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Falandysz J, Kilanowicz A, Fernandes AR, Zhang J. Rare earth contamination of edible vegetation: Ce, La, and summed REE in fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:268. [PMID: 38506962 PMCID: PMC10954923 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The increasing and diversified use of rare earth elements (REE) is considered a potential source of pollution of environmental media including soils. This work documents critically overview data on the occurrence of REE in the fruiting bodies of wild and farmed species of edible and medicinal mushrooms, as this was identified as the largest published dataset of REE occurrence in foodstuff. Most of the literature reported occurrences of cerium (Ce) and lanthanum (La), but a number of studies lacked data on all lanthanides. The Ce, La, and summed REE occurrences were assessed through the criteria of environmental geochemistry, analytical chemistry, food toxicology, mushroom systematics, and ecology. Ce and La accumulate similarly in fruiting bodies and are not fractionated during uptake, maintaining the occurrence patterns of their growing substrates. Similarly, there is no credible evidence of variable REE uptake because the evaluated species data show natural, unfractionated patterns in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins' order of environmental lanthanide occurrence. Thus, lithosphere occurrence patterns of Ce and La as the first and the third most abundant lanthanides are reflected in wild and farmed mushrooms regardless of substrate and show that Ce is around twice more abundant than La. The current state of knowledge provides no evidence that mushroom consumption at these REE occurrence levels poses a health risk either by themselves or when included with other dietary exposure. Macromycetes appear to bio-exclude lanthanides because independently reported bioconcentration factors for different species and collection sites, typically range from < 1 to 0.001. This is reflected in fruiting body concentrations which are four to two orders of magnitude lower than growing substrates. KEY POINTS: •Original REE occurrence patterns in soils/substrates are reflected in mushrooms •No evidence for the fractionation of REE during uptake by fungi •Mushrooms bio-exclude REE in fruiting bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ji Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650200, China
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Falandysz J, Fernandes AR. A critical review of the occurrence of scandium and yttrium in mushrooms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 125:107-141. [PMID: 38783723 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Scandium (Sc) and Yttrium (Y) along with the other rare earth elements (REE) are being increasingly extracted to meet the escalating demand for their use in modern high technology applications. Concern has been voiced that releases from this escalating usage may pollute environments, including the habitats of wild species of mushrooms, many of which are foraged and prized as foods. This review collates the scarce information on occurrence of these elements in wild mushrooms and also reviews soil substrate levels, including forested habitats. Sc and Y occurred at lower levels in mushrooms (<1.0-1000 µg kg-1 dw for Sc and<1.8-1500 µg kg-1 dw for Y) compared to the corresponding range for the sum of the lanthanides in the same species (16-8400 µg kg-1 dw). The reported species showed considerably more variation in Y contents than Sc which show a narrow median distribution range (20-40 µg kg-1 dw). Data allowing temporal examination was very limited but showed no increasing trend between the 1970s to 2019, nor were any geographical influences apparent. The study of the essentiality, toxicity or other effects of REE including Sc and Y at levels of current dietary intake are as yet undefined. High intake scenarios using the highest median concentrations of Sc and Y, resulted in daily intakes of 1.2 and 3.3 μg respectively from 300 g portions of mushroom meals. These could be considered as low unless future toxicological insights make these intake levels relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Falandysz J. Comment on "Mineral composition of elements in wood-growing mushroom species collected from of two regions of Poland" by Mleczek et al., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10788-y. Focus on lanthanides for which the analytical quality of the results can be objectively and easily verified. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51371-51377. [PMID: 36905539 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Falandysz J. Lanthanides in macrofungi – Comment on “Mleczek, M., Rzymski, P., Budka, A., Siwulski, M., Jasińska, A., Kalać, P., Poniedziałek, B., Gąsecka, M., Niedzielski, P., 2018. Elemental characteristics of mushroom species cultivated in China and Poland. J. Food Compos. Anal. 66, 168–178”. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mędyk M, Falandysz J, Nnorom IC. Scandium, yttrium, and lanthanide occurrence in Cantharellus cibarius and C. minor mushrooms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:41473-41484. [PMID: 36633747 PMCID: PMC10067650 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of data on rare earth elements (REE), yttrium and scandium in foods which extends also to baseline datasets for edible wild mushrooms, though this has started to change in the last decade. Concentrations and shale normalized patterns of REE and Y (REY) were studied by using inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometer in 22 pools (2235 specimens) of Cantharellus cibarius (Golden Chanterelle) collected in Poland and also a pool of C. minor (Small Chanterelle) (153 specimens) from Yunnan (Chinese Province). The total REY plus Sc varied in C. cibarius from 10 to 593 µg kg-1 dw whereas that for the Yunnan's C. minor was 2072 µg kg-1 dw. C. minor from Yunnan has higher REY and Sc compared to the C. cibarius. Sc concentrations in twenty C. cibarius pools were below 1 µg kg-1 dw, but 17 and 27 µg kg-1 dw were detected at the other two sites and 66 µg kg-1 dw was detected in C. minor. The median Y content of C. cibarius and C. minor was 22 µg kg-1 dw and 200 µg kg-1 dw. The difference in REY and Sc concentrations and shale normalized patterns between mushrooms from Poland and Yunnan seems to reflect the regional difference in concentration and composition of these elements in the soil bedrock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mędyk
- Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 63 Wita Stwosza Str., 80-308, Gdańsk, PL, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Innocent Chidi Nnorom
- Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
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Falandysz J. Letter to the Editor - comment on: "Anthropogenic contamination leads to changes in mineral composition of soil- and tree-growing mushroom species: A case study of urban vs. rural environments and dietary implications"- rare earth elements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159484. [PMID: 36280082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
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Falandysz J. Letter to the editor: Comment on "multiannual monitoring (1974-2019) of rare earth elements in wild growing edible mushroom species in Polish forests" by Siwulski et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127173. A recurring question - What are the real concentrations and patterns of REE in mushrooms? CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137219. [PMID: 36384168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Siwulski et al. (2020) investigated the occurrence of the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu), scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) in 4 species of wild mushrooms, which were sampled over a 45 years period in Poland. The reported mean lanthanide concentrations for mushrooms were in the range from 539 to 1601 μg kg-1 dry weight. These values are considered as highly elevated in the light of data published earlier for the same species, where the analytical results were assessed as not being biased by errors (these could arise from contamination of the samples with soil dust or unsuitable choice of analytical methodology including the use of unsuitable analytical instrumentation for measurement). It has long been established that the lanthanides are naturally distributed in ores, soil bedrock, soils, natural waters and plants in a pattern that reflects the Oddo-Harkins rule. This pattern is correspondingly reflected in fungi, including the same species and have been published earlier by other authors. However, when the individual lanthanide concentration data of B. edulis, I. badia, L. scabrum and M. procera from the study by Siwulski et al. are plotted, they do not display the expected sawtooth (zigzag) concentration pattern - in other words, the concentration data do not follow the Oddo-Harkins rule. Lanthanides are naturally found in very low concentration in foods including wild mushrooms. There is a striking lack of convergence in the results obtained for ICP-MS techniques, and the results obtained from ICP-OES measurement (as used by Siwulski et al.). If the reasons discussed here for anomalies in the reported lanthanides data hold true, how does this affect the data for other elements in mushrooms reported in the commented article?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 1 Muszyńskiego St., 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
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Falandysz J. Comment on "Worldwide basket survey of multielemental composition of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus": The credibility of the concentration data reported for REE are questioned - are they reliable enough to be included in the database on nutrients in mushrooms? CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136857. [PMID: 36265707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this comment is on the Lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) which, together with Sc and Y are also called the rare earth elements (REE). Individual REE have similar chemical properties and can be treated as a group. They behave similarly in the environment and in food webs. However, the determination of REE in foods, including edible mushrooms is analytically very challenging. In study by Siwulski et al. (2020) concentrations were reported for Ce, Nd, Sm, La, Sm and Tm, but the others were not detected above the method quantification limit. The sum of Ce (340-2730 μg kg-1 dw), Nd (10-1220 μg kg-1 dw), Sm (10-420 μg kg-1 dw), La (10-130 μg kg-1 dw), Sm (10-420 μg kg-1 dw), Tm (10-170 μg kg-1 dw) in 32 samples of A. bisporus was in the range of 430-3510 μg kg-1 dry weight. The first visible characteristic is a large difference in the concentrations of Ce, Nd, Sm, La and Tm between the A. bisporus samples and various wild species and cultivated Cyclocybe cylindracea and Pleurotus ostreatus. Secondly, there is no correspondence with the Oddo-Harkins order and the concentrations pattern of Ce, Nd, Sm, La and Tm reported for the A. bisporus samples. The pattern is clearly different from that observed in the wild mushrooms and the two cultivated species reported by other studies. The ICP-OES and also the low resolution ICP-MS determination of REE directly from a fungal digest can suffer from spectral interferences of different types including an effect of the matrix which have to be overcome in the course of reliable and controlled analysis of REE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 1 Muszyńskiego St., 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
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Falandysz J. Comment on “Screening the Multi-element Content of Pleurotus Mushroom Species Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES)”. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLa, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu are lanthanides, also referred to as “rare earth” elements (occurring at ultra-low concentration, i.e. each, at ppb or lower levels) in plant and animal foods including edible wild mushrooms. Could it be that lanthanides when collectively reported as a summed value (widely referred to as REE) are at relatively high concentrations because extremely high contributions from individual elements? REE elements naturally occur in environmental media such as the soil substrate in which plants and fungi grow in a characteristic pattern (Oddo-Harkins rule), with most of the available literature confirming the extension of this pattern in fungi. Abnormalities therefore need to be examined closely and resolved.
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Mędyk M, Falandysz J. Occurrence, bio-concentration and distribution of rare earth elements in wild mushrooms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158159. [PMID: 35988594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using validated methodology, this study explores the bioconcentration potential and status of rare earth elements (REE) and yttrium (Y) in wild mushrooms collected from Belarus, China and Poland and in the associated forest topsoil. Baseline data for REE and Y distributions in the morphological parts of the fruiting bodies of Caloboletus calopus, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Imleria badia, Laccaria amethystina, Lactifluus piperatus, Leccinum scabrum and Suillus grevillei are presented. REE were in the range of 14 to 42 mg kg-1 dw in forest topsoil and from 35 to 48 mg kg-1 dw in profiled soil layers from the Sobowidz site in Poland. Forest topsoil sampled in Belarus contained 67 mg kg-1 dw. Yttrium concentrations in soil ranged from 2.9 to 10 mg kg-1 dw. The median REE concentration in wild mushrooms was around 200 μg kg-1 dw (20 μg kg-1 fresh weight). This implies negligible dietary intake even for high level consumers. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) of individual REE and Y ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0229, showing bio-exclusion. The BCF tended to be similar for groups of REE (La to Tb and Dy to Lu) depending on the mushroom species and site. REE from Dy to Lu were better bioconcentrated than those from La to Tb. The similarity of the BCFs of individual REE by species at a given site implies the same absorption pathway, although a lower concentration in the topsoil favoured bioconcentration. REE and Y concentrations varied between species as well as within the same species between sites. Their accumulation in mushrooms appears to reflect condition at the site of collection, and may also be species-specific but confirming this would require further investigation of different species, topsoils and sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mędyk
- University of Gdańsk, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 1 Muszyńskiego St., 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
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Günther A, Wollenberg A, Vogel M, Drobot B, Steudtner R, Freitag L, Hübner R, Stumpf T, Raff J. Speciation and spatial distribution of Eu(III) in fungal mycelium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158160. [PMID: 35988601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Europium, as an easy-to-study analog of the trivalent actinides, is of particular importance for studying the behavior of lanthanides and actinides in the environment. Since different soil organisms can influence the migration behavior of these elements, a detailed knowledge of these interaction mechanisms is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of mycelia of selected wood-inhabiting (S. commune, P. ostreatus, L. tigrinus) and soil-inhabiting fungi (L. naucinus) with Eu(III). In addition to determining the Eu(III) complexes in the sorption solution, the formed Eu(III) fungal species were characterized using scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, chemical microscopy in combination with the time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Our data show that S. commune exhibited significantly higher Eu(III) binding capacity in comparison to the other fungi. Depending on fungal strain, the metal was immobilized on the cell surface, in the cell membranes, and within the membranes of various organelles, or in the cytoplasm in some cases. During the bioassociation process two different Eu(III) fungal species were formed in all investigated fungal strain. The phosphate groups of organic ligands were identified as being important functional groups to bind Eu(III) and thus immobilize the metal in the fungal matrix. The information obtained contributes to a better understanding of the role of fungi in migration, removal or retention mechanisms of rare earth elements and trivalent actinides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Günther
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anne Wollenberg
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manja Vogel
- HZDR Innovation GmbH, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; VKTA-Strahlenschutz, Analytik & Entsorgung Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Drobot
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robin Steudtner
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Leander Freitag
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - René Hübner
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stumpf
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Raff
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Department of Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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Falandysz J. Comment on „Mineral composition of traditional and organic-cultivated mushroom Lentinula edodes in Europe and Asia – Similar or different?” – are the data on lanthanides correct? Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Falandysz J. Comment on: "Family and species as determinants modulating mineral composition of selected wild-growing mushroom species" by Mleczek et al., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10508-6. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:89796-89800. [PMID: 36269486 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
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Falandysz J, Nnorom IC, Mędyk M. Rare Earth Elements in Boletus edulis (King Bolete) Mushrooms from Lowland and Montane Areas in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158948. [PMID: 35897319 PMCID: PMC9331855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mining/exploitation and commercial applications of the rare-earth elements (REEs: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) in the past 3 decades have raised concerns about their emissions to the environment, possible accumulation in food webs, and occupational/environmental health effects. The occurrence and distribution of REEs Y and Sc in the fruitbodies of Boletus edulis collected from geographically diverse regions in Poland were studied in 14 composite samples that were derived from 261 whole fruiting bodies. Individual REE median concentrations ranged from 0.4–95 µg kg−1 dry weight (dw). The summed REE concentrations varied widely, with a median value of 310 µg kg−1 dw and a range of 87 to 758 µg kg−1. The Sc and Y median concentrations (dw) were 35 and 42 µg kg−1, respectively. Ce, La, and Nd, with median values of 95, 51, and 32 µg kg−1, respectively, showed the highest occurrence. B. edulis collected from a forested area formerly used as a military shooting range—possibly a historically contaminated site—had an elevated summed REE content of 1796 µg kg−1. REE concentrations were generally low in Polish King Bolete. Dietary intake from a mushroom meal was negligible, posing no health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Innocent Chidi Nnorom
- Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu P.M.B. 2000, Nigeria;
| | - Małgorzata Mędyk
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Falandysz J. Nutritional and Other Trace Elements and Their Associations in Raw King Bolete Mushrooms, Boletus edulis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:417. [PMID: 35010677 PMCID: PMC8744723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and associations of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Cs, Hg, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sr, Tl, U, V, W, and Zn, including data that have not been previously reported on Be, Hf, In, Li, Mo, Nb, Sn, Ta, Th, Ti and Zr, and the sum of (14) rare earth elements (ƩREE), were studied in a spatially diverse collection of the B. edulis caps, stipes, and whole fruiting bodies using a validated procedure with measurement by quadrupole ICP-MS. Toxic Cd and Pb were in B. edulis at concentrations below limits set by the European Union in regulations for raw cultivated mushrooms, while Ag, As, Hg, Sb, Tl, and U, which are not regulated, were at relatively low or typical levels as is usually found in mushrooms from an unpolluted area. The elements Be, Bi, Ga, Ge, Hf, In, Nb, Ta, Th, and W, and also ƩREEs, were found at relatively low concentrations in B. edulis, i.e., with levels from below 0.1 to below 0.01 mg kg-1 dw, and for Ʃ14 REEs, the median was 0.31 mg kg-1 dw. The composite samples of caps showed Ag, Cd, Cu, Cs, Ga, Ge, Hg, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sb, Ti, and Zn at higher concentrations than stipes, while Ba, Co, Hf, Sr, Tl, and Zr were found at higher concentrations in stipes than caps (p < 0.05). Mushrooms were characterized by a low coefficient of variation (CV) of below 20%, between sites for concentrations of As, Cu, Ge, Hg, Ni, V, and Zn, while substantial differences (CV > 100%) were found for Ba, Bi, Co, Hf, Zr, and ƩREEs, and an intermediate variation was found for Sr, W, and U. Principal component analysis performed on mushrooms allowed differentiation with respect to 13 collection sites and separation of a consignment that was specifically contaminated, possibly due to a legacy pollution, with significantly higher levels of Ba, Co, Ga, Li, Nb, Ni, Sr, Th, Ti, Y, Zr, and ƩREEs, and another due to possible recent pollution (Pb-gasoline and also Ni); two due to geological contamination because of the Bi, In, Sc, Sb, Sn, Ta, V and W; and one more, the Sudety Mts. site, which was considered as "geogenic/anthropogenic" due to Ag, As, Be, Cd, Cs, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, and U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
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Ivanić M, Furdek Turk M, Tkalčec Z, Fiket Ž, Mešić A. Distribution and Origin of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Wild Edible Mushrooms: Urban vs. Forest Areas. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121068. [PMID: 34947050 PMCID: PMC8706631 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the composition of major, trace, and rare earth elements in 15 different species of wild edible mushrooms and the possible effect of urban pollution on elemental uptake. The collected mushrooms include different species from the green areas of the city, exposed to urban pollution, and from the forests, with limited anthropogenic influence. Through a comprehensive approach that included the analysis of 46 elements, an attempt was made to expand knowledge about element uptake by mushroom fruiting bodies. The results showed a wide variability in the composition of mushrooms, suggesting a number of factors influencing their element uptake capacity. The data obtained do not indicate significant exposure to anthropogenic influences, regardless of sampling location. While major elements’ levels appear to be influenced more by species-specific affinities, this is not true for trace elements, whose levels presumably reflect the geochemical characteristics of the sampling site. However, the risk assessment showed that consumption of excessive amounts of the mushrooms studied, both from urban areas and from forests, may have adverse health effects.
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Pankavec S, Falandysz J, Komorowicz I, Hanć A, Barałkiewicz D, Fernandes AR. Lithiation of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) using lithium-fortified substrate: effect of fortification levels on Li uptake and on other trace elements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:48905-48920. [PMID: 33929662 PMCID: PMC8410712 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High doses of lithium salts are used for the treatment or prevention of episodes of mania in bipolar disorder, but the medication is rapidly excreted and also shows side effects. Li may also be beneficial in people with mood disorders. Nutritionally, popular foods such as wild and cultivated mushrooms have low Li contents. This study evaluated the Li enrichment of white Agaricus bisporus mushrooms using Li2CO3 solutions to fortify the commercial growing substrate at various concentrations from 1.0 to 500 mg kg-1 dry weight (dw). Fortification of up to 100 mg kg-1 dw resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) dose-dependent increase in the accumulation of Li in mushroom, but the highest fortification level was found to be detrimental to fruitification. The median values of Li in fortified mushrooms corresponded to the fortification levels, increasing from 0.49 to 17 mg kg-1 dw relative to the background concentration of 0.056 mg kg-1 dw (control substrate contained 0.10 mg kg-1 dw). The potential for Li uptake in fruiting bodies was found to decrease at higher levels of fortification, with saturation occurring at 100 mg kg-1. Resulting lithiated mushrooms were up to 300-fold richer in Li content than specimens grown on control substrate. The fortification showed some effects on the uptake of other trace minerals, but concentrations of co-accumulated Ag, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Tl, U, V and Zn were similar or lower than values reported in the literature for commercial A. bisporus. These lithiated mushrooms could be considered as a pro-medicinal alternative to treatments that use Li salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sviatlana Pankavec
- Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Izabela Komorowicz
- Department of Trace Elements Analysis by Spectroscopy Methods, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89b Umultowska Street, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Elements Analysis by Spectroscopy Methods, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89b Umultowska Street, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Barałkiewicz
- Department of Trace Elements Analysis by Spectroscopy Methods, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 89b Umultowska Street, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Pankavec S, Falandysz J, Hanć A, Komorowicz I, Barałkiewicz D, Fernandes AR. Enhancing the lithium content of white button mushrooms Agaricus bisporus using LiNO3 fortified compost: effects on the uptake of Li and other trace elements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1193-1205. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1912401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sviatlana Pankavec
- Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Elements Analysis by Spectroscopy Methods, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Komorowicz
- Department of Trace Elements Analysis by Spectroscopy Methods, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Barałkiewicz
- Department of Trace Elements Analysis by Spectroscopy Methods, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alwyn R. Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Gwenzi W, Tagwireyi C, Musiyiwa K, Chipurura B, Nyamangara J, Sanganyado E, Chaukura N. Occurrence, behavior, and human exposure and health risks of potentially toxic elements in edible mushrooms with focus on Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:302. [PMID: 33900454 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the occurrence, behavior, and fate of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the substrate-mushroom-human nexus is critical for assessing and mitigating their human health risks. In this review, we (1) summarized the nature, sources, and biogeochemical behavior of PTEs in the substrate-mushroom systems; (2) discussed the occurrence, exposure, and human health risks of PTEs in mushrooms with emphasis on African geological hotspots such as metalliferous and highly mineralized substrates; (3) developed a 10-step conceptual framework for identifying, assessing, and mitigating the human health risks of PTEs in mushrooms, and highlight future directions. High human exposure risks potentially exist in Africa due to the following: (1) widespread consumption of mushrooms from various metalliferrous and highly mineralized substrates such as serpentines and mine waste dumps, (2) inadequate and poorly enforced environmental health and food safety regulations and policies, (3) limited environmental and human health monitoring data, and (4) potential synergistic interactions among PTEs in mushrooms and human health stressors such as a high burden of human diseases and infections. Although the human health effects of individual PTEs are well known, scientific evidence linking human health risk to PTEs in mushrooms remains weak. A framework for risk assessment and mitigation, and future research directions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Caroline Tagwireyi
- Formerly with Environmental Sciences Institute, Scientific & Industrial Research & Development Centre, Alpes Road/Technology Drive, Hatcliffe, P. O. Box 6640, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kumbirai Musiyiwa
- Department of Crop Science and Post-Harvest Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Batsirai Chipurura
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Justice Nyamangara
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Marondera University of Agricultural Science and Technology, P. O. Box 35,, Marondera, Zimbabwe
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa.
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Strumińska-Parulska D, Falandysz J. A Review of the Occurrence of Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides in Wild Mushrooms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8220. [PMID: 33172165 PMCID: PMC7664405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-emitting radioisotopes are the most toxic among all radionuclides. In particular, medium to long-lived isotopes of the heavier metals are of the greatest concern to human health and radiological safety. This review focuses on the most common alpha-emitting radionuclides of natural and anthropogenic origin in wild mushrooms from around the world. Mushrooms bio-accumulate a range of mineral ionic constituents and radioactive elements to different extents, and are therefore considered as suitable bio-indicators of environmental pollution. The available literature indicates that the natural radionuclide 210Po is accumulated at the highest levels (up to 22 kBq/kg dry weight (dw) in wild mushrooms from Finland), while among synthetic nuclides, the highest levels of up to 53.8 Bq/kg dw of 239+240Pu were reported in Ukrainian mushrooms. The capacity to retain the activity of individual nuclides varies between mushrooms, which is of particular interest for edible species that are consumed either locally or, in some cases, also traded on an international scale. The effective radiation dose from the ingestion of this food can reportedly range from 0.033 µSv/kg dw to 26.8 mSv/kg and varies depending on the country. Following pollution events, such consumption may expose consumers to highly radiotoxic decay particles produced by alpha emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Strumińska-Parulska
- Toxicology and Radiation Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
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21
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Siwulski M, Budka A, Rzymski P, Mleczek P, Budzyńska S, Gąsecka M, Szostek M, Kalač P, Kuczyńska-Kippen N, Niedzielski P, Goliński P, Magdziak Z, Kaniuczak J, Mleczek M. Multiannual monitoring (1974-2019) of rare earth elements in wild growing edible mushroom species in Polish forests. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127173. [PMID: 32497838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) due to their use in modern technologies, and this may result in their emission to the environment. This is the first long-term study to monitor the content of REEs in four edible mushroom species. Over 21,900 samples of fruit bodies (sporocarps) of Boletus edulis, Imleria badia, Leccinum scabrum and Macrolepiota procera and their underlying soils, collected between 1974 and 2019 from 42 forest sites in Poland were examined in an attempt to understand the time evolution of the presence of REEs in the environment. In general, I. badia and B. edulis displayed a greater total content of REEs on mg per kg basis than L. scabrum and M. procera. A gradual increase in REEs in the studied mushrooms as well as associated forest soil samples was observed over the monitored period. Both levels were also highly correlated. Regardless of the considered period, human consumption of these mushrooms would not contribute significantly to dietary exposure to REEs. Wild growing mushroom species studied over a long time period may be a good bioindicator of REE migration to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Siwulski
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Vegetable Crops, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Budka
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Medicine, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Mleczek
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Piątkowska 94c, 60-649, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Budzyńska
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Gąsecka
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szostek
- University of Rzeszów, Department of Soil Science, Environmental Chemistry and Hydrology, Zelwerowicza 8b, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Pavel Kalač
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, 370 04, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kuczyńska-Kippen
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Water Protection, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemysław Niedzielski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Goliński
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Magdziak
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Janina Kaniuczak
- University of Rzeszów, Department of Soil Science, Environmental Chemistry and Hydrology, Zelwerowicza 8b, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mirosław Mleczek
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
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Strumińska-Parulska D, Olszewski G, Moniakowska A, Zhang J, Falandysz J. Bolete mushroom Boletus bainiugan from Yunnan as a reflection of the geographical distribution of 210Po, 210Pb and uranium ( 234U, 235U, 238U) radionuclides, their intake rates and effective exposure doses. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126585. [PMID: 32278187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This pioneering study aimed to determine the activity concentrations of 210Po, 210Pb and uranium (234U, 235U, 238U) radionuclides in fruit bodies of wild bolete Boletus bainiugan Dentinger and to estimate its edible safety, which may give scientific evidence for the consumption of this species. The analyses were performed using alpha spectrometer after digestion, exchange resins separation and deposition. Measurement data were analysed and interpolation maps reflecting 210Po, 210Pb and uranium (234U, 235U, 238U) geographical distribution in Yunnan province (China) were presented. In addition, from the perspective of food safety, the possible related effective radiation dose to mushrooms consumers were estimated. The results indicated that 210Po, 210Pb and uranium (234U, 235U, 238U) radionuclides contents in B. bainiugan were significantly different with respect to geographical distribution, and their possible intake in a part of the region was considerably higher. A very interesting observation was done according to the values of 235U/238U activity ratio indicating the occurrence of uranium faction from the global fallout of nuclear weapon tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Strumińska-Parulska
- Toxicology and Radiation Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Olszewski
- Toxicology and Radiation Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Moniakowska
- Toxicology and Radiation Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ji Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland; University of Cartagena, Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia; Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
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Szymańska K, Strumińska-Parulska D, Falandysz J. Uranium ( 234U, 238U) and thorium ( 230Th, 232Th) in mushrooms of genus Leccinum and Leccinellum and the potential effective ionizing radiation dose assessment for human. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126242. [PMID: 32088620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Evaluated has been bioconcentration potential by fungi and risk to human consumers from exposure to natural long-lived radioactive uranium (234U, 238U) and thorium (230Th, 232Th) sequestered in stems, caps and the whole fruiting bodies by mushrooms of the genus Leccinum and Leccinellum. Edible species in the study were collected from boreal forests in the northern regions of Poland and investigated: red-capped scaber (Leccinum aurantiacum), orange oak bolete (Leccinum aurantiacum var. quercinum), foxy bolete (Leccinum vulpinum), slate bolete (Leccinum aurantiacum var. duriusculum) and hazel bolete (Leccinellum pseudoscabrum). The study showed the species accumulated uranium (234U, 238U) and thorium (230Th, 232Th) form soil to some degree but the calculated values of the bioconcentration factor were below 1. The evaluation showed that Leccinum and Leccinellum mushrooms can contribute to annual effective radiation dose maximally at about 0.9 μSv. Hence, consumption of these mushrooms might increase the annual effective ionizing radiation dose received by a human, while the exposure is considered low from the toxicological point of view even if eaten at elevated amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Szymańska
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Toxicology and Radiation Protection, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Strumińska-Parulska
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Toxicology and Radiation Protection, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland; Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia
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Świsłowski P, Dołhańczuk-Śródka A, Rajfur M. Bibliometric analysis of European publications between 2001 and 2016 on concentrations of selected elements in mushrooms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22235-22250. [PMID: 32329001 PMCID: PMC7293692 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a bibliometric study of 200 European publications released between 2001 and 2016, about the contamination of mushrooms by selected elements. The analysis includes figures on the type of analyte, its concentration, the species of fungi, and its country of origin. In the literature review, 492 species of mushrooms (wild-growing and cultured) found in 26 European countries and their concentration of 74 associated elements were analysed. The papers, which dealt mainly with the heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) concentrations of mushrooms, primarily came from Turkey, Poland, Spain, and the Czech Republic. More than 50% of the publications provided data about edible mushrooms. The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that over the 16 years, European research on fungal contamination by selected analytes has not lessened in popularity and is ongoing. Many of the studies underlined the need to assess the risk to human health arising from the consumption of contaminated mushrooms taken from various habitats. These results were the effect of, among other things, the strong interest in studies carried out on edible species, in which concentrations of mainly heavy metals that are dangerous to health and are marked were indicated (Cd, Pb, and Hg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Świsłowski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, B. Kominka 6a Street, 45-032, Opole, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, B. Kominka 6a Street, 45-032, Opole, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rajfur
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, B. Kominka 6a Street, 45-032, Opole, Poland
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Zhang J, Barałkiewicz D, Hanć A, Falandysz J, Wang Y. Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Elements in Three Edible Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (Boletaceae) from Polymetallic Soils in Yunnan Province, SW China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 195:250-259. [PMID: 31363991 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) can mobilize mineral elements directly from insoluble mineral sources and accumulate various metallic elements and metalloids from soils to their fruiting bodies. Mushrooms from genus Boletus and its related genus are one of the most important EcMF which are consumed worldwide as wild edible mushrooms. Yunnan province (China) is a high biodiversity of genus Boletus mushrooms but is also an area with potential elevated contents of toxic elements in soil. Total contents of As, Ag, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sr, Tl, U, V, and Zn in three edible EcMF species collected from five sites of Yunnan were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The highest contents for As, Cd, and Pb were 7.8 mg kg-1 dry weight (dw) in the caps of Butyriboletus roseoflavus, 3.4 mg kg-1 dw in the caps of B. roseoflavus, and 6.4 mg kg-1 dw in the stipes of Hemileccinum impolitum. Health risk assessment of As, Cd, and Pb indicated that the estimated exposure due to intakes of some mushroom samples from the sites were above the limits recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Since EcMF were considered as bioexclusors of Cr, higher Cr contents in the mushroom samples, compared with previous studies, indicated high geochemical background value of Cr in the sampling sites. Relatively higher V contents in mushrooms from family Boletaceae could also associate with the high V contents in Yunnan soil. Further work is needed to identify the places in Yunnan with geochemical anomalies resulting in high levels of toxic elements in EcMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China.
| | - Danuta Barałkiewicz
- Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectroscopy Method, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
- Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 80-309, Gdańsk, Poland
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650200, China
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Leonhardt T, Borovička J, Sácký J, Šantrůček J, Kameník J, Kotrba P. Zn overaccumulating Russula species clade together and use the same mechanism for the detoxification of excess Zn. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:618-626. [PMID: 30901655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been firmly established that macrofungi can accumulate large amounts of heavy metals in their sporocarps. However, the mechanisms of the accumulation and storage are being uncovered only recently. We have previously documented that Russula bresadolae can accumulate over 1 g Zn kg-1 dry weight and that sequestration of a substantial proportion of overaccumulated Zn involves binding with peptides, RaZBPs, seen so far only in this species. In this work we examined Zn contents of 360 sporocarp collections from unpolluted environments covering 114 species of the genus Russula. Whilst the concentrations of Zn in most analysed species were in the range of 50-150 mg kg-1, the species of subgenera Brevipes and Compactae accumulate very low Zn (< 50 mg kg-1). We further identified five new Zn-overaccumulating species of subgenus Russula, which form with R. bresadolae a separate phylogenetic subclade in which the sporocarp Zn concentrations ranged from 326 to 845 mg kg-1. We demonstrate that R. pumila and R. ochroleuca express at least one ZBP gene and when expressed in metal-sensitive S. cerevisiae, all ZBPs protected the yeasts against Zn (and Cd) toxicity equally well. The respective ZBPs were confirmed in the native Zn-complexes of R. pumila and R. ochroleuca, which represented 80% of Zn extracted from their sporocarps. This study is the first extensive genus-wide report of metal accumulation in macrofungi, which further demonstrates that the Zn binding with cytosolic ZBP peptides is not a trait restricted only to R. bresadolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 250 68, Husinec-Řež 130, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kameník
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 250 68, Husinec-Řež 130, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Vukojević V, Đurđić S, Mutić J. Accumulation of U, Th, Pb, V, Rb, and Ag in wild mushrooms Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer from Goč, Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13147-13158. [PMID: 30895552 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the content of U, Th, Pb, V, Rb, and Ag in 19 soil samples from unpolluted Goč Mountain area (Serbia) was determined. The same elements were determined in 19 Macrolepiota procera samples, separately for caps and stipes. Soil samples were subjected to the BCR sequential extraction procedure. Element contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Obtained soil values for U were in the range from 0.30 to 0.86 mg/kg and for Th from 1.7 to 13.2 mg/kg. These values are the first for background levels at unpolluted Goč area, and they are lower than the corresponding values for European unpolluted soil. The mean values in soil for Pb, V, Rb, and Ag were 27.6, 57.4, 15.8, and 0.76 mg/kg, respectively. PCA was applied to establish criteria for translocation of the analyzed elements between two parts of the mushroom. Efficient translocation for all elements except Ag as the main amount of the elements was found in caps. The mean content in the caps for U and Th was 4.3 and 63 μg/kg, respectively. Bioconcentration factors were much higher than 1 only for Rb and Ag. M. procera only weakly accumulates U and Th from soil in unpolluted areas. These findings indicate limited role of M. procera in the mycoremediation of the mentioned actinides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Vukojević
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slađana Đurđić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mutić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
- Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.
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Vukojević V, Đurđić S, Stefanović V, Trifković J, Čakmak D, Perović V, Mutić J. Scandium, yttrium, and lanthanide contents in soil from Serbia and their accumulation in the mushroom Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5422-5434. [PMID: 30604363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mobility (fractionation) of rare earth elements (REEs) and their possible impacts on ecosystems are still relatively unknown. Soil samples were collected from two sites in central Serbia, an unpolluted mountain region (site 1) and a forest near a city (site 2). In order to investigate REE fractions (acid-soluble/exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) in soils, BCR sequential extraction was performed. Additionally, the content of REEs was also determined in stipes and caps of the mushroom Macrolepiota procera, growing in the observed sites. Sc, Y, and lanthanide contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and results were subjected to multivariate data analysis. Application of pattern recognition technique revealed the existence of two distinguished clusters belonging to different geographical sites and determined by greater levels of Sc, Y, and lanthanides in Goč soil compared to Trstenik soil. Additionally, PCA analysis showed that REEs in soil were concentrated in two groups: the first consisted of elements belonging to light REEs and the second contained heavy REEs. These results suggest that the distribution of REEs in soils could indicate the geographical origin and type of soil. The bioconcentration factors and translocation factors for each REE were also calculated. This study provides baseline data on the rare earth element levels in the wild edible mushroom M. procera, growing in Serbia. In terms of bioconcentration and bioexclusion concept, Sc, Y, and REEs were bioexcluded in M. procera for both studied sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Vukojević
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Slađana Đurđić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Violeta Stefanović
- Institute of Public Health, Kruševac, Vojvode Putnika 2, Kruševac, 37000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Trifković
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragan Čakmak
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia
| | - Veljko Perović
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mutić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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29
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Borovička J, Braeuer S, Sácký J, Kameník J, Goessler W, Trubač J, Strnad L, Rohovec J, Leonhardt T, Kotrba P. Speciation analysis of elements accumulated in Cystoderma carcharias from clean and smelter-polluted sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1570-1581. [PMID: 30340302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Collections of Cystoderma carcharias sporocarps were sampled from clean and smelter-polluted sites and analyzed for Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn contents. Concentrations of all elements were significantly higher in samples from the smelter-polluted area. Except for As and Pb, all elements were effectively accumulated in the sporocarps at both clean and polluted sites. With the highest concentration of 604 mg Cd kg-1, C. carcharias can be considered as Cd hyperaccumulator. As revealed by HPLC-ICPQQQMS analysis, the As species in sporocarps from clean and polluted areas involved besides the major arsenobetaine a variety of known and unknown arsenicals; the occurrence of dimethylarsinoylacetate and trimethylarsoniopropionate is reported for the first time for gilled fungi (Agaricales). Size-exclusion chromatography of C. carcharias extracts supported by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and RP-HPLC data indicated that detoxification of intracellular Cd and Cu may largely rely on metallothioneins (MT) or MT-like peptides, not phytochelatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Simone Braeuer
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kameník
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Goessler
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jakub Trubač
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Strnad
- Laboratories of the Geological Institutes, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rohovec
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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30
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Koutrotsios G, Danezis GP, Georgiou CA, Zervakis GI. Rare earth elements concentration in mushroom cultivation substrates affects the production process and fruit-bodies content of Pleurotus ostreatus and Cyclocybe cylindracea. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5418-5427. [PMID: 29675903 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrations of 16 rare earth elements (REEs) and two actinides were determined for the first time both in cultivated mushrooms and in their production substrates by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Moreover, the effect of REEs on cultivation parameters and composition of the final product was assessed, together with their potential use for authentication purposes. RESULTS The concentrations of REEs varied greatly among seven cultivation substrates and correlated with measurements in Cyclocybe cylindracea mushrooms; no such correlation was established in Pleurotus ostreatus. Reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in substrates during P. ostreatus cultivation was positively correlated with REE concentrations, which also affected the production performance depending on the species examined. In all cases, a negative correlation was established between bioconcentration factors (BCF) in mushrooms and REE content in substrates, while the effect of substrate composition on BCF values varied according to the element studied. The estimated daily intake values of REEs through mushroom consumption was at much lower levels than those reported as potentially harmful for human health. CONCLUSION The content of REEs in cultivation substrates and in mushrooms revealed that the bioaccumulation of elements differed in each fungus. The nature/origin of substrates seemed to affect the concentration of REEs in mushrooms to a considerable extent. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Koutrotsios
- Department of Crop Science, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios P Danezis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Chemistry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos A Georgiou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Chemistry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I Zervakis
- Department of Crop Science, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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31
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Activation analysis in Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic: more than 50 years of activities. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Grawunder A, Gube M. Element distribution in fruiting bodies of Lactarius pubescens with focus on rare earth elements. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:614-625. [PMID: 29894963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During growth and senescence, fungal fruiting bodies accumulate essential and non-essential elements to different extent in their compartments. This study bases on a dataset of 32 basidiocarps of the ectomycorrhizal Lactarius pubescens sampled in a former U mining area. Statistical analyses were combined with rare earth element (REE, La-Lu) patterns to study the element distribution within sporocarp compartments and between three different age classes. For this purpose, fruiting bodies were separated into stipe, pileus trama, pileipelles and lamellae, dried and digested with HNO3. While macronutrient (e.g. K, Mg, P, S) contents resemble those of a non-mining affected site, several elements (e.g. Co, Mn) were site-specifically taken up relative to elevated soil contents. With statistics, two main element distribution groups for L. pubescens were revealed: mainly essential (Cu, Mg, Mn, P, S, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni) and mainly non-essential elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Sr, U, REE). The highest REE contents were found in pileipelles and lamellae, corresponding to relatively small cell sizes. Stipes and pileus trama had low REE contents due to their function as transport systems. During growth, light REE (La-Nd) were strongly enriched in lamellae and pileipelles. Middle REE (Sm-Dy) enrichment was found both in soil and fungal biomass. Contents of nutrients decrease with age, while non-essential elements are enriched especially in pileipelles and lamellae. A weak positive Ce anomaly appeared in the bioavailable soil fraction and in the pileipelles of younger individuals. Substrate dependent uptake thus gets reduced with sporocarp senescence, possibly due to redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Grawunder
- Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Gube
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany; Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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33
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Khan AM, Bakar NKA, Bakar AFA, Ashraf MA. Chemical speciation and bioavailability of rare earth elements (REEs) in the ecosystem: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22764-22789. [PMID: 27722986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rare earths (RE), chemically uniform group of elements due to similar physicochemical behavior, are termed as lanthanides. Natural occurrence depends on the geological circumstances and has been of long interest for geologist as tools for further scientific research into the region of ores, rocks, and oceanic water. The review paper mainly focuses to provide scientific literature about rare earth elements (REEs) with potential environmental and health effects in understanding the research. This is the initial review of RE speciation and bioavailability with current initiative toward development needs and research perceptive. In this paper, we have also discussed mineralogy, extraction, geochemistry, analytical methods of rare earth elements. In this study, REEs with their transformation and vertical distribution in different environments such as fresh and seawater, sediments, soil, weathering, transport, and solubility have been reported with most recent literature along key methods of findings. Speciation and bioavailability have been discussed in detail with special emphasis on soil, plant, and aquatic ecosystems and their impacts on the environment. This review shows that REE gained more importance in last few years due to their detrimental effects on living organisms, so their speciation, bioavailability, and composition are much more important to evaluate their health risks and are discussed thoroughly as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Masood Khan
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Kartini Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Farid Abu Bakar
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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34
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Chatterjee S, Sarma MK, Deb U, Steinhauser G, Walther C, Gupta DK. Mushrooms: from nutrition to mycoremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19480-19493. [PMID: 28770504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are well known as important food items. The uses of mushrooms in the cuisine are manifolds and are being utilized for thousands of years in both Oriental and Occidental cultures. Medicinal properties of mushrooms show an immense potential as drugs for the treatment of various diseases as they are rich in a great variety of phytochemicals. In this review, we attempted to encompass the recent knowledge and scientific advancement about mushrooms and their utilization as food or curative properties, along with their natural ability to accumulate (heavy) metals/radionuclides, which leads to an important aspect of bioremediation. However, accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides from natural or anthropogenic sources also involves potential nutritional hazards upon consumption. These hazards have been pointed out in this review incorporating a selection of the most recently published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Mukul K Sarma
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Utsab Deb
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Walther
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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35
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Fiket Ž, Medunić G, Furdek Turk M, Ivanić M, Kniewald G. Influence of soil characteristics on rare earth fingerprints in mosses and mushrooms: Example of a pristine temperate rainforest (Slavonia, Croatia). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:92-100. [PMID: 28364651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate levels and distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in soils, mosses and mushrooms of a pristine temperate rainforest, a non-polluted natural system, in order to characterise their environmental availability and mobility. The multielement analysis of digested soil, moss and mushroom samples was performed by High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The distribution of rare earths in mosses and mushrooms was found primarily affected by local pedological setting. Mosses displayed a consistent lithological signature with an almost insignificant REE fractionation compared to soils. Mushrooms showed differences in REE concentrations in certain parts of the fruiting body with regard to their main physiological function and indicated a significant impact of soil organic content on the overall REEs uptake. Results of our work highlight the importance of substrate characteristics on the initial levels of REEs in mosses and mushrooms. Moreover, this study provides baseline data on the rare earth element levels in mosses and mushrooms growing in a pristine forest area characterised by naturally elevated REE levels in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Fiket
- Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenièka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Medunić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Horvatovac 95, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Furdek Turk
- Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenièka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Ivanić
- Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenièka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Kniewald
- Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenièka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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36
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Mikołajczak P, Borowiak K, Niedzielski P. Phytoextraction of rare earth elements in herbaceous plant species growing close to roads. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14091-14103. [PMID: 28411316 PMCID: PMC5486614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of study was to determine the phytoextraction of rare earth elements (REEs) to roots, stems and leaves of five herbaceous plant species (Achillea millefolium L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Papaver rhoeas L., Taraxacum officinale AND Tripleurospermum inodorum), growing in four areas located in close proximity to a road with varied traffic intensity. Additionally, the relationship between road traffic intensity, REE concentration in soil and the content of these elements in plant organs was estimated. A. vulgaris and P. rhoeas were able to effectively transport REEs in their leaves, independently of area collection. The highest content of REEs was observed in P. rhoeas leaves and T. inodorum roots. Generally, HREEs were accumulated in P. rhoeas roots and leaves and also in the stems of T. inodorum and T. officinale, whereas LREEs were accumulated in T. inodorum roots and T. officinale stems. It is worth underlining that there was a clear relationship between road traffic intensity and REE, HREE and LREE concentration in soil. No positive correlation was found between the concentration of these elements in soil and their content in plants, with the exception of T. officinale. An effective transport of REEs from the root system to leaves was observed, what points to the possible ability of some of the tested plant species to remove REEs from soils near roads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Mikołajczak
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94C, 60-649, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Borowiak
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94C, 60-649, Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemysław Niedzielski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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37
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Falandysz J, Sapkota A, Dryżałowska A, Mędyk M, Feng X. Analysis of some metallic elements and metalloids composition and relationships in parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15528-15537. [PMID: 28516351 PMCID: PMC5487902 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterise the multi-elemental composition and associations between a group of 32 elements and 16 rare earth elements collected by mycelium from growing substrates and accumulated in fruiting bodies of Macrolepiota procera from 16 sites from the lowland areas of Poland. The elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry using validated method. The correlation matrix obtained from a possible 48 × 16 data matrix has been used to examine if any association exits between 48 elements in mushrooms foraged from 16 sampling localizations by multivariate approach using principal component (PC) analysis. The model could explain up to 93% variability by eight factors for which an eigenvalue value was ≥1. Absolute values of the correlation coefficient were above 0.72 (significance at p < 0.05) for 43 elements. From a point of view by consumer, the absolute content of Cd, Hg, Pb in caps of M. procera collected from background (unpolluted) areas could be considered elevated while sporadic/occasional ingestion of this mushroom is considered safe. The multivariate functional analysis revealed on associated accumulation of many elements in this mushroom. M. procera seem to possess some features of a bio-indicative species for anthropogenic Pb but also for some geogenic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Atindra Sapkota
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Anna Dryżałowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mędyk
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, 63 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
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Rzymski P, Mleczek M, Siwulski M, Jasińska A, Budka A, Niedzielski P, Kalač P, Gąsecka M, Budzyńska S. Multielemental analysis of fruit bodies of three cultivated commercial Agaricus species. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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39
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Falandysz J, Sapkota A, Mędyk M, Feng X. Rare earth elements in parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera. Food Chem 2017; 221:24-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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40
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Siwulski M, Mleczek M, Rzymski P, Budka A, Jasińska A, Niedzielski P, Kalač P, Gąsecka M, Budzyńska S, Mikołajczak P. Screening the Multi-Element Content of Pleurotus Mushroom Species Using inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Accumulation of Ag and Cu in Amanita strobiliformis and characterization of its Cu and Ag uptake transporter genes AsCTR2 and AsCTR3. Biometals 2016; 29:249-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Mleczek M, Niedzielski P, Kalač P, Siwulski M, Rzymski P, Gąsecka M. Levels of platinum group elements and rare-earth elements in wild mushroom species growing in Poland. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:86-94. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1114684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Kubrová J, Zigová A, Randa Z, Rohovec J, Gryndler M, Krausová I, Dunn CE, Kotrba P, Borovička J. On the possible role of macrofungi in the biogeochemical fate of uranium in polluted forest soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:79-88. [PMID: 25136765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of macrofungi with U, Th, Pb and Ag were investigated in the former ore mining district of Příbram, Czech Republic. Samples of saprotrophic (34 samples, 24 species) and ectomycorrhizal (38 samples, 26 species) macrofungi were collected from a U-polluted Norway spruce plantation and tailings and analyzed for metal content. In contrast to Ag, which was highly accumulated in fruit-bodies, concentrations of U generally did not exceed 3mg/kg which indicates a very low uptake rate and efficient exclusion of U from macrofungi. In ectomycorrhizal tips (mostly determined to species level by DNA sequencing), U contents were practically identical with those of the non-mycorrhizal fine spruce roots. These findings suggest a very limited role of macrofungi in uptake and biotransformation of U in polluted forest soils. Furthermore, accumulation of U, Th, Pb and Ag in macrofungal fruit-bodies apparently does not depend on total content and chemical fractionation of these metals in soils (tested by the BCR sequential extraction in this study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Kubrová
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Husinec-Řež 130, CZ-25068 Řež near Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Zigová
- Institute of Geology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Randa
- Nuclear Physics Institute, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Husinec-Řež 130, CZ-25068 Řež near Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rohovec
- Institute of Geology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Krausová
- Nuclear Physics Institute, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Husinec-Řež 130, CZ-25068 Řež near Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Colin E Dunn
- 8756 Pender Park Drive, Sidney, BC, V8L 3Z5 Canada
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Nuclear Physics Institute, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Husinec-Řež 130, CZ-25068 Řež near Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Geology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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44
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Radioactivity in mushrooms: A health hazard? Food Chem 2014; 154:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Hu S, Xue J, Lin Y, Yu JP, Zhou J. Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Navel Oranges from Different Geographical Regions of China by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.867500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Falandysz J, Borovička J. Macro and trace mineral constituents and radionuclides in mushrooms: health benefits and risks. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:477-501. [PMID: 23179616 PMCID: PMC3546300 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews and updates data on macro and trace elements and radionuclides in edible wild-grown and cultivated mushrooms. A huge biodiversity of mushrooms and spread of certain species over different continents makes the study on their multi-element constituents highly challenging. A few edible mushrooms are widely cultivated and efforts are on to employ them (largely Agaricus spp., Pleurotus spp., and Lentinula edodes) in the production of selenium-enriched food (mushrooms) or nutraceuticals (by using mycelia) and less on species used by traditional medicine, e.g., Ganoderma lucidum. There are also attempts to enrich mushrooms with other elements than Se and a good example is enrichment with lithium. Since minerals of nutritional value are common constituents of mushrooms collected from natural habitats, the problem is however their co-occurrence with some hazardous elements including Cd, Pb, Hg, Ag, As, and radionuclides. Discussed is also the problem of erroneous data on mineral compounds determined in mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences & Public Health, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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47
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Falandysz J, Borovička J. Macro and trace mineral constituents and radionuclides in mushrooms: health benefits and risks. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013. [PMID: 23179616 DOI: 10.1007/s00253012-4552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews and updates data on macro and trace elements and radionuclides in edible wild-grown and cultivated mushrooms. A huge biodiversity of mushrooms and spread of certain species over different continents makes the study on their multi-element constituents highly challenging. A few edible mushrooms are widely cultivated and efforts are on to employ them (largely Agaricus spp., Pleurotus spp., and Lentinula edodes) in the production of selenium-enriched food (mushrooms) or nutraceuticals (by using mycelia) and less on species used by traditional medicine, e.g., Ganoderma lucidum. There are also attempts to enrich mushrooms with other elements than Se and a good example is enrichment with lithium. Since minerals of nutritional value are common constituents of mushrooms collected from natural habitats, the problem is however their co-occurrence with some hazardous elements including Cd, Pb, Hg, Ag, As, and radionuclides. Discussed is also the problem of erroneous data on mineral compounds determined in mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences & Public Health, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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48
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Guillén J, Baeza A, Salas A. Influence of alkali and alkaline earth elements on the uptake of radionuclides by Pleurototus eryngii fruit bodies. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:650-5. [PMID: 22297261 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, there are many data available on radionuclide contents and their transfer to different species of mushrooms. There are some variables, however, which affect the transfer but are very difficult to observe in collected wild mushrooms. An example is the effect of different concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth elements in the soil. Modification of these concentrations in the soil solution has traditionally been used as a countermeasure to deal with radioactively contaminated areas. In the present work, fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eryngii, a saprophytic mushroom, were grown under controlled laboratory conditions, varying the content of alkali (potassium and cæsium) and alkaline earth (calcium and strontium) elements. The transfer of (134)Cs, (85)Sr, and (60)Co (added to the cultures) and of natural (210)Pb was analysed by increasing the content of each stable element considered. A significant, but nonlinear, enhancement of stable cæsium and (134)Cs was observed with increasing content of stable cæsium in the substrate/mycelium. The transfer of (85)Sr decreased with the addition of each stable cation, whereas the (60)Co and (210)Pb transfers were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guillén
- LARUEX, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. Universidad, s/n, 10071 Cáceres, Spain.
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