %CI:0.17-0.26]). MSM living with HIV also showed higher odds of chemsex activity (OR = 3.35, 95 %CI:1.57-7.10), compared to MSM living without HIV. Both meta-analytic models converged, indicating robust evidence. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analyses showed that chemsex is not uncommon among MSM, and MSM engaging in transactional sex in Asia. We confirmed that MSM living with HIV have a higher likelihood of engaging in chemsex, too. Chemsex prevention and management strategies in Asia should be adjusted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Wang
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kai J Jonas
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas E Guadamuz
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand; John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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16
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González-Baeza A, Barrio-Fernández P, Curto-Ramos J, Ibarguchi L, Dolengevich-Segal H, Cano-Smith J, Rúa-Cebrián G, García-Carrillo de Albornoz A, Kessel D. Understanding Attachment, Emotional Regulation, and Childhood Adversity and Their Link to Chemsex. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:94-102. [PMID: 36422467 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2148482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although evidence shows that engaging in chemsex can be associated with poor mental health, little is known about the relationship between psychological factors and this type of drug use. We aim to explore associations between engagement in chemsex and several psychological variables (adverse life events, attachment styles, emotional regulation skills, self-care patterns) in a sample of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) with drug-related problems. Methods: A group of GBMSM engaged in chemsex (n = 41) and a control group of GBMSM (n = 39) completed an online survey to assess drug-related problems and the abovementioned psychological variables, in which both groups were compared. All analyses were adjusted for covariates showing significant differences between groups. Results: Compared to the control group, participants engaged in chemsex showed significantly higher frequencies of an avoidant-insecure attachment style and early adverse life events, regardless of all covariates (HIV status, job situation, and place of birth). Poorer emotional regulation and self-care patterns and a higher frequency of sexual abuse were also found in participants engaged in chemsex, though we cannot rule out the influence of HIV status on this second group of variables. Conclusions: Some people with drug-related problems engaged in chemsex might have suffered early adverse events and might have an avoidant-insecure attachment style. Moreover, those who have been diagnosed with HIV might show higher emotional dysregulation and poorer self-care patterns. These variables should be routinely evaluated in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia González-Baeza
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Curto-Ramos
- Apoyo Positivo, Psychological Department, Apoyo Positivo, Madrid, Spain.,Psychiatry Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Ibarguchi
- Apoyo Positivo, Psychological Department, Apoyo Positivo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joanna Cano-Smith
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Dominique Kessel
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Ivey K, Bernstein KT, Kirkcaldy RD, Kissinger P, Edwards OW, Sanchez T, Abara WE. Chemsex Drug Use among a National Sample of Sexually Active Men who have Sex with Men, - American Men's Internet Survey, 2017-2020. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:728-734. [PMID: 36872623 PMCID: PMC10167950 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2184207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Chemsex is the intentional use of drugs to enhance sexual activity. Chemsex drug use among men who have sex with men (MSM) is associated with sexual behaviors that increase sexually transmitted infection (STI) risks and adverse mental health outcomes. However, published data are largely based on MSM recruited from STI clinics. There are limited data about use of chemsex drugs among national samples of MSM in the United States. Using data from the American Men's Internet Survey (AMIS), we assessed the prevalence and correlates of use of chemsex drugs among sexually active MSM in the United States. Methods: We used data from the 2017 to 2020 AMIS cycles to examine the prevalence of chemsex drug use in the past 12 months among MSM. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare chemsex drug use across demographic, behavioral, and mental health factors. Results: Of 30,294 MSM, 3,113 (10.3%) reported chemsex drug use in the past 12 months. Of the 3,113 MSM who reported chemsex drug use, 65.1% reported ecstasy use, 42.5% reported crystal methamphetamine use, and 21.7% reported GHB use. Factors associated with chemsex drug use included condomless anal sex (PR = 1.93, 95%=1.69-2.20), problem drinking (PR = 2.36, 95% = 2.13-2.61), bacterial STI test (1.84, 95% CI = 1.68-2.02) and probable serious mental illness (PR = 1.92, 95% = 1.76-2.09). Conclusion: Chemsex drug use is associated with behaviors that increase STI risk and mental distress among MSM. Health programs that serve MSM can consider screening for chemsex drug use and offering sexual and mental health promotion and risk reduction interventions when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Ivey
- School of Public Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kyle T Bernstein
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert D Kirkcaldy
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - O Winslow Edwards
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Travis Sanchez
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Winston E Abara
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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18
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de Sousa ÁFL, Nunes Ribeiro CJ, Santos GRDS, de Oliveira LB, Camargo ELS, Lima SVMA, de Oliveira Sena IV, Bezerra-Santos M, Batista OMA, Reis de Sousa A, Mendes IAC. Intention to use PrEP among men who have sex with men and engage in chemsex: an international descriptive study. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2023; 10:20499361231206918. [PMID: 37900982 PMCID: PMC10612445 DOI: 10.1177/20499361231206918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a valuable tool in the response to the HIV epidemic, recommended for groups with a higher risk of HIV infection, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly in the context of high-risk sexual behavior such as chemsex. Purpose This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with the intention to use PrEP among MSM who engage in chemsex in Brazil and Portugal. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of a secondary dataset from a larger study conducted between January 2020 and May 2021 throughout Brazil and Portugal involving 1852 MSM who engage in chemsex. An initial descriptive analysis was performed to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies of independent variables related to the intention to use PrEP among MSM. A multivariate regression model was developed to identify factors independently associated with the intention to use PrEP. Results Although a high level of PrEP knowledge (85.75%) was observed among MSM who engage in chemsex, the prevalence of intention to use PrEP was only 59.07%. Five variables were associated with a higher prevalence of intention to use PrEP [engaging in double penetration - adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.56, 95% CI: 1.44-1.69; being assigned female sex at birth - aPR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-1.61; cruising - aPR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.38; not using condoms - aPR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05-1.36; and being an immigrant - aPR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.07-1.25], while having knowledge of postexposure prophylaxis (aPR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84-0.98), having a casual sexual partner (aPR: 0.86 and 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74-0.99 and 0.74-0.98), and engaging in group sex (aPR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.73-0.90) were associated with a lower intention to use PrEP. Conclusion The intention to use PrEP among MSM who engage in chemsex was high, and several factors were associated with this intention. Understanding the factors associated with the intention to use PrEP among MSM practicing chemsex is crucial for developing targeted interventions to increase PrEP uptake in this population. The results of this study suggest that tailored approaches are necessary to promote PrEP use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa
- Hospital Sírio-Libânes, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo, Daher Cutait, 69 - Bela Vista, São Paulo - SP, 01308-060, Brazil
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Caíque Jordan Nunes Ribeiro
- Collective Health Research Center (NISC), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Layze Braz de Oliveira
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Shirley Verônica Melo Almeida Lima
- Collective Health Research Center (NISC), Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Bezerra-Santos
- Complex of Medical Sciences and Nursing, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Reis de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Nursing and Health of the Nursing School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Schuler MS, Ramchand R. Examining Inhalant Use Among Sexual Minority Adults in a National Sample: Drug-Specific Risks or Generalized Risk? LGBT Health 2023; 10:80-85. [PMID: 35905059 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2022.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The study objective was to compare use of 12 specific inhalants among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults relative to heterosexual adults among a national sample. Methods: Data on 210,392 adults, including 15,007 LGB adults, were from the 2015 to 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. For each inhalant type, logistic regression was used to characterize differences by sexual identity and gender. Unadjusted and demographic adjusted odds ratios are reported. Results: All LGB groups exhibited elevated use of multiple inhalant types (ranging from 5 for gay males to 12 for bisexual females). The largest disparities were for poppers among gay and bisexual males. Gay and bisexual males initiated use at older ages. Conclusion: Observed disparities among LGB adults included inhalants used in a sexual or club context (e.g., poppers) as well as types with particularly elevated fatality risk (e.g., butane, propane, aerosol sprays, and nitrous oxide).
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20
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Chemsex and Psychosis: A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12120516. [PMID: 36546999 PMCID: PMC9774634 DOI: 10.3390/bs12120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemsex is presented as a major challenge in public health, with numerous physical and mental consequences. The general objective of this review was to analyze the relationship between the practice of chemsex and the development of psychosis. A mixed systematic review model was chosen. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched following a predetermined search strategy. The studies were selected, and their information was extracted following a systematic method. A total of 10 articles were included. Psychotic symptoms ranged from 6.7% to 37.2%, being one of the most frequent psychiatric diagnoses. Slamsex, polydrug use and smoked methamphetamine posed up to a 3-fold increased risk of psychosis within this practice. The risk factors found were foreign or ethnic minority status, location in large cities, stress and anxiety, trauma, loneliness, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), hepatitis, and previous psychotic history. In conclusion, chemsex is associated with psychosis development; we found numerous converging risk factors and a clear mediating role of drugs. It is important, in approaching the prevention and treatment of this addiction, to take into account motivations and psychosocial circumstances.
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Wang J, Zhao P, Xu W, Wang C. Sexual uses of drug and alcohol among men who have sex with men in China: implications for HIV prevention. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:895. [PMID: 36447161 PMCID: PMC9710115 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs are pervasive among men who have sex with men (MSM) and associated with increased risk of HIV infection. However, there are limited studies related to sexual uses of alcohol and drugs among MSM in China. This study aims to describe the pattern of alcohol use, drug use, and multi-drug use during sex among Chinese MSM and to examine the association between condomless anal intercourse, group sex, commercial sex and HIV infection. METHODS We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in China. Characteristics on social-demographic, sexual behaviors, and sexual uses of alcohol and drugs were collected. The associations with high-risk sexual behaviors and HIV infection were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 699 MSM were included in this study. About 39.5% (230/582) of men reported sexual alcohol use in the past three months and 50.8% (355/699) reported sexual drug use. Of those reporting sexual drug use, around 10.7% (38/355) reported having multi-drug use. Factors associated with both sexual uses of alcohol and drugs included: reporting more male sexual partners (alcohol: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.77; drug: aOR = 2.12), reporting condomless anal intercourse in the past three months (alcohol: aOR = 2.08; drug: aOR = 2.08), having ever engaged in group sex (alcohol: aOR = 2.04; drug: aOR = 5.22; multi-drug: aOR = 3.52) and commercial sex (alcohol: aOR = 4.43; drug: aOR = 4.22 multi-drug: aOR = 5.07). Sexual drug use was also correlated with reported HIV-positive status (drug: aOR = 2.53, 95% CI:1.31-4.90). CONCLUSION Sexual uses of alcohol and drugs are prevalent among Chinese MSM. Interventions to reduce the sexual use of alcohol and other drugs may be warranted among MSM in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshen Wang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Present Address: Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510095 Guangzhou, China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University Institute for Global Health, 510095 Guangzhou, China
| | - Peizhen Zhao
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Present Address: Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510095 Guangzhou, China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University Institute for Global Health, 510095 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Xu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Present Address: Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510095 Guangzhou, China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University Institute for Global Health, 510095 Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Present Address: Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510095 Guangzhou, China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Southern Medical University Institute for Global Health, 510095 Guangzhou, China
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Amundsen E, Haugstvedt Å, Skogen V, Berg RC. Health characteristics associated with chemsex among men who have sex with men: Results from a cross-sectional clinic survey in Norway. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275618. [PMID: 36197878 PMCID: PMC9534388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemsex typically involves drugs such as GHB/GBL, crystal meth and mephedrone, and is increasingly common among MSM. The behaviour has been found to be associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and mental health problems. We aimed to assess the extent of chemsex engagement and associations with different aspects of health, among MSM attending a free specialist walk-in clinic for STIs in Oslo, Norway. METHODS Anonymous cross-sectional survey data was collected from June to October 2016. Differences in STI health (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, HIV diagnoses), mental health (depression/anxiety) and internalised homonegativity between MSM using and not using GHB/GBL, crystal meth, mephedrone, cocaine or ketamine with sex in the last year were assessed descriptively and in a multivariate logistic regression model. The predictors were number of self-reported chlamydia, gonorrhoea or syphilis diagnoses, HIV diagnosis, depression/anxiety, and degree of internalised homonegativity. We adjusted for age, education level and having lived abroad. RESULTS Of the 518 MSM respondents, 17% reported sexualised use of either GHB/GBL, crystal meth, mephedrone, cocaine or ketamine in the last year (chemsex). We found significant positive associations between chemsex and self-reported HIV diagnoses (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.26, 95%CI = 1.37-7.76), number of reported chlamydia, gonorrhoea or syphilis diagnoses in the last year (aOR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.18-2.12), having lived more than one year abroad (aOR = 2.10, 95%CI = 1.20-3.65), but no significant association with depression/anxiety (aOR = 1.02, 95%CI = 0.53-1.93), nor internalised homonegativity (aOR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.33-1.19). CONCLUSION Chemsex engagement in Norway is relatively low compared to findings from STI clinics in other European countries, and GHB/GBL and cocaine the two most commonly used drugs with sex. Chemsex was more common among MSM having lived more than one year abroad, reporting HIV diagnoses and a higher number of either chlamydia, gonorrhoea or syphilis diagnoses in the last year. Health care providers need to be made aware of chemsex as a behavioural phenomenon among MSM, and special care should be afforded to MSM living with HIV and being diagnosed with STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Amundsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Åse Haugstvedt
- The Olafia Clinic and the National Advisory Unit on Sexually Transmitted Infections, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Skogen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rigmor C. Berg
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
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Risky Sexual Practices, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Motivations, and Mental Health among Heterosexual Women and Men Who Practice Sexualized Drug Use in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116387. [PMID: 35681972 PMCID: PMC9180103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Sexualized drug use (SDU) has been poorly studied among heterosexuals. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of and gender differences in types of substances, risky sexual practices, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), motivations, and psychological adjustment among heterosexual women and men who engage in SDU. The study sample consisted of 1181 heterosexuals (795 women) between 18 and 78 years old (mean age = 24.4, SD = 7.4). Approximately 12% of the participants had engaged in SDU. No differences were found in the prevalence of SDU between men and women. Alcohol, cannabis, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) were the substances most frequently used for sexual purposes. Men were significantly more likely to use MDMA, ecstasy, cocaine, and erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs, and they tended to have more sexual partners than women. Likewise, SDU was related to have more sexual partners, penetrative sex without a condom, practice a fetish, be diagnosed with syphilis, chlamydia, and others STIs, and present more depression symptoms (but not with more anxiety). In conclusion, SDU was associated with poorer physical and mental health. It is, therefore, necessary to design programs aimed at reducing the incidence of the consequences of SDU on the physical and mental health of both men and women. Moreover, programs that seek to understand why these individuals engage in SDU should be undertaken.
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Roux P, Donadille C, Girard G, Spire B, Protière C, Velter A. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Men Who Have Sex With Men That Practice Chemsex in France: Results From the National ERAS Web Survey. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883211073225. [PMID: 35156425 PMCID: PMC8848067 DOI: 10.1177/15579883211073225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemsex-the use of drugs in a sexual context-has been associated with more at-risk sexual practices and substance-related complications in men who have sex with men (MSM). To date, no study has focused on the impact of France's first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related lockdown on the mental health and drug/alcohol use of MSM who practice chemsex. We implemented a web-based survey of 9,488 MSM living in France in June 2020 (after the country's first COVID-19 lockdown). Specifically, we first compared the subpopulation of MSM who self-reported practicing chemsex during their most recent sexual intercourse (defined as "chemsexers") with other MSM, using five outcomes: increased 1/tobacco use, 2/alcohol use, and 3/other psychoactive drug use. 4/using psychotropic medication during the lockdown, and finally 5/psychological distress. We then analyzed the outcomes' associations with the main explanatory variable "chemsexer," after adjusting for all relevant variables. Among 7,195 MSM who had sexual intercourse with a man during the previous 6 months, 359 participants (5%) were identified as "chemsexers." Multivariable analyses showed that during the first lockdown period, chemsexers were significantly more likely than non-chemsexers to have increased their use of tobacco, alcohol, and other psychoactive substances. Chemsexers were also more likely to have used psychotropic medication and to have experienced psychological distress during the previous month. Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in France and worldwide, this finding highlights the need to develop psychosocial interventions and harm reduction services for MSM chemsexers, potentially via mobile health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Roux
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, U1252 SESSTIM, Sciences économiques & sociales de la santé & traitement de l'information médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Donadille
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, U1252 SESSTIM, Sciences économiques & sociales de la santé & traitement de l'information médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Girard
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, U1252 SESSTIM, Sciences économiques & sociales de la santé & traitement de l'information médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Spire
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, U1252 SESSTIM, Sciences économiques & sociales de la santé & traitement de l'information médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Christel Protière
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, U1252 SESSTIM, Sciences économiques & sociales de la santé & traitement de l'information médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
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Schuler MS, Collins RL, Ramchand R. Disparities in Use/Misuse of Specific Illicit and Prescription Drugs among Sexual Minority Adults in a National Sample. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:461-471. [PMID: 35067155 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2019776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Compared to heterosexual adults, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults have higher rates of any illicit drug use and any prescription drug misuse, yet disparities regarding specific drugs remain poorly characterized. Methods: We examined disparities by sexual identity and sex for 8 illicit and prescription drugs using 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data. Outcomes included past-year use/misuse of cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, inhalants, methamphetamine, heroin, prescription opioids, prescription stimulants, prescription tranquilizers/sedatives, and level of polydrug use/misuse (2 substances; 3+ substances). For each outcome, odds ratios relative to heterosexual adults of same sex were estimated using logistic regression controlling for demographics; significant estimates were interpreted as a disparity. Results: Among gay men, significant disparities were present for all drugs except prescription stimulants and heroin; inhalant use was particularly elevated. Bisexual women exhibited significant disparities for every drug examined, as did bisexual men (except heroin). Among lesbian/gay women, disparities were only present for prescription opioids and stimulants. Relative to heterosexual peers, use of 3+ substances was 3 times higher among gay men and bisexual women and 2 times higher among bisexual men. Conclusions: Consistent with minority stress theory, prevalences of illicit and prescription drug use/misuse were 2-3 times higher among LGB adults than heterosexual adults. Illicit drug use should not be perceived as only impacting gay/bisexual men - bisexual women had similar - or higher - prevalences of hallucinogen, cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin use. Yet, in contrast to bisexual women, lesbian/gay women did not exhibit disparities for any illicit drugs.
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Íncera-Fernández D, Gámez-Guadix M, Moreno-Guillén S. Mental Health Symptoms Associated with Sexualized Drug Use (Chemsex) among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413299. [PMID: 34948907 PMCID: PMC8701799 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Sexualized drug use (SDU), also known as chemsex, refers to the use of psychoactive substances for sexual purposes among men who have sex with men (MSM), which has been associated with mental health symptoms. The objective of this review is to systematically review the available evidence on mental health outcomes in MSM who use sexualized drugs. Methods: To prepare this systematic review, search strategies were developed and applied to the Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus databases. A total of 117 articles were found, of which 12 were selected for the final review. Results: Those MSM who practiced SDU were more likely to experience from depression, anxiety, or a substance dependence, although these results were not found in all the studies analyzed. Among those who practiced the administration of intravenous drugs (referred to as slamsex), the mental health symptoms were more severe. Conclusions: This systematic review contributes to a fuller understanding of the mental health symptoms present in MSM who consume drugs for sexual purposes. Greater uniformity in data collection instruments is required, as well as the need to conduct a more in-depth assessment of the psychosocial adjustment of people who practice chemsex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Íncera-Fernández
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-686-454-251
| | - Manuel Gámez-Guadix
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Santiago Moreno-Guillén
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Alcalá University, 28871 Alcala de Henares, Spain;
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Chemsex Practices and Health-Related Quality of Life in Spanish Men with HIV Who Have Sex with Men. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081662. [PMID: 33924530 PMCID: PMC8068924 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemsex, a new risky sexual behavior involving participation in sexual relations under the influence of drugs, has shown a significantly increased prevalence in recent years. This fact entails a serious public health issue, especially when Chemsex is practiced by individuals with an HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) diagnosis. Hence, analyzing the characteristics of Chemsex practices, associated sexual practices and the health outcomes of individuals who participate in Chemsex, is extremely important. The main aim of the present study is to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of the practice of Chemsex in a sample of 101 men with HIV who have sex with men who attended the Department of Infectious Diseases of the General University Hospital of Alicante (Spain). Furthermore, the association between Chemsex and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) was also assessed. Chemsex and sexual practices were evaluated by employing a questionnaire applied on an ad hoc basis. HRQoL was assessed by employing the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV). In total, 40.6% of the participants had practiced Chemsex during the last year. When sexual practices were compared between those individuals who practiced Chemsex and those who did not, the former presented a higher level of risky sexual behaviors, especially with occasional and multiple sexual partners. Regarding HRQoL, those individuals who practiced Chemsex exhibited a poorer HRQoL in the majority of domains, especially those participants who practiced it with a higher intensity. The present study points out the high prevalence of Chemsex practice between men with HIV who have sex with men in Spain. Moreover, this study highlights the negative effects of Chemsex on HRQoL, probably due to the mixed effects of higher levels of risky sexual practices and the consequences of drug consumption.
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Lafortune D, Canivet C, Boislard MA, Godbout N. Validation of a brief French version of the sexual anxiety scale. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.2020-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although sexual anxiety (SA) is associated with significant sexual and relationship difficulties, to date, we lack brief scales to adequately assess SA. The aim of the present study was to develop a brief and reliable French version of the Sexual Anxiety Scale (SAS) that can be used to screen the manifestations of SA and their severity. A community sample ( n = 576) was recruited to investigate the reliability and validity of the brief form of the scale (SAS-BF). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the original three-factor model (SAS) and on the new, four-factor SAS-BF. Its convergent validity was tested with theoretically relevant correlates (e.g., anxiety, sexual satisfaction). The SAS-BF yielded strong psychometric properties in terms of factor structure and reliability, and was reasonably correlated with associated variables. SAS-BF can be considered a valid short scale to assess SA in studies where a brief form of the questionnaire is desirable or during clinical screening with patients experiencing variable levels of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lafortune
- Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cloé Canivet
- Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Aude Boislard
- Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natacha Godbout
- Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Sang JM, Cui Z, Sereda P, Armstrong HL, Olarewaju G, Lal A, Card KG, Roth EA, Hogg RS, Moore DM, Lachowsky NJ. Longitudinal Event-Level Sexual Risk and Substance Use among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3183. [PMID: 33808675 PMCID: PMC8003364 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Condomless anal sex and substance use are associated with STI risk among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). Our first study objective was to describe event-level sexual risk and substance use trends among gbMSM. Our second study objective was to describe substances associated with event-level sexual risk. (2) Methods: Data come from the Momentum Health Study in Vancouver, British Columbia and participants were recruited from 2012-2015, with follow-up until 2018. Stratified by self-reported HIV status, we used generalized estimating equations to assess trends of sexual event-level substance use and assessed interactions between substance use and time period on event-level higher risk sex defined as condomless anal sex with an HIV serodifferent or unknown status partner. (3) Results: Event-level higher risk anal sex increased across the study period among HIV-negative/unknown (baseline prevalence: 13% vs. study end prevalence: 29%) and HIV-positive gbMSM (baseline prevalence: 16% vs. study end prevalence: 38%). Among HIV-negative/unknown gbMSM, event-level erectile drug use increased, while alcohol use decreased over the study period. Overall, interactions between substance use and time on higher risk anal sex were not statistically significant, regardless of serostatus. However, we found a number of time-specific significant interactions for erectile drugs, poppers, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), crystal methamphetamine and ecstasy/MDMA use among HIV-negative/unknown gbMSM. (4) Conclusion: Significant differences in substance use trends and associated risks exist and are varied among gbMSM by serostatus. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of event-level substance use on sexual risk through longitudinal follow-up of nearly six years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Sang
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (Z.C.); (P.S.); (G.O.); (A.L.); or (R.S.H.); (D.M.M.); (N.J.L.)
| | - Zishan Cui
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (Z.C.); (P.S.); (G.O.); (A.L.); or (R.S.H.); (D.M.M.); (N.J.L.)
| | - Paul Sereda
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (Z.C.); (P.S.); (G.O.); (A.L.); or (R.S.H.); (D.M.M.); (N.J.L.)
| | | | - Gbolahan Olarewaju
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (Z.C.); (P.S.); (G.O.); (A.L.); or (R.S.H.); (D.M.M.); (N.J.L.)
| | - Allan Lal
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (Z.C.); (P.S.); (G.O.); (A.L.); or (R.S.H.); (D.M.M.); (N.J.L.)
| | - Kiffer G. Card
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (K.G.C.); (E.A.R.)
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Eric A. Roth
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (K.G.C.); (E.A.R.)
| | - Robert S. Hogg
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (Z.C.); (P.S.); (G.O.); (A.L.); or (R.S.H.); (D.M.M.); (N.J.L.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David M. Moore
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (Z.C.); (P.S.); (G.O.); (A.L.); or (R.S.H.); (D.M.M.); (N.J.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathan J. Lachowsky
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (Z.C.); (P.S.); (G.O.); (A.L.); or (R.S.H.); (D.M.M.); (N.J.L.)
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (K.G.C.); (E.A.R.)
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Zaami S, Minutillo A, Sirignano A, Marinelli E. Effects of Appearance- and Performance-Enhancing Drugs on Personality Traits. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:730167. [PMID: 34630182 PMCID: PMC8497711 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.730167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs (APEDs) are commonly used by adolescents and young adults in an effort to improve not only athletic performance but also physical and mental efficiency and sexual appearance. The rationale for using these drugs is grounded in the perceived importance of external appearance, the quest for health and youth, and the urge to boost one's sexual performances. Although APED users tend to be quite moderate overall, some specific subpopulations can display pathological use associated with high-risk behaviors. A wide and diverse range of APEDs is now easily accessible to almost anyone through backdoor online avenues. Common APEDs include anabolic-androgenic steroids, non-steroidal anabolics, anorectics, diuretics and ergo/thermogenics, nootropics or "cognition enhancers," licit and illicit psychostimulants, and finally, sexual enhancers. The use of APEDs appears linked to several psychopathological disorders of unclear prevalence, e.g., body image disorders and eating disorders, perfectionism, but also depression and loneliness. The role of personality traits related to APED use has been investigated in adolescents and young adults, in elite and amateur athletes, and in chemsexers and associated with the above-reported personality traits. The studies herein analyzed show that APED consumption in the general population is quickly growing into a public health concern. It is therefore essential to launch prevention and intervention projects aimed at promoting safe instrumental use of the body, not only in sports disciplines but also among the general population, and to promote psychological aid procedures for people with substance use issues, depression and anxiety, and body image disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Minutillo
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ascanio Sirignano
- School of Law, Medico-Legal Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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