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Yang H, Gao J, Peng X, Han Y. Application of synthetic biology strategies to promote biosynthesis of fatty acids and their derivatives. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2024; 128:83-104. [PMID: 39059844 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acids and their derivatives are indispensable biomolecules in all organisms, and can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, biofuels and pesticides, and thus their demand has increased dramatically in recent years. In addition to serving as structural components of cell membranes and metabolic energy, fatty acids and their derivatives can also be used as signal transduction and regulatory bioactive molecules to regulate cell functions. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and their derivatives through microbial catalysis provides green and alternative options to meet the goal. However, the low biosynthetic titer of fatty acids and their derivatives limits their industrial production and application. In this review, we first summarize the metabolic pathways and related enzymes of fatty acids and their derivatives biosynthesis. Then, the strategies and research progress of biosynthesis of fatty acids and derivatives through metabolic and enzyme engineering were reviewed. The biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids (medium chain fatty acids and long chain fatty acids), bioactive fatty acids (PUFAs, oxylipins, ether lipids), and their derivatives with microbial and enzymatic catalysis were respectively summarized. Finally, synthetic biology strategies to improve fatty acids and their derivatives production through enzyme rational design, carbon metabolism flux, cofactors balance, and metabolic pathways design were discussed. The review provides references and prospects for fatty acids and their derivatives biosynthesis and industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqian Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yejun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Rajpurohit H, Eiteman MA. Citrate synthase variants improve yield of acetyl-CoA derived 3-hydroxybutyrate in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:173. [PMID: 38867236 PMCID: PMC11167817 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbial chiral product (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) is a gateway to several industrial and medical compounds. Acetyl-CoA is the key precursor for 3-HB, and several native pathways compete with 3-HB production. The principal competing pathway in wild-type Escherichia coli for acetyl-CoA is mediated by citrate synthase (coded by gltA), which directs over 60% of the acetyl-CoA into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Eliminating citrate synthase activity (deletion of gltA) prevents growth on glucose as the sole carbon source. In this study, an alternative approach is used to generate an increased yield of 3-HB: citrate synthase activity is reduced but not eliminated by targeted substitutions in the chromosomally expressed enzyme. RESULTS Five E. coli GltA variants were examined for 3-HB production via heterologous overexpression of a thiolase (phaA) and NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phaB) from Cupriavidus necator. In shake flask studies, four variants showed nearly 5-fold greater 3-HB yield compared to the wild-type, although pyruvate accumulated. Overexpression of either native thioesterases TesB or YciA eliminated pyruvate formation, but diverted acetyl-CoA towards acetate formation. Overexpression of pantothenate kinase similarly decreased pyruvate formation but did not improve 3-HB yield. Controlled batch studies at the 1.25 L scale demonstrated that the GltA[A267T] variant produced the greatest 3-HB titer of 4.9 g/L with a yield of 0.17 g/g. In a phosphate-starved repeated batch process, E. coli ldhA poxB pta-ackA gltA::gltA[A267T] generated 15.9 g/L 3-HB (effective concentration of 21.3 g/L with dilution) with yield of 0.16 g/g from glucose as the sole carbon source. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that GltA variants offer a means to affect the generation of acetyl-CoA derived products. This approach should benefit a wide range of acetyl-CoA derived biochemical products in E. coli and other microbes. Enhancing substrate affinity of the introduced pathway genes like thiolase towards acetyl-CoA will likely further increase the flux towards 3-HB while reducing pyruvate and acetate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Eiteman
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Dong T, Zhang L, Hao S, Yang J, Peng Y. Interspecies cooperation-driven photogenerated electron transfer processes and efficient multi-pathway nitrogen removal in the g-C 3N 4-anammox consortia biohybrid system. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121532. [PMID: 38564893 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic materials-microbial biohybrid systems pave the way for solar-driven wastewater nitrogen removal. In this study, interspecies cooperation in photogenerated electron transfer and efficient nitrogen removal mechanism in the g-C3N4-anammox consortia biohybrid system were first deciphered. The results indicated that the essential extracellular electron carriers (cytochrome c and flavin) for anammox genomes were provided by associated bacteria (BACT3 and CHLO2). This cooperation, regulated by the ArcAB system and electron transfer flavoprotein, made anammox bacteria the primary photogenerated electron sink. Furthermore, an efficient photogenerated electron harness was used to construct a reductive glycine pathway (rGlyP) in anammox bacteria inventively, which coexisted with the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP), constituting a dual-pathway carbon fixation model, rGlyP-WLP. Carbon fixation products efficiently contributed to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while inhibiting electron diversion in anabolism. Photogenerated electrons were targeted channeled into nitrogen metabolism-available electron carriers, enhancing anammox and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) processes. Moreover, ammonia assimilation by the glycine cleavage system in rGlyP established an alternative ammonia removal route. Ultimately, multi-pathway nitrogen removal involving anammox, DNRA, and rGlyP achieved 100 % ammonia removal and 94.25 % total nitrogen removal efficiency. This study has expanded understanding of anammox metabolic diversity, enhancing its potential application in carbon-neutral wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Shiwei Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jiachun Yang
- China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 100-0011, Japan
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing, 100124, China
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Wang D, He Z, Xia H, Huang J, Jin Y, Zhou R, Hao L, Wu C. Engineering acetyl-CoA metabolism to enhance stress tolerance of yeast by regulating membrane functionality. Food Microbiol 2023; 115:104322. [PMID: 37567632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii has excellent fermentation performance and good tolerance to osmotic stress. Acetyl-CoA is a crucial intermediate precursor in the central carbon metabolic pathway of yeast. This study investigated the effect of engineering acetyl-CoA metabolism on the membrane functionality and stress tolerance of yeast. Firstly, exogenous supplementation of acetyl-CoA improved the biomass and the ability of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis of Z. rouxii under salt stress. Q-PCR results suggested that the gene ACSS (coding acetyl-CoA synthetase) was significantly up-expressed. Subsequently, the gene ACSS from Z. rouxii was transformed and heterologously expressed in S. cerevisiae. The recombinant cells exhibited better multiple stress (salt, acid, heat, and cold) tolerance, higher fatty acid contents, membrane integrity, and fluidity. Our findings may provide a suitable means to enhance the stress tolerance and fermentation efficiency of yeast under harsh fermentation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zixi He
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Huan Xia
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Kudo H, Ono S, Abe K, Matsuda M, Hasunuma T, Nishizawa T, Asayama M, Nishihara H, Chohnan S. Enhanced supply of acetyl-CoA by exogenous pantothenate kinase promotes synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:75. [PMID: 37081440 PMCID: PMC10116679 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coenzyme A (CoA) is a carrier of acyl groups. This cofactor is synthesized from pantothenic acid in five steps. The phosphorylation of pantothenate is catalyzed by pantothenate kinase (CoaA), which is a key step in the CoA biosynthetic pathway. To determine whether the enhancement of the CoA biosynthetic pathway is effective for producing useful substances, the effect of elevated acetyl-CoA levels resulting from the introduction of the exogenous coaA gene on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] synthesis was determined in Escherichia coli, which express the genes necessary for cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis (phaABEC). RESULTS E. coli containing the coaA gene in addition to the pha genes accumulated more P(3HB) compared with the transformant containing the pha genes alone. P(3HB) production was enhanced by precursor addition, with P(3HB) content increasing from 18.4% (w/w) to 29.0% in the presence of 0.5 mM pantothenate and 16.3%-28.2% by adding 0.5 mM β-alanine. Strains expressing the exogenous coaA in the presence of precursors contained acetyl-CoA in excess of 1 nmol/mg of dry cell wt, which promoted the reaction toward P(3HB) formation. The amount of acetate exported into the medium was three times lower in the cells carrying exogenous coaA and pha genes than in the cells carrying pha genes alone. This was attributed to significantly enlarging the intracellular pool size of CoA, which is the recipient of acetic acid and is advantageous for microbial production of value-added materials. CONCLUSIONS Enhancing the CoA biosynthetic pathway with exogenous CoaA was effective at increasing P(3HB) production. Supplementing the medium with pantothenate facilitated the accumulation of P(3HB). β-Alanine was able to replace the efficacy of adding pantothenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kudo
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Sho Ono
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Kenta Abe
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Nishizawa
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Munehiko Asayama
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nishihara
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Shigeru Chohnan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
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Chen AY, Ku JT, Tsai TP, Hung JJ, Hung BC, Lan EI. Metabolic Engineering Design Strategies for Increasing Carbon Fluxes Relevant for Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 183:105-144. [PMID: 37093259 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are promising microbial cell factories for the direct production of biochemicals and biofuels from CO2. Through genetic and metabolic engineering, they can be modified to produce a variety of both natural and non-natural compounds. To enhance the yield of these products, various design strategies have been developed. In this chapter, strategies used to enhance metabolic fluxes towards common precursors used in biosynthesis, including pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, TCA cycle intermediates, and aromatics, are discussed. Additionally, strategies related to cofactor availability and mixotrophic conditions for bioproduction are also summarize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Y Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Jason T Ku
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Teresa P Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Jenny J Hung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Billy C Hung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Ethan I Lan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.
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7
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Gao L, She M, Shi J, Cai D, Wang D, Xiong M, Shen G, Gao J, Zhang M, Yang Z, Chen S. Enhanced production of iturin A by strengthening fatty acid synthesis modules in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:974460. [PMID: 36159706 PMCID: PMC9500472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.974460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iturin A is a biosurfactant with various applications, and its low synthesis capability limits its production and application development. Fatty acids play a critical role in cellular metabolism and target product syntheses, and the relationship between fatty acid supplies and iturin A synthesis is unclear. In this study, we attempted to increase iturin A production via strengthening fatty acid synthesis pathways in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. First, acetyl-CoA carboxylase AccAD and ACP S-malonyltransferase fabD were overexpressed via promoter replacement, and iturin A yield was increased to 1.36 g/L by 2.78-fold in the resultant strain HZ-ADF1. Then, soluble acyl-ACP thioesterase derived from Escherichia coli showed the best performance for iturin A synthesis, as compared to those derived from B. amyloliquefaciens and Corynebacterium glutamicum, the introduction of which in HZ-ADF1 further led to a 57.35% increase of iturin A yield, reaching 2.14 g/L. Finally, long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase LcfA was overexpressed in HZ-ADFT to attain the final strain HZ-ADFTL2, and iturin A yield reached 2.96 g/L, increasing by 6.59-fold, and the contents of fatty acids were enhanced significantly in HZ-ADFTL2, as compared to the original strain HZ-12. Taken together, our results implied that strengthening fatty acid supplies was an efficient approach for iturin A production, and this research provided a promising strain for industrial production of iturin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Menglin She
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoming Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaming Gao
- Hubei Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Zhifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Shouwen Chen, ; Zhifan Yang,
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
- *Correspondence: Shouwen Chen, ; Zhifan Yang,
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Fang Y, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Liu L, Wang H. Protective effects of mitochondrial fission inhibition on ox-LDL induced VSMC foaming via metabolic reprogramming. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970151. [PMID: 36120304 PMCID: PMC9478346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the most common diseases in middle-age and elderly population. Lipid metabolism disorder induced foaming of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is an important pathological process of AS. Mitochondria plays an important role in lipids metabolism. While it is not known whether regulating mitochondrial function can protect ox-LDL induced VSMC foaming via metabolic reprogramming. With ox-LDL induced mouse model of VSMC injury, the injury effect of ox-LDL and the protective effect of mdivi-1, the mitochondrial fission inhibitor on mitochondrial morphology and function of VSMC, and the formation of lipid droplet were observed. With metabonomics and proteomics techniques, the main lipid metabolites and regulation proteins were identified. The results showed that Ox-LDL induced a significant mitochondrial fission and fragmentation of VSMC, and mitochondrial function disorder along with lipid deposition and foaming. Mdivi-1 significantly antagonized the damage effect of ox-LDL on mitochondrial morphology and function of VSMC, and blocked the lipid deposition. Metabonomics analysis found 848 different metabolites between ox-LDL and mdivi-1 treatment group, in which the lipid metabolites were the main, and heptadecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid and myristic acid were the critical metabolites changed most. Proteomics results showed that there were 125 differential expressed proteins between ox-LDL and mdivi-1 treatment, acetyl -CoA carboxylase1 and fatty acid synthase were the main differential expressed proteins. This study suggest that Mitochondrial fission plays an important role in VSMC lipid deposition and foaming. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission may effectively fight against ox-LDL induced lipid deposition and foaming of VSMC via improving mitochondrial function and metabolic reprogramming. This finding provides a new insight for prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Liangming Liu, ; Huadong Wang,
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Liangming Liu, ; Huadong Wang,
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Mechanistic Insight into Phenolic Compounds Toxicity and State-of-the-art Strategies for Enhancing the Tolerance of Escherichia coli to Phenolic Compounds. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Kaku M, Ishidaira M, Satoh S, Ozaki M, Kohari D, Chohnan S. Fatty Acid Production by Enhanced Malonyl-CoA Supply in Escherichia coli. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:269. [PMID: 35881256 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of exogenous genes encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc) and pantothenate kinase (CoaA) in Escherichia coli enable highly effective fatty acid production. Acc-only strains grown at 37 °C or 23 °C produced an approximately twofold increase in fatty acid content, and additional expression of CoaA achieved a further twofold accumulation. In the presence of pantothenate, which is the starting material for the CoA biosynthetic pathway, the size of the intracellular CoA pool at 23 °C was comparable to that at 30 °C during cultivation, and more than 500 mg/L of culture containing cellular fatty acids was produced, even at 23 °C. However, the highest yield of cellular fatty acids (1100 mg/L of culture) was produced in cells possessing the gene encoding type I bacterial fatty acid synthase (FasA) along with the acc and coaA, when the transformant was cultivated at 30 °C in M9 minimal salt medium without pantothenate or IPTG. This E. coli transformant contained 141 mg/L of oleic acid attributed to FasA under noninducible conditions. The increased fatty acid content was brought about by a greatly improved specific productivity of 289 mg/g of dry cell weight. Thus, the effectiveness of the foreign acc and coaA in fatty acid production was unambiguously confirmed at culture temperatures of 23 °C to 37 °C. Cofactor engineering in E. coli using the exogenous coaA and acc genes resulted in fatty acid production over 1 g/L of culture and could effectively function at 23 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moena Kaku
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Mei Ishidaira
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Shusaku Satoh
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Miho Ozaki
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kohari
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Shigeru Chohnan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
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11
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Liu L, Ma X, Bilal M, Wei L, Tang S, Luo H, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Duan X. Toxicity and inhibition mechanism of gallic acid on physiology and fermentation performance of Escherichia coli. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:76. [PMID: 38647760 PMCID: PMC10992115 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid is a natural phenolic acid that has a stress inhibition effect on Escherichia coli. This study by integrates fermentation characteristics and transcriptional analyses to elucidate the physiological mechanism of E. coli 3110 response to gallic acid. Compared with the control (without stress), the cell growth was severely retarded, and irregular cell morphology appeared in the case of high levels of gallic acid stress. The glucose consumption of E. coli was reduced successively with the increase of gallic acid content in the fermentation medium. After 20 h of gallic acid stress, cofactor levels (ATP, NAD+ and NADH) of E. coli 3110 were similarly decreased, indicating a more potent inhibitory effect of gallic acid on E. coli. The transcriptional analysis revealed that gallic acid altered the gene expression profiles related to five notable differentially regulated pathways. The genes related to the two-component system were up-regulated, while the genes associated with ABC-transporter, energy metabolism, carbon metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis were down-regulated. This is the first report to comprehensively assess the toxicity of gallic acid on E. coli. This study has implications for the efficient production of phenolic compounds by E. coli and provides new ideas for the study of microbial tolerance to environmental stress and the identification of associated tolerance targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Linlin Wei
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hongzhen Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Xuguo Duan
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Characterization of ampicillin-resistant genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105573. [PMID: 35588966 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is strongly resistant to ampicillin (AMP). In this study, AMP-resistant genes in V. parahaemolyticus ATCC33846 were characterized. Transcriptomic analysis of V. parahaemolyticus exposed to AMP revealed 4608 differentially transcribed genes, including 670 significantly up-regulated genes and 655 significantly down-regulated genes. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, significantly modulated genes in ATCC33846 under AMP stimulation were observed in the following categories: microbial metabolism in diverse environments, metabolic pathways, bacterial secretion system, citrate cycle, biofilm formation, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome, citrate cycle, pyruvate metabolism, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism. The genes VPA0510, VPA0252, VPA0699, VPA0768, VPA0320, VP0636, VPA1096, VPA0947 and VP1775 were significantly up-regulated at the similar level to blaA in V. parahaemolyticus under AMP stimulation, and their overexpression in V. parahaemolyticus could increase its resistance to AMP. These results indicate that AMP has a global influence on V. parahaemolyticus cells. The findings would provide new insights into the resistant mechanism of V. parahaemolyticus to AMP, which would be helpful for developing novel drugs for treating V. parahaemolyticus infection.
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13
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Zhang XY, Li B, Huang BC, Wang FB, Zhang YQ, Zhao SG, Li M, Wang HY, Yu XJ, Liu XY, Jiang J, Wang ZP. Production, Biosynthesis, and Commercial Applications of Fatty Acids From Oleaginous Fungi. Front Nutr 2022; 9:873657. [PMID: 35694158 PMCID: PMC9176664 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleaginous fungi (including fungus-like protists) are attractive in lipid production due to their short growth cycle, large biomass and high yield of lipids. Some typical oleaginous fungi including Galactomyces geotrichum, Thraustochytrids, Mortierella isabellina, and Mucor circinelloides, have been well studied for the ability to accumulate fatty acids with commercial application. Here, we review recent progress toward fermentation, extraction, of fungal fatty acids. To reduce cost of the fatty acids, fatty acid productions from raw materials were also summarized. Then, the synthesis mechanism of fatty acids was introduced. We also review recent studies of the metabolic engineering strategies have been developed as efficient tools in oleaginous fungi to overcome the biochemical limit and to improve production efficiency of the special fatty acids. It also can be predictable that metabolic engineering can further enhance biosynthesis of fatty acids and change the storage mode of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bei-Chen Huang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng-Biao Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue-Qi Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shao-Geng Zhao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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14
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Cheng Z, He X, Wu Z, Weng P. Improving the viability of powdered Lactobacillus fermentum Lf01 with complex lyoprotectants by maintaining cell membrane integrity and regulating related genes. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14181. [PMID: 35393671 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Lactobacillus fermentum Lf01, which was screened out in the early stage of the experiment, had better fermentation performance as the research objectives, and was prepared into powder by vacuum freeze-drying technology. We used response surface methodology to optimize the composition of the mixture used to protect powdered L. fermentum. Our data demonstrated that 10% skim milk, 12% sucrose, 0.767% tyrosine, and 2.033% sorbitol ensured the highest survival rate (92.7%) of L. fermentum. We have initially explored the potential mechanism of the complex protectants through the protection effect under the electron microscope, and the analysis methods of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transcriptomics. The complex protectants could effectively maintain the permeability barrier and structural integrity of cell membrane and avoid the leakage of cell contents. Transcriptomic data have also indicated that the protective effect of the complex protectants on bacteria during freeze-drying was most likely achieved through the regulation of related genes. We identified 240 differential genes in the treatment group, including 231 up-regulated genes and 9 down-regulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses of differential expression genes (DEGs) indicated that genes involved in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport, fatty acid biosynthesis and cell growth were significantly up-regulated. These new results provided novel insights into the potential mechanism of lyoprotectants at the cellular level, morphological level, and gene level of the bacteria. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In our study, a strain of Lactobacillus fermentum Lf01 with good fermentation performance was selected to be prepared into powder by freeze-drying technique. Bacterial cells were unavoidably damaged during the freeze-drying process. As a result, we investigated the protective effects on L. fermentum of ten distinct freeze-dried protectants and their mixtures. We were also attempting to explain the mechanism of action of the complex protectants at the cellular level, morphological level, and gene level of the bacteria. This presents very important theoretical and practical significance for the preservation of strains and the production of commercial direct-investment starter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli He
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Zufang Wu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifang Weng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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15
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Xia TY, Chen XA, Liu YQ, Scharf DH, Zhao QW, Li YQ. Redirection of acyl donor metabolic flux for lipopeptide A40926B0 biosynthesis. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1852-1866. [PMID: 35213090 PMCID: PMC9151331 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic flux of fatty acyl‐CoAs determines lipopeptide biosynthesis efficiency, because acyl donor competition often occurs from polyketide biosynthesis and homologous pathways. We used A40926B0 as a model to investigate this mechanism. The lipopeptide A40926B0 with a fatty acyl group is the active precursor of dalbavancin, which is considered as a new lipoglycopeptide antibiotic. The biosynthetic pathway of fatty acyl‐CoAs in the A40926B0 producer Nonomuraea gerenzanensis L70 was efficiently engineered using endogenous replicon CRISPR (erCRISPR). A polyketide pathway and straight‐chain fatty acid biosynthesis were identified as major competitors in the malonyl‐CoA pool. Therefore, we modified both pathways to concentrate acyl donors for the production of the desired compound. Combined with multiple engineering approaches, including blockage of an acetylation side reaction, overexpression of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, duplication of the dbv gene cluster and optimization of the fermentation parameters, the final strain produced 702.4 mg l‐1 of A40926B0, a 2.66‐fold increase, and the ratio was increased from 36.2% to 81.5%. Additionally, an efficient erCRISPR‐Cas9 editing system based on an endogenous replicon was specifically developed for L70, which increased conjugation efficiency by 660% and gene‐editing efficiency was up to 90%. Our strategy of redirecting acyl donor metabolic flux can be widely adopted for the metabolic engineering of lipopeptide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Xia
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Ai Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing-Wei Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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16
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Sawant N, Singh H, Appukuttan D. Overview of the Cellular Stress Responses Involved in Fatty Acid Overproduction in E. coli. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:373-387. [PMID: 34796451 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Research on microbial fatty acid metabolism started in the late 1960s, and till date, various developments have aided in elucidating the fatty acid metabolism in great depth. Over the years, synthesis of microbial fatty acid has drawn industrial attention due to its diverse applications. However, fatty acid overproduction imparts various stresses on its metabolic pathways causing a bottleneck to further increase the fatty acid yields. Numerous strategies to increase fatty acid titres in Escherichia coli by pathway modulation have already been published, but the stress generated during fatty acid overproduction is relatively less studied. Stresses like pH, osmolarity and oxidative stress, not only lower fatty acid titres, but also alter the cell membrane composition, protein expression and membrane fluidity. This review discusses an overview of fatty acid synthesis pathway and presents a panoramic view of various stresses caused due to fatty acid overproduction in E. coli. It also addresses how certain stresses like high temperature and nitrogen limitation can boost fatty acid production. This review paper also highlights the interconnections that exist between these stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sawant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Harinder Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
| | - Deepti Appukuttan
- Biosystems Engineering Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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17
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Aamer Mehmood M, Shahid A, Malik S, Wang N, Rizwan Javed M, Nabeel Haider M, Verma P, Umer Farooq Ashraf M, Habib N, Syafiuddin A, Boopathy R. Advances in developing metabolically engineered microbial platforms to produce fourth-generation biofuels and high-value biochemicals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125510. [PMID: 34320777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Producing bio-based chemicals is imperative to establish an eco-friendly circular bioeconomy. However, the compromised titer of these biochemicals hampers their commercial implementation. Advances in genetic engineering tools have enabled researchers to develop robust strains producing desired titers of the next-generation biofuels and biochemicals. The native and non-native pathways have been extensively engineered in various host strains via pathway reconstruction and metabolic flux redirection of lipid metabolism and central carbon metabolism to produce myriad biomolecules including alcohols, isoprenoids, hydrocarbons, fatty-acids, and their derivatives. This review has briefly covered the research efforts made during the previous decade to produce advanced biofuels and biochemicals through engineered microbial platforms along with the engineering approaches employed. The efficiency of the various techniques along with their shortcomings is also covered to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and future directions to achieve higher titer of fourth-generation biofuels and biochemicals while keeping environmental sustainability intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China; Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Shahid
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Malik
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Javed
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nabeel Haider
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - Muhammad Umer Farooq Ashraf
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nida Habib
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Achmad Syafiuddin
- Department of Public Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, 60237 Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Raj Boopathy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA.
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18
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Odutayo OE, Omonigbehin EA, Olawole TD, Ogunlana OO, Afolabi IS. Fermentation Enhanced Biotransformation of Compounds in the Kernel of Chrysophyllum albidum. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246021. [PMID: 33352625 PMCID: PMC7768532 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysophyllum albidum Linn (African star apple) is a fruit with extensive nutritional and medicinal benefits. The fruit and kernel in the seed are both edible. Strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from fermented seeds and assessed for probiotic characteristics. The extracts in both the unfermented and the fermented aqueous extracts from the kernels obtained from the seeds of C. albidum were subjected to analysis using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. This analysis identified the bioactive compounds present as possible substrate(s) for the associated organisms inducing the fermentation and the resultant biotransformed products formed. Three potential probiotic LAB strains identified as Lactococcus raffinolactis (ProbtA1), Lactococcus lactis (ProbtA2a), and Pediococcus pentosaceus (ProbtA2b) were isolated from the fermented C. albidum seeds. All strains were non hemolytic, which indicated their safety, Probt (A1, A2a, and A2b) grew in an acidic environment (pH 3.5) during the 48-h incubation time, and all three strains grew in 1% bile, and exhibited good hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation properties. Mucin binding proteins was not detected in any strain, and bile salt hydrolase was detected in all the strains. l-lactic acid (28.57%), norharman (5.07%), formyl 7E-hexadecenoate (1.73%), and indole (1.51%) were the four major constituents of the fermented kernel of the C. albidum, while 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (C1, 1.27%), 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one (C2, 2.90%), indole (C3, 1.31%), norharman (C4, 3.01%), and methyl petroselinate (C5, 4.33%) were the five major constituents of the unfermented kernels. The isolated LAB are safe for consumption. The fermenting process metabolized C1, C2, and C5, which are possible starter cultures for the growth of probiotics. Fermentation is an essential tool for bioengineering molecules in foods into safe and health beneficial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatofunmi E. Odutayo
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota 100122, Nigeria; (O.E.O.); (T.D.O.); (O.O.O.)
| | - Emmanuel A. Omonigbehin
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota 100122, Nigeria;
| | - Tolulope D. Olawole
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota 100122, Nigeria; (O.E.O.); (T.D.O.); (O.O.O.)
| | - Olubanke O. Ogunlana
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota 100122, Nigeria; (O.E.O.); (T.D.O.); (O.O.O.)
| | - Israel S. Afolabi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota 100122, Nigeria; (O.E.O.); (T.D.O.); (O.O.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +234-803-392-3264
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