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Stephenson M, Barr P, Thomas N, Cooke M, Latvala A, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Dick D, Salvatore JE. Patterns and predictors of alcohol misuse trajectories from adolescence through early midlife. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38465371 PMCID: PMC11387953 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
We took a multilevel developmental contextual approach and characterized trajectories of alcohol misuse from adolescence through early midlife, examined genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in those trajectories, and identified adolescent and young adult factors associated with change in alcohol misuse. Data were from two longitudinal population-based studies. FinnTwin16 is a study of Finnish twins assessed at 16, 17, 18, 25, and 35 years (N = 5659; 52% female; 32% monozygotic). The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) is a study of adolescents from the United States, who were assessed at five time points from 1994 to 2018 (N = 18026; 50% female; 64% White, 21% Black, 4% Native American, 7% Asian, 9% Other race/ethnicity). Alcohol misuse was measured as frequency of intoxication in FinnTwin16 and frequency of binge drinking in Add Health. In both samples, trajectories of alcohol misuse were best described by a quadratic growth curve: Alcohol misuse increased across adolescence, peaked in young adulthood, and declined into early midlife. Individual differences in these trajectories were primarily explained by environmental factors. Several adolescent and young adult correlates were related to the course of alcohol misuse, including other substance use, physical and mental health, and parenthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Stephenson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Peter Barr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Megan Cooke
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Antti Latvala
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica E Salvatore
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Hildebrand Karlén M, Lindqvist Bagge AS, Berggren U, Fahlke C, Andiné P, Doering S, Lundström S. Prevalence and heritability of alcohol use disorders in 18-year old Swedish twins. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2023; 40:391-405. [PMID: 37663054 PMCID: PMC10472931 DOI: 10.1177/14550725221090383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Heritability of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) varies widely, with reported estimates of 30-78% in twin studies. This variation might be due to methodological differences (e.g., using different thresholds for AUDs, age differences between samples). Aim: To investigate the heritability of AUDs in a nation-wide sample of male and female twins in late adolescence (18 years). Participants: The study is based on data from 8,330 18-year-old Swedish monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study (Sweden). Method: Univariate sex-limitation twin analyses were performed using (a) total AUDIT score, (b) different AUDIT cut-offs (AUDIT-10: potentially harmful alcohol use and most likely alcohol dependent ; AUDIT-C: potential hazardous alcohol consumption/active alcohol use disorders), and (c) a risk-group classification for alcohol dependence based on AUDIT total score. Results: Prevalence of potential hazardous alcohol consumption/active alcohol use was 57.1%, and for potentially harmful alcohol use prevalence was 26.5%. Prevalence was higher among females (59.0% and 31.1% respectively) than males (54.4% and 20.0% respectively). Overall, the results of the univariate model fitting indicated that there were qualitative sex differences in the genetic and environmental influences on AUDs, with generally moderate heritability estimates ranging between 0.37 and 0.50. Discussion: At odds with previous research, a harmful/hazardous drinking pattern was more common in this age group among females than a low-risk drinking pattern (where males were overrepresented). Heritability estimates were moderate throughout all measures and cut-offs, with equally high contributions from shared and non-shared environment. Sex-limitation models revealed qualitative sex differences for AUDs, suggesting that different genetic and/or environmental factors influence variation in AUDs in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Hildebrand Karlén
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sophie Lindqvist Bagge
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Berggren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Andiné
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Doering
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Interplay between genetic risk and the parent environment in adolescence and substance use in young adulthood: A TRAILS study. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:396-409. [PMID: 36914285 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942100081x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many adolescents start using tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis. Genetic vulnerability, parent characteristics in young adolescence, and interaction (GxE) and correlation (rGE) between these factors could contribute to the development of substance use. Using prospective data from the TRacking Adolescent Individuals' Lives Survey (TRAILS; N = 1,645), we model latent parent characteristics in young adolescence to predict young adult substance use. Polygenic scores (PGS) are created based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for smoking, alcohol use, and cannabis use. Using structural equation modeling we model the direct, GxE, and rGE effects of parent factors and PGS on young adult smoking, alcohol use, and cannabis initiation. The PGS, parental involvement, parental substance use, and parent-child relationship quality predicted smoking. There was GxE such that the PGS amplified the effect of parental substance use on smoking. There was rGE between all parent factors and the smoking PGS. Alcohol use was not predicted by genetic or parent factors, nor by interplay. Cannabis initiation was predicted by the PGS and parental substance use, but there was no GxE or rGE. Genetic risk and parent factors are important predictors of substance use and show GxE and rGE in smoking. These findings can act as a starting point for identifying people at risk.
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Corongiu S, Dessì C, Espa E, Pisanu A, Pinna A, Lecca D, Fenu S, Cadoni C. Influence of Age and Genetic Background on Ethanol Intake and Behavioral Response Following Ethanol Consumption and During Abstinence in a Model of Alcohol Abuse. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:858940. [PMID: 35418842 PMCID: PMC8996132 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.858940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic background and age at first exposure have been identified as critical variables that contribute to individual vulnerability to drug addiction. Evidence shows that genetic factors may account for 40–70% of the variance in liability to addiction. Alcohol consumption by young people, especially in the form of binge-drinking, is becoming an alarming phenomenon predictive of future problems with drinking. Thus, the literature indicates the need to better understand the influence of age and genetic background on the development of alcohol dependence. To this aim, the inbred rat strains Lewis (LEW, addiction prone) and Fischer 344 (F344, addiction resistant) were used as a model of genetic vulnerability to addiction and compared with the outbred strain Sprague-Dawley (SD) in a two-bottle choice paradigm as a model of alcohol abuse. During a 9-week period, adolescent and adult male rats of the three strains were intermittently exposed to ethanol (20%) and water during three 24-h sessions/week. Adult and adolescent SD and LEW rats escalated their alcohol intake over time reaching at stable levels, while F344 rats did not escalate their intake, regardless of age at drinking onset. Among adolescents, only F344 rats consumed a higher total amount of ethanol than adults, although only SD and LEW rats escalated their intake. Adult LEW rats, albeit having a lower ethanol consumption as compared to SD rats but greater than F344, showed a more compulsive intake, consuming higher amounts of ethanol during the first hour of exposure, reaching a higher degree of ethanol preference when start drinking as adolescents. Behavioral analysis during the first hour of ethanol consumption revealed significant strain differences, among which noticeable the lack of sedative effect in the LEW strain, at variance with F344 and SD strains, and highest indices of withdrawal (most notable jumping) in LEW rats during the first hour of abstinence days. The present results underscore the importance of individual genetic background and early onset of alcohol use in the progression toward abuse and development of alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corongiu
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Christian Dessì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Espa
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusta Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecca
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandro Fenu
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Cadoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cristina Cadoni, ,
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Zheng Y, Brendgen M, Meyer Z, Vitaro F, Dionne G, Boivin M. Maternal Parenting Behaviors Amplify Environmental Influences on Developmental Trajectories of Alcohol Use During Adolescence. Behav Genet 2021; 51:528-542. [PMID: 34009508 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Compared to peer alcohol use, less is known on how parenting practices may modify genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol use longitudinally across adolescence. This study examined whether two maternal parenting behaviors, supervision and harsh parenting, may suppress or amplify genetic and environmental influences on three distinct developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol use: normative increasing, early-onset, and low trajectories. Participants were drawn from a longitudinal study of a population-based twin sample (N = 842, 84% European descent, 52.7% female). Adolescents self-reported their past year alcohol use at ages 13, 14, 15, and 17 years, and their mothers reported their supervision and harsh parenting when twins were 13, 15, and 17 years old. Maternal supervision amplified non-shared environmental influence on the normative increasing and early-onset trajectories, whereas maternal harsh parenting amplified shared environmental influence on the early-onset trajectory and non-shared environmental influence on the low trajectory, respectively. The findings suggest maternal parenting practices as a potent developmental context that modulates the environmental influences of other proximal processes on adolescent alcohol use, and suggest that family-based parenting-focused intervention could be especially beneficial for adolescents following the early-onset trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Zachary Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Psycho-Education, Université de Montréal, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ginette Dionne
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Ossola P, Gerra MC, Gerra ML, Milano G, Zatti M, Zavan V, Volpi R, Marchesi C, Donnini C, Gerra G, Di Gennaro C. Alcohol use disorders among adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs): Gene-environment resilience factors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110167. [PMID: 33166669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic and early environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Gender and psychopathology symptoms might further moderate this association, resulting in an impairment of both the dopaminergic and serotoninergic pathways that sustain the binge, withdrawal and craving cycle. In a sample of of adult children of alcoholic parents (ACOAs) (n = 107) we compared those with and without an AUD, on socio-demographic variables, adverse childhood experiences, psychopathology symptoms and two polymorphisms associated with an impaired serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission (5HTTLPR and Taq1A/DRD2). A logistic regression revealed that an early caring environment might lower the risk of developing an AUD. When controlling for the actual psychopathology symptoms, being male and having the genotype associated with an impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission were still associated with AUD. Results were confirmed by an unsupervised approach that showed how the clusters characterised by being male and having the high risk genotypes were still associated with AUD compared to being female without the unfavourable dopamine genotype.Our results point to the need for implementing prevention strategies aimed at creating a caring environment especially in those families with an alcoholic parent. We further suggest that psycho-education as a symptom recognition and avoiding self-medication could improve the outcome in those subjects at higher risk, especially males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ossola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Maria Carla Gerra
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Maria Lidia Gerra
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Agency Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Milano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Zatti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Valeria Zavan
- Department of Addiction Pathology, Local Health Agency Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Riccardo Volpi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Donnini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Gilberto Gerra
- Drug Prevention and Health Branch, Division for Operations, United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Chartier KG, Bares CB, Kendler KS, Greenfield TK. Intersection of familial risk and environmental social control on high-risk drinking and alcohol dependence in a US national sample of adults. Addict Behav 2021; 113:106668. [PMID: 33045642 PMCID: PMC7524522 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of a family history of alcoholism may be moderated by area-level social control factors. We examine whether increased neighborhood alcohol availability (low social control environment) or increased presence of religious adherents in the county (high social control environment) interact with family history in relation to alcohol outcomes. METHODS Weighted data from 12,686 adult drinkers (51% male; mean age 44; 80% White, 9% Black, 11% Hispanic) in three US National Alcohol Surveys were linked with data on area-level off-premise alcohol availability and adherence to religions with strong prohibitions against drinking. Family history density had four levels (family history negative, extended family only, first-degree relative(s) only, high family density). Dichotomous outcomes were past-year high-risk drinking and alcohol dependence. Logistic regression models with interaction terms assessed whether associations of family history with alcohol outcomes differed significantly by area-level social control. Stratified models assessed differences by sex and by race/ethnicity. RESULTS In the full sample, effects of first-degree relatives and high family density on high-risk drinking strengthened as alcohol availability increased. This was replicated in the subsample of women and suggested in relation to dependence among men and Black drinkers. For White drinkers, higher religious social control reduced effects of first-degree relatives on high-risk drinking. CONCLUSIONS Low social control-in particular, greater density of off-premise alcohol outlets-appears to exacerbate effects of a family history of alcoholism on high-risk drinking. Policy makers should consider differential benefits of decreasing alcohol availability for people from high-risk families to reduce high-risk drinking and alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen G Chartier
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Social Work and Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Cristina B Bares
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Thomas K Greenfield
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608-1010, USA
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Chang LH, Ong JS, An J, Verweij KJH, Vink JM, Pasman J, Liu M, MacGregor S, Cornelis MC, Martin NG, Derks EM. Investigating the genetic and causal relationship between initiation or use of alcohol, caffeine, cannabis and nicotine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 210:107966. [PMID: 32276208 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine and cannabis are commonly used psychoactive substances. While the use of these substances has been previously shown to be genetically correlated, causality between these substance use traits remains unclear. We aimed to revisit the genetic relationships among different measures of SU using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from the UK Biobank, International Cannabis Consortium, and GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use. METHODS We obtained GWAS summary statistics from the aforementioned consortia for ten substance use traits including various measures of alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, cannabis initiation and smoking behaviours. We then conducted SNP-heritability (h2) estimation for individual SU traits, followed by genetic correlation analyses and two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies between substance use trait pairs. RESULTS SNP h2 of the ten traits ranged from 0.03 to 0.11. After multiple testing correction, 29 of the 45 trait pairs showed evidence of being genetically correlated. MR analyses revealed that most SU traits were not causally associated with each other. However, we found evidence for an MR association between regular smoking initiation and caffeine consumption 40.17 mg; 95 % CI: [24.01, 56.33] increase in caffeine intake per doubling of odds in smoking initiation). Our findings were robust against horizontal pleiotropy, SNP-outliers, and the direction of causality was consistent in all MR analyses. CONCLUSIONS Most of the substance traits were genetically correlated but there is little evidence to establish causality apart from the relationship between smoking initiation and caffeine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Hsien Chang
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Jiyuan An
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Developmental Psychopathology, Radboud University, Postbus 9104 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Joëlle Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Developmental Psychopathology, Radboud University, Postbus 9104 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0447, United States.
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N Lake Shore Dr Suite 1400, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States.
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Eske M Derks
- Translational Neurogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
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Zheng Y, Brendgen M, Girard A, Dionne G, Boivin M, Vitaro F. Peer Alcohol Use Differentially Amplifies Genetic and Environmental Effects on Different Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent Alcohol Use. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:752-759. [PMID: 31500948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate how peer alcohol use moderates genetic and environmental influences on three different developmental trajectories of alcohol use during adolescence: low (continuously low levels of use), early-onset fast-escalating (initiated use early, the level of use increased quickly), and normative increasing (started at a low level and increased steadily) using biometric modeling. METHODS Data were from a longitudinal study on a sample of population-based adolescent twins (N = 842, 52.7% female, 84% European Caucasian). Adolescents self-reported past-year alcohol use at age 13, 14, 15, and 17 years. Adolescents' nominated friends reported their own past-year alcohol use at age 13, 15, and 17 years. RESULTS Genetic and environmental influences on adolescents' alcohol use trajectories were differentially moderated by friends' alcohol use in different trajectories. Gene-environment interaction was implicated in the low and early-onset trajectories, such that genetic contributions were amplified when friends used more alcohol. Environment-environment interaction was involved in the normative increasing and early-onset trajectories, such that person-specific environmental contributions were amplified when friends' alcohol use increased. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent alcohol use remains a major public health issue, with peer alcohol use being a major risk factor. These findings suggest that close supervision to reduce deviant peer affiliation as well as preventions targeting peer group norms of alcohol use might be especially beneficial for adolescents following the normative increasing and early-onset trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Girard
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ginette Dionne
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; School of Psycho-Education, Université de Montréal, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Genetic and environmental influences on developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol use. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1203-1212. [PMID: 30706144 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol use demonstrates distinct developmental trajectories with different times of onset, levels, and rates of growth. Twin research on adolescent alcohol use has shown that genetic influences are consistent with a gradual growth of risks, whereas non-shared environmental influences are more consistent with an accumulation of risks over time. The current study investigated the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on shaping different developmental trajectories of alcohol use through adolescence. Self-reported past year alcohol use was collected from 877 Canadian twins (47.1% males) at age 13, 14, 15, and 17 years. Growth mixture models were fit to examine different developmental trajectories of alcohol use, and biometric liability threshold models were fit to investigate genetic and environmental influences on the liability of belonging to identified trajectories. Three trajectories were identified: low (15.1%), early onset (8.2%), and normative increasing (76.7%). Memberships in the low and early-onset group were under genetic (27.6% and 34.7%), shared (42.4% and 21.5%), and non-shared environment influences (30.0% and 43.8%). Membership in the normative increasing group was under genetic (37.7%) and non-shared environment influences (62.3%). Non-shared environmental influences were significantly larger for the normative increasing trajectory than for the low trajectory. These findings provide a more refined picture of genetic and environmental influences in the development of alcohol use in subgroups of adolescents. Genetic and environmental influences both matter, but to different degrees in different trajectories. Future research should identify specific shared and non-shared environmental experiences that distinguish different trajectories.
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11
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Mallard TT, Harden KP, Fromme K. Genetic risk for schizophrenia is associated with substance use in emerging adulthood: an event-level polygenic prediction model. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2027-2035. [PMID: 30309397 PMCID: PMC6711829 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging adulthood is a peak period of risk for alcohol and illicit drug use. Recent advances in psychiatric genetics suggest that the co-occurrence of substance use and psychopathology arises, in part, from a shared genetic etiology. We sought to extend this research by investigating the influence of genetic risk for schizophrenia on trajectories of four substance use behaviors as they occurred across emerging adulthood. METHOD Young adult participants of non-Hispanic European descent provided DNA samples and completed daily reports of substance use for 1 month per year across 4 years (N = 30 085 observations of N = 342 participants). A schizophrenia polygenic score was included in two-level hierarchical linear models designed to test associations between genetic risk for schizophrenia, participant age, and four substance use phenotypes. RESULTS Participants with a greater schizophrenia polygenic score experienced greater age-related increases in the likelihood of using substances across emerging adulthood (p < 0.005). Additionally, our results suggest that the polygenic score was positively associated with participants' overall likelihood to engage in illicit drug use but not alcohol-related substance use. CONCLUSIONS This study used a novel combination of polygenic prediction and intensive longitudinal methods to characterize the influence of genetic risk for schizophrenia on patterns of age-related change in substance use across emerging adulthood. Results suggest that genetic risk for schizophrenia has developmentally specific effects on substance use behaviors in a non-clinical population of young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kim Fromme
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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12
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Abstract
Externalizing problems generally refer to a constellation of behaviors and/or disorders characterized by impulsive action and behavioral disinhibition. Phenotypes on the externalizing spectrum include psychiatric disorders, nonclinical behaviors, and personality characteristics (e.g. alcohol use disorders, other illicit substance use, antisocial behaviors, risky sex, sensation seeking, among others). Research using genetic designs including latent designs from twin and family data and more recent designs using genome-wide data reveal that these behaviors and problems are genetically influenced and largely share a common genetic etiology. Large-scale gene-identification efforts have started to identify robust associations between genetic variants and these phenotypes. However, there is still considerable work to be done. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of research into the genetics of behaviors and disorders on the externalizing spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Barr
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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13
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Savage JE, Long EC, Kuo SIC, Cooke ME, Su J, Barr PB, Salvatore JE. Alcohol Misuse Across the Lifespan: Insights from Developmental Studies in Behavior Genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:186-193. [PMID: 29430518 DOI: 10.1177/2372732217720222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse, one of today's greatest public health challenges, is a developmentally dynamic, complex behavior at the intersection of genetic and environmental influences. This review examines such influences from a behavior genetics perspective and discusses implications for public policy. Alcohol misuse is moderately heritable with genetic influences accounting for around 50% of its variance, but to date few specific genes have been identified. However, numerous environmental and social factors moderate genetic risk, including parents, peers, romantic partners, family dynamics, employment, laws, and cultural influences. These moderating factors change in salience across development, and, accordingly, no one-size-fits-all approach is suitable for reducing alcohol misuse at a large scale. We provide examples of some effective prevention and intervention programs and discuss a framework for using the behavior genetics evidence to inform future public policy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E Savage
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Long
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sally I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Megan E Cooke
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jinni Su
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Peter B Barr
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jessica E Salvatore
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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14
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Mies GW, Verweij KJH, Treur JL, Ligthart L, Fedko IO, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Bartels M, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. Polygenic risk for alcohol consumption and its association with alcohol-related phenotypes: Do stress and life satisfaction moderate these relationships? Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183:7-12. [PMID: 29220643 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental factors contribute about equally to alcohol-related phenotypes in adulthood. In the present study, we examined whether more stress at home or low satisfaction with life might be associated with heavier drinking or more alcohol-related problems in individuals with a high genetic susceptibility to alcohol use. METHODS Information on polygenic scores and drinking behavior was available in 6705 adults (65% female; 18-83 years) registered with the Netherlands Twin Register. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were constructed for all subjects based on the summary statistics of a large genome-wide association meta-analysis on alcohol consumption (grams per day). Outcome measures were quantity of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Stress at home and life satisfaction were moderating variables whose significance was tested by Generalized Estimating Equation analyses taking familial relatedness, age and sex into account. RESULTS PRSs for alcohol were significantly associated with quantity of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in the past year (R2=0.11% and 0.10% respectively). Participants who reported to have experienced more stress in the past year and lower life satisfaction, scored higher on alcohol-related problems (R2=0.27% and 0.29 respectively), but not on alcohol consumption. Stress and life satisfaction did not moderate the association between PRSs and the alcohol outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS There were significant main effects of polygenic scores and of stress and life satisfaction on drinking behavior, but there was no support for PRS-by-stress or PRS-by-life satisfaction interactions on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabry W Mies
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Deutsch AR, Wood PK, Slutske WS. Developmental Etiologies of Alcohol Use and Their Relations to Parent and Peer Influences Over Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Genetically Informed Approach. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:2151-2162. [PMID: 29083505 PMCID: PMC5711546 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct changes in alcohol use etiologies occur during adolescence and young adulthood. Additionally, measured environments known to influence alcohol use such as peers and parenting practice can interact or be associated with this genetic influence. However, change in genetic and environmental influences over age, as well as how associations with measured environments change over age, is understudied. METHODS The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) sibling subsample was used to examine data-driven biometric models of alcohol use over ages 13 to 27. Associations between friends' drinking, parental autonomy granting, and maternal closeness were also examined. RESULTS The best-fitting model included a 5-factor model consisting of early (ages 13 to 20) and overall (ages 13 to 27) additive genetic and unique environmental factors, as well as 1 overall common environment factor. The overall additive genetic factor and the early unique environment factor explained the preponderance of mean differences in the alcohol use over this portion of the life span. The most important factors explaining variance attributed to alcohol use changed over age. Additionally, friend use had the strongest associations with genetic and environmental factors at all ages, while parenting practices had almost no associations at any age. CONCLUSIONS These results supplement previous studies indicating changes in genetic and environmental influences in alcohol use over adolescence and adulthood. However, prior research suggesting that constraining exogenous predictors of genetic and environmental factors to have effects of the same magnitude across age overlooks the differential role of factors associated with alcohol use during adolescence. Consonant with previous research, friend use appears to have a more pervasive influence on alcohol use than parental influence during this age. Interventions and prevention programs geared toward reducing alcohol use in younger populations may benefit from focus on peer influence.
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16
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Torvik FA, Rosenström TH, Ystrom E, Tambs K, Røysamb E, Czajkowski N, Gillespie N, Knudsen GP, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Stability and change in etiological factors for alcohol use disorder and major depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 126:812-822. [PMID: 28541064 PMCID: PMC5546937 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are often comorbid. It is not understood how genetic risk factors for these disorders relate to each other over time and to what degree they are stable. Age-dependent characteristics of the disorders indicate that different genetic factors could be relevant at different stages of life, and MDD may become increasingly correlated with AUD over time. DSM-IV diagnoses of AUD and MDD were assessed by interviews of 2,801 young adult twins between 1999 and 2004 (T1) and 2,284 of the same twins between 2010 and 2011 (T2). Stability, change, and covariation were investigated in longitudinal biometric models. New genetic factors explained 56.4% of the genetic variance in AUD at T2. For MDD, there was full overlap between genetic influences at T1 and T2. Genetic risk factors for MDD were related to AUD, but their association with AUD did not increase over time. Thus, genetic risk factors for AUD, but not MDD, vary with age, suggesting that AUD has age-dependent heritable etiologies. Molecular genetic studies of AUD may therefore benefit from stratifying by age. The new genetic factors in AUD were not related to MDD. Environmental influences on the 2 disorders were correlated in middle, but not in young adulthood. The environmental components for AUD correlated over time (r = .27), but not for MDD. Environmental influences on AUD can have long-lasting effects, and the effects of preventive efforts may be enduring. Environment influences seem to be largely transient. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Kristian Tambs
- Department of Aging and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Espen Røysamb
- Department of Child Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatry and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth Universit
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatry and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
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17
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Long E, Lönn S, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Kendler K. A National Swedish Longitudinal Twin-Sibling Study of alcohol use disorders among males. Addiction 2017; 112:1378-1385. [PMID: 28345295 PMCID: PMC5645797 DOI: 10.1111/add.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether genetic influences on the development of alcohol use disorders (AUD) among men during emerging adulthood through mid-adulthood are stable or dynamic. DESIGN A twin study modeling developmental changes in the genetic and environmental influences on AUD during three age periods (18-25, 26-33 and 33-41) as a Cholesky decomposition. SETTING Sweden. PARTICIPANTS Swedish male twin pairs (1532 monozygotic and 1940 dizygotic) and 66 033 full male sibling pairs born less than 2 years apart. MEASUREMENTS AUD was identified based on Swedish medical and legal registries. FINDINGS The best-fitting model included additive genetic and unique environmental factors, with no evidence for shared environmental factors. Although the total heritability was stable over time, there were two major genetic factors contributing to AUD risk, one beginning at ages 18-25 with a modest decline in importance over time [0.84; confidence interval (CI) = 0.83-0.88], and another of less impact beginning at ages 26-33 with a modest increase in importance by ages 33-41 (0.31; CI = 0.05-0.47). CONCLUSIONS The heritability of alcohol use disorders among Swedish men appears to be stable among three age periods: 18-25 years, 26-33 years, and 33-41 years. Two sets of genetic risk factors contribute to alcohol use disorders risk, with one originating during the ages 18-25 years and another coming online at 26-33 years, providing support for the developmentally dynamic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.C. Long
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author: Elizabeth Long, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126 (USA);
| | - S.L. Lönn
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J. Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K. Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K.S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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18
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Long EC, Verhulst B, Aggen SH, Kendler KS, Gillespie NA. Contributions of Genes and Environment to Developmental Change in Alcohol Use. Behav Genet 2017; 47:498-506. [PMID: 28714051 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The precise nature of how genetic and environmental risk factors influence changes in alcohol use (AU) over time has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the nature of longitudinal changes in these risk factors to AU from mid-adolescence through young adulthood. Using a large sample of male twins, we compared five developmental models that each makes different predictions regarding the longitudinal changes in genetic and environmental risks for AU. The best-fitting model indicated that genetic influences were consistent with a gradual growth in the liability to AU, whereas unique environmental risk factors were consistent with an accumulation of risks across time. These results imply that two distinct processes influence adolescent AU between the ages of 15-25. Genetic effects influence baseline levels of AU and rates of change across time, while unique environmental effects are more cumulative.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Long
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - B Verhulst
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - K S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - N A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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19
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Long EC, Aggen SH, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Krueger RF, South SC, Czajkowski N, Nesvåg R, Ystrom E, Torvik FA, Kendler KS, Gillespie NA, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. The association between personality disorders with alcohol use and misuse: A population-based twin study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 174:171-180. [PMID: 28334662 PMCID: PMC5497569 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A clearer understanding of the etiological overlap between DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs) and alcohol use (AU) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is needed. To our knowledge, no study has modeled the association between all 10 DSM-IV PDs and lifetime AU and AUD. The aim of the present study is to identify which PDs are most strongly associated with the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental risks of lifetime AU and AUD, and to determine if these associations are stable across time. METHODS Participants were Norwegian twins assessed at two waves. At Wave 1, 2801 twins were assessed for all 10 DSM-IV PD criteria, lifetime AU, and DSM-IV AUD criteria. At Wave 2, six of the 10 PDs were again assessed along with AU and AUD among 2393 twins. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were run. Significant predictors were further analyzed using bivariate twin Cholesky decompositions. RESULTS Borderline and antisocial PD criteria were the strongest predictors of AU and AUD across the two waves. Despite moderate phenotypic and genetic correlations, genetic variation in these PD criteria explained only 4% and 3% of the risks in AU, and 5% to 10% of the risks in AUD criteria, respectively. At Wave 2, these estimates increased to 8% and 23% for AU, and 17% and 33% for AUD. CONCLUSIONS Among a large Norwegian twin sample, borderline and antisocial PD criteria were the strongest predictors of the phenotypic and genotypic liability to AU and AUD. This effect remained consistent across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Long
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - S H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G P Knudsen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - R F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, IN, USA
| | - N Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Nesvåg
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - F A Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - N A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Panksepp JB, Rodriguez ED, Ryabinin AE. Sweetened ethanol drinking during social isolation: enhanced intake, resistance to genetic heterogeneity and the emergence of a distinctive drinking pattern in adolescent mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:369-383. [PMID: 27706910 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With its ease of availability during adolescence, sweetened ethanol ('alcopops') is consumed within many contexts. We asked here whether genetically based differences in social motivation are associated with how the adolescent social environment impacts voluntary ethanol intake. Mice with previously described differences in sociability (BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, FVB/NJ and MSM/MsJ strains) were weaned into isolation or same-sex pairs (postnatal day, PD, 21), and then given continuous access to two fluids on PDs 34-45: one containing water and the other containing an ascending series of saccharin-sweetened ethanol (3-6-10%). Prior to the introduction of ethanol (PDs 30-33), increased water and food intake was detected in some of the isolation-reared groups, and controls indicated that isolated mice also consumed more 'saccharin-only' solution. Voluntary drinking of 'ethanol-only' was also higher in a subset of the isolated groups on PDs 46-49. However, sweetened ethanol intake was increased in all isolated strain × sex combinations irrespective of genotype. Surprisingly, blood ethanol concentration (BEC) was not different between these isolate and socially housed groups 4 h into the dark phase. Using lickometer-based measures of intake in FVB mice, we identified that a predominance of increased drinking during isolation transpired outside of the typical circadian consumption peak, occurring ≈8.5 h into the dark phase, with an associated difference in BEC. These findings collectively indicate that isolate housing leads to increased consumption of rewarding substances in adolescent mice independent of their genotype, and that for ethanol this may be because of when individuals drink during the circadian cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Panksepp
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - E D Rodriguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A E Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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21
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Pavón FJ, Marco EM, Vázquez M, Sánchez L, Rivera P, Gavito A, Mela V, Alén F, Decara J, Suárez J, Giné E, López-Moreno JA, Chowen J, Rodríguez-de-Fonseca F, Serrano A, Viveros MP. Effects of Adolescent Intermittent Alcohol Exposure on the Expression of Endocannabinoid Signaling-Related Proteins in the Spleen of Young Adult Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163752. [PMID: 27662369 PMCID: PMC5035052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent alcohol exposure is a common pattern of alcohol consumption among adolescents and alcohol is known to modulate the expression of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in metabolism and inflammation. However, it is unknown whether this pattern may have short-term consequences on the ECS in the spleen. To address this question, we examined the plasma concentrations of metabolic and inflammatory signals and the splenic ECS in early adult rats exposed to alcohol during adolescence. A 4-day drinking in the dark (DID) procedure for 4 weeks was used as a model of intermittent forced-alcohol administration (20%, v/v) in female and male Wistar rats, which were sacrificed 2 weeks after the last DID session. First, there was no liver damage or alterations in plasma metabolic parameters. However, certain plasma inflammatory signals were altered according to sex and alcohol exposition. Whereas fractalkine [chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1] was only affected by sex with lower concentration in male rats, there was an interaction between sex and alcohol exposure in the TNF-α and interleukin-6 concentrations and only female rats displayed changes. Regarding the mRNA and protein expression of the ECS, the receptors and endocannabinoid-synthesizing enzymes were found to be altered with area-specific expression patterns in the spleen. Overall, whereas the expression of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 and the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARα were lower in alcohol-exposed rats compared to control rats, the CB2 expression was higher. Additionally, the N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D expression was high in female alcohol-exposed rats and low in male alcohol-exposed rats. In conclusion, intermittent alcohol consumption during adolescence may be sufficient to induce short-term changes in the expression of splenic endocannabinoid signaling-related proteins and plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines in young adult rats with a strong sexual dimorphism. The potential impact of these alterations in early adulthood remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Pavón
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva María Marco
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariam Vázquez
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Gavito
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Virginia Mela
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alén
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena Giné
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julie Chowen
- Servicio de Pediatría y Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-de-Fonseca
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail: (ASC); (MPV)
| | - María Paz Viveros
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (ASC); (MPV)
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Vaht M, Kiive E, Veidebaum T, Harro J. A Functional Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 1 (VMAT1) Gene Variant Is Associated with Affect and the Prevalence of Anxiety, Affective, and Alcohol Use Disorders in a Longitudinal Population-Representative Birth Cohort Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw013. [PMID: 26861143 PMCID: PMC4966275 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inter-individual differences in the monoaminergic systems have been shown to moderate the risk for a lifetime history of anxiety, affective, and alcohol use disorders. A common single nucleotide polymorphism in the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 gene (VMAT1 rs1390938 G/A; Thr136Ile) has been reported as functional in vitro and associated with bipolar disorder and anxiety. We aimed at assessing the association between the VMAT1 genotype, affect, and affect-related psychiatric disorders in a longitudinal population-representative study. METHODS We used the database of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (beginning in 1998). Cohorts of initially 9- (recalled at ages 15 and 18 years, n=579) and 15- (recalled at ages 18 and 25 years; n=654) year-old children provided self-reports on impulsivity, anxiety, depressiveness, neuroticism, and alcohol use. In addition, psychiatric assessment based on DSM-IV was carried out in the older cohort at age 25 years. RESULTS Subjects homozygous for the less prevalent A (136Ile) allele reported lower maladaptive impulsivity, state and trait anxiety, depressiveness, and neuroticism and were less likely to have been diagnosed with an affective, anxiety, and/or alcohol use disorder by young adulthood. While in the younger cohort alcohol use started at younger age, this birth cohort effect was dependent on genotype: only G allele carriers and in particular the GG homozygotes started alcohol use earlier. CONCLUSIONS VMAT1 rs1390938/Thr136Ile is associated with mood, personality, and alcohol use in the general population. Subjects homozygous for the "hyperfunction" allele (AA; Ile/Ile) appear to be more resilient to these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Vaht
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences (Ms Vaht and Dr Harro), and Department of Educational Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (Dr Kiive); National Institute for Health Development, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia (Dr Veidebaum)
| | - Evelyn Kiive
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences (Ms Vaht and Dr Harro), and Department of Educational Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (Dr Kiive); National Institute for Health Development, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia (Dr Veidebaum)
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences (Ms Vaht and Dr Harro), and Department of Educational Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (Dr Kiive); National Institute for Health Development, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia (Dr Veidebaum)
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences (Ms Vaht and Dr Harro), and Department of Educational Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (Dr Kiive); National Institute for Health Development, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia (Dr Veidebaum).
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Enoch MA, Kitzman H, Smith JA, Anson E, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Olds DL. A Prospective Cohort Study of Influences on Externalizing Behaviors Across Childhood: Results From a Nurse Home Visiting Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:376-82. [PMID: 27126851 PMCID: PMC4851736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated genetic and environmental influences on behavior in a cohort of 600 children followed prenatally to 18 years. METHOD A randomized controlled trial of prenatal/infancy nurse home visits (NHV) was conducted in 600 predominantly African American mothers and their firstborn children from Memphis, TN. Mothers were assessed in pregnancy for mental health (MH), self-efficacy, and mastery. Mothers reported longitudinally on smoking and alcohol/drug use. The functional polymorphisms SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR, FKBP5 rs1360780 and DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 were genotyped together with 186 ancestry informative markers. Composite externalizing disorders (ED) continuous total scores from the mother-report Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist were included as dependent variables in regression analyses for time points 2, 6, 12, and 18 years. RESULTS Behaviors at younger ages strongly predicted later behaviors (p < .0001). Children whose mothers had high self-efficacy and had received NHV were better behaved at age 2 years. Poorer maternal MH adversely influenced ED up to 12 years, but at age 18 years, maternal mastery exerted a strong, positive effect (p = .0001). Maternal smoking was associated with worse ED at 6 and 18 years. Main and interactive effects of genetic polymorphisms varied across childhood: FKBP5 rs1360780 up to age 6, 5-HTTLPR from 6 to 12, and DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 from 2 to 18 years. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that maternal MH and resilience measured in pregnancy have long-lasting effects on child behavior. Maternal smoking across childhood and genetic factors also play a role. NHV had a positive effect on early behavior. Our findings have implications for prevention of pathological behaviors in adulthood. Clinical trial registration information-Age-17 Follow-Up of Home Visiting Intervention; http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00708695.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD.
| | | | - Joyce A. Smith
- University of Rochester School of Nursing, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Colin A. Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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Edwards AC, Aliev F, Wolen AR, Salvatore JE, Gardner CO, McMahon G, Evans DM, Macleod J, Hickman M, Dick DM, Kendler KS. Genomic influences on alcohol problems in a population-based sample of young adults. Addiction 2015; 110:461-70. [PMID: 25439982 PMCID: PMC4329073 DOI: 10.1111/add.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol problems (AP) contribute substantially to the global disease burden. Twin and family studies suggest that AP are genetically influenced, although few studies have identified variants or genes that are robustly associated with risk. This study identifies genetic and genomic influences on AP during young adulthood, which is often when drinking habits are established. DESIGN We conducted a genome-wide association study of AP. We further conducted gene-based tests, gene ontology analyses and functional genomic enrichment analyses to assess genomic factors beyond single variants that are relevant to AP. SETTING The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a large population-based study of a UK birth cohort. PARTICIPANTS Genetic and phenotypical data were available for 4304 participants. MEASUREMENTS The AP phenotype was a factor score derived from items from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, symptoms of DSM-IV alcohol dependence, and three additional problem-related items. FINDINGS One variant met genome-wide significance criteria. Four out of 22,880 genes subjected to gene-based analyses survived a stringent significance threshold (q < 0.05); none of these have been implicated previously in alcohol-related phenotypes. Several biologically plausible gene ontologies were statistically over-represented among implicated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs on the Illumina 550 K SNP chip accounted for ~5% of the phenotypical variance in AP. CONCLUSIONS Genetic and genomic factors appear to play a role in alcohol problems in young adults. Genes involved in nervous system-related processes, such as signal transduction and neurogenesis, potentially contribute to liability to alcohol problems, as do genes expressed in non-brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C. Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Charles O. Gardner
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Macleod
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matt Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Vink JM, Hottenga JJ, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, Neale MC, Furberg H, Boomsma DI. Polygenic risk scores for smoking: predictors for alcohol and cannabis use? Addiction 2014; 109:1141-51. [PMID: 24450588 PMCID: PMC4048635 DOI: 10.1111/add.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A strong correlation exists between smoking and the use of alcohol and cannabis. This paper uses polygenic risk scores to explore the possibility of overlapping genetic factors. Those scores reflect a combined effect of selected risk alleles for smoking. METHODS Summary-level P-values were available for smoking initiation, age at onset of smoking, cigarettes per day and smoking cessation from the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium (n between 22,000 and 70,000 subjects). Using different P-value thresholds (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5) from the meta-analysis, sets of 'risk alleles' were defined and used to generate a polygenic risk score (weighted sum of the alleles) for each subject in an independent target sample from the Netherlands Twin Register (n = 1583). The association between polygenic smoking scores and alcohol/cannabis use was investigated with regression analysis. RESULTS The polygenic scores for 'cigarettes per day' were associated significantly with the number of glasses alcohol per week (P = 0.005, R2 = 0.4-0.5%) and cannabis initiation (P = 0.004, R2 = 0.6-0.9%). The polygenic scores for 'age at onset of smoking' were associated significantly with 'age at regular drinking' (P = 0.001, R2 = 1.1-1.5%), while the scores for 'smoking initiation' and 'smoking cessation' did not significantly predict alcohol or cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS Smoking, alcohol and cannabis use are influenced by aggregated genetic risk factors shared between these substances. The many common genetic variants each have a very small individual effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Blackson TC, De La Rosa M, Sanchez M, Li T. Latino Immigrants' Biological Parents' Histories of Substance Use Problems in Their Country of Origin Predict Their Pre- and Post-Immigration Alcohol Use Problems. Subst Abus 2014; 36:257-63. [PMID: 24960302 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.932886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies to date have assessed whether recent young adult (aged 18-34) Latino immigrants' biological parents' histories of substance use problems (BPHSUP) in their country of origin predict their alcohol use problems at pre- and post-immigration to the United States (US). METHODS BPHSUP in their country of origin were assessed via interviews conducted by bilingual Latino researchers with recent Latino immigrants primarily from Cuba and Central and South America recruited through respondent-driven sampling at the time of their immigration to southeastern US. Three waves of data were collected to document Latino immigrants' severity of alcohol use problems at pre-immigration and 2 annual post-immigration follow-up assessments. BPHSUP+/- status was used as a predictor of Latinos' (N = 452; 45.8% female, 54.2% male) Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores at pre- and post-immigration with age, education, and income as covariates as wells as odds ratios for AUDIT classifications of hazardous use, harmful use, and dependence. RESULTS BPHSUP+ status predicted Latino immigrants' higher AUDIT scores pre- and post-immigration by gender (P < .01) compared with Latino immigrants of BPHSUP- status, controlling for age, education, and income. BPHSUP+ status predicted odds ratios of 3.45 and 2.91 for AUDIT alcohol dependence classification for men and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study documents that BPHSUP+/- status in their country of origin predict their young adult Latino offspring's severity of alcohol use problems pre- and post-immigration. These results may inform (1) community-based health care providers to screen recent young adult Latino immigrants for their BPHSUP+/- status and severity of alcohol use problems to redirect trajectories away from alcohol use disorders toward more normative post-immigration outcomes through culturally relevant prevention services and (2) future research advantages of differential susceptibility theory. Implications for future research and the need for replication studies in other geographic regions of the US are discussed.
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Tarantino N, Tully EC, Garcia SE, South S, Iacono WG, McGue M. Genetic and environmental influences on affiliation with deviant peers during adolescence and early adulthood. Dev Psychol 2013; 50:663-73. [PMID: 24015689 DOI: 10.1037/a0034345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence and early adulthood is a time when peer groups become increasingly influential in the lives of young people. Youths exposed to deviant peers risk susceptibility to externalizing behaviors and related psychopathology. In addition to environmental correlates of deviant peer affiliation, a growing body of evidence has suggested that affiliation with deviant peers is heritable. This study examined the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on affiliation with deviant peers, changes in the relative importance of these factors, and which of these factors contribute to the stability of affiliation across this critical developmental period using a longitudinal twin study design that assessed same-sex twins (485 monozygotic pairs, 271 dizygotic pairs) at 3 discrete ages: 15, 18, and 21 years of age. Biometric models revealed that genetic influences increased with age. New genetic influences appeared during late adolescence, and no new genetic influences emerged by age 21. Environmental influences shared by sibling pairs decreased with age, while the proportion of nonshared environmental effects unique to each individual remained relatively stable over the course of development. Shared environmental influences were largely age-overlapping, whereas nonshared environmental influences were largely age-specific. In summary, this study found variance in affiliation with deviant peers is explained by shared and nonshared environment effects as well as by genetic influences (46% by age 21), supporting the role of genetically influenced selection factors. The shared environment was almost exclusively responsible for the stability in late adolescence, while genetic influences were primarily responsible for stability in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin C Tully
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University
| | | | | | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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Edwards AC, Kendler KS. Alcohol consumption in men is influenced by qualitatively different genetic factors in adolescence and adulthood. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1857-1868. [PMID: 23282961 PMCID: PMC3670965 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is influenced by genetic factors. Previous studies have examined the heritability of alcohol consumption, or related phenotypes, from adolescence into adulthood, frequently finding that total heritability changes over time. However, it remains unclear whether the same genes underlie liability to alcohol consumption across development versus whether novel risk genes become important over time. Method A population-based study of adult male twins (n=1790) born in Virginia, USA, retrospectively reported on their average monthly alcohol consumption from early adolescence through adulthood. We used twin modeling methods to explore genetic and environmental influences on alcohol consumption over time. RESULTS One latent genetic factor accounted for the majority of the heritability in alcohol consumption during mid- to late adolescence, but its influence declined thereafter; from young adulthood forward, heritability was largely attributable to a second genetic factor. The total heritability of alcohol consumption increased from 0 at ages 12-14 years to 0.40 by ages 18-21 years. Shared environmental factors declined in influence over time. CONCLUSIONS The heritability of alcohol consumption over time is dynamic both quantitatively and qualitatively. These results have important implications for gene identification endeavors. Furthermore, these findings could inform efforts to elucidate developmentally dynamic behaviors, such as antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA.
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Chorlian DB, Rangaswamy M, Manz N, Wang JC, Dick D, Almasy L, Bauer L, Bucholz K, Foroud T, Hesselbrock V, Kang SJ, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Nurnberger J, Rice J, Schuckit M, Tischfield J, Edenberg HJ, Goate A, Bierut L, Porjesz B. Genetic and neurophysiological correlates of the age of onset of alcohol use disorders in adolescents and young adults. Behav Genet 2013; 43:386-401. [PMID: 23963516 PMCID: PMC4110722 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Discrete time survival analysis was used to assess the age-specific association of event-related oscillations (EROs) and CHRM2 gene variants on the onset of regular alcohol use and alcohol dependence. The subjects were 2,938 adolescents and young adults ages 12-25. Results showed that the CHRM2 gene variants and ERO risk factors had hazards which varied considerably with age. The bulk of the significant age-specific associations occurred in those whose age of onset was under 16. These associations were concentrated in those subjects who at some time took an illicit drug. These results are consistent with studies which associate greater rates of alcohol dependence among those who begin drinking at an early age. The age specificity of the genetic and neurophysiological factors is consistent with recent studies of adolescent brain development, which locate an interval of heightened vulnerability to substance use disorders in the early to mid teens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Chorlian
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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Geels LM, Vink JM, van Beek JHDA, Bartels M, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI. Increases in alcohol consumption in women and elderly groups: evidence from an epidemiological study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:207. [PMID: 23497391 PMCID: PMC3720280 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most Western countries, alcohol consumption continues to increase, specifically among women and older adults. Insight into these trends may aid intervention strategies. Here we present data on alcohol consumption by age and sex as well as associations between alcohol use and demographic lifestyle/traits. The data are from a large (N>16,000) population-based Dutch sample, ascertained based on the presence of twins in the family. METHODS A set of 16 indicators of normative and problematic alcohol use was assessed in participants of the Netherlands Twin Register between 2009-2012 (ages 18-97; 6,052 men; 10,535 women). Alcohol consumption and demographic/lifestyle traits, including educational attainment, work-related/financial stress, urbanization, religiousness, smoking/cannabis initiation, and BMI were described by age and sex. Associations were examined by regressing aspects of alcohol use on age, sex, their interaction, and demographic/lifestyle variables. RESULTS Age, sex, and initiation of cigarette and cannabis use were the most important predictors of alcohol use. Frequency of alcohol use was lowest between 18-25 years, with 3.2% of men and .6% of women drinking 6-7 times/week, and highest above age 65 years, with 30.6-32.7% of men and 20.2-22.0% of women drinking 6-7 times/week. Women consumed the lowest quantities of alcohol between 25-45 years, with a 5.7-5.9% prevalence of excessive drinking (>14 glasses/week), and the largest quantities between 55-65 years (15.5% excessive drinkers). Age at alcohol initiation, onset of regular drinking, and first alcohol intoxication were lowest between ages 18-25 years and highest above age 65 years. Among older participants, men initiated alcohol use and regular drinking earlier, and had lower age at first intoxication than women, but among young adults, no sex differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption was high in the elderly Dutch population, especially among women. Alcohol initiation, onset of regular drinking, and first alcohol intoxication occur at increasingly younger ages, and the previous gap between men and women in age at alcohol initiation, onset of regular drinking, and first alcohol intoxication has closed almost entirely. Heavy alcohol use was most strongly predicted by older age, sex (male), and initiation of smoking and cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lot M Geels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Hesselbrock MN, Hesselbrock VM, Chartier KG. Genetics of alcohol dependence and social work research: do they mix? SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 28:178-193. [PMID: 23731413 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2013.758999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since completion of the mapping of the human genome in early 2000, tremendous progress has been made in the identification of many different genes associated with our health and across diseases. Although social work researchers are not expected to conduct genetic research at the molecular level, it is imperative that we are able to understand the basic genetic findings related to behavioral problems and are able to translate and integrate this information into psychosocial treatment approaches and program development. This article is an introduction and overview of genetic approaches, using studies of the genetics of alcoholism to exemplify important issues. The literature review is not comprehensive and focuses primarily on the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism project as an example of a multidisciplinary and integrative approach to the genetic study of a major health problem often encountered in social work practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michie N Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry , University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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McCutcheon VV, Grant JD, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Sartor CE, Nelson EC, Madden PAF, Martin NG. Environmental influences predominate in remission from alcohol use disorder in young adult twins. Psychol Med 2012; 42:2421-2431. [PMID: 22423619 PMCID: PMC3752317 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171200044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial influences on remission from alcohol use disorder (AUD) have been studied using family history of AUD rather than family history of remission. The current study used a remission phenotype in a twin sample to examine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to remission. METHOD The sample comprised 6183 twins with an average age of 30 years from the Australian Twin Registry. Lifetime history of alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms and symptom recency were assessed with a structured telephone interview. AUD was defined broadly and narrowly as history of two or more or three or more abuse or dependence symptoms. Remission was defined as absence of symptoms at time of interview among individuals with lifetime AUD. Standard bivariate genetic analyses were conducted to derive estimates of genetic and environmental influences on AUD and remission. RESULTS Environmental influences alone accounted for remission in males and for 89% of influences on remission in females, with 11% due to genetic influences shared with AUD, which decreased the likelihood of remission. For women, more than 80% of influences on remission were distinct from influences on AUD, and environmental influences were from individual experiences only. For men, just over 50% of influences on remission were distinct from those on AUD, and the influence of environments shared with the co-twin were substantial. The results for the broad and narrow phenotypes were similar. CONCLUSIONS The current study establishes young adult remission as a phenotype distinct from AUD and highlights the importance of environmental influences on remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V. McCutcheon
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - J. D. Grant
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - A. C. Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - K. K. Bucholz
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - C. E. Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - E. C. Nelson
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - P. A. F. Madden
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - N. G. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queensland Institute for Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Luecken LJ, Roubinov DS. Pathways to lifespan health following childhood parental death. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2012; 6:243-257. [PMID: 23555319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The death of a parent is a profoundly stressful form of childhood adversity, increasing the short- and long-term risk of mental health problems. Emerging research suggests it may also disrupt biological regulatory systems and increase the risk of long-term physical health problems. This article presents a theoretical framework of the process by which the experience of parental death during childhood may influence mental and physical health outcomes over time. Drawing from a broad literature on adaptation following childhood parental loss, we focus on risk and protective factors in the childhood environment that are theoretically and empirically linked to emotional and biological regulatory responses to stress later in life, the effects of which may accumulate to impact long-term health.
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de Moor MHM, Vink JM, van Beek JHDA, Geels LM, Bartels M, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI. Heritability of problem drinking and the genetic overlap with personality in a general population sample. Front Genet 2011; 2:76. [PMID: 22303371 PMCID: PMC3268629 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the heritability of problem drinking and investigated the phenotypic and genetic relationships between problem drinking and personality. In a sample of 5,870 twins and siblings and 4,420 additional family members from the Netherlands Twin Register. Data on problem drinking (assessed with the AUDIT and CAGE; 12 items) and personality [NEO Five-Factor Inventory (FFI); 60 items] were collected in 2009/2010 by surveys. Confirmatory factor analysis on the AUDIT and CAGE items showed that the items clustered on two separate but highly correlated (r = 0.74) underlying factors. A higher-order factor was extracted that reflected those aspects of problem drinking that are common to the AUDIT and CAGE, which showed a heritability of 40%. The correlations between problem drinking and the five dimensions of personality were small but significant, ranging from 0.06 for Extraversion to −0.12 for Conscientiousness. All personality dimensions (with broad-sense heritabilities between 32 and 55%, and some evidence for non-additive genetic influences) were genetically correlated with problem drinking. The genetic correlations were small to modest (between |0.12| and |0.41|). Future studies with longitudinal data and DNA polymorphisms are needed to determine the biological mechanisms that underlie the genetic link between problem drinking and personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen H M de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Dick DM. Developmental Changes in Genetic Influences on Alcohol Use and Dependence. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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