Mapping hot spots of breast cancer mortality in the United States: place matters for Blacks and Hispanics

A Retrospective Chart Analysis Comparing Breast Cancer Detection Rates Between Annual Versus Biennial Mammograms

Background

Per American Cancer Society, breast cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related mortality in women in the United States. Different organizations vary in their recommendations regarding frequency of mammograms, with the United State Preventive Service Taskforce recommending biennial screening and other organizations like American College of Radiology promoting annual screening. The purpose of this study was to analyze institutional data to compare breast cancer detection rates among women undergoing annual vs. biennial mammograms.

Methods

In this retrospective chart review, we analyzed deidentified records of women aged 25 to 74 at Northeast Georgia Health System, who had undergone at least two screening mammograms and were diagnosed with primary breast cancer. We analyzed several variables including Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categorization, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PR) status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, age, race, ethnicity, nodal involvement, smoking status, insurance status, grade, tumor size, number of screening mammograms, personal history of breast cancer, family history of breast cancer, and their correlation to screening frequency (annual vs. biennial vs. less than biennial).

Results

Among the total 2,219 records that satisfied the inclusion criteria, we observed that BI-RADS categorization (P < 0.001), ER status (P = 0.003), and PR status (P = 0.001) were associated with mammogram screening frequency while the other variables were not statistically significant. Post-hoc analysis revealed that biennially screened patients exhibited less N2 node involvement than expected (P = 0.022). Additionally, Hispanic/Latino(a) patients had a greater frequency of biennial screenings than expected (P = 0.050). Lastly, post-hoc analysis revealed that current smokers had a greater incidence of less-frequent-than-biennial screenings (P = 0.023).

Conclusions

Annual mammograms were associated with a lower BI-RADS stage and lower stage of breast cancer diagnosis.

Effectiveness of a Breast Cancer Education Screening and NavigaTion (BEST) Intervention among Hispanic Women

BACKGROUND

In the United States, breast cancer remains one of the most diagnosed cancers among females and remains the second leading cause of cancer death. In addition, breast cancer is most likely diagnosed at an advanced stage among Hispanic females in the United States due to lower mammogram utilization.

AIMS

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a multilevel, multicomponent community-based breast cancer screening intervention called the Breast Cancer Education Screening and NavigaTion (BEST) program. The primary outcome was the completion of a screening mammogram 4 months post-intervention.

METHOD

We used a pragmatic approach for evaluation, utilizing a quasi-experimental delayed intervention design. We recruited women from the community aged between 50 and 75, uninsured or underinsured, and overdue for screening.

RESULTS

Six hundred participants were recruited (300 intervention and 300 control). Among completers, the screening rate was 97% in the intervention group and 4.4% in the control group (RR = 22.2, 95% CI: 12.5-39.7, p < .001). In multivariable analysis, age ≥ 65 (RR = 1.29, p = .047), perceived benefits (RR = 1.04, p = .026), curability (RR = 1.24, p < .001), subjective norms (RR = 1.14, p = .014), and fatalism (RR = .96, p = .004) remained significantly associated with screening outcome.

CONCLUSION

A multicomponent, bilingual, and culturally tailored intervention effectively facilitated breast cancer screening completion in an underserved population of Hispanic women. Individuals with improved screening outcomes were more likely to have higher positive beliefs. Our study has important implications regarding using multicomponent interventions in increasing breast cancer screening completion in poorly screened populations. It also highlights differences in health belief motivation for breast cancer screening completion.

Heavy-metal associated breast cancer and colorectal cancer hot spots and their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics

PURPOSE

Cancer registries offer an avenue to identify cancer clusters across large populations and efficiently examine potential environmental harms affecting cancer. The role of known metal carcinogens (i.e., cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium(VI)) in breast and colorectal carcinogenesis is largely unknown. Historically marginalized communities are disproportionately exposed to metals, which could explain cancer disparities. We examined area-based metal exposures and odds of residing in breast and colorectal cancer hotspots utilizing state tumor registry data and described the characteristics of those living in heavy metal-associated cancer hotspots.

METHODS

Breast and colorectal cancer hotspots were mapped across Kentucky, and area-based ambient metal exposure to cadmium, arsenic, nickel, and chromium(VI) were extracted from the 2014 National Air Toxics Assessment for Kentucky census tracts. Among colorectal cancer (n = 56,598) and female breast cancer (n = 77,637) diagnoses in Kentucky, we used logistic regression models to estimate Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals to examine the association between ambient metal concentrations and odds of residing in cancer hotspots, independent of individual-level and neighborhood risk factors.

RESULTS

Higher ambient metal exposures were associated with higher odds of residing in breast and colorectal cancer hotspots. Populations in breast and colorectal cancer hotspots were disproportionately Black and had markers of lower socioeconomic status. Furthermore, adjusting for age, race, tobacco and neighborhood factors did not significantly change cancer hotspot ORs for ambient metal exposures analyzed.

CONCLUSION

Ambient metal exposures contribute to higher cancer rates in certain geographic areas that are largely composed of marginalized populations. Individual-level assessments of metal exposures and cancer disparities are needed.

Silent suffering: the impact of sexual health challenges on patient-clinician communication and adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy among Black women with early-stage breast cancer

PURPOSE

Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) increases sexual health challenges for women with early-stage breast cancer. Black women are more likely than women of other racial/ethnic groups to report adverse symptoms and least likely to initiate and maintain AET. Little is known about how sexual health challenges influence patient-clinician communication and treatment adherence. This study explores facilitators of and barriers to patient-clinician communication about sexual health and how those factors might affect AET adherence among Black women with early-stage breast cancer.

METHODS

We conducted 32 semi-structured, in-depth interviews among Black women with early-stage breast cancer in the U.S. Mid-South region. Participants completed an online questionnaire prior to interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Participants' median age was 59 (range 40-78 years, SD = 9.0). Adverse sexual symptoms hindered participants' AET adherence. Facilitators of patient-clinician communication about sexual health included female clinicians and peer support. Barriers included perceptions of male oncologists' disinterest in Black women's sexual health, perceptions of male oncologists' biased beliefs about sexual activity among older Black women, cultural norms of sexual silence among Southern Black women, and medical mistrust.

CONCLUSIONS

Adverse sexual symptoms and poor patient-clinician communication about sexual health contribute to lower AET adherence among Black women with early-stage breast cancer. New interventions using peer support models and female clinicians trained to discuss sexual health could ameliorate communication barriers and improve treatment adherence.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Black women with early-stage breast cancer in the U.S. Mid-South may require additional resources to address sociocultural and psychosocial implications of cancer survivorship to enable candid discussions with oncologists.

Geographical Variation in Social Determinants of Female Breast Cancer Mortality Across US Counties

Importance

Breast cancer mortality is complex and traditional approaches that seek to identify determinants of mortality assume that their effects on mortality are stationary across geographic space and scales.

Objective

To identify geographic variation in the associations of population demographics, environmental, lifestyle, and health care access with breast cancer mortality at the US county-level.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This geospatial cross-sectional study used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database on adult female patients with breast cancer. Statistical and spatial analysis was completed using adjusted mortality rates from 2015 to 2019 for 2176 counties in the US. Data were analyzed July 2022.

Exposures

County-level population demographics, environmental, lifestyle, and health care access variables were obtained from open data sources.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Model coefficients describing the association between 18 variables and age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rate. Compared with a multivariable linear regression (OLS), multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) relaxed the assumption of spatial stationarity and allowed for the magnitude, direction, and significance of coefficients to change across geographic space.

Results

Both OLS and MGWR models agreed that county-level age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates were significantly positively associated with obesity (OLS: β, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.54; mean [SD] MGWR: β, 0.72 [0.02]) and negatively associated with proportion of adults screened via mammograms (OLS: β, -1.27; 95% CI, -1.70 to -0.84; mean [SD] MGWR: β, -1.07 [0.16]). Furthermore, the MGWR model revealed that these 2 determinants were associated with a stationary effect on mortality across the US. However, the MGWR model provided important insights on other county-level factors differentially associated with breast cancer mortality across the US. Both models agreed that smoking (OLS: β, -0.65; 95% CI, -0.98 to -0.32; mean [SD] MGWR: β, -0.75 [0.92]), food environment index (OLS: β, -1.35; 95% CI, -1.72 to -0.98; mean [SD] MGWR: β, -1.69 [0.70]), exercise opportunities (OLS: β, -0.56; 95% CI, -0.91 to -0.21; mean [SD] MGWR: β, -0.59 [0.81]), racial segregation (OLS: β, -0.60; 95% CI, -0.89 to -0.31; mean [SD] MGWR: β, -0.47 [0.41]), mental health care physician ratio (OLS: β, -0.93; 95% CI, -1.44 to -0.42; mean [SD] MGWR: β, -0.48 [0.92]), and primary care physician ratio (OLS: β, -1.46; 95% CI, -2.13 to -0.79; mean [SD] MGWR: β, -1.06 [0.57]) were negatively associated with breast cancer mortality, and that light pollution was positively associated (OLS: β, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.72; mean [SD] MGWR: β, 0.27 [0.04]). But in the MGWR model, the magnitude of effect sizes and significance varied across geographical regions. Inversely, the OLS model found that disability was not a significant variable for breast cancer mortality, yet the MGWR model found that it was significantly positively associated in some geographical locations.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study found that not all social determinants associated with breast cancer mortality are spatially stationary and provides spatially explicit insights for public health practitioners to guide geographically targeted interventions.

Association of Food Deserts and Food Swamps With Obesity-Related Cancer Mortality in the US

Importance

Obesity-related cancers account for 40% of all cancers in the US. Healthy food consumption is a modifiable factor shown to reduce obesity-related cancer mortality, but residing in areas with less access to grocery stores (food deserts) or higher access to fast food (food swamps) reduces healthy food access and has been understudied.

Objective

To analyze the association of food deserts and food swamps with obesity-related cancer mortality in the US.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional ecologic study used US Department of Agriculture Food Environment Atlas data from 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2020 and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention mortality data from 2010 to 2020. A total of 3038 US counties or county equivalents with complete information on food environment scores and obesity-related cancer mortality data were included. An age-adjusted, generalized, mixed-effects regression model was performed for the association of food desert and food swamp scores with obesity-related cancer mortality rates. Data were analyzed from September 9, 2022, to September 30, 2022.

Exposures

Food swamp score was calculated as the ratio of fast-food and convenience stores to grocery stores and farmers markets. Higher food swamp and food desert scores (20.0 to ≥58.0) indicated counties with fewer healthy food resources.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Obesity-related cancer (based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer evidence between obesity and 13 types of cancer) mortality rates were categorized as high (≥71.8 per 100 000 population) vs low (<71.8 per 100 000 population) per county.

Results

A total of 3038 counties or county equivalents with high obesity-related cancer mortality rates had a higher percentage of non-Hispanic Black residents (3.26% [IQR, 0.47%-26.35%] vs 1.77% [IQR, 0.43%-8.48%]), higher percentage of persons older than 65 years (15.71% [IQR, 13.73%-18.00%] vs 15.40% [IQR, 12.82%-18.09%]), higher poverty rates (19.00% [IQR, 14.20%-23.70%] vs 14.40% [IQR, 11.00%-18.50%]), higher adult obesity rates (33.00% [IQR, 32.00%-35.00%] vs 32.10% [IQR, 29.30%-33.20%]), and higher adult diabetes rates (12.50% [IQR, 11.00%-14.20%] vs 10.70% [IQR, 9.30%-12.40%]) compared with counties or county equivalents with low obesity-related cancer mortality. There was a 77% increased odds of having high obesity-related cancer mortality rates among US counties or county equivalents with high food swamp scores (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.43-2.19). A positive dose-response relationship among 3 levels of food desert and food swamp scores and obesity-related cancer mortality was also observed.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cross-sectional ecologic study suggest that policy makers, funding agencies, and community stakeholders should implement sustainable approaches to combating obesity and cancer and establishing access to healthier food, such as creating more walkable neighborhoods and community gardens.

Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment in Southern States

BACKGROUND

Medicaid expansion impacted patients when assessed at a national level. However, of the 32 states that expanded Medicaid, only three were Southern states. Whether results apply to Southern states that share similar geopolitical perspectives remains elusive. We aimed to assess the impact of Medicaid expansion on breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in 8 Southern states in the US.

STUDY DESIGN

We identified uninsured or Medicaid patients (age 40 to 64 years) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 2011 to 2018 in Southern states from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries-Cancer in North America Research Dataset. Medicaid-expanded states ([MES], Louisiana, Kentucky, Arkansas) were compared with non-MES ([NMES], Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, Oklahoma) using multivariate logistic regression and differences-in-differences analyses during pre- and postexpansion periods; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Among 21,974 patients, patients in MES had increased odds of Medicaid insurance by 43% (odds ratio 1.43, p < 0.01) and decreased odds of distant-stage disease by 7% (odds ratio 0.93, p = 0.03). After Medicaid expansion, Medicaid patients increased by 10.6% in MES (Arkansas, Kentucky), in contrast to a 1.3% decrease in NMES (differences-in-differences 11.9%, p < 0. 0001, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, rural-urban status, and poverty status). MES (Arkansas, Kentucky) had 2.3% fewer patients diagnosed with distant-stage disease compared with a 0.5% increase in NMES (differences-in-differences 2.8%, p = 0.01, after adjustment). Patients diagnosed in MES had higher odds of receiving treatment (odds ratio 2.27, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Unlike NMES, MES experienced increased Medicaid insured, increased treatment, and decreased distant-stage disease at diagnosis. Medicaid expansion in the South leads to earlier and more comprehensive treatment of breast cancer.

Are Neighborhood Characteristics Associated With Outcomes After THA and TKA? Findings From a Large Healthcare System Database

BACKGROUND

Non-White patients have higher rates of discharge to an extended care facility, hospital readmission, and emergency department use after primary THA and TKA. The reasons for this are unknown. Place of residence, which can vary by race, has been linked to poorer healthcare outcomes for people with many health conditions. However, the potential relationship between place of residence and disparities in these joint arthroplasty outcomes is unclear.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

(1) Are neighborhood-level characteristics, including racial composition, marital proportions, residential vacancy, educational attainment, employment proportions, overall deprivation, access to medical care, and rurality associated with an increased risk of discharge to a facility, readmission, and emergency department use after elective THA and TKA? (2) Are the associations between neighborhood-level characteristics and discharge to a facility, readmission, and emergency department use the same among White and Black patients undergoing elective THA and TKA?

METHODS

Between 2007 and 2018, 34,008 records of elective primary THA or TKA for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or avascular necrosis in a regional healthcare system were identified. After exclusions for unicompartmental arthroplasty, bilateral surgery, concomitant procedures, inability to geocode a residential address, duplicate records, and deaths, 21,689 patients remained. Ninety-seven percent of patients in this cohort self-identified as either White or Black, so the remaining 659 patients were excluded due to small sample size. This left 21,030 total patients for analysis. Discharge destination, readmissions within 90 days of surgery, and emergency department visits within 90 days were identified. Each patient's street address was linked to neighborhood characteristics from the American Community Survey and Area Deprivation Index. A multilevel, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model each outcome of interest, controlling for clinical and individual sociodemographic factors and allowing for clustering at the neighborhood level. The models were then duplicated with the addition of neighborhood characteristics to determine the association between neighborhood-level factors and each outcome. The linear predictors from each of these models were used to determine the predicted risk of each outcome, with and without neighborhood characteristics, and divided into tenths. The change in predicted risk tenths based on the model containing neighborhood characteristics was compared to that without neighborhood characteristics.The change in predicted risk tenth for each outcome was stratified by race.

RESULTS

After controlling for age, sex, insurance type, surgery type, and comorbidities, we found that an increase of one SD of neighborhood unemployment (odds ratio 1.26 [95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.36]; p < 0.001) was associated with an increased likelihood of discharge to a facility, whereas an increase of one SD in proportions of residents receiving public assistance (OR 0.92 [95% CI 0.86 to 0.98]; p = 0.008), living below the poverty level (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.74 to 0.91]; p < 0.001), and being married (OR 0.80 [95% CI 0.71 to 0.89]; p < 0.001) was associated with a decreased likelihood of discharge to a facility. Residence in areas one SD above mean neighborhood unemployment (OR 1.12 [95% CI [1.04 to 1.21]; p = 0.002) was associated with increased rates of readmission. An increase of one SD in residents receiving food stamps (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.75 to 093]; p = 0.001), being married (OR 0.89 [95% CI 0.80 to 0.99]; p = 0.03), and being older than 65 years (OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.88 to 0.98]; p = 0.01) was associated with a decreased likelihood of readmission. A one SD increase in the percentage of Black residents (OR 1.11 [95% CI 1.00 to 1.22]; p = 0.04) and unemployed residents (OR 1.15 [95% CI 1.05 to 1.26]; p = 0.003) was associated with a higher likelihood of emergency department use. Living in a medically underserved area (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.68 to 0.97]; p = 0.02), a neighborhood one SD above the mean of individuals using food stamps (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.70 to 0.93]; p = 0.004), and a neighborhood with an increasing percentage of individuals older than 65 years (OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.83 to 0.96]; p = 0.002) were associated with a lower likelihood of emergency department use. With the addition of neighborhood characteristics, the risk prediction tenths of the overall cohort remained the same in more than 50% of patients for all three outcomes of interest. When stratified by race, neighborhood characteristics increased the predicted risk for 55% of Black patients for readmission compared with 17% of White patients (p < 0.001). The predicted risk tenth increased for 60% of Black patients for emergency department use compared with 21% for White patients (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

These results can be used to identify high-risk patients who might benefit from preemptive interventions to avoid these particular outcomes and to create more realistic, comprehensive risk adjustment models for value-based care programs. Additionally, this study demonstrates that neighborhood characteristics are associated with greater risk for these outcomes among Black patients compared with White patients. Further studies should consider that race/ethnicity and neighborhood characteristics may not function independently from each other. Understanding this link between race and place of residence is essential for future racial disparities research.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, therapeutic study.

Intra-urban spatial variability of breast and cervical cancer mortality in the city of São Paulo: analysis of associated factors

OBJECTIVE

To identify spatial variability of mortality from breast and cervical cancer and to assess factors associated in the city of São Paulo.

METHODS

Between 2009 and 2016, 10,124 deaths from breast cancer and 2,116 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded in the Mortality Information System among women aged 20 years and over. The records were geocoded by address of residence and grouped according to Primary Health Care coverage areas. A spatial regression modeling was put together using the Bayesian approach with a Besag-York-Mollié structure to verify the association of deaths with selected indicators.

RESULTS

Mortality rates from these types of cancer showed inverse spatial patterns. These variables were associated with breast cancer mortality: travel time between one and two hours to work (RR - relative risk: 0.97; 95%CI - credible interval: 0.93-1.00); women being the head of the household (RR 0.97; 95%CI 0.94-0.99) and deaths from breast cancer in private health institutions (RR 1.04; 95%CI 1.00-1.07). The following variables were associated with mortality from cervical cancer: travel time to work between half an hour and one hour (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.87-0.98); per capita household income of up to 3 minimum wages (RR 1.27; 95%CI 1.18-1.37) and ratio of children under one year of age related to the female population aged 15 to 49 years (RR 1.09; 95%CI 1.01-1.18).

CONCLUSION

The predicted RR for mortality from these cancers were calculated and associated with the socioeconomic conditions of the areas covered.

Intra-urban spatial variability of breast and cervical cancer mortality in the city of São Paulo: analysis of associated factors

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify spatial variability of mortality from breast and cervical cancer and to assess factors associated in the city of São Paulo. Methods: Between 2009 and 2016, 10,124 deaths from breast cancer and 2,116 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded in the Mortality Information System among women aged 20 years and over. The records were geocoded by address of residence and grouped according to Primary Health Care coverage areas. A spatial regression modeling was put together using the Bayesian approach with a Besag-York-Mollié structure to verify the association of deaths with selected indicators. Results: Mortality rates from these types of cancer showed inverse spatial patterns. These variables were associated with breast cancer mortality: travel time between one and two hours to work (RR – relative risk: 0.97; 95%CI – credible interval: 0.93–1.00); women being the head of the household (RR 0.97; 95%CI 0.94–0.99) and deaths from breast cancer in private health institutions (RR 1.04; 95%CI 1.00–1.07). The following variables were associated with mortality from cervical cancer: travel time to work between half an hour and one hour (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.87–0.98); per capita household income of up to 3 minimum wages (RR 1.27; 95%CI 1.18–1.37) and ratio of children under one year of age related to the female population aged 15 to 49 years (RR 1.09; 95%CI 1.01–1.18). Conclusion: The predicted RR for mortality from these cancers were calculated and associated with the socioeconomic conditions of the areas covered.

Exploring the intersectionality of race/ethnicity with rurality on breast cancer outcomes: SEER analysis, 2000-2016

PURPOSE

Disparities in breast cancer survival have been observed within marginalized racial/ethnic groups and within the rural-urban continuum for decades. We examined whether there were differences among the intersectionality of race/ethnicity and rural residence on breast cancer outcomes.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis among 739,448 breast cancer patients using Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 18 registries years 2000 through 2016. We conducted multilevel logistic-regression and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and hazard ratios (AHRs), respectively, for breast cancer outcomes including surgical treatment, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, late-stage disease, and risk of breast cancer death. Rural was defined as 2013 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) of 4 or greater.

RESULTS

Compared with non-Hispanic white-urban (NH-white-U) women, NH-black-U, NH-black-rural (R), Hispanic-U, and Hispanic-R women, respectively, were at increased odds of no receipt of surgical treatment (NH-black-U, AOR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.91-2.05; NH-black-R, AOR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.52-1.94; Hispanic-U, AOR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.52-1.65; and Hispanic-R, AOR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.18-1.67), late-stage diagnosis (NH-black-U, AOR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.29-1.34; NH-black-R, AOR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.22-1.36; Hispanic-U, AOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.23-1.27; and Hispanic-R, AOR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.08-1.27), and increased risks for breast cancer death (NH-black-U, AHR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.43-1.50; NH-black-R, AHR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.32-1.53; and Hispanic-U, AHR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.07-1.13).

CONCLUSION

Regardless of rurality, NH-black and Hispanic women had significantly increased odds of late-stage diagnosis, no receipt of treatment, and risk of breast cancer death.

Neighborhood segregation and cancer prevention guideline adherence in US Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the HCHS/SOL

Background

Adherence to the American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines for cancer prevention is associated with a lower risk of cancer and mortality. The role of neighborhood segregation on adherence to the guidelines among Hispanic/Latino adults is relatively unexplored.

Materials and methods

The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is a community-based prospective cohort of 16,462 Hispanic/Latino adults, ages 18-74 years enrolled in 2008-2011 from the Bronx, Chicago, Miami and San Diego. Dimensions of neighborhood segregation were measured using 2010 United States' census tracts:-evenness (the physical separation of a group), exposure (the propensity for contact between groups), and their joint effect (hypersegregation). ACS guideline adherence levels - low, moderate, high - were created from accelerometry-measured physical activity, dietary intake, alcohol intake, and body mass index. Weighted multinominal logistic regressions estimated relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for guideline adherence levels and its components.

Results

Hispanic/Latino adults were classified as low (13.7%), moderate (58.8%) or highly (27.5%) adherent to ACS guidelines. We found no evidence of an association between segregation and overall guideline adherence. Exposure segregation associated with lower likelihood of moderate adherence to alcohol recommendations (RRR_{moderate vs. low}:0.86, 95%CI:0.75-0.98) but higher likelihood for diet recommendations (RRR_{moderate vs. low}:1.07, 95%CI:1.01-1.14). Evenness segregation associated with lower likelihood of high adherence to the physical activity recommendations (RRR_{high vs. low}:0.73, 95%CI:0.57-0.94). Hypersegregation was associated with individual guideline components.

Conclusion

We found evidence of a cross-sectional relationship between neighborhood segregation and ACS cancer prevention guideline components, but not with overall ACS guideline adherence.

A comparison of survey incentive methods to recruit rural cancer survivors into cancer care delivery research studies

Unconditional (upfront) incentives are proposed to improve acceptance of cancer research among underrepresented, racial/ethnic minority populations, but few studies have tested incentive strategies among rural cancer survivors. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics of survey respondents, and response rates by arm were compared using Chi-square tests. We compared upfront ($2) and response-based ($10 conditional) incentives in a mailed survey of adult post-treatment rural survivors. Individuals meeting eligibility criteria from the electronic medical record (n = 2,830) were randomized into two incentive arms (n = 1,414 for the upfront arm and n = 1,416 for the contingent arm). Of the total delivered, presumed eligible participants (n = 1,304 upfront arm; n = 1,317 contingent arm), 67.8% were aged 65y+, 49.8% were female, and 95.1% were non-Hispanic white. The response rate for all participants was 18.5%. We received eligible surveys from 281 rural survivors in the first arm (response rate: 21.5%); and 205 surveys in the second arm (response rate: 15.6%). Participants who received the upfront incentive had a higher response rate than those receiving a response-based incentive, X2 (1, 2,621) = 15.53, p < 0.0001. Incentivizing survey completion with an upfront $2 bill encouraged a higher survey response rate; other supplemental strategies are needed to achieve a higher response rate for this population.

Understanding geographic and racial/ethnic disparities in mortality from four major cancers in the state of Georgia: a spatial epidemiologic analysis, 1999–2019

We examined geographic and racial variation in cancer mortality within the state of Georgia, and investigated the correlation between the observed spatial differences and county-level characteristics. We analyzed county-level cancer mortality data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer mortality among adults (aged ≥ 18 years) in 159 Georgia counties from years 1999 through 2019. Geospatial methods were applied, and we identified hot spot counties based on cancer mortality rates overall and stratified by non-Hispanic white (NH-white) and NH-black race/ethnicity. Among all adults, 5.0% (8 of 159), 8.2% (13 of 159), 5.0% (8 of 159), and 6.9% (11 of 159) of Georgia counties were estimated hot spots for breast cancer, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer mortality, respectively. Cancer mortality hot spots were heavily concentrated in three major areas: (1) eastern Piedmont to Coastal Plain regions, (2) southwestern rural Georgia area, or (3) northern-most rural Georgia. Overall, hot spot counties generally had higher proportion of NH-black adults, older adult population, greater poverty, and more rurality. In Georgia, targeted cancer prevention strategies and allocation of health resources are needed in counties with elevated cancer mortality rates, focusing on interventions suitable for NH-black race/ethnicity, low-income, and rural residents.

Regional Variations in Clinical Trial Outcomes in Oncology

BACKGROUND

It is unknown how often regional differences in oncology trials are observed. Based on our study findings, we quantified regional variation in registration studies in oncology and developed a question guide to help clinicians evaluate regional differences.

METHODS

Using FDA archives, we identified registration studies in solid tumor malignancies from 2010 to 2020. We extracted the baseline study characteristics and participating countries and determined whether the primary publication reported a regional subgroup analysis. For studies presenting outcomes stratified by region, we extracted the stratified hazard ratios (HRs) and extracted or calculated the test for heterogeneity. We performed a random effects meta-analysis and a pairwise comparison to determine whether outcomes differed between high-income versus mixed-income regions.

RESULTS

We included 147 studies in our final analysis. Studies supporting FDA drug approval have become increasingly multinational over time (β = 0.5; P=.04). The median proportion of countries from high-income groups was 81.2% (range, 44%-100%), with no participation from low-income countries in our cohort. Regional subgroup analysis was presented for 78 studies (53%). Regional heterogeneity was found in 17.8% (8/45) and 18% (8/44) of studies presenting an overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival endpoint, respectively. After grouping regions by income level, we found no difference in OS outcomes in high-income regions compared with mixed-income regions (n=20; HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.84-1.07). To determine whether regional variation is genuine, clinicians should evaluate the data according to the following 5 questions: (1) Are the regional groupings logical? (2) Is the regional difference on an absolute or relative scale? (3) Is the regional difference consistent and plausible? (4) Is the regional difference statistically significant? (5) Is there a clinical explanation?

CONCLUSIONS

As registration studies in oncology become increasingly international, regional variations in trial outcomes may be detected. The question guide herein will help clinicians determine whether regional variations are likely to be clinically meaningful or statistical anomalies.

Trends in surgical treatment of early-stage breast cancer reveal decreasing mastectomy use between 2003 and 2016 by age, race, and rurality

PURPOSE

To examine trends in the surgical treatment of breast cancer by age, rurality, and among Black women in a populous, racially diverse, state in the Southeastern United States of America.

METHODS

We identified women diagnosed with localized or regional breast cancer between 2003 and 2016 in the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry (n = 86,776). Using Joinpoint regression we evaluated the average annual percentage change in proportion of women treated with mastectomy versus breast-conserving surgery overall, by age group, among Black women, and for women residing in rural areas.

RESULTS

Overall, the rate of mastectomy usage in the population declined 2.5% per year between 2003 and 2016 (95% CI - 3.2, - 1.7). Over this same time interval, breast-conserving surgery increased by 1.6% per year (95% CI 0.9, 2.2). These temporal trends in surgery were also observed among Black women and rural residing women. Trends in surgery type varied by age group: mastectomy declined over time among women > 50 years, but not among women aged 18-49 at diagnosis.

DISCUSSION

In contrast to national studies that reported increasing use of mastectomy, we found declining mastectomy rates in the early 2000s in a Southern US state with a racially and geographically diverse population. These decreasing trends were consistent among key subgroups affected by cancer inequities, including Black and White rural women.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Rural-Urban Trends in 5-Year Survival of Patients With Lung, Prostate, Breast, and Colorectal Cancers: 1975-2011 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)

Importance

Considering reported rural-urban cancer incidence and mortality trends, rural-urban cancer survival trends are important for providing a comprehensive description of cancer burden. Furthermore, little is known about rural-urban differences in survival trends by racial and ethnic groups.

Objective

To examine national rural-urban trends in 5-year cancer-specific survival probabilities for lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers in a diverse sample of racial and ethnic groups.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used an epidemiologic assessment with 1975 to 2016 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data to analyze patients diagnosed no later than 2011. Patients were classified as living in rural and urban counties based on the 2013 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The 5-year cancer-specific survival probability of urban and rural patients for each cancer type was estimated by fitting Cox proportional hazard regression models accounting for race, ethnicity, tumor characteristics, and other sociodemographic characteristics. A generalized linear regression model was used to estimate the mean estimated probability of survival for each stratum. Joinpoint regression analysis estimated periods of significant change in survival.

Results

In this study, data from 3 659 417 patients with cancer (median [IQR] age, 67 [58-76]; 1 918 609 [52.4%] male; 237 815 [6.5%] Hispanic patients; 396 790 [10.8%] Black patients; 2 825 037 [77.2%] White patients) were analyzed, including 888 338 patients with lung cancer (24.3%), 750 704 patients with colorectal cancer (20.5%), 987 826 patients with breast cancer (27.0%) breast, and 1 023 549 patients with prostate cancer (28.0%). There were 430 353 rural patients (11.8%). Overall, there was an equal representation of rural and urban men. Rural patients were likely to be non-Hispanic White individuals, have more cases of distant tumors, and be older. Rural and non-Hispanic Black patients for all cancer types often had shorter survival. From 1975 to 2016, the 5-year lung cancer survival rate was shorter for non-Hispanic Black rural patients in 1975 at 48%, while increasing to 57% for both non-Hispanic Black urban and rural patients in 2011, but still the shortest among all cancer types. In 1975, the longest survival rate was observed in urban Asian and Pacific Islander patients with breast cancer at 86%, and in 2011, the longest survival rate was observed in urban non-Hispanic White patients with XX cancer at 92%.

Conclusions and Relevance

Even after accounting for sociodemographic and tumor characteristics, these findings suggest that non-Hispanic Black patients with cancer are particularly vulnerable to cancer burden, and resources are urgently needed to reverse decades-old survival trends.

Racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast cancer diagnosis and mortality in Pennsylvania

PURPOSE

Many studies have demonstrated disparities in breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality among Black women. We hypothesized that in Pennsylvania (PA), a large economically diverse state, BC diagnosis and mortality would be similar among races when stratified by a municipality's median income.

METHODS

We collected the frequencies of BC diagnosis and mortality for years 2011-2015 from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry and demographics from the 2010 US Census. We analyzed BC diagnoses and mortalities after stratifying by median income, municipality size, and race with univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.

RESULTS

In this cohort, of 5,353,875 women there were 54,038 BC diagnoses (1.01% diagnosis rate) and 9,828 BC mortalities (0.18% mortality rate). Unadjusted diagnosis rate was highest among white women (1.06%) but Black women had a higher age-adjusted diagnosis rate (1.06%) than white women (1.02%). Race, age and income were all significantly associated with BC diagnosis, but there were no differences in BC diagnosis between white and Black women across all levels of income in the multivariable model. BC mortality was highest in Black women, a difference which persisted when adjusted for age. Black women 35 years and older had a higher mortality rate in all income quartiles.

CONCLUSION

We found that in PA, age, race and income are all associated with BC diagnosis and mortality with noteworthy disparities for Black women. Continued surveillance of differences in both breast cancer diagnosis and mortality, and targeted interventions related to education, screening and treatment may help to eliminate these socioeconomic and racial disparities.

Spatial variation and disparity in female breast cancer relative survival in the United States

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the United States. However, data on spatial disparities in survival for breast cancer are limited in the country. This study estimated 5-year relative survival (RS) of female breast cancer and examined the spatial variations across the contiguous United States.

METHODS

Women newly diagnosed with breast cancer in 2003-2010 in the United States were identified from the National Cancer Database and followed up through 2016. The crude 5-year RS at the county level was estimated and adjusted for patients' key sociodemographic and clinical factors. To account for spatial effects, the RS estimates were smoothed using the Bayesian spatial survival model. A local spatial autocorrelation analysis with the Getis-Ord Gi* statistics was applied to identify geographic clusters of low or high RS.

RESULTS

Clusters of low RS were identified in more than 15 states covering 671 counties, mostly in the southeast and southwest regions, including Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Approximately 30% of these clusters can be explained by patients' characteristics: Race, insurance, and stage at diagnosis appeared to be the major attributable factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant spatial disparity in female breast cancer survival was found, with low RS clusters identified in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Policies and interventions that focus on serving Black women, improvements in insurance coverage, and early detection in these areas could potentially mitigate the spatial disparities.

Engaging rural communities in cancer prevention and control research: Development and preliminary insights from a community-based research registry

Objective

To report on the development and preliminary findings of a community‐based cancer registry, including the community‐engaged approach to recruitment, participant profile, and distribution of cancer risk factors by race/ethnicity and geography.

Methods

Community outreach and engagement best practices were used to recruit a diverse convenience sample of Virginia residents (≥18 years) that oversampled residents living in rural areas, defined as Rural‐Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) 4–9 and African American (AA)/Black residents. Multiple survey administration methods included electronic (e‐survey) and in‐person survey by community‐based staff.

Results

At the time of this analysis, 595 participants are enrolled; 73% are rural, 46% are AA/Black. AA/Black participants reported similar education but lower income (p < 0.01) and health literacy (p < 0.01), lower alcohol use (p < 0.001), fewer sedentary behaviors (p = 0.01), but greater BMI (p < 0.05) compared to White participants. Rural residents reported significantly lower household income (p < 0.001) and greater use of Medicaid (p = 0.01) compared to urban participants. Biennial mammography was reported by 82% of women aged 45–74 years old and colonoscopy by 77% of participants ≥50 years old. Tobacco use was reported by 17%; no differences in cancer screening or tobacco use were identified by geography or by race.

Conclusion and relevance

Community engagement strategies successfully enrolled diverse residents within the cancer service area. AA/Black participants reported fewer cancer risk behaviors, similar educational attainment but lower income and health literacy compared to White respondents. Nuanced examinations of interactions among multilevel factors are needed to understand how individual, community, and institutional factors converge to maintain cancer disparities among AA/Black Virginians. Additional findings indicate a need for tobacco cessation, lung cancer screening, obesity treatment, and prevention initiatives.

The role of education on Cancer amenable mortality among non-Hispanic blacks & non-Hispanic whites in the United States (1989-2018)

Background

Cancer mortality in the U.S. has fallen in recent decades; however, individuals with lower levels of education experienced a smaller decline than more highly educated individuals. This analysis aimed to measure the influence of education lower than a high school diploma, on cancer amenable mortality among Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) in the U.S. from 1989 to 2018.

Methods

We analyzed data from 8.2 million death certificates of men and women who died from cancer between 1989 and 2018. We examined 5-year and calendar period intervals, as well as annual percent changes (APC). APC was adjusted for each combination of sex, educational level, and race categories (8 models) to separate the general trend from the effects of age.

Results

Our study demonstrated an increasing mortality gap between the least and the most educated NHW and NHB males and females who died from all cancers combined and for most other cancer types included in this study. The gap between the least and the most educated was broader among NHW males and females than among NHB males and females, respectively, for most malignancies.

Conclusions

In summary, we reported an increasing gap in the age-adjusted cancer mortality among the most and the least educated NHW and NHB between 25 and 74 years of age. We demonstrated that although NHB exhibited the greatest age-adjusted mortality rates for most cancer locations, the gap between the most and the least educated was shown for NHW.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08633-7.

Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among a Community Sample of African Americans Living in the Southern United States

In the United States, African Americans (AAs) have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19 mortality. However, AAs are more likely to be hesitant in receiving COVID-19 vaccinations when compared to non-Hispanic Whites. We examined factors associated with vaccine hesitancy among a predominant AA community sample. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on data collected from a convenience sample of 257 community-dwelling participants in the Central Savannah River Area from 5 December 2020, through 17 April 2021. Vaccine hesitancy was categorized as resistant, hesitant, and acceptant. We estimated relative odds of vaccine resistance and vaccine hesitancy using polytomous logistic regression models. Nearly one-third of the participants were either hesitant (n = 40, 15.6%) or resistant (n = 42, 16.3%) to receiving a COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccine-resistant participants were more likely to be younger and were more likely to have experienced housing insecurity due to COVID-19 when compared to both acceptant and hesitant participants, respectively. Age accounted for nearly 25% of the variation in vaccine resistance, with 21-fold increased odds (OR: 21.93, 95% CI: 8.97-5.26-91.43) of vaccine resistance in participants aged 18 to 29 compared to 50 and older adults. Housing insecurity accounted for 8% of the variation in vaccine resistance and was associated with 7-fold increased odds of vaccine resistance (AOR: 7.35, 95% CI: 1.99-27.10). In this sample, AAs under the age of 30 and those experiencing housing insecurity because of the COVID-19 pandemic were more likely to be resistant to receiving a free COVID-19 vaccination.

Temporal changes in allostatic load patterns by age, race/ethnicity, and gender among the US adult population; 1988-2018

The objective of this study is to provide an assessment of allostatic load (AL) burden among US adults across race/ethnicity, gender, and age groups over a 30-year time period. We analyzed data from 50,671 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) years 1988 through 2018. AL score was defined as the sum total for abnormal measures of the following components: serum albumin, body mass index, serum C - reactive protein, serum creatinine, diastolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and serum triglycerides. We performed modified Poisson regression to estimate the adjusted Relative Risks (aRRs) of allostatic load, and generalized linear models to determine adjusted mean differences accounting for NHANES sampling weights. Among US adults aged 18 or older, the prevalence of high AL increased by more than 45% from 1988 to 1991 to 2015-2018, from 33.5% to 48.6%. By the latest period, 2015-2018, Non-Hispanic Black women (aRR: 1.292; 95% CI: 1.290-1.293) and Latina women (aRR: 1.266; 95% CI: 1.265-1.267) had higher risks of AL than non-Hispanic White women. Similar trends were observed among men. Age-adjusted mean AL score among NH-Black and Latinx adults was higher than for NH-Whites of up to a decade older regardless of gender. From 1988 through 2018, Adults aged 40 years old and older had over 2-fold increased risks of high AL when compared to adults 18-29 years old. After 30-years of collective data, racial disparities in allostatic load persist for NH-Black and Latinx adults.

Breast Cancer Mortality Hot Spots Among Black Women With de Novo Metastatic Breast Cancer

Background

Black women living in southern states have the highest breast cancer mortality rate in the United States. The prognosis of de novo metastatic breast cancer is poor. Given these mortality rates, we are the first to link nationally representative data on breast cancer mortality hot spots (counties with high breast cancer mortality rates) with cancer mortality data in the United States and investigate the association of geographic breast cancer mortality hot spots with de novo metastatic breast cancer mortality among Black women.

Methods

We identified 7292 Black women diagnosed with de novo metastatic breast cancer in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER). The county-level characteristics were obtained from 2014 County Health Rankings and linked to SEER. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality between hot spot and non-hot spot counties.

Results

Among 7292 patients, 393 (5.4%) resided in breast cancer mortality hot spots. Women residing in hot spots had similar risks of breast cancer-specific mortality (aHR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.85 to 1.15) and all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.84 to 1.11) as women in non-hot spots after adjusting for individual and tumor-level factors and treatments. Additional adjustment for county-level characteristics did not impact mortality.

Conclusion

Living in a breast cancer mortality hot spot was not associated with de novo metastatic breast cancer mortality among Black women. Future research should begin to examine variation in both individual and population-level determinants, as well as in molecular and genetic determinants that underlie the aggressive nature of de novo metastatic breast cancer.

Community Health Behaviors and Geographic Variation in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Survival Among Women

INTRODUCTION

Despite overall reductions in colorectal cancer (CRC) morbidity and mortality, survival disparities by sex persist among young patients (age <50 years). Our study sought to quantify variance in early-onset CRC survival accounted for by individual/community-level characteristics among a population-based cohort of US women.

METHODS

Geographic hot spots-counties with high early-onset CRC mortality rates among women-were derived using 3 geospatial autocorrelation approaches with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention national mortality data. We identified women (age: 15-49 years) diagnosed with CRC from 1999 to 2016 in the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Patterns of community health behaviors by hot spot classification were assessed by Spearman correlation (ρ). Generalized R values were used to evaluate variance in survival attributed to individual/community-level features.

RESULTS

Approximately 1 in every 16 contiguous US counties identified as hot spots (191 of 3,108), and 52.9% of hot spot counties (n = 101) were located in the South. Among 28,790 women with early-onset CRC, 13.7% of cases (n = 3,954) resided in hot spot counties. Physical inactivity and fertility were community health behaviors that modestly correlated with hot spot residence among women with early-onset CRC (ρ = 0.21 and ρ = -0.23, respectively; P < 0.01). Together, individual/community-level features accounted for distinct variance patterns in early-onset CRC survival among women (hot spot counties: 33.8%; non-hot spot counties: 34.1%).

DISCUSSION

Individual/community-level features accounted for approximately one-third of variation in early-onset CRC survival among women and differed between hot spot vs non-hot spot counties. Understanding the impact of community health behaviors-particularly in regions with high early-onset CRC mortality rates-is critical for tailoring strategies to reduce early-onset CRC disparities.

Incorporation of Information-Seeking Behavior Into Food Insecurity Research

INTRODUCTION

Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods affects the health of individuals. Because of its association with chronic health conditions, addressing food insecurity may improve health outcomes and decrease health-related costs. This study explores whether and how information seeking as captured by calls made to United Way 2-1-1 can be used to identify food-insecure areas and information deserts-communities with low proportions of residents accessing government food resources but with high rates of 2-1-1 calls for emergency food resources.

METHODS

Details regarding calls made to United Way of Salt Lake 2-1-1 for emergency food resources between 2014 and 2018 (n=63,221) were analyzed in 2019. Using GIS methods, areas with the highest number of calls for emergency food resources (hot spots) were identified; multinomial logistic regression was used to identify community-level sociodemographic predictors of food insecurity.

RESULTS

Areas with a smaller proportion of the population aged <18 years, more female householders, and more African Americans are associated with higher odds of being food-insecure.

CONCLUSIONS

Patterns of information seeking about emergency food resources suggest that, despite statewide access to federal means-tested food programs, significant food needs remain. This novel approach in food insecurity research can help public health officials and health systems address an important social determinant of health by identifying areas vulnerable to food insecurity. In addition, this work may be useful in benchmarking food needs, information seeking, and replicating analyses where similar data are available.

Examining factors underlying geographic disparities in early-onset colorectal cancer survival among men in the United States

Background: Despite overall incidence reduction in colorectal cancer (CRC) the past 32 years, unexplained incidence and mortality rates have increased significantly in younger adults ages 20-49. To improve understanding of sex-specific differences among this population, we aimed to determine the variance in early-onset CRC (EOCRC) survival among US men diagnosed with CRC before age 50, while considering individual- and county-level CRC outcome determinants. Methods: Hotspots (i.e., counties with high EOCRC mortality rates) were derived from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data from 1999-2017, and linked to SEER data for men aged 15-49 years with CRC. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare CRC-specific survival probability and hazard in hotspots versus non-significant counties. A generalized R2 was used to estimate the total variance in EOCRC survival explained by clinicodemographic and county-level determinants. Results: We identified 232 hotspot counties for EOCRC-214 (92%) of which were in the South. In hotspots, 1,009 men were diagnosed with EOCRC and 31,438 in non-significant counties. After adjusting for age, race, tumor stage and grade, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and marital status, men residing in hotspot counties had higher hazard of CRC-specific death (HR 1.24, 95% CI, 1.12-1.36). Individual/county-level factors explained nearly 35% of the variation in survival, and adult smoking served as the strongest county-level determinant of EOCRC survival. Conclusion: Distinct geographic patterns of EOCRC were predominantly located in the southern US. Survival after EOCRC diagnosis was significantly worse among men residing in hotspot counties.

Assessing an intervention to increase knowledge related to cervical cancer and the HPV vaccine

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer. While the HPV vaccine significantly reduces the risk of HPV infection and subsequent cervical cancer diagnosis, underuse is linked to lack of knowledge of its effectiveness in preventing cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cancer educational intervention (titled "MOVENUP") to improve knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV, and the HPV vaccine among predominantly African American communities in South Carolina. The MOVENUP cancer educational intervention was conducted among participants residing in nine South Carolina counties who were recruited by community partners. The 4.5-h MOVENUP cancer educational intervention included a 30-min module on cervical cancer, HPV, and HPV vaccination. A six-item investigator-developed instrument was used to evaluate pre- and post-intervention changes in knowledge related to these content areas. Ninety-three percent of the 276 participants were African American. Most participants reporting age and gender were 50+ years (73%) and female (91%). Nearly half of participants (46%) reported an annual household income <$40,000 and 49% had not graduated from college. Statistically significant changes were observed at post-test for four of six items on the knowledge scale (P<0.05), as compared to pre-test scores. For the two items on the scale in which statistically significant changes were not observed, this was due primarily due to a baseline ceiling effect.

Breast cancer staging by subtype in the Lower Mississippi Delta region States

INTRODUCTION

To evaluate disparities in breast cancer stage by subtype (categorizations of breast cancer based upon molecular characteristics) in the Delta Regional Authority (Delta), an impoverished region across eight Lower Mississippi Delta Region (LMDR) states with a high proportion of Black residents and high breast cancer mortality rates.

METHODS

We used population-based cancer registry data from seven of the eight LMDR states to explore breast cancer staging (early and late) differences by subtype between the Delta and non-Delta in the LMDR and between White and Black women within the Delta. Age-adjusted incidence rates and rate ratios were calculated to examine regional and racial differences. Multilevel negative binomial regression models were constructed to evaluate how individual-level and area-level factors affect rates of early- and late-stage breast cancers by subtype.

RESULTS

For all subtypes combined, there were no Delta/non-Delta differences in early and late stage breast cancers. Delta women had lower rates of hormone-receptor (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2-) and higher rates of HR-/HER2- (the most aggressive subtype) early and late stage cancers, respectively, but these elevated rates were attenuated in multilevel models. Within the Delta, Black women had higher rates of late-stage breast cancer than White women for most subtypes; elevated late-stage rates of all subtypes combined remained in Black women in multilevel analysis (RR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.04-1.15).

CONCLUSIONS

Black women in the Delta had higher rates of late-stage cancers across subtypes. Culturally competent interventions targeting risk-appropriate screening modalities should be scaled up in the Delta to improve early detection.

A Prospective Study of Community Mediators on the Risk of Sepsis After Cancer

BACKGROUND

Few studies have examined whether community factors mediate the relationship between patients surviving cancer and future development of sepsis. We determined the influence of community characteristics upon risk of sepsis after cancer, and whether there are differences by race.

METHODS

We performed a prospective analysis using data from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort years 2003 to 2012 complemented with county-level community characteristics from the American Community Survey and County Health Rankings. We categorized those with a self-reported prior cancer diagnosis as "cancer survivors" and those without a history of cancer as "no cancer history." We defined sepsis as hospitalization for a serious infection with ≥2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria. We examined the mediation effect of community characteristics on the association between cancer survivorship and sepsis incidence using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, race, and total number of comorbidities. We repeated analysis stratified by race.

RESULTS

There were 28 840 eligible participants, of which 2860 (9.92%) were cancer survivors, and 25 289 (90.08%) were no cancer history participants. The only observed community-level mediation effects were from income (% mediated 0.07%; natural indirect effect [NIE] on hazard scale] = 1.001, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.000-1.005) and prevalence of adult smoking (% mediated = 0.21%; NIE = 1.002, 95% CI: 1.000-1.004). We observed similar effects when stratified by race.

CONCLUSION

Cancer survivors are at increased risk of sepsis; however, this association is weakly mediated by community poverty and smoking prevalence.

Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2019

In the United States, African American/black individuals bear a disproportionate share of the cancer burden, having the highest death rate and the lowest survival rate of any racial or ethnic group for most cancers. To monitor progress in reducing these inequalities, every 3 years the American Cancer Society provides the estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths for blacks in the United States and the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, survival, screening, and risk factors using data from the National Cancer Institute, the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, and the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2019, approximately 202,260 new cases of cancer and 73,030 cancer deaths are expected to occur among blacks in the United States. During 2006 through 2015, the overall cancer incidence rate decreased faster in black men than in white men (2.4% vs 1.7% per year), largely due to the more rapid decline in lung cancer. In contrast, the overall cancer incidence rate was stable in black women (compared with a slight increase in white women), reflecting increasing rates for cancers of the breast, uterine corpus, and pancreas juxtaposed with declining trends for cancers of the lung and colorectum. Overall cancer death rates declined faster in blacks than whites among both males (2.6% vs 1.6% per year) and females (1.5% vs 1.3% per year), largely driven by greater declines for cancers of the lung, colorectum, and prostate. Consequently, the excess risk of overall cancer death in blacks compared with whites dropped from 47% in 1990 to 19% in 2016 in men and from 19% in 1990 to 13% in 2016 in women. Moreover, the black-white cancer disparity has been nearly eliminated in men <50 years and women ≥70 years. Twenty-five years of continuous declines in the cancer death rate among black individuals translates to more than 462,000 fewer cancer deaths. Continued progress in reducing disparities will require expanding access to high-quality prevention, early detection, and treatment for all Americans.

Predictors of breast cancer mortality among white and black women in large United States cities: an ecologic study

PURPOSE

We employed a city-level ecologic analysis to assess predictors of race-specific (black and white) breast cancer mortality rates.

METHODS

We used data from the National Center for Health Statistics and the US Census Bureau to calculate 2010-2014 race-specific breast cancer mortality rates (BCMR) for 47 of the largest US cities. Data on potential city-level predictors (e.g., socioeconomic factors, health care resources) of race-specific BCMR were obtained from various publicly available datasets. We constructed race-specific multivariable negative binomial regression models to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

Predictors of the white BCMR included white/black differences in education (RR 0.95; CI 0.91-0.99), number of religious congregations (RR 0.87; CI 0.77-0.97), and number of Medicare primary care physicians (RR 1.15; CI 1.04-1.28). Predictors of the black rate included white/black differences in household income (RR 1.03; CI 1.01-1.05), number of mammography facilities (RR 1.07; CI 1.03-1.12), and mammogram use (RR 0.93; CI 0.89-0.97).

CONCLUSIONS

Our ecologic analysis found that predictors of breast cancer mortality differ for the black and white rate. The results of this analysis could help inform interventions at the local level.