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Khalid A, Abbasi NA, Jamil N, Syed JH, Ahmad SR, Qadir A. Level of polychlorinated biphenyls in tumor and blood serum of breast cancer patients and control subjects from Punjab, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171908. [PMID: 38527533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined the level of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in tumor and blood serum of female breast cancer patients and control individuals recruited from Punjab, Pakistan. Breast tumor and blood serum from 40 patients and only blood serum from ten control subjects were obtained and concentration of 32 PCB congeners was analyzed through Gas chromatography coupled with Mass spectrophotometry. Sociodemographic variables of the patients along with essential clinical and haematological parameters were taken as covariates. Tumor reflects the highest median (min-max) concentration (ng g-1 lw) of ƩPCBs at 115.94 (0.05-17.75) followed by 16.53 (0.09-2.94) and 5.24 (0.01-0.59) in blood serum of cancer patients and control group respectively. Median concentrations (ng g-1 lw) of non-dioxine like ƩPCBs were considerably higher at 83.04, 32.89 and 4.27 compared to 13.03 and 3.50 and 0.97 for dioxin like ƩPCBs in tumor, serum of breast cancer patients and control subjects respectively. PCB-87 was most dominant congeners in tumor followed by PCB-170 and -82 whereas PCB-28 and -52 reflected greatest contribution in serum of breast cancer patients. Blood haemoglobin, potassium and chloride ions showed significant positive whereas body mass index reflect inverse relationship when regressed with ƩPCBs in tumor. This pioneer study depicts elevated concentrations of PCBs in patients compared to control, reflecting potential positive association of PCBs with breast cancer which need further confirmation. We concluded that chronic exposure to PCBs might be associated with an increasing number of breast cancer incidences in developing countries like Pakistan, which should be further elucidated through detail in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khalid
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N A Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - N Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J H Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S R Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Ugalde-Resano R, Gamboa-Loira B, Mérida-Ortega Á, Rincón-Rubio A, Flores-Collado G, Piña-Pozas M, López-Carrillo L. Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides and Female Breast Cancer Risk According to Molecular Receptors Expression: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiological Evidence. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023; 10:442-458. [PMID: 37639190 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) have been proposed as potential mammary carcinogens since they interact with steroid signaling pathways. However, the epidemiological results are not conclusive. Most studies have evaluated breast cancer (BC) as a single entity without considering the different molecular expressions, including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2, that could differ in their association with these contaminants. Hence, we assessed the association between biological concentration of OCP and BC, according to its molecular receptor expression, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. RECENT FINDINGS Of the 141 articles eligible for full-text review, nine met the inclusion criteria. The way in which molecular expression was reported was heterogeneous; therefore, the inclusion of studies in the meta-analysis was limited to eight articles. A negative association was identified for β-hexachlorocyclohexane and trans-nonachlor with ER + tumors and between hexachlorobenzene and ER - tumors. No associations were observed for p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, cis-nonachlor, and dieldrin, and it was not possible to evaluate the associations between OCP with HER2 expression or triple-negative tumors due to lack of data. The results suggest that some OCP might be associated with BC depending on the expression of ER. However, the evidence is not conclusive due to the scarce data. We identified several methodological aspects to fill the gaps in knowledge and increase the comparability among studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ugalde-Resano
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Brenda Gamboa-Loira
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ángel Mérida-Ortega
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alma Rincón-Rubio
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Gisela Flores-Collado
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Maricela Piña-Pozas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Fiolet T, Casagrande C, Nicolas G, Horvath Z, Frenoy P, Weiderpass E, Katzke V, Kaaks R, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Manjer J, Sonestedt E, Grioni S, Agudo A, Rylander C, Haugdahl Nøst T, Skeie G, Tjønneland A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Dolores Chirlaque López M, Schulze MB, Wennberg M, Harlid S, Cairat M, Kvaskoff M, Huybrechts I, Romana Mancini F. Dietary intakes of dioxins and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer risk in 9 European countries. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107213. [PMID: 35364416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioxins and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that have demonstrated endocrine disrupting properties. Several of these chemicals are carcinogenic and positive associations have been suggested with breast cancer risk. In general population, diet represents the main source of exposure. METHODS Associations between dietary intake of 17 dioxins and 35 PCBs and breast cancer were evaluated in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort from nine European countries using multivariable Cox regressions. The present study included 318,607 women (mean ± SD age: 50.7 ± 9.7) with 13,241 incident invasive breast cancers and a median follow-up of 14.9 years (IQR = 13.5-16.4). Dietary intake of dioxins and PCBs was assessed combining EPIC food consumption data with food contamination data provided by the European Food Safety Authority. RESULTS Exposure to dioxins, dioxins + Dioxin-Like-PCBs, Dioxin-Like-PCBs (DL-PCBs), and Non-Dioxin-Like-PCBs (NDL-PCBs) estimated from reported dietary intakes were not associated with breast cancer incidence, with the following hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals for an increment of 1 SD: HRdioxins = 1.00 (0.98 to 1.02), HRdioxins+DL-PCB = 1.01 (0.98 to 1.03), HRDL-PCB = 1.01 (0.98 to 1.03), and HRNDL-PCB = 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03). Results remained unchanged when analyzing intakes as quintile groups, as well as when analyses were run separately per country, or separating breast cancer cases based on estrogen receptor status or after further adjustments on main contributing food groups to PCBs and dioxins intake and nutritional factors. CONCLUSIONS This large European prospective study does not support the hypothesis of an association between dietary intake of dioxins and PCBs and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Fiolet
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Corinne Casagrande
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Geneviève Nicolas
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Zsuzsanna Horvath
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Pauline Frenoy
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miguel Rodriguez-Barranco
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Via Santena 7, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Dept Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian, 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain. Nutrition and Cancer Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø (UiT), The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø (UiT), The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø (UiT), The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Dolores Chirlaque López
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Germen Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maria Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sophia Harlid
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manon Cairat
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Marina Kvaskoff
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
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Qin Q, Yang B, Liu J, Song E, Song Y. Polychlorinated biphenyl quinone exposure promotes breast cancer aerobic glycolysis: An in vitro and in vivo examination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127512. [PMID: 34736186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were classified as group I carcinogenic to humans, as their toxicological mechanisms have been associated with cancer initiation and promotion. However, whether PCBs have effects on cancer progression are still largely veiled. Here, we for the first time discovered that a PCB quinone-type metabolite, namely PCB29-pQ, exposure significantly promoted aerobic glycolysis, a hallmark property of metabolic reprogramming in cancer progression. PCB29-pQ exposure activated corresponding glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1)/integrin β1/Src/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Conversely, the inhibition of GLUT1 reversed this effect, as well as the ability of migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, PCB29-pQ-induced breast cancer metastasis in 4T1-luc cell inoculated nude mice is repressed by GLUT1 inhibition. Overall, our results demonstrated a novel mechanism that PCB29-pQ exposure promotes aerobic glycolysis in both in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models in a GLUT1-dependent fashion, which may provide a strategy to prevent breast cancer cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Yelton B, Lead JR, Adams SA, Brandt HM, Kulkarni S, Lewis KR, Fedrick D, Ureda JR, Friedman DB. How Do African-American Community Members' Perceptions About Environmental Risks of Breast Cancer Compare with the Current State of the Science? JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2021; 36:1193-1200. [PMID: 32314309 PMCID: PMC7572772 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-020-01748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
African-American (AA) women experience higher mortality from breast cancer than any other racial group. Understanding community-held perceptions of environmental contaminants as risk factors for breast cancer can inform the development of tailored prevention and education efforts for improve health outcomes. Six focus groups were conducted with AA participants in two counties in South Carolina, and themes were identified using open and axial coding. Perceived environmental risks for breast cancer most frequently discussed by participants were compared to findings from published systematic reviews. Frequently discussed environmental risk factors by participants were deodorants containing aluminum, plastics, pesticides, and air and water pollution. While perceptions of aluminum and air pollution as risk factors did not align with the state of the science, perceived risk factors of chemicals in plastics and pesticides were found to be in alignment. There is some congruence between perceived environmental risks for breast cancer within the AA community and the current state of the science; however, there is a need to communicate information that reflects current science regarding commonly held misconceptions. Development of evidence-based, clear, and culturally appropriate messaging that reflects the current state of the science is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks Yelton
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jamie R Lead
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Swann Arp Adams
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, 1601 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Heather M Brandt
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shibani Kulkarni
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kaleea R Lewis
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Delores Fedrick
- Chester County Literacy Council, 109 Ella Street, Chester, SC, 29706, USA
| | - John R Ureda
- , Insights Consulting, Inc., 2728 Wilmot Ave, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - Daniela B Friedman
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
- Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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A Congener-specific and Mixture Analysis of Plasma Polychlorinated Biphenyl Levels and Incident Breast Cancer. Epidemiology 2021; 32:499-507. [PMID: 33788793 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a diverse class of chemicals, are hypothesized mammary carcinogens. We examined plasma levels of 17 PCBs as individual congeners and as a mixture in association with breast cancer using a novel approach based on quantile g-computation. METHODS This study included 845 White and 562 Black women who participated in the population-based, case-control Carolina Breast Cancer Study Phase I. Cases (n = 748) were women with a first diagnosis of histologically confirmed, invasive breast cancer residing in 24 counties in central and eastern North Carolina; controls (n = 659) were women without breast cancer from the same counties. PCBs were measured in plasma samples obtained during the study interview. We estimated associations [covariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] between individual PCB congeners and breast cancer using multivariable logistic regression. We assessed PCB mixtures using quantile g-computation and examined effect measure modification by race. RESULTS Comparing highest and lowest tertiles of PCBs resulted in ORs of 1.3 (95% CI = 0.95, 1.8) for congener 74, 1.4 (95% CI = 1.0, 1.9) for 99, 1.3 (95% CI = 0.91, 1.8) for 194, and 1.2 (95% CI = 0.90, 1.7) for 201. Among all women, we estimated a joint effect of the PCB mixture with an OR of 1.3 (95% CI = 0.98, 1.6) per tertile change. In race-stratified analyses, associations for tertiles of PCB mixtures were stronger among Black women (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.0, 2.3) than among White women (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.81, 1.6). CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to PCB mixtures increase the risk of breast cancer, but studies of populations with different exposure profiles are needed.
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Wan MLY, Co VA, El-Nezami H. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and breast cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6549-6576. [PMID: 33819127 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1903382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are ubiquitous substances that are found in our everyday lives, including pesticides, plasticizers, pharmaceutical agents, personal care products, and also in food products and food packaging. Increasing epidemiological evidence suggest that EDCs may affect the development or progression of breast cancer and consequently lead to lifelong harmful health consequences, especially when exposure occurs during early life in humans. Yet so far no appraisal of the available evidence has been conducted on this topic. OBJECTIVE To systematically review all the available epidemiological studies about the association of the levels of environmental exposures of EDCs with breast cancer risk. METHODS The search was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. We retrieved articles from PubMed (MEDLINE) until 10 March 2021. The key words used in this research were: "Endocrine disruptor(s)" OR "Endocrine disrupting chemical(s)" OR any of the EDCs mentioned below AND "Breast cancer" to locate all relevant articles published. We included only cohort studies and case-control studies. All relevant articles were accessed in full text and were evaluated and summarized in tables. RESULTS We identified 131 studies that met the search criteria and were included in this systematic review. EDCs reviewed herein included pesticides (e.g. p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), atrazine, 2,3,7,8-tetrachloridibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin)), synthetic chemicals (e.g. bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), parabens, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), contraceptive pills), phytoestrogens (e.g. genistein, resveratrol), and certain mycotoxins (e.g. zearalenone). Most studies assessed environmental EDCs exposure via biomarker measurements. CONCLUSION We identified certain EDC exposures could potentially elevate the risk of breast cancer. As majority of EDCs are highly persistent in the environment and bio-accumulative, it is essential to assess the long-term impacts of EDC exposures, especially multi-generational and transgenerational. Also, since food is often a major route of exposure to EDCs, well-designed exposure assessments of potential EDCs in food and food packing are necessary and their potential link to breast cancer development need to be carefully evaluated for subsequent EDC policy making and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murphy Lam Yim Wan
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Anna Co
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Deygas F, Amadou A, Coudon T, Grassot L, Couvidat F, Bessagnet B, Faure E, Salizzoni P, Gulliver J, Caudeville J, Severi G, Mancini FR, Leffondré K, Fervers B, Praud D. Long-term atmospheric exposure to PCB153 and breast cancer risk in a case-control study nested in the French E3N cohort from 1990 to 2011. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110743. [PMID: 33450235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the genetic and hormonal risk factors of breast cancer are well identified, they cannot fully explain the occurrence of all cases. Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that exposure to environmental pollutants, especially those with potential estrogenic properties, as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may have a role in breast cancer development. Being the most abundantly detected in human tissues and in the environment, congener 153 (PCB153) is widely used in epidemiological studies as indicator for total PCBs exposure. OBJECTIVES We aimed to estimate the association between cumulative atmospheric exposure to PCB153 and breast cancer risk. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 5222 cases and 5222 matched controls nested within the French E3N cohort from 1990 to 2011. Annual atmospheric PCB153 concentrations were simulated with the deterministic chemistry-transport model (CHIMERE) and were assigned to women using their geocoded residential history. Their cumulative PCB153 exposure was calculated for each woman from their cohort inclusion to their index date. Breast cancer odds ratios (ORs) associated with cumulative PCB153 exposure and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using multivariate conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS Overall, our results showed a statistically significant linear increase in breast cancer risk related to cumulative atmospheric exposure to PCB153 as a continuous variable (adjusted OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.08-1.31, for an increment of one standard deviation among controls (55 pg/m3)). Among women who became postmenopausal during follow-up, the association remained statistically significant (adjusted OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.09-1.39). In analyses by hormone receptors status, the positive association remained significant only for ER-positive breast cancer (adjusted OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.05-1.33). DISCUSSION This study is the first to have estimated the impact of atmospheric exposure to PCB153 on breast cancer risk. Our results showed a statistically significant increase in breast cancer risk, which may be limited to ER-positive breast cancer. These results warrant confirmation in further independent studies but raise the possibility that exposure to PCB153 increase breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Deygas
- Department of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, "Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment", Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Amina Amadou
- Department of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, "Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment", Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Coudon
- Department of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, "Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment", Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Ecole Centrale de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecully, France
| | - Lény Grassot
- Department of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, "Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment", Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Florian Couvidat
- National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Bertrand Bessagnet
- National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Citepa, Technical Reference Center for Air Pollution and Climate Change, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Faure
- Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Team "Exposome and Heredity", Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Pietro Salizzoni
- Ecole Centrale de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecully, France
| | - John Gulliver
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Caudeville
- National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Team "Exposome and Heredity", Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Team "Exposome and Heredity", Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - Karen Leffondré
- University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Department of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, "Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment", Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
| | - Delphine Praud
- Department of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, "Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment", Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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10
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Kaur N, Swain SK, Banerjee BD, Sharma T, Krishnalata T. Organochlorine pesticide exposure as a risk factor for breast cancer in young Indian women: A case-control study. South Asian J Cancer 2020; 8:212-214. [PMID: 31807478 PMCID: PMC6852623 DOI: 10.4103/sajc.sajc_427_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Incidence rates of breast cancer are showing an increasing trend in young women (≤40 years) in India. Risk for breast cancer in this age group can be attributed only partially to various known risk factors. Environmental exposure to organochlorine (OC) compounds has been identified as a potential risk factor. However, the possible role of OC compounds in increasing breast cancer risk in young women has not been explored. This case–control study was planned with the objectives to assess the serum levels of OC compound in a North Indian population of young women. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients of breast cancer ≤ 40 years age and 42 age-matched controls were evaluated for exposure to OC compounds by performing assays in blood samples for pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites DDD and DDE; dieldrin; aldrin; methoxychlor, heptachlor; α-endosulfan; β-endosulfan; and hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (α, β, and γ). Results: Young women with breast cancer were found to have significantly higher serum levels of all the OC compounds except aldrin, p, p' DDT, and methoxychlor. Conclusions: Exposure to OC pesticides could be an important modifiable risk factor for breast cancer, especially in younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Department of Surgery, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Tusha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
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11
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Goodson WH, Lowe L, Gilbertson M, Carpenter DO. Testing the low dose mixtures hypothesis from the Halifax project. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:333-357. [PMID: 32833669 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, 60 scientists, representing a larger group of 174 scientists from 26 nations, met in Halifax, Nova Scotia to consider whether - using published research - it was logical to anticipate that a mixture of chemicals, each thought to be non-carcinogenic, might act together in that mixture as a virtual carcinogen. The group identified 89 such chemicals, each one affecting one or more Hallmark(s) - collectively covering all Hallmarks of Cancer - confirming the possibility that a chemical mixture could induce all the Hallmarks and function as a virtual carcinogen, thereby supporting the concern that chemical safety research that does not evaluate mixtures, is incomplete. Based on these observations, the Halifax Project developed the Low-Dose Carcinogenesis Hypothesis which posits "…that low-dose exposures to [mixtures of] disruptive chemicals that are not individually carcinogenic may be capable of instigating and/or enabling carcinogenesis." Although testing all possible combinations of over 80,000 chemicals of commerce would be impractical, prudence requires designing a methodology to test whether low-dose chemical mixtures might be carcinogenic. As an initial step toward testing this hypothesis, we conducted a mini review of published empirical observations of biological exposures to chemical mixtures to assess what empirical data exists on which to base future research. We reviewed studies on chemical mixtures with the criteria that the studies reported both different concentrations of chemicals and mixtures composed of different chemicals. We found a paucity of research on this important question. The majority of studies reported hormone related processes and used chemical concentrations selected to facilitate studying how mixtures behave in experiments that were often removed from clinical relevance, i.e., chemicals were not studied at human-relevant concentrations. New research programs must be envisioned to enable study of how mixtures of small doses of chemicals affect human health, starting, when at all possible, from non-malignant specimens when studies are done in vitro. This research should use human relevant concentrations of chemicals, expand research beyond the historic focus on endocrine endpoints and endocrine related cancers, and specifically seek effects that arise uniquely from exposure to chemical mixtures at human-relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Goodson
- Department of Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer (NGO), Truro, NS, B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
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12
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Gautam S, Sood NK, Gupta K, Joshi C, Gill KK, Kaur R, Chauhan I. Bioaccumulation of pesticide contaminants in tissue matrices of dogs suffering from malignant canine mammary tumors in Punjab, India. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05274. [PMID: 33163644 PMCID: PMC7610237 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented application of pesticides in Punjab, India during green revolution has lead to an environmental crisis due to the accumulation of persistent organic and pesticide pollutants in the environment and biota of this region. The present study aimed at estimating the abundance of pesticide contaminants in three biological matrices of 36 dogs suffering from malignant canine mammary tumor (mCMT) and 6 tumor free control dogs from Punjab, India. Presence of individual and total pesticides in canine biological samples, age and bodyweight of canine patients was assessed as a potential risk factor for mCMT using logistic regression analysis. Chi-square test was employed to determine tissue-specific accumulations of individual pesticides. Spearman's correlation coefficient was estimated to determine the association between the levels of total pesticides in different tissue matrices and with age and bodyweight of mCMT cases. Gas chromatography-ECD analysis of serum, mammary tissue and adjoining mammary adipose tissue revealed fourteen different pesticides including γ-HCH, α-HCH, dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, butachlor, p,p-DDT, o,p-DDT, p,p-DDD, p,p-DDE, L-cyhalothrin, permethrin, fipronil, and fenitrothion. Heptachlor, γ-HCH, aldrin and p,p-DDT were more frequently detected, whereas, p,p-DDE and o,p-DDT were the least common. Differential accumulation of pesticides in tissue matrices, particularly between serum and mammary tissue/adipose tissue was observed. We could not find any association between the total pesticide concentrations among serum, mammary tissue and mammary adipose tissue in mCMT cases. We found that the odds for individual pesticide for serum, mammary tissue and adipose tissue were associated with high uncertainties; however, the total pesticide concentration in mammary tissue was near non-significantly associated with higher risk of mCMT with low uncertainty. Statistically non-significant higher odds of CMT occurrence with increase in age was noticed No association between the concentration of total pesticides in different matrices and age and bodyweight of canine subjects was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Gautam
- Division of Temperate Animal Husbandry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Sood
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, GADVASU 141004, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Kuldip Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, GADVASU 141004, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Chitra Joshi
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Almora 263601, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamalpreet Kaur Gill
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, GADVASU 141004, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Rajdeep Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, GADVASU 141004, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Indrasen Chauhan
- Division of Temperate Animal Husbandry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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Fernández-Martínez NF, Ching-López A, Olry de Labry Lima A, Salamanca-Fernández E, Pérez-Gómez B, Jiménez-Moleón JJ, Sánchez MJ, Rodríguez-Barranco M. Relationship between exposure to mixtures of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals and cancer risk: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109787. [PMID: 32798941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risks are responsible for one in five of all deaths worldwide. Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances are chemicals that can subsist for decades in human tissues and the environment. They include heavy metals, organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls, organobromines, organofluorines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among others. Although humans are often exposed to multiple pollutants simultaneously, their negative effects on health have generally been studied for each one separately. Among the most severe of these harmful effects is cancer. Here, to compile and analyze the available evidence on the relationship between exposure to mixtures of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals and the risk of developing cancer in the general population, we provide a systematic review based on the main databases (Cochrane, PubMed and Embase), together with complementary sources, using the general methodology of the PRISMA Statement. The articles analyzed were selected by two researchers working independently and their quality was evaluated by reference to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The initial search yielded 2379 results from the main sources of information and 22 from the complementary ones. After the article selection process, 22 were included in the final review (21 case-control studies and one cohort study). Analysis of the selected studies revealed that most of the mixtures analyzed were positively associated with risk of cancer, especially that of the breast, colon-rectum or testis, and more strongly so than each contaminant alone. In view of the possible stronger association observed with the development of cancer for some mixtures of pollutants than when each one is present separately, exposure to mixtures should also be monitored and measured, preferably in cohort designs, to complement the traditional approach to persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals. The results presented should be taken into account in public health policies in order to strengthen the regulatory framework for cancer prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Interniveles de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de La Salud, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Ching-López
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Olry de Labry Lima
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Salamanca-Fernández
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Juan Jiménez-Moleón
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria José Sánchez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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14
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Zeinomar N, Oskar S, Kehm RD, Sahebzeda S, Terry MB. Environmental exposures and breast cancer risk in the context of underlying susceptibility: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109346. [PMID: 32445942 PMCID: PMC7314105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence evaluating environmental chemical exposures (ECE) and breast cancer (BC) risk is heterogeneous which may stem in part as few studies measure ECE during key BC windows of susceptibility (WOS). Another possibility may be that most BC studies are skewed towards individuals at average risk, which may limit the ability to detect signals from ECE. OBJECTIVES We reviewed the literature on ECE and BC focusing on three types of studies or subgroup analyses based on higher absolute BC risk: BC family history (Type 1); early onset BC (Type 2); and/or genetic susceptibility (Type 3). METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed database to identify epidemiologic studies examining ECE and BC risk published through June 1, 2019. RESULTS We identified 100 publications in 56 unique epidemiologic studies. Of these 56 studies, only 2 (3.6%) were enriched with BC family history and only 11% of studies (6/56) were specifically enriched with early onset cases. 80% of the publications from these 8 enriched studies (Type 1: 8/10 publications; Type 2: 8/10 publications) supported a statistically significant association between ECE and BC risk including studies of PAH, indoor cooking, NO2, DDT; PCBs, PFOSA; metals; personal care products; and occupational exposure to industrial dyes. 74% of Type 3 publications (20/27) supported statistically significant associations for PAHs, traffic-related air pollution, PCBs, phthalates, and PFOSAs in subgroups of women with greater genetic susceptibility due to variants in carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair, oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis and tumor suppressor genes. DISCUSSION Studies enriched for women at higher BC risk through family history, younger age of onset and/or genetic susceptibility consistently support an association between an ECE and BC risk. In addition to measuring exposures during WOS, designing studies that are enriched with women at higher absolute risk are necessary to robustly measure the role of ECE on BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Zeinomar
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabine Oskar
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca D Kehm
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shamin Sahebzeda
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Serum Levels of Commonly Detected Persistent Organic Pollutants and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020606. [PMID: 31963577 PMCID: PMC7013395 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There are little epidemiological data on the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and endocrine disruptors on mammographic density (MD), a strong predictor of breast cancer. We assessed MD in 116 non-Hispanic white post-menopausal women for whom serum concentrations of 23 commonly detected chemicals including 3 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 8 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) had been measured. Linear regression analyses adjusting for potential confounders were used to examine the associations between the levels of the chemical compounds, modeled as continuous and dichotomized (above/below median) variables, and square-root-transformed MD. None of the associations were statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing. Prior to correction for multiple testing, all chemicals with un-corrected p-values < 0.05 had regression coefficients less than zero, suggesting inverse associations between increased levels and MD, if any. The smallest p-value was observed for PCB-153 (regression coefficient for above-median vs. below-median levels: −0.87, un-corrected p = 0.008). Neither parity nor body mass index modified the associations. Our results do not support an association between higher MD and serum levels of PBDEs, PCBs, or PFASs commonly detected in postmenopausal women.
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16
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Huang W, He Y, Xiao J, Huang Y, Li A, He M, Wu K. Risk of breast cancer and adipose tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides: a hospital-based case-control study in Chinese women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32128-32136. [PMID: 31494853 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) are suspected to be associated with breast cancer risk, but the results are controversial. This study was performed to evaluate the associations between adipose tissue PCB, DDT, and DDE concentrations and breast cancer risk. Two hundred and nine pathologically diagnosed breast cancer cases and 165 controls were recruited from three local hospitals in Shantou city, China, from 2014 to 2016. Concentrations of 7 PCB congeners, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE were measured in adipose tissues obtained from the breast for cases and the breast/abdomen for controls during surgery. Clinicopathologic information and demographic characteristics were collected from medical records. PCBs, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE concentrations in adipose tissues were compared between cases and controls. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk of breast cancer by PCBs, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE concentrations in adipose tissues. Breast cancer cases have relatively higher menarche age, higher breastfeeding and postmenopausal proportion than controls. Levels of PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180, total PCBs (∑PCBs), and p,p'-DDE were relatively higher in breast cancer cases than controls. Breast cancer risk was increased in the third tertile of PCB-101, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180, ∑PCBs, and p,p'-DDE as compared with the first tertile in both adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models (odds ratios [ORs] were from 1.58 to 7.88); and increased linearly across categories of PCB-118 and p,p'-DDE in unadjusted model, and PCB-118 and PCB-153 in the adjusted model with trend (all P < 0.01). While breast cancer risk was declined in the second tertile of PCB-28, PCB-52, and PCB-101 in both unadjusted and adjusted models, also second tertile of p,p'-DDT and third tertile of PCB-28 in the adjusted models. This study suggests associations between the exposure of PCBs, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE and breast cancer risk. Based on adjusted models, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180, ∑PCBs, and p,p'-DDE exposures increase breast cancer risk at current exposure levels, despite existing inconsistent even inverse results in PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, and p,p'-DDT. More epidemiological studies are still needed to verify these findings in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfang He
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiefeng Xiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanni Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Anna Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Meirong He
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Niehoff NM, Gammon MD, Parada H, Stellman SD, Neugut AI, Teitelbaum SL. Self-reported residential pesticide use and survival after breast cancer. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:1077-1083. [PMID: 31351853 PMCID: PMC6732244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous investigations found elevated mortality after breast cancer in association with biomarkers of persistent organochlorine pesticides in non-occupationally exposed women. We hypothesized that lifetime residential pesticide use, which includes persistent and non-persistent pesticides, would also be associated with increased mortality after breast cancer. METHODS A population-based cohort of 1505 women with invasive or in situ breast cancer was interviewed in 1996-1997, shortly after diagnosis, about pre-diagnostic lifetime residential pesticide use. Participants were followed for mortality through 2014 (595 deaths from any cause and 236 from breast cancer, after 17.6 years of follow-up). Pesticides were examined as 15 individual categories; a group of seven used for lawn and garden purposes; a group of eight used for nuisance-pest purposes; and all combined. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality. Modification by estrogen receptor (ER) status, body mass index, and long-term residence was examined. RESULTS Ever use (HR = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.63-0.95) and higher lifetime applications (4th quartile: HR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.47-0.81, ptrend = 0.3) of the lawn and garden group of pesticides were inversely associated with all-cause mortality, compared to never use. The inverse association for lawn and garden pesticide use was limited to ER positive (vs. negative) tumors (pinteraction = 0.05). Nuisance-pest pesticides, and all groups combined, were not associated with all-cause or breast cancer-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, lifetime residential use of lawn and garden pesticides, but not all combined or nuisance-pest pesticides, was inversely associated with all-cause mortality after breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Niehoff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
| | - Humberto Parada
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, Hardy Tower Room 168, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Steven D Stellman
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Persistent Organic Pollutants and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of the Literature. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081063. [PMID: 31357644 PMCID: PMC6721417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) bioaccumulate in the food chain and have been detected in human blood and adipose tissue. Experimental studies demonstrated that POPs can cause and promote growth of breast cancer. However, inconsistent results from epidemiological studies do not support a causal relationship between POPs and breast cancer in women. To identify individual POPs that are repeatedly found to be associated with both breast cancer incidence and progression, and to demystify the observed inconsistencies between epidemiological studies, we conducted a systematic review of 95 studies retrieved from three main electronic databases. While no clear pattern of associations between blood POPs and breast cancer incidence could be drawn, POPs measured in breast adipose tissue were more clearly associated with higher breast cancer incidence. POPs were more consistently associated with worse breast cancer prognosis whether measured in blood or breast adipose tissue. In contrast, POPs measured in adipose tissue other than breast were inversely associated with both breast cancer incidence and prognosis. Differences in biological tissues used for POPs measurement and methodological biases explain the discrepancies between studies results. Some individual compounds associated with both breast cancer incidence and progression, deserve further investigation.
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Hurley S, Goldberg D, Park JS, Petreas M, Bernstein L, Anton-Culver H, Neuhausen SL, Nelson DO, Reynolds P. A breast cancer case-control study of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) serum levels among California women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:412-419. [PMID: 30954728 PMCID: PMC6522143 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among the most persistent and pervasive global environmental contaminants. Their toxic and endocrine-disrupting properties have made them a focus of concern for breast cancer. Our objective was to evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with serum PBDE levels in a case-control study nested within the California Teachers Study. METHODS Participants were 902 women with invasive breast cancer (cases) and 936 with no such diagnosis (controls) who provided 10 mL of blood and were interviewed between 2011 and 2015. Blood samples were collected from cases an average of 35 months after diagnosis. PBDEs were measured in serum using automated solid phase extraction and gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses were restricted to the three congeners with detection frequencies ≥75%: 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153). Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each BDE congener, adjusting for serum lipids and other potential confounders. RESULTS The OR for each of the three BDE congeners was close to unity with a CI that included one. Analyses stratified by menopausal status, tumor hormone responsiveness, BMI, and changes in body weight yielded similarly null results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide no evidence that serum levels of BDE-47, BDE-100 or BDE-153 are associated with breast cancer risk. These results should be interpreted in the context of study limitations which include the reliance on PBDE measurements that may not represent pre-diagnostic, early-life or chronic exposures and a lack of information on genetic polymorphisms and other factors which may affect endogenous estrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hurley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Debbie Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - David O Nelson
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford, CA, USA
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20
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He Y, Peng L, Zhang W, Liu C, Yang Q, Zheng S, Bao M, Huang Y, Wu K. Adipose tissue levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and breast cancer risk in Chinese women: A case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:160-168. [PMID: 30014897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are suspected to be associated with breast cancer risk because of their estrogenic potencies. Epidemiological studies of PBDEs and breast cancer are scarce. Our study aimed to estimate the association between adipose-tissue PBDE concentrations and breast cancer risk. A total of 209 breast cancer cases and 165 controls were recruited from hospitals between January 2014 and May 2016 in Shantou, Chaoshan area, China. Concentrations of 14 PBDE congeners were measured in adipose tissues obtained from the breast for cases and the abdomen/breast for controls during surgery. Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were obtained from medical records. Breast cancer risk as well as clinicopathologic characteristics were evaluated by adipose-tissue PBDE level. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for breast cancer risk associated with levels of PBDE congeners were estimated from logistic regression models for all cases and stratified by estrogen receptor (ER) status. Level of total PBDEs (∑PBDE) and most individual PBDE congeners were higher in breast cancer cases than controls (median ∑PBDE, 94.99 vs 73.72 ng/g lipid). In the adjusted univariate model for all cases, breast cancer risk was increased with both 2nd and 3rd tertiles versus the 1st tertile of BDE-47 level (OR 2.05 [95% CI 1.08-3.92]; 5.47 [2.96-10.11]) and BDE-209 level (2.48 [1.30-4.73]; 4.72 [2.52-8.83]) with trend (both P < 0.001) and with the 3rd tertile of BDE-28 level (2.83 [1.63-4.92]), BDE-99 (3.22 [1.85-5.60]), BDE-100 (5.45 [2.90-10.23]), BDE-138 (2.40 [1.37-4.20]), BDE-153 (1.74 [1.02-2.97]), BDE-154 (1.84 [1.05-3.22]), and ∑PBDE levels (1.83 [1.07-3.14]) but decreased with the 3rd tertile of BDE-71 level (0.38 [0.22-0.65]) with trend (all P < 0.01). After stratifying by ER-positive or -negative status, the adjusted results were similar for ER-positive patients except for BDE-153 and BDE-154, with no statistical significance. In the multivariate model for all cases, age, menarche age, BDE-47, 71, 99, 100, 183 and 209 were independent factors associated with breast-cancer risk. ∑PBDE and most individual PBDE congeners investigated were positively associated with breast cancer risk in women from the Chaoshan area, China. PBDE may play a role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang He
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Wancong Zhang
- Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingtao Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Shukai Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Mian Bao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanni Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Costantini AS, Gorini G, Consonni D, Miligi L, Giovannetti L, Quinn M. Exposure to Benzene and Risk of Breast Cancer among Shoe Factory Workers in Italy. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 95:8-12. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160909500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Evidence of the association between leukemia and benzene exposure has been provided by several epidemiological studies. An increased risk of breast cancer among women exposed to benzene has also been suggested. The aim of this study was to analyze breast cancer risk in a cohort of 1,002 women exposed to benzene in a shoe factory in Florence, Italy, where an excess of leukemia in men was reported. Methods The cohort of women at work on January 1st, 1950, was followed from 1950 to 2003 for mortality and from 1985 to 2000 for incidence of breast cancer. For a sub-cohort of 797 women, cumulative exposure to benzene was available. Results Standardized mortality ratios were obtained for the 797 women for whom information on cumulative exposure was available. For those with <30 years of latency the standardized mortality ratio was 58.5 (95% CI, 18.9–181.2, based on 3 deaths) and 151.1 (95% CI, 78.6–290.3, based on 9 deaths) for ≥30 years of latency. In the >40 ppm-year and ≥30 year latency period category, the standardized mortality ratio was 166.0 (95% CI, 62.3–442.2, based on 4 deaths). The standardized incidence ratio for women with a latency period <30 years was 140.9 (95% CI, 75.8–261.9, based on 10 cases) and 108.2 (95% CI, 64.1–182.7) for a latency period ≥30 years. For cumulative exposure >40 ppm-years and a latency period <30 years, the standardized incidence ratio was 211.9 (95% CI, 29.9–1504.1, based on 1 case). Conclusions The study moderately supports the hypothesis that benzene represents a risk factor for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Seniori Costantini
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Department of Occupational Health, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Giovannetti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Margaret Quinn
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
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Rodgers KM, Udesky JO, Rudel RA, Brody JG. Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:152-182. [PMID: 28987728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many common environmental chemicals are mammary gland carcinogens in animal studies, activate relevant hormonal pathways, or enhance mammary gland susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast cancer's long latency and multifactorial etiology make evaluation of these chemicals in humans challenging. OBJECTIVE For chemicals previously identified as mammary gland toxicants, we evaluated epidemiologic studies published since our 2007 review. We assessed whether study designs captured relevant exposures and disease features suggested by toxicological and biological evidence of genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, tumor promotion, or disruption of mammary gland development. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed database for articles with breast cancer outcomes published in 2006-2016 using terms for 134 environmental chemicals, sources, or biomarkers of exposure. We critically reviewed the articles. RESULTS We identified 158 articles. Consistent with experimental evidence, a few key studies suggested higher risk for exposures during breast development to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dioxins, perfluorooctane-sulfonamide (PFOSA), and air pollution (risk estimates ranged from 2.14 to 5.0), and for occupational exposure to solvents and other mammary carcinogens, such as gasoline components (risk estimates ranged from 1.42 to 3.31). Notably, one 50-year cohort study captured exposure to DDT during several critical windows for breast development (in utero, adolescence, pregnancy) and when this chemical was still in use. Most other studies did not assess exposure during a biologically relevant window or specify the timing of exposure. Few studies considered genetic variation, but the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project reported higher breast cancer risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in women with certain genetic variations, especially in DNA repair genes. CONCLUSIONS New studies that targeted toxicologically relevant chemicals and captured biological hypotheses about genetic variants or windows of breast susceptibility added to evidence of links between environmental chemicals and breast cancer. However, many biologically relevant chemicals, including current-use consumer product chemicals, have not been adequately studied in humans. Studies are challenged to reconstruct exposures that occurred decades before diagnosis or access biological samples stored that long. Other problems include measuring rapidly metabolized chemicals and evaluating exposure to mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Rodgers
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Julia O Udesky
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Julia Green Brody
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
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Morgan M, Deoraj A, Felty Q, Roy D. Environmental estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals and breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:89-102. [PMID: 27717745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen-mimicking endocrine disruptors (EEDs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates have been found ubiquitously throughout our environment. Although exposure to EEDs has the ability to interfere with endocrine control of reproductive function and development in both humans and wildlife, inconsistent reports have made it difficult to draw conclusions concerning the hypothesized increased risk of breast cancer associated with EEDs. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between exposure to PCBs, BPA or phthalates; and risk of breast cancer in U.S. women using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data between 1999 and 2004. METHODS We analyzed data from female participants (20 years of age and older) collected by NHANES between 1999 and 2004 for exposure assessment based on lipid adjusted serum levels of 6 individual PCB congeners (PCB 074, 099, 118, 138, 153, and 180), the sum of dioxin-like PCBs (074 and 118), and the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs (099 + 138 + 153 + 187). Levels of urinary BPA and seven phthalate metabolites mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-(3-caroxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MZP), and three metabolites of di (2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): [mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)] were obtained from the 2003-2010 yearly survey cycles in participants aged 6 years and older. Assessments of EEDs or their metabolites were analyzed in conjunction with medical and reproductive health questionnaire data. Age, race/ethnicity, age at menarche, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), and lactation were considered as potential confounders in our final models. Geometric means (GM) were calculated to compare PCB, BPA or phthalate concentrations in women who self-reported a breast cancer diagnosis versus women who self-reported never being diagnosed with breast cancer. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PCB, BPA or phthalate measurements and breast cancer. RESULTS In age, race/ethnicity, and BMI adjusted models, PCB138 was the only congener found to be significantly associated with breast cancer [OR of 3.16; 95% CI: 1.14-8.76]. We also found the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs to be significantly associated with breast cancer [OR of 1.14; 95% CI: 1.00-1.29]. Risk of breast cancer, however, was not found to be significantly associated with phthalate, phthalate metabolites, and BPA in unadjusted or adjusted logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a link between environmental exposures to PCB 138 and breast cancer. There were no significant associations between phthalates or BPA and breast cancers. These findings should be interpreted with caution because of the use of cross-sectional self-reported data and a small sample size of breast cancer subjects. Nonetheless, our finding emphasizes a need of comprehensive environmental molecular epidemiologic study to determine the potential role of environmental exposures to PCBs, phthalates, and BPA in the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Morgan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Alok Deoraj
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Quentin Felty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Deodutta Roy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Louis LM, Lerro CC, Friesen MC, Andreotti G, Koutros S, Sandler DP, Blair A, Robson MG, Beane Freeman LE. A prospective study of cancer risk among Agricultural Health Study farm spouses associated with personal use of organochlorine insecticides. Environ Health 2017; 16:95. [PMID: 28874165 PMCID: PMC5585902 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organochlorine insecticides (OCs) have historically been used worldwide to control insects, although most have now been banned in developed countries. Evidence for an association between OC exposures and cancer predominantly comes from occupational and population based-studies among men. We evaluated the association between the use of specific OCs and cancer among the female spouses of pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. METHODS At enrollment (1993-1997), spouses of private applicators in the cohort provided information about their own use of pesticides, including seven OCs (aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, DDT, heptachlor, lindane, and toxaphene), and information on potential confounders. We used Poisson regression to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancers (n ≥ 3 exposed cases) reported to state cancer registries from enrollment through 2012 (North Carolina) and 2013 (Iowa), and use of the individual OCs, as well as use of any of the specific OCs. RESULTS Among 28,909 female spouses, 2191 (7.58%) reported ever use of at least one OC, of whom 287 were diagnosed with cancer. Most cancers were not associated with OC use. Risk of glioma was increased among users of at least one OC (Nexposed = 11, RR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.72-7.21) and specifically among lindane users (Nexposed = 3, RR = 4.45, 95% CI 1.36-14.55). Multiple myeloma was associated with chlordane (Nexposed = 6, RR = 2.71, 95% CI 1.12-6.55). Based on 3 exposed cases each, there were also positive associations between pancreatic cancer and lindane, and ER-PR- breast cancer and dieldrin. No other associations with breast cancer were found. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there were some associations with OC use and cancer incidence, however we were limited by the small number of exposed cancer cases. Future research should attempt to expand on these findings by assessing environmental sources of OC exposures, to fully evaluate the role of OC exposures on cancer risk in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M. Louis
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Catherine C. Lerro
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Melissa C. Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mark G. Robson
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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He TT, Zuo AJ, Wang JG, Zhao P. Organochlorine pesticides accumulation and breast cancer: A hospital-based case-control study. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317699114. [PMID: 28459199 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317699114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to detect the accumulation status of organochlorine pesticides in breast cancer patients and to explore the relationship between organochlorine pesticides contamination and breast cancer development. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in 56 patients with breast cancer and 46 patients with benign breast disease. We detected the accumulation level of several organochlorine pesticides products (β-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorinated biphenyls-28, polychlorinated biphenyls-52, pentachlorothioanisole, and pp'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) in breast adipose tissues of all 102 patients using gas chromatography. Thereafter, we examined the expression status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), and Ki-67 in 56 breast cancer cases by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we analyzed the risk of breast cancer in those patients with organochlorine pesticides contamination using a logistic regression model. Our data showed that breast cancer patients suffered high accumulation levels of pp'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyls-52. However, the concentrations of pp'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyls-52 were not related to clinicopathologic parameters of breast cancer. Further logistic regression analysis showed polychlorinated biphenyls-52 and pp'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane were risk factors for breast cancer. Our results provide new evidence on etiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting He
- 1 Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - An-Jun Zuo
- 2 Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ji-Gang Wang
- 3 Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- 3 Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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He Y, Peng L, Huang Y, Peng X, Zheng S, Liu C, Wu K. Association of breast adipose tissue levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer development in women from Chaoshan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4778-4790. [PMID: 27981482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are implied to be potential risk factors for breast cancer in wildlife and in in vivo and in vitro studies. Epidemiological studies revealed some individual or groups of PCB congeners associated with breast cancer risk, but consistent conclusions are scarce. This study aimed to explore the association between PCB exposure and breast cancer development. Breast adipose tissues were collected, and seven PCB congeners were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Demographic characteristics, basic clinical data, and pathological diagnosis information were obtained from medical records. The differences in PCB exposure levels among different groups and indices were compared, and the correlation among PCB congeners was evaluated. The order of congener profile by molar concentration was PCB-153 > PCB-138 > PCB-180 > PCB-118 > PCB-101 > PCB-52 > PCB-28. ∑PCB level differed by occupation and residence and was significantly higher at 55-59-year-old group than at the other age groups. ∑PCB level was higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women. Decreasing ∑PCB levels were related with increasing parity among women with progesterone receptor (PR)-positive breast tumors. With increased clinical stage, the ∑PCB level increased significantly. ∑PCB level did not differ by tumor-node-metastasis classification and PR or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression but did differ by estrogen receptor (ER) expression (P = 0.04) without a regularly increasing trend in breast adipose tissue. These results suggest a potential association between PCB exposure and breast cancer development. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings and explain the underlying mechanisms. Graphical Abstract Total PCBs level among different clinical stages in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang He
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Yiteng Huang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xiaodong Peng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Shukai Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
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Mouly TA, Toms LML. Breast cancer and persistent organic pollutants (excluding DDT): a systematic literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22385-22407. [PMID: 27628920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of heterogeneous compounds of both natural and anthropogenic origin with highly persistent and bioaccumulative properties. They cause a range of adverse effects to human health and the environment around the world. There is growing concern that POPs may increase breast cancer risk due to their xenoestrogenic properties. The aim of this systematic literature review is to summarize and integrate the risks of breast cancer following environmental exposure to POPs (other than DDT) from primary epidemiological studies published between 2006 and 2015. After searching various databases, 14 case-control studies and one cohort study were included. Evidence of an association between increased breast cancer risk and environmental exposure to these chemicals is inconsistent and inadequate to conclude with certainty. However, most of the studies have examined exposure to the pollutants after diagnosis of breast cancer, overlooking exposure during critical windows of vulnerability. They have also largely focused on individual chemicals but ignored the combined effects of different chemicals. Therefore, major data gaps remain in examining exposure during critical windows of vulnerability and assessing combined effects of multiple chemicals. Development of better exposure assessment methods addressing these gaps is required for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafzila Akter Mouly
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree Leontjew Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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Donat-Vargas C, Åkesson A, Berglund M, Glynn A, Wolk A, Kippler M. Dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in a prospective cohort. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1113-1121. [PMID: 27632375 PMCID: PMC5117780 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and hormone-related cancer risk are either inconsistent or lacking. We aimed to assess associations of dietary PCB exposure with breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer risk in middle-aged and elderly women. METHODS We included 36 777 cancer-free women at baseline in 1997 from the prospective population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. Validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire. Incident cancer cases were ascertained through register linkage. RESULTS During 14 years of follow-up, we ascertained 1593, 437 and 195 incident cases of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer. We found no overall association between dietary PCB exposure and any of these cancer forms. The multivariable-adjusted relative risks comparing women in the highest and lowest tertile of PCB exposure were 0.96 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75, 1.24), 1.21 (95% CI: 0.73, 2.01) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.45, 1.79) for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer. In analyses stratified by factors influencing oestrogen exposure, possibly masking associations with PCBs, indications of higher risks were observed for endometrial cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that dietary exposure to PCBs play no critical role in the development of breast, endometrial or ovarian cancer during middle-age and old ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Arrebola JP, Fernández-Rodríguez M, Artacho-Cordón F, Garde C, Perez-Carrascosa F, Linares I, Tovar I, González-Alzaga B, Expósito J, Torne P, Fernández MF, Olea N. Associations of persistent organic pollutants in serum and adipose tissue with breast cancer prognostic markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:41-49. [PMID: 27213669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate associations between exposure to a group of persistent organic pollutants, measured in both adipose tissue and serum samples from breast cancer patients, and a set of tumor prognostic markers. The study population comprised 103 breast cancer patients recruited in Granada, Southern Spain. Data for tumor prognostic markers were retrieved from hospital clinical records and socio-demographic information was gathered by questionnaire. Persistent organic pollutants were quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Exposure levels were categorized in quartiles, and associations were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression. Adipose tissue HCB concentrations were associated positively with ER and PR expression (p-trends=0.044 and 0.005, respectively) and negatively with E-Cadherin and p53 expression (p-trends=0.012 and 0.027, respectively). PCB-180 adipose tissue concentrations were positively associated with HER2 expression (p-trend=0.036). Serum PCB-138 concentrations were positively associated with ER and PR expression (p-trends=0.052 and 0.042, respectively). The risk of p53 expression was higher among women in the lowest quartile of serum PCB-138 concentrations, but no significant trend was observed (p-trend=0.161). These findings indicate that human exposure to certain persistent organic pollutants might be related to breast cancer aggressiveness. We also highlight the influence on exposure assessment of the biological matrix selected, given that both serum and adipose tissue might yield relevant information on breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Radiation Oncology Department, Oncology Unit, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - M Fernández-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, Spain
| | - F Artacho-Cordón
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, Spain
| | - C Garde
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain
| | - F Perez-Carrascosa
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Radiation Oncology Department, Oncology Unit, Granada, Spain
| | - I Linares
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Radiation Oncology Department, Oncology Unit, Granada, Spain
| | - I Tovar
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Radiation Oncology Department, Oncology Unit, Granada, Spain
| | - B González-Alzaga
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
| | - J Expósito
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Radiation Oncology Department, Oncology Unit, Granada, Spain
| | - P Torne
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain
| | - M F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; University of Granada, Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, Spain
| | - N Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; University of Granada, Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, Spain
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30
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Leng L, Li J, Luo XM, Kim JY, Li YM, Guo XM, Chen X, Yang QY, Li G, Tang NJ. Polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer: A congener-specific meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:133-141. [PMID: 26735351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is related to various risk factors, especially that the environmental and lifestyle factors account for major contribution at the rate of 70% to 95% over all. However, there still remains some controversy over the epidemiological evidence regarding the effects of environmental carcinogens on the risk of breast cancer. We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis aiming at full evaluation of the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on breast cancer in a congener-specific fashion. Four online literature databases were systematically searched before 1st January 2015, for studies stating correlation between PCB congeners and breast cancer. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies that were included in our analysis. Sixteen studies were included in our final meta-analysis after screening based on the priori inclusion criteria. Nine PCB congeners were reported by more than two studies and they were presented in detail. The pooled Odds Ratios (ORs) showed a significant increase in the risk of breast cancer in individuals with higher plasma/fat levels of PCB 99 (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.80), PCB 183 (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.95) and PCB 187 (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.39). Besides, the outcomes did not support a relationship between dioxin-like PCB congeners and the risk of breast cancer. The results of our meta-analysis imply that PCB 99, PCB 183 and PCB 187 would increase the risk of breast cancer. The mechanism of this increased risk may be by the induction of the CYP2B family in cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Leng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Luo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jun-Young Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yi-Meng Li
- Department of Biomedical Information, Library, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xue-Mei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Information, Library, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qiao-Yun Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Guang Li
- Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Nai-Jun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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31
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Integrated Bioinformatics, Environmental Epidemiologic and Genomic Approaches to Identify Environmental and Molecular Links between Endometriosis and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25285-322. [PMID: 26512648 PMCID: PMC4632802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a combined environmental epidemiologic, genomic, and bioinformatics approach to identify: exposure of environmental chemicals with estrogenic activity; epidemiologic association between endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) and health effects, such as, breast cancer or endometriosis; and gene-EDC interactions and disease associations. Human exposure measurement and modeling confirmed estrogenic activity of three selected class of environmental chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenols (BPs), and phthalates. Meta-analysis showed that PCBs exposure, not Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, increased the summary odds ratio for breast cancer and endometriosis. Bioinformatics analysis of gene-EDC interactions and disease associations identified several hundred genes that were altered by exposure to PCBs, phthalate or BPA. EDCs-modified genes in breast neoplasms and endometriosis are part of steroid hormone signaling and inflammation pathways. All three EDCs–PCB 153, phthalates, and BPA influenced five common genes—CYP19A1, EGFR, ESR2, FOS, and IGF1—in breast cancer as well as in endometriosis. These genes are environmentally and estrogen responsive, altered in human breast and uterine tumors and endometriosis lesions, and part of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in cancer. Our findings suggest that breast cancer and endometriosis share some common environmental and molecular risk factors.
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32
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Arrebola JP, Belhassen H, Artacho-Cordón F, Ghali R, Ghorbel H, Boussen H, Perez-Carrascosa FM, Expósito J, Hedhili A, Olea N. Risk of female breast cancer and serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls: a case-control study in Tunisia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 520:106-13. [PMID: 25804877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum concentrations of a group of organochlorine pesticides/polychlorinated biphenyls with xenoestrogenic potential and the risk of breast cancer in a female population from Tunisia. The relationship between serum levels of the pollutants and the risk of cancer was assessed using logistic regression analyses. In the unadjusted models, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners 138, 153, and 180, and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) were positively associated with breast cancer risk. However, when the models were further adjusted for the selected covariates, only β-HCH and p,p'-DDE remained statistically significant, and heptachlor was borderline significant. In addition, analyses using POP concentration tertiles corroborated a positive dose-response relationship that was significant for p,p'-DDE (p-trend=0.020) and borderline significant for heptachlor (p-trend=0.078). A similar trend was also confirmed for β-HCH, in which concentrations≥limit of detection were positively associated with breast cancer risk (vs. concentrations<limit of detection, OR=3.44, p<0.05). Finally, the relative influence of each chemical in the presence of the others was assessed by entering the three chemicals in a single model with all covariates, and only β-HCH remained positively associated with the risk of cancer (OR:1.18, 95%CI: 1.05-1.34). Our findings suggest a potential association between exposure to at least one organochlorine pesticide and breast cancer risk. However, our results should be interpreted with caution, and further research is warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arrebola
- Radiation Oncology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain; San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, University of Granada, CIBERESP, Spain.
| | - Hidaya Belhassen
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Montfleury, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, University of Granada, CIBERESP, Spain
| | - Ridha Ghali
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Montfleury, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Hayet Ghorbel
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Montfleury, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | | | | | - José Expósito
- Radiation Oncology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Abderrazek Hedhili
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Montfleury, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Nicolás Olea
- San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, University of Granada, CIBERESP, Spain
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Zhang J, Huang Y, Wang X, Lin K, Wu K. Environmental Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142513. [PMID: 26555153 PMCID: PMC4640539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association between polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and breast cancer risk has been widely studied, but the results remain controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the evidences from observational studies on PCB exposure and breast cancer risk. METHODS Relevant studies with data on internal PCB dose were identified from PubMed, EMBASE, CBM and CNKI databases through November 2014. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to assess the association between PCB exposure and breast cancer risk. Heterogeneity test, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis and publication bias test were also performed. To further explore the association between specific groups of PCB congeners and breast cancer, we examined the PCB congeners classified, according to their structural, biological and pharmacokinetics properties, as group I (potentially estrogenic), group II (potentially anti-estrogenic and immunotoxic, dioxin-like), and group III (phenobarbital, CYP1A and CYP2B inducers, biologically persistent). RESULTS Of 660 studies screened, 25 studies which met criteria were selected, involving a total of 12866 participants (6088 cases and 6778 controls) from eight countries. The results showed that the risk of breast cancer was associated with group II (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.08-1.40) and group III (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09-1.43) PCBs, but not with group I (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 0.97-1.24) PCBs or total PCB exposure (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 0.97-1.22). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis based on the selected studies found group II and group III PCB exposure might contribute to the risk of breast cancer. More studies in developing countries with higher PCB levels are needed, as well as studies to explore the relationships between mixtures of organochlorine compounds and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Arrebola JP, Fernández MF, Martín-Olmedo P, Molina-Molina JM, Sánchez-Pérez MJ, Sánchez-Cantalejo E, Molina-Portillo E, Expósito J, Bonde JP, Olea N. Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and total cancer risk in an adult cohort from Southern Spain: preliminary data from year 9 of the follow-up. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:243-9. [PMID: 25217999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing trend in the incidence of cancer worldwide, and it has been accepted that environmental factors account for an important proportion of the global burden. The present paper reports preliminary findings on the influence of the historical exposure to a group of persistent organic pollutants on total cancer risk, at year 9 in the follow-up of a cohort from Southern Spain. A cohort of 368 participants (median age 51 years) was recruited in 2003. Their historical exposure was estimated by analyzing residues of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue. Estimation of cancer incidence was based on data from a population-based cancer registry. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariable Cox-regression models. In males, PCB 153 concentrations were positively associated with total cancer risk, with an adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.20 (1.01-1.41) for an increment of 100 ng/g lipid. Our preliminary findings suggest a potential relationship between the historical exposure to persistent organic pollutants and the risk of cancer in men. However, these results should be interpreted with caution and require verification during the future follow-up of this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arrebola
- Oncology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Piedad Martín-Olmedo
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Molina-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - María J Sánchez-Pérez
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain; Granada Research of Excellence Initiative on BioHealth "GREIB", University of Granada (CEB-005), Spain
| | - Emilio Sánchez-Cantalejo
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Molina-Portillo
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Expósito
- Oncology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Exposure to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:77-84. [PMID: 24955316 PMCID: PMC4064641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study extended and updated a meta-analysis of the association between exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and the risk of breast cancer. Methods We reviewed the published literature on exposure to DDE and breast cancer risk to update a meta-analysis from 2004. The total of 35 studies included 16 hospital-based case–control studies, 11 population-based case–control studies, and 10 nested case–control studies identified through keyword searches in the PubMed and EMBASE databases. Results The summary odds ratio (OR) for the identified studies was 1.03 (95% confidence interval 0.95–1.12) and the overall heterogeneity in the OR was observed (I2 = 40.9; p = 0.006). Subgroup meta-analyses indicated no significant association between exposure to DDE and breast cancer risk by the type of design, study years, biological specimen, and geographical region of the study, except from population-based case–control studies with estimated DDE levels in serum published in 1990s. Conclusion Existing studies do not support the view that DDE increases the risk of breast cancer in humans. However, further studies incorporating more detailed information on DDT exposure and other potential risk factors for breast cancer are needed.
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Bachelet D, Verner MA, Guihenneuc-Jouyaux C, Charlier C, Charbonneau M, Haddad S, Guénel P. ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE TO PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BREAST CANCER: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVES FOR THE CECILE STUDY. Acta Clin Belg 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/acb.2010.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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37
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Ingber SZ, Buser MC, Pohl HR, Abadin HG, Edward Murray H, Scinicariello F. DDT/DDE and breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:421-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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White AJ, Teitelbaum SL, Wolff MS, Stellman SD, Neugut AI, Gammon MD. Exposure to fogger trucks and breast cancer incidence in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project: a case-control study. Environ Health 2013; 12:24. [PMID: 23497110 PMCID: PMC3639887 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have supported an association between breast cancer and DDT, usually assessed with biomarkers that cannot discern timing of exposure, or differentiate between the accumulation of chronic low-dose versus acute high-dose exposures in the past. Previous studies suggest that an association may be evident only among women exposed to DDT during biologically susceptible windows, or among those diagnosed with estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor-positive (ER+PR+) breast cancer subtypes. Self-reported acute exposure to a fogger truck, which sprayed DDT prior to 1972, was hypothesized to increase the risk of breast cancer, particularly among women exposed at a young age or diagnosed with ER+PR+ breast cancer. METHODS We examined these possibilities in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP) (1,508 cases, 1,556 controls), which included exposure assessment by structured questionnaire and serum samples collected between 1996-1998, using adjusted logistic and polytomous regression to estimate ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS Women with ER+PR+ breast cancer had a 44% increased odds of ever seeing a pre-1972 fogger truck compared to other subtypes (OR = 1.44; 95% CI 1.08-1.93). However, there was little variation in the observed increase in breast cancer risk when considering all women who reported seeing a pre-1972 fogger truck at their residence (OR = 1.16; 95% CI 0.98, 1.37), or during hypothesized susceptible windows. Self-reported acute exposure was not correlated with serum concentrations, a biomarker of long-term exposure. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that seeing a fogger truck, a proxy measure for acute DDT exposure, may be associated with ER+PR+ tumors, the most commonly diagnosed breast cancer subtype among American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J White
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven D Stellman
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Zani C, Toninelli G, Filisetti B, Donato F. Polychlorinated biphenyls and cancer: an epidemiological assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:99-144. [PMID: 23672403 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.782174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic and persistent chemicals produced between 1930s and 1980s primarily for insulating fluids in heavy-duty electrical equipment in power plants, industries, and large buildings. They persist in the environment and accumulate in plants and animals, and have been classified as probable carcinogens to humans. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of scientific literature on the relationship between PCB exposure and human cancer. Two cohorts of people highly exposed to PCBs through ingestion of contaminated rice oil and some cohorts of occupationally exposed workers failed to show a definite increase in total cancer mortality and provided inconsistent results regarding single cancers. Several cohort and case-control studies investigated the association between PCBs and specific cancers, showing an association between PCB serum levels and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), with a summary odds ratio of 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-1.7), but no consistent results for the other cancer sites and types. In conclusion, this review provides some evidence for the role of PCBs in the development of NHL, although the inconsistent results of studies performed on highly polluted people and occupationally exposed workers do not allow a firm conclusion to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zani
- Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy.
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Johnson NA, Ho A, Cline JM, Hughes CL, Foster WG, Davis VL. Accelerated mammary tumor onset in a HER2/Neu mouse model exposed to DDT metabolites locally delivered to the mammary gland. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1170-6. [PMID: 22514210 PMCID: PMC3440075 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) with breast cancer is controversial, but animal studies directly linking DDT to risk are lacking. Concerns with DDT reside in its environmental persistence, bioaccumulation in breast adipose tissue, and endocrine-disrupting actions. Whereas most attention has been focused on estrogenic congeners, we tested the cancer-inducing potential of the antiandrogen, p,p´-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene], the most prevalent and persistent DDT metabolite. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether developmental exposure to p,p´-DDE stored in adipose tissue surrounding the cancer-prone mammary epithelium of MMTV-Neu mice influences tumor development. METHODS For localized delivery, Elvax 40P pellets containing p,p´-DDE were implanted into the mammary fat pads of prepubertal female mice. We compared mammary tumor development with p,p´-DDE with development in response to its estrogenic isomer, o,p´-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene], and a mixture of both isomers. RESULTS p,p´-DDE implants significantly accelerated mammary tumor onset compared with vehicle Elvax implants. o,p´-DDE had similar results, but only at ≤ 10 months of age. Lipid-adjusted levels of p,p´-DDE in mammary adipose tissue and serum in young mice were within the ranges of human exposure, whereas concentrations in aged mice were low to undetectable. Exposure to a 2:1 ratio of p,p´-DDE:o,p´-DDE did not result in the younger latency observed with the individual isomers. CONCLUSIONS p,p´-DDE exposure at concentrations relevant to human exposure accelerates mammary carcinogenesis in mice, possibly through hormonal and/or other actions. These data suggest that DDE exposure would promote, but not cause, mammary tumorigenesis. Developmental exposure in immature mammary tissue continues to affect tumor onset even after p,p´-DDE levels have declined. Future studies are needed to determine whether early exposure to p,p´-DDE correspondingly predisposes women to early-onset breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakpangi A Johnson
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 16214-1232, USA
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Stewart BW. Priorities for cancer prevention: lifestyle choices versus unavoidable exposures. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:e126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Recio-Vega R, Velazco-Rodriguez V, Ocampo-Gómez G, Hernandez-Gonzalez S, Ruiz-Flores P, Lopez-Marquez F. Serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in Mexican women and breast cancer risk. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:270-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Recio-Vega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad Torreón; Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila; México
| | | | - Guadalupe Ocampo-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad Torreón; Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila; México
| | - Sandra Hernandez-Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad Torreón; Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila; México
| | - Pablo Ruiz-Flores
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad Torreón; Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila; México
| | - Francisco Lopez-Marquez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad Torreón; Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila; México
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Breast cancer risk among women with long-standing lactation and reproductive parameters at low risk level: a case-control study in Northern Tanzania. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 142:133-41. [PMID: 21104009 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women worldwide. Studies in industrialised countries identified age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, and lactation as determining factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. 115 female breast cancer patients (cases) and 230 age- and district-matched women clinically free from breast cancer (controls) were interviewed about their reproductive history and socioeconomic condition. Semi-structured interviews including anthropometric measurements were conducted by trained enumerators. The median age was 50 years (min/max 26 to 85 years). Estimated median BMI at age 20 was 21 kg/m(2) in both cases and controls. Median lifelong lactation of the mothers was 96 months (cases) and 108 months (controls). A high BMI at 20 years was associated with an increased breast cancer risk (OR 1.31 95% CI 1.11-1.55, P < 0.01). The odds ratio for lifelong lactation was slightly below one (OR 0.99 95% CI 0.98-1.00, P < 0.01). There was no significant association in risk for BMI at interview (median 25 kg/m(2) of cases and 26 kg/m(2) of controls), age at menarche (median 16 years), and age at first full-term pregnancy (median 20 years). The association of increased risk with higher BMI at age 20 years remained significant after stratification for menopause (premenopausal: OR 1.41 95% CI 1.10-1.81, P = 0.01; postmenopausal: OR 1.38 95% CI 1.06-1.80, P = 0.02). Late age at menarche and prolonged lifelong lactation were associated with a risk reduction among premenopausal women (ORmenarche 0.74 95% CI 0.56-1.00, P = 0.05; ORlactation 0.98 95% CI 0.97-0.99, P < 0.01). In conclusion, long-standing lactation and reproductive behaviour are associated with a lower breast cancer risk in the region. As current changes in lifestyle affect age at menarche, reproductive behaviour, and nutritional status, an increased incidence of breast cancer is to be expected. Preventive efforts should include advice on reproductive and breastfeeding behaviour.
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Ociepa-Zawal M, Rubis B, Wawrzynczak D, Wachowiak R, Trzeciak WH. Accumulation of environmental estrogens in adipose tissue of breast cancer patients. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:305-312. [PMID: 20390871 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903468038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although the estrogenic properties of numerous chloroorganic pesticides have been widely recognized, population studies do not give clear results indicating the link between the exposure to these compounds and breast cancer development. Because of the weak affinity of these pesticides to estrogen receptors, they probably act by affecting the expression of CYP genes encoding cytochromes P450 engaged in the metabolism of environmental as well as natural estrogens. To examine the possible correlation between environmental estrogen levels in adipose tissue and breast cancer stage, grade, receptor status and onset of the disease, adipose tissue was isolated from 54 breast cancer patients and 23 healthy individuals. Clinical characteristics were obtained from the medical records, while the information concerning exposure to environmental estrogens where obtained from questionnaires. The environmental estrogens were identified and quantified by GC-chromatography. The data was analyzed with the use of Student t-test and Spearman correlation. The levels of most environmental estrogens did not differ between the patients and the controls, except the beta-HCH (beta-hexachlorocyclohexane) level, which was higher in the patients than in the healthy individuals. Significantly higher levels of DDE (1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene) and DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenol)ethane) (P < 0.05) were observed in the patients with late onset of the disease which was probably due to the time of exposure. Moreover, in the patients exposed to environmental estrogens, significantly higher concentrations of DDD (1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane) were found (P < 0.05). We also evidenced that estrogen-independent cancer was more frequent in the patients exposed to numerous risk factors in which higher levels of HCB (hexachlorobenzene), gamma-HCH (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane), DDD and DDT in adipose tissue were detected. Breast cancer development is probably related to the accumulation of DDT and its derivatives, but the effect appears only in older patients. We postulate that environmental estrogens acting together with other risk factors might influence the progress and exacerbate the prognosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ociepa-Zawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Ortega Jacome GP, Koifman RJ, Rego Monteiro GT, Koifman S. Environmental exposure and breast cancer among young women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:858-865. [PMID: 20563919 DOI: 10.1080/15287391003744773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing breast cancer rates among young women (<40 years old) have been reported by the population-based cancer registries in Brazil. A case series study was carried out in Rio de Janeiro aiming to obtain epidemiological information allowing the generation of hypotheses to be further evaluated in analytical studies. One hundred and ten women 20-35 years old diagnosed with breast cancer were interviewed to determine the role environment plays in patients cased upon residential location. A comprehensive questionnaire including personal information (medical and lifestyle antecedents, reproductive history, family history of cancer, chemical and radiation exposure) was employed, and the obtained data were further compared with data provided by controls (women without cancer). An unconditional logistic regression was further employed to ascertain the respective odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Seventy-one percent of cancer cases were sporadic breast cancer, and familial aggregation (first degree relatives) was observed in just 3.5% (5.5% including second-degree relatives). Forty (51.3%) of the cancer cases were reported to have resided at a distance of less than 20 m from an electrical power transformer. Bivariate analysis revealed OR = 5.62 (95% CI 2.63-12) for residential use of pesticides during adulthood, OR = 2.15 (95% CI 1.22-3.77) for dental diagnostic x-rays, and OR= 1.53 (95% 0.77-3.04) for living nearby an electrical power transformer. Further multivariate analysis showed an adjusted OR = 3.5 (95% CI 1.11-11.0) for residential use of pesticides, and an adjusted OR = 2 (95% CI 1.24-3.23) for dental diagnostic x-rays during adulthood. The observed results highlight the importance of exploring the contribution of selected environmental agents possibly involved in breast carcinogenesis among young women.
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Eskenazi B, Chevrier J, Rosas LG, Anderson HA, Bornman MS, Bouwman H, Chen A, Cohn BA, de Jager C, Henshel DS, Leipzig F, Leipzig JS, Lorenz EC, Snedeker SM, Stapleton D. The Pine River statement: human health consequences of DDT use. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1359-67. [PMID: 19750098 PMCID: PMC2737010 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used worldwide until the 1970s, when concerns about its toxic effects, its environmental persistence, and its concentration in the food supply led to use restrictions and prohibitions. In 2001, more than 100 countries signed the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), committing to eliminate the use of 12 POPs of greatest concern. However, DDT use was allowed for disease vector control. In 2006, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Agency for International Development endorsed indoor DDT spraying to control malaria. To better inform current policy, we reviewed epidemiologic studies published from 2003 to 2008 that investigated the human health consequences of DDT and/or DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) exposure. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION We conducted a PubMed search in October 2008 and retrieved 494 studies. DATA SYNTHESIS Use restrictions have been successful in lowering human exposure to DDT, but blood concentrations of DDT and DDE are high in countries where DDT is currently being used or was more recently restricted. The recent literature shows a growing body of evidence that exposure to DDT and its breakdown product DDE may be associated with adverse health outcomes such as breast cancer, diabetes, decreased semen quality, spontaneous abortion, and impaired neurodevelopment in children. CONCLUSIONS Although we provide evidence to suggest that DDT and DDE may pose a risk to human health, we also highlight the lack of knowledge about human exposure and health effects in communities where DDT is currently being sprayed for malaria control. We recommend research to address this gap and to develop safe and effective alternatives to DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Itoh H, Iwasaki M, Hanaoka T, Kasuga Y, Yokoyama S, Onuma H, Nishimura H, Kusama R, Tsugane S. Serum organochlorines and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: a case–control study. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 20:567-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Salehi F, Turner MC, Phillips KP, Wigle DT, Krewski D, Aronson KJ. Review of the etiology of breast cancer with special attention to organochlorines as potential endocrine disruptors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:276-300. [PMID: 18368557 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701875923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among Canadian women, accounting for about 30% of all new cancer cases each year. Although the incidence of breast cancer has increased over the past 50 years, the cause of this rise is unknown. Risk factors for breast cancer may be classified into four broad categories: (1) genetic/familial, (2) reproductive/hormonal, (3) lifestyle, and (4) environmental. Established risk factors for breast cancer include older age, later age at first full-term pregnancy, no full-term pregnancies, postmenopausal obesity, and genetic factors. However, these known risk factors cannot account for the majority of cases. In the early 1990s, it was suggested that exposure to some environmental chemicals such as organochlorine compounds may play a causal role in the etiology of breast cancer through estrogen-related pathways. The relationship between organochlorines and breast cancer risk has been studied extensively in the past decade and more, and at this point there is no clear evidence to support a causal role of most organochlorine pesticides in the etiology of human breast cancer, but more evidence is needed to assess risk associated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Future studies need to consider the combined effects of exposures, concentrate on vulnerable groups such as those with higher levels of exposure, only consider exposures occurring during the most etiologically relevant time periods, and more thoroughly consider gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Salehi
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Cohn BA, Wolff MS, Cirillo PM, Sholtz RI. DDT and breast cancer in young women: new data on the significance of age at exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1406-14. [PMID: 17938728 PMCID: PMC2022666 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of DDT and breast cancer assessed exposure later in life when the breast may not have been vulnerable, after most DDT had been eliminated, and after DDT had been banned. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether DDT exposure in young women during the period of peak DDT use predicts breast cancer. METHODS We conducted a prospective, nested case-control study with a median time to diagnosis of 17 years using blood samples obtained from young women during 1959-1967. Subjects were members of the Child Health and Development Studies, Oakland, California, who provided blood samples 1-3 days after giving birth (mean age, 26 years). Cases (n = 129) developed breast cancer before the age of 50 years. Controls (n = 129) were matched to cases on birth year. Serum was assayed for p,p'-DDT, the active ingredient of DDT; o,p'-DDT, a low concentration contaminant; and p,p'-DDE, the most abundant p,p'-DDT metabolite. RESULTS High levels of serum p,p'-DDT predicted a statistically significant 5-fold increased risk of breast cancer among women who were born after 1931. These women were under 14 years of age in 1945, when DDT came into widespread use, and mostly under 20 years as DDT use peaked. Women who were not exposed to p,p'-DDT before 14 years of age showed no association between p,p'-DDT and breast cancer (p = 0.02 for difference by age). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to p,p'-DDT early in life may increase breast cancer risk. Many U.S. women heavily exposed to DDT in childhood have not yet reached 50 years of age. The public health significance of DDT exposure in early life may be large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Center for Research on Women's and Children's Health, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, USA.
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