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Al Sager A, Goodman SH, Jeong J, Bain PA, Ahun MN. Effects of multi-component parenting and parental mental health interventions on early childhood development and parent outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2024; 8:656-669. [PMID: 39142740 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(24)00134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions supporting parents of young children often target parenting or parental mental health separately. Multi-component parenting and parental mental health interventions have the potential to improve parenting practices, mental health, and early childhood development. We aimed to examine their impact on child and parent outcomes. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Complete, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Global Health Database from inception to Jan 23, 2024. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials of interventions explicitly targeting parenting behaviours and parental mental health antenatally or in children's first 3 years of life. Screening, extraction, and quality assessment were done independently by two authors. Primary outcomes were cognitive and social-emotional functioning in children and depressive symptoms in parents, meta-analysed as standardised mean differences (SMDs), relative to control. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022302848. FINDINGS We found 5843 records. After screening 2636 (45·1%) titles and abstracts, we manually identified and screened three additional articles and excluded 2177 records. After screening 462 full-length articles, 25 articles, representing a sample size of 8520 children and caregivers, were included. At baseline, mean caregiver age was 27·7 years (SD 5·9) and mean child age (excluding those enrolled during pregnancy) was 14·4 months (8·0). Interventions lasted a mean of 14 months (SD 11) and used a mean of 3·7 behaviour change techniques (2·0). Most interventions dedicated more time to parenting behaviours than to parental mental health. We found significant intervention effects on children's cognitive (SMD 0·19 [95% CI 0·04 to 0·34]; I2=69%) and social-emotional (0·26 [0·17 to 0·34]; I2=47%) outcomes but not on depressive symptoms in female caregivers (-0·18 [-0·36 to 0·002]; I2=86%) relative to control conditions. Risk of bias across studies was moderate, and we found heterogeneity across results. INTERPRETATION Multi-component parenting and mental health interventions had a positive effect on child cognitive and social-emotional outcomes, but not on depressive symptoms in parents, suggesting that other factors might contribute to positive ECD outcomes. Interventions might lack adequate focus on mental health to make a discernible impact, highlighting a need for future studies to differentiate and assess contributions of parenting and mental health components to understand independent and collective effects on family outcomes. FUNDING Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alya Al Sager
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, College of Public Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Joshua Jeong
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul A Bain
- Countway Library, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marilyn N Ahun
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Wu Q. Fluctuations in Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, and Anger and Children's Depression Risks in Middle Childhood. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:1247-1260. [PMID: 38652362 PMCID: PMC11289313 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests a robust link between the severity of maternal depression and children's depression risks in middle childhood. Variations among depressed mothers in terms of affective dysregulation and frequent mood changes are also observed. However, the understanding of how fluctuations in maternal depressive symptoms and negative affect influence children is limited. Guided by life history theory, the current study tested whether the degree of fluctuations in maternal depressive symptoms, anxiety, and anger contributed to depression risks among school-aged children. The sample included 1,364 families where maternal depressive symptoms, anxiety, and anger were longitudinally assessed when children were in Grades 1, 3, 5, and 6. Children's anxious depression and withdrawn depression behaviors were rated in Grades 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 by two caregivers. Parallel latent growth curve analyses revealed that, first, fluctuations in maternal anxiety from Grade 1 to 6 were related to an increase in children's withdrawn depression over the same period. Second, mean maternal anger over time was related to higher mean levels of child anxious and withdrawn depression, yet fluctuations in maternal anger were not linked to child outcomes. Findings support life history theory by highlighting the degree of fluctuations in maternal anxiety as a source of environmental unpredictability and reveal different effects of maternal anxiety and anger in the intergenerational transmission of depression, with important theoretical and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Human Development & Family Science, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Sandels 322, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Borairi S, Deneault AA, Madigan S, Fearon P, Devereux C, Geer M, Jeyanayagam B, Martini J, Jenkins J. A meta-analytic examination of sensitive responsiveness as a mediator between depression in mothers and psychopathology in children. Attach Hum Dev 2024; 26:273-300. [PMID: 38860779 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2024.2359689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The current meta-analysis examined the mediating role of sensitive-responsive parenting in the relationship between depression in mothers and internalizing and externalizing behavior in children. A systematic review of the path of maternal sensitive responsiveness to child psychopathology identified eligible studies. Meta-analytic structural equation modelling (MASEM) allowed for the systematic examination of the magnitude of the indirect effect across 68 studies (N = 15,579) for internalizing and 92 studies (N = 26,218) for externalizing psychopathology. The synthesized sample included predominantly White, English-speaking children (age range = 1 to 205 months; Mage = 66 months; 47% female) from Western, industrialized countries. The indirect pathway was small in magnitude and similar for externalizing (b = .02) and internalizing psychopathology (b = .01). Moderator analyses found that the indirect pathway for externalizing problems was stronger when mother-child interactions were observed during naturalistic and free-play tasks rather than structured tasks. Other tested moderators were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Borairi
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Devereux
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Melissa Geer
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Julia Martini
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jenkins
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Bliznashka L, Nwabuikwu O, Ahun M, Becker K, Nnensa T, Roschnik N, Kachinjika M, Mvula P, Munthali A, Ndolo V, Katundu M, Maleta K, Quisumbing A, Gladstone M, Gelli A. Understanding modifiable caregiver factors contributing to child development among young children in rural Malawi. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024:e13698. [PMID: 38960410 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
This study examined modifiable caregiver factors influencing child development in Malawi using baseline data from 1,021 mothers and their children <2 years of age participating in a cluster-randomized controlled trial implemented in rural Malawi (2022-2025). We fit an evidence-based theoretical model using structural equation modelling examining four caregiver factors: (1) diet diversity (sum of food groups consumed in the past 24 h), (2) empowerment (assessed using the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index), (3) mental health (assessed using the Self-Reported Questionnaire, SRQ-20), and (4) stimulation (number of stimulation activities the mother engaged in the past 3 days). Child development was assessed using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (norm-referenced aggregate Z-score). The model controlled for child, caregiver, and household socioeconomic characteristics. Results showed that caregiver dietary diversity was directly associated with higher child development scores (standardized coefficient 0.091 [95% CI 0.027, 0.153]) and lower SRQ-20 scores -0.058 (-0.111, -0.006). Empowerment was directly associated with higher child development scores (0.071 [0.007, 0.133]), higher stimulation score (0.074 [0.013, 0.140]), higher dietary diversity (0.085 [0.016, 0.145]), and lower SRQ-20 scores (-0.068 [-0.137, -0.002]). Further, higher empowerment was indirectly associated with improved child development through enhancement of caregiver dietary diversity, with an indirect effect of 0.008 (0.002, 0.018). These findings highlight the important role that caregiver diet and empowerment play in directly influencing child development and other aspects of caregiver well-being. Interventions aimed at enhancing child development should consider these factors as potential targets to improve outcomes for children and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Bliznashka
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Odiche Nwabuikwu
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Marilyn Ahun
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Karoline Becker
- Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Theresa Nnensa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | | | | | - Victoria Ndolo
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Mangani Katundu
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Kenneth Maleta
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Agnes Quisumbing
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Melissa Gladstone
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aulo Gelli
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Sharp H, Vitoratou S, O'Mahen H, Bozicevic L, Refberg M, Hayes C, Gay J, Pickles A. Identifying vulnerable mother-infant dyads: a psychometric evaluation of two observational coding systems using varying interaction periods. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1399841. [PMID: 38984279 PMCID: PMC11233099 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1399841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical services require feasible assessments of parent-infant interaction in order to identify dyads requiring parenting intervention. We assessed the reliability and predictive validity of two observational tools and tested whether briefer forms could be identified which retain acceptable psychometric properties over short observation periods. Methods A stratified high-risk community sample of 250 mother-infant dyads from The Wirral Child Health and Development Study completed 7-min play-based interaction at 6-8 months. Film-footage was independently coded by two trained raters using PIIOS and NICHD-SECCYD systems. Incremental predictive validity was assessed from 3, 5 and 7 min observation to attachment outcomes (Strange Situation; 14 months) and infant mental health (BITSEA; 14 and 30 months). Results Excellent inter-rater reliability was evident at code and subscale level for each tool and observation period. Stability of within-rater agreement was optimal after 5 min observation. ROC analysis confirmed predictive (discriminant) validity (AUCs >0.70) to top decile age 2 mental health outcomes for PIIOS total score and a brief 3-item composite from NICHD-SECCYD (sensitivity, intrusiveness, positive regard; NICHD-3), but not to attachment outcomes. Logistic regression showed dyads rated at-risk for externalizing problems using NICHD-3 were also at significantly higher risk for insecurity at 14 months (OR = 2.7, p = 0.004). Conclusion PIIOS total and NICHD-3 ratings from 5 min observation are both reliable and valid tools for use in clinical practice. Findings suggest NICHD-3 may have greater utility due to its comparative brevity to train and code, with suitability for use over a broader developmental time frame (3-24 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sharp
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Silia Vitoratou
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather O'Mahen
- Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bozicevic
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Refberg
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Hayes
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gay
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bérubé A, Pétrin R, Blais C. Parental depression moderates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the recognition of children expressions of emotions. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1374872. [PMID: 38903632 PMCID: PMC11188386 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1374872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sensitivity plays a crucial role in parenting as it involves the ability to perceive and respond appropriately to children's signals. Childhood maltreatment and depression can negatively impact adults' ability to recognize emotions, but it is unclear which of these factors has a greater impact or how they interact. This knowledge is central to developing efficient, targeted interventions. This paper examines the interaction between parents' depressive symptoms and childhood maltreatment and its influence on their ability to recognize the five basic emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust) in children's faces. Method The sample consisted of 52 parents. Depressive symptoms were measured by the depression subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), and maltreatment history was assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Children's emotional stimuli were morphed images created using The Child Affective Facial Expression (CAFE) database. Results Our findings indicate that depressive symptoms moderate the relationship between parents' history of childhood maltreatment and emotion recognition skills. Parents with higher depressive symptoms had lower emotion recognition accuracy when they had not experienced maltreatment. When childhood maltreatment was severe, emotion recognition skills were more consistent across all levels of depression. The relationship between depression and emotion recognition was primarily linked to recognizing sadness in children's faces. Conclusion These findings highlight how different experiences can affect parental abilities in emotion recognition and emphasize the need for interventions tailored to individual profiles to improve their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bérubé
- Ricochet, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Universitaire sur les Jeunes et les Familles (CRUJeF), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel Pétrin
- Ricochet, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Blais
- Social and Visual Perception Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
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Sun K, Chen M, Feng D, Cao C. Intergenerational Transmission of Depressive Symptoms from Mothers to Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:600-612. [PMID: 36327044 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Substantial literature investigating the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms has primarily focused on mothers and adolescents, whereas less is known about the potential role of fathers, especially their parenting behaviors. This study aimed to address this gap by examining the mediating role of maternal parenting, and the moderating role of paternal parenting in this intergenerational transmission pathway. A total of 528 Chinese community adolescents (Mage = 12.70 ± 1.49 years; 48.7%, girls) and their mothers participated. After adolescent sex, age, maternal educational levels, and monthly household income were controlled for, both maternal warmth and rejection mediated the association between maternal and adolescent depressive symptoms. More importantly, paternal warmth buffered the adverse effect of maternal depressive symptoms and maternal rejection on adolescent depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the buffering role of paternal parenting in blocking the intergenerational transmission risk of depressive symptoms from mothers to adolescents and emphasize the need for father-focused interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Sun
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meijing Chen
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Danjun Feng
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cong Cao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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Grumi S, Capelli E, Morelli F, Vercellino L, Mascherpa E, Ghiberti C, Carraro L, Signorini S, Provenzi L. Gaze Orienting in the Social World: An Exploration of the Role Played by Caregiving Vocal and Tactile Behaviors in Infants with Visual Impairment and in Sighted Controls. Brain Sci 2024; 14:474. [PMID: 38790453 PMCID: PMC11120189 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infant attention is a cognitive function that underlines sensory-motor integration processes at the interface between the baby and the surrounding physical and socio-relational environment, mainly with the caregivers. The investigation of the role of non-visual inputs (i.e., vocal and tactile) provided by the caregivers in shaping infants' attention in the context of visual impairment is relevant from both a theoretical and clinical point of view. This study investigated the social attention (i.e., gaze orientation) skills in a group of visually impaired (VI) and age-matched sighted controls (SCs) between 9 and 12 months of age. Moreover, the role of VI severity and maternal vocalizations and touch in shaping the social attention were investigated. Overall, 45 infants and their mothers participated in a video-recorded 4 min interaction procedure, including a play and a still-face episode. The infants' gaze orientation (i.e., mother-directed, object-directed, or unfocused) and the types of maternal vocalizations and touch (i.e., socio-cognitive, affective) were micro-analytically coded. Maternal vocalizations and touch were found to influence gaze orientation differently in VI infants compared SCs. Moreover, the group comparisons during the play episode showed that controls were predominantly oriented to the mothers, while VI infants were less socially oriented. Visual impairment severity did not emerge as linked with social attention. These findings contribute to our understanding of socio-cognitive developmental trajectories in VI infants and highlight the need for tailored interventions to promote optimal outcomes for VI populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Grumi
- Developmental Psychobiology Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Elena Capelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (C.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Federica Morelli
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Luisa Vercellino
- Developmental Psychobiology Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Eleonora Mascherpa
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Chiara Ghiberti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (C.G.); (L.C.)
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Laura Carraro
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (C.G.); (L.C.)
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Livio Provenzi
- Developmental Psychobiology Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.G.); (L.V.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.C.); (C.G.); (L.C.)
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Lembke EJ, Linderkamp F, Casale G. Trauma-sensitive school concepts for students with a refugee background: a review of international studies. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1321373. [PMID: 38756485 PMCID: PMC11098281 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1321373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Children and adolescents with a refugee background are at high risk for traumatization. Once they arrive in safe countries, schools are the institutions where teachers are responsible for caring for them sensitively and competently. Furthermore, schools are organized in learning groups consisting of multiple peers of the same age, which provides excellent opportunities for social learning and experiences of social support. In this respect, schools are the appropriate places where preventive concepts can be applied to students with a refugee background. This systematic review summarizes studies that examine or evaluate existing international concepts of trauma-sensitive schools for supporting traumatized students with a refugee background. Based on N = 41 selected articles, 17 relevant concepts of trauma-sensitive schools were identified. In 35.3% of the concepts, traumatized students with a refugee background are explicitly included in the target group of the concept, while 47.1% of the concepts refer to groups of students with trauma as a result of various adverse childhood experiences, which also occur more frequently within the population of refugee children and adolescents 17.6% of the concepts contain specific adaptations for pupils with a refugee background. The majority of these concepts were developed in the United States. Additional concepts can be reported for Australia, the United Kingdom, Turkey, and Cambodia. Based on available empirical data, no significant effectiveness regarding the researched concepts' effects on academic and other school-related data can be determined. Although some studies indicate positive effects concerning school-related target variables, most of the studies have only limited significance due to inadequate research designs and methodological deficiencies. Therefore, there is a great need for further development, careful implementation, and evaluation of trauma-sensitive concepts in schools, especially for the growing group of refugee students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J. Lembke
- School of Education, Institute of Educational Research, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Wu Q. The Degree of Fluctuations in Maternal Depressive Symptoms in Early Childhood is Associated with Children's Depression Risk: Initial Evidence and Replication Between Two Independent Samples. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:727-741. [PMID: 38047971 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Guided by life history theory, the present study examined whether the degree of fluctuations in maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood was prospectively linked to children's risk for depression. This was the first study to present preliminary evidence on this topic and replicated main findings across two large, independent longitudinal samples. Study 1 included 1,364 families where maternal depressive symptoms were longitudinally assessed at child ages 1, 6, 15, 24, and 36, and 54 months, where child depressed/anxious behaviors at Grade 1 were reported. Study 2 included 1,292 families where maternal depressive symptoms were assessed at child ages 2, 6, 15, and 24 months. At 36 months, child internalizing symptoms and inhibitory control were assessed. In Study 1, findings revealed that the degree of fluctuations in maternal depressive symptoms over 54 months was associated with higher child depressed/anxious behaviors at Grade 1, only when mothers had higher but decreasing depressive symptoms. Study 2 revealed that the degree of fluctuations in maternal depressive symptoms over 24 months was related to higher child internalizing symptoms at 36 months, for mothers whose depressive symptoms were higher but decreasing, higher and increasing, and lower and decreasing. In addition, the degree of fluctuations in maternal depressive symptoms over 24 months was related to lower child inhibitory control at 36 months, for mothers who had higher but decreasing depressive symptoms. Findings highlighted the degree of fluctuations in maternal depressive symptoms during early childhood can contribute to environmental unpredictability, which can increase children's depression risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Human Development & Family Science, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Sandels 322, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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Sun X, Yuan T, Chen F, Li Y, Jiang N. Network analysis of maternal parenting practices and adolescent mental health problems: a longitudinal study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2024; 18:38. [PMID: 38504321 PMCID: PMC10953267 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-024-00728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive literature has shown a strong connection between maternal parenting practices and adolescent mental health problems. However, it has been difficult for previous research to map a dynamic concurrent and prospective relationships within and between types of parenting practices and adolescent mental health problems. The present study addressed these issues using a network analysis approach and a longitudinal design. METHODS This study involved 591 Chinese adolescents (249 males; mean age at T1 = 13.53) and their mothers (mean age at T1 = 39.71) at two time points (T1 and T2) with eighteen months apart. Mothers reported their parenting practices including warmth, monitoring, inductive reasoning, hostility, and harshness, while adolescents reported their mental health problems including anxiety, depression, aggression, and conduct problems. Network analysis was conducted for contemporaneous networks at T1 and T2 and temporal networks from T1 to T2. RESULTS The contemporaneous networks revealed the negative association between monitoring and conduct problems served as the main pathway through which parenting practices and adolescent mental health mutually influenced each other, and further, warmth was the most influential parenting practice on adolescent mental health. The temporal network revealed that maternal hostility exerted the most influence on adolescent mental health problems, whereas adolescents' depression was most influenced by maternal parenting practices. Moreover, maternal hostility was most predicted by maternal harshness. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a novel perspective to gain a better understanding of the dynamics between and within maternal parenting practices and adolescent mental health problems. Findings highlight maternal harshness and warmth as potential prevention and intervention targets for adolescent mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Sun
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, 2219N Kenmore Ave, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA.
| | - Nengzhi Jiang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
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Du N, Wang Y, Huang YT. Parental Depression and Self-Stigma Among Chinese Young People Living With Depression: A Qualitative Study. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:10497323241232351. [PMID: 38462846 DOI: 10.1177/10497323241232351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Self-stigma is detrimental to psychosocial well-being and the recovery journey among people living with depression. However, there has been limited research exploring the experience of stigma internalization when depression runs in families. This study aims to address this gap by (1) characterizing the manifestations of self-stigma among individuals living with depression whose parent(s) also have depression and (2) exploring the potential mechanisms underlying the impact of parental depression on self-stigma. Essential principles of the constructivist grounded theory approach were adopted to collect data through in-depth interviews with 27 participants aged 15-30, living in Mainland China. Many participants perceived depression running in their family as an endless disaster and an incurable illness. These beliefs further led to stigmatizing emotions (such as suppression, anger, and guilt) and behaviors (such as concealment and social withdrawal). Participants also highlighted ambivalent intergenerational relationships, tense family atmospheres, lower parental emotional involvement and support, and a lack of family flexibility due to parental depression. Furthermore, parental depression impacted participants' self-stigma by interfering with family relationships, family functioning, and parenting styles. It also shaped their perceptions of family, illness attribution, and public stigma. Additionally, parental depression had an impact on participants' social functioning, self-esteem, and personality, making them more susceptible to self-stigma. This study emphasizes the crucial role that the family plays in the internalization of stigma among individuals living with depression. It suggests that family dynamics, rather than family structure or economic backgrounds alone, shape this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Du
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yihang Wang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu-Te Huang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Israel ES, Gibb BE. A transactional mediation model of risk for the intergenerational transmission of depression: The role of maternal criticism. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:92-100. [PMID: 36097809 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to combine two lines of research to better understand risk for the intergenerational transmission of depression. The first focuses on the role of maternal criticism as a potential mechanism of risk for depression in youth while the second builds from interpersonal and stress generation models regarding the potential impact of youth depression on future escalations in maternal criticism. Specifically, we examined the role of maternal criticism within a transactional mediation model using data from a multi-wave study. Participants were 251 mother-offspring pairs consisting of mothers with (n = 129) and without (n = 122) a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) during their child's lifetime who completed assessments every 6 months for 2 years. We found support for the hypothesized transactional mediational model in which maternal expressed emotion-criticism (EE-Crit) mediated the link between maternal history of MDD and residual change in youth's depressive symptoms over the previous 6 months and, reciprocally, youth depressive symptoms mediated the relation between maternal MDD history and residual change in EE-Crit 6 months later. These results indicate that maternal criticism and offspring depressive symptoms may contribute to a vicious cycle of depression risk, which should be considered for interventions targeted toward youth at risk of developing MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana S Israel
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Brandon E Gibb
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
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14
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Frost A, Scherer E, Chung EO, Gallis JA, Sanborn K, Zhou Y, Hagaman A, LeMasters K, Sikander S, Turner E, Maselko J. Longitudinal pathways between maternal depression, parenting behaviors, and early childhood development: a mediation analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.24.24301747. [PMID: 38343808 PMCID: PMC10854292 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.24301747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Maternal depression is a global public health concern with far-reaching impacts on child development, yet our understanding of mechanisms remains incomplete. This study examined whether parenting mediates the association between maternal depression and child outcomes. Participants included 841 rural Pakistani mother-child dyads (50% female). Maternal depression was measured at 12 months postpartum, parenting behaviors (warmth, stimulation, and harsh parenting) were measured at 24 months, and child outcomes (mental health, socioemotional development, and cognitive skills) were measured at 36 months. Maternal depression predicted increased harsh parenting, child mental health difficulties, and child socioemotional concerns; however, there was little evidence for parenting as a mediator between maternal depression and child outcomes. Sex-stratified results are discussed, and findings are situated in context.
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Urbańska-Grosz J, Sitek EJ, Pakalska A, Pietraszczyk-Kędziora B, Skwarska K, Walkiewicz M. Family Functioning, Maternal Depression, and Adolescent Cognitive Flexibility and Its Associations with Adolescent Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:131. [PMID: 38275441 PMCID: PMC10814122 DOI: 10.3390/children11010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores family functioning and its associations with adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD), comparing its dynamics with healthy counterparts. Family functioning (cohesion, flexibility, communication, and satisfaction), maternal depressive symptoms, postpartum depression history, parental divorce, parental alcohol abuse, and the adolescents' cognitive flexibility, are examined. The research incorporates the perspectives of both adolescents and mothers. METHODS The sample includes 63 mother-teenager dyads in the clinical group and 43 in the control group. Instruments encompass the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES IV), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI-2), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test, and structured interviews. RESULTS Families of adolescents with MDD exhibit lower flexibility, cohesion, communication, and overall satisfaction. Depressed adolescents display reduced cognitive flexibility. Discrepancies were observed between adolescents' and mothers' perspectives as associated with adolescents' MDD. Teenagers emphasized the severity of maternal depressive symptoms, while mothers highlighted the importance of family cohesion and flexibility. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes a holistic strategy in addressing adolescent depression, including family-based assessment and therapy. Screening for maternal depressive symptoms is identified as valuable. Cognitive flexibility also needs to be addressed during therapy for depression in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Urbańska-Grosz
- Rehabilitation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gdansk Health Center, 80-542 Gdansk, Poland; (J.U.-G.); (E.J.S.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropsychology, Neurolinguistics and Neuropsychotherapy, Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Emilia J. Sitek
- Rehabilitation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gdansk Health Center, 80-542 Gdansk, Poland; (J.U.-G.); (E.J.S.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropsychology, Neurolinguistics and Neuropsychotherapy, Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL, 80-462 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Pakalska
- Rehabilitation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gdansk Health Center, 80-542 Gdansk, Poland; (J.U.-G.); (E.J.S.)
| | - Bożena Pietraszczyk-Kędziora
- Rehabilitation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gdansk Health Center, 80-542 Gdansk, Poland; (J.U.-G.); (E.J.S.)
| | - Kalina Skwarska
- Rehabilitation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gdansk Health Center, 80-542 Gdansk, Poland; (J.U.-G.); (E.J.S.)
| | - Maciej Walkiewicz
- Rehabilitation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gdansk Health Center, 80-542 Gdansk, Poland; (J.U.-G.); (E.J.S.)
- Division of Quality of Life Research, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
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16
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Vanwoerden S, Silk JS, Forbes EE, Morgan JK. Current maternal depression associated with worsened children's social outcomes during middle childhood: Exploring the role of positive affect socialization. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:59-69. [PMID: 37865344 PMCID: PMC10872725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression negatively predicts aspects of the mother-child relationship and social functioning in offspring. This study evaluated interrelations between mothers' depression history and current severity with dynamic indices of positive affect socialization and indices of offspring' social outcomes. METHODS N = 66 mother-child dyads in which approximately 50 % of mothers had a history of maternal depression were recruited. Children were 6-8 years old and 47.7 % male. Dyads completed a positive interaction task, which was coded for mother and child positive affect. Mothers and children reported on peer functioning and social problems and children reported on the quality of their best friendships at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Current level of maternal depression, but not depression history, was related to more social problems and lower best friend relationship quality. Indices of positive affect socialization were not related to history or current levels of maternal depression, or social outcomes, with the exception of maternal depression history predicting greater likelihood of mothers joining their children in expressing positive affect. Exploratory, supplementary analysis revealed that this may be due to treatment history among these mothers. LIMITATIONS Conclusions should be tempered by the small sample size, which limited the types of analyses that were conducted. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the effect of maternal depression on aspects of child social outcomes could be specific to current levels. Our data also did not support previously found associations between maternal depression and positive affect socialization. Results suggest positive implications for the effect of treatment for maternal depression for mother-child dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Vanwoerden
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America.
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Erika E Forbes
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Judith K Morgan
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
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17
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Barendse MEA, Allen NB, Sheeber L, Pfeifer JH. Associations Between Parenting Behavior and Neural Processing of Adolescent Faces in Mothers With and Without Depression. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:41-49. [PMID: 35724852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study first examined how mothers with and without depression differ in neural activation in response to adolescents' affective faces. Second, it examined the extent to which these neural activation patterns are related to observed positive and aggressive parenting behavior. METHODS Mothers with and without depression (based on self-reported symptoms and treatment history; n = 77 and n = 64, respectively; meanage = 40 years) from low-income families completed an interaction task with their adolescents (meanage = 12.8 years), which was coded for parents' aggressive and positive affective behavior. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, mothers viewed blurry, happy, sad, and angry faces of unfamiliar adolescents, with an instruction to either label the emotion or determine the clarity of the image. RESULTS The depression group showed less activation in the posterior midcingulate than the control subject group while labeling happy faces. Higher activation in the insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) was related to less positive parenting behavior. Ventrolateral PFC activation was most pronounced when labeling negative emotions, but stronger ventrolateral PFC response to happy faces was associated with more aggressive parenting behavior. CONCLUSIONS This demonstrates the association between parents' neural responses to adolescent faces and their behavior during interactions with their own adolescents, with relatively low insula and dorsomedial PFC activation supporting positive parenting and affect-dependent response in the ventrolateral PFC as being important to limit aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein E A Barendse
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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18
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Ray JK, Stürmlinger LL, von Krause M, Lux U, Zietlow AL. Disentangling the trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms and partnership problems in the transition to parenthood and their impact on child adjustment difficulties. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37974466 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Maternal perinatal depression (PND) and partnership problems have been identified to influence the development of later child adjustment difficulties. However, PND and partnership problems are closely linked which makes it difficult to draw conclusions about the exact transmission pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent PND symptoms and partnership problems influence each other longitudinally and to examine the influence of their trajectories on child adjustment difficulties at the age of three. Analyses were based on publicly available data from the German family panel "pairfam". N = 354 mothers were surveyed on depressive symptoms and partnership problems annually from pregnancy (T0) until child age three (T4). Child adjustment difficulties were assessed at age three. Results of latent change score modeling showed that partnership problems predicted change in PND symptoms at T0 and T3 while PND symptoms did not predict change in partnership problems. Child adjustment difficulties at age three were predicted by PND symptoms, but not by partnership problems. Partnership problems predicted externalizing, but not internalizing symptoms. Results underline the effects of family factors for the development of child adjustment difficulties and emphasize the importance of early interventions from pregnancy onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Ray
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - L L Stürmlinger
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M von Krause
- Faculty of Behavioral and Cultural Studies, Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U Lux
- Department Family and Family Policies, German Youth Institute (DJI), Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology and Pedagogy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - A-L Zietlow
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Gredebäck G, Dorji N, Sen U, Nyström P, Hellberg J, Wangchuk. Context dependent cognitive development in Bhutanese children. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19875. [PMID: 37963958 PMCID: PMC10645759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed risk/protective factors for cognitive development of Bhutanese children (504 3-5 year-olds, 49% girls, major ethnicities Ngalop 26%, Tshangla 30%, Lhotsampa 34%) using a non-verbal test of cognitive capacity (SON-R) and primary caregiver interviews. Cognitive capacity was related to the family's SES and whether the family belonged to the primary Buddhist majority ethnic groups (Ngalop or Tshangla) or primarily Hindu minorities (Lhotsampa). In majority families more engagement in Buddhist practices was associated with higher cognitive capacity in children. Minority children were more impacted by parents autonomous-relatedness values. Results demonstrate that cognitive development is dependent on the financial and educational context of the family, societal events, and culture specific risk/protective factors that differ across sub-groups (majority/minority, culture/religion).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nidup Dorji
- Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Umay Sen
- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Wangchuk
- Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
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20
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Baker JK, Fenning RM, Preston AE, Chan N, McGregor HA, Neece CL. Parental Distress and Parenting Behavior in Families of Preschool Children with and Without ASD: Spillover and Buffering. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06163-8. [PMID: 37957427 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) report increased distress relative to parents of children with neurotypical development. Parent well-being is generally considered a key determinant of parenting behavior, thus increased distress may spill over into less optimal parenting in families of children with ASD. However, evidence is mixed regarding the degree to which parenting is actually compromised in this population, suggesting the possibility of buffering, wherein the parenting of children with ASD may be robust against spillover from increased parental distress. The current study tested competing spillover and buffering models with regard to relations among child ASD status, parental distress, and parenting behavior. Parents of preschoolers with (n = 73) and without (n = 55) ASD completed self-report measures of parenting stress, depressive symptoms, and emotion dysregulation, as well as of positive and negative parenting behaviors. Families of preschoolers with ASD reported higher distress and negative parenting, and lower positive parenting than did their counterparts. Findings supported the spillover model for negative parenting such that increased parental distress accounted for status-group differences in negative parenting. In contrast, potential buffering was observed for positive parenting in that an inverse association between distress and parenting was observed for parents of children with neurotypical development only. Findings highlight the potential benefit of intervention to reduce parental distress in families of children with ASD, but also suggest some existing ability of these families to buffer certain parenting behaviors from deleterious effects of parent distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Baker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies and Center for Autism, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
| | - Rachel M Fenning
- Department of Psychological Science and Claremont Autism Center, Claremont Mckenna College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Amanda E Preston
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Neilson Chan
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hadley A McGregor
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cameron L Neece
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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21
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Bilalpur M, Hinduja S, Cariola L, Sheeber L, Allen N, Morency LP, Cohn JF. SHAP-based Prediction of Mother's History of Depression to Understand the Influence on Child Behavior. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION. ICMI (CONFERENCE) 2023; 2023:537-544. [PMID: 39161456 PMCID: PMC11332663 DOI: 10.1145/3577190.3614136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Depression strongly impacts parents' behavior. Does parents' depression strongly afect the behavior of their children as well? To investigate this question, we compared dyadic interactions between 73 depressed and 75 non-depressed mothers and their adolescent child. Families were of low income and 84% were white. Child behavior was measured from audio-video recordings using manual annotation of verbal and nonverbal behavior by expert coders and by multimodal computational measures of facial expression, face and head dynamics, prosody, speech behavior, and linguistics. For both sets of measures, we used Support Vector Machines. For computational measures, we investigated the relative contribution of single versus multiple modalities using a novel approach to SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Computational measures outperformed manual ratings by human experts. Among individual computational measures, prosody was the most informative. SHAP reduction resulted in a four-fold decrease in the number of features and highest performance (77% accuracy; positive and negative agreements at 75% and 76%, respectively). These fndings suggest that maternal depression strongly impacts the behavior of adolescent children; diferences are most revealed in prosody; multimodal features together with SHAP reduction are most powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Cariola
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jefrey F Cohn
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Umemoto A, Zhou Z, Millon EM, Koshy CS, Taylor SM, Spann MN, Monk C, Marsh R, Rosellini AJ, Auerbach RP. Intergenerational transmission of cognitive control capacity among children at risk for depression. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108652. [PMID: 37516422 PMCID: PMC10528753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
A maternal history of major depressive disorder (MDD) is a well-known risk factor for depression in offspring. However, the mechanism through which familial risk is transmitted remains unclear. Cognitive control alterations are common in MDD, and thus, the current study investigated whether altered control capacity is transmitted intergenerationally, and whether it then contributes to the developmental pathways through which depression is passed from mothers to children. We recruited children (N = 65) ages 4-10-years-old, of which 47.7 % (n = 31) reported a maternal history of MDD, and their biological mother (N = 65). Children performed a child-friendly Go/NoGo task while electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded, and mothers performed a Flanker task. Children exhibited heightened sensitivity to error versus correct responses, which was characterized by an error-related negativity (ERN), error positivity (Pe) as well as prominent delta and frontal midline theta (FMT) oscillations. Interestingly, worse maternal performance on the Flanker task associated with an increased Go/NoGo error rate and a smaller ERN and Pe in children. However, there was no association between maternal or child control indices with child depression symptoms. Our results suggest a familial influence of cognitive control capacity in mother-child dyads, but it remains unclear whether this confers risk for depressive symptoms in children. Further research is necessary to determine whether alterations in cognitive control over time may influence symptom development in at-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Umemoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma M Millon
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina S Koshy
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sydney M Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marisa N Spann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Monk
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Behavioral Medicine, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Division of Clinical Developmental Neuroscience, Sackler Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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DeSerisy M, Cohen JW, Dworkin JD, Stingone JA, Ramphal B, Herbstman JB, Pagliaccio D, Margolis AE. Early life stress, prenatal secondhand smoke exposure, and the development of internalizing symptoms across childhood. Environ Health 2023; 22:58. [PMID: 37620883 PMCID: PMC10463722 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-01012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior findings relating secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and internalizing problems, characterized by heightened anxiety and depression symptoms, have been equivocal; effects of SHS on neurodevelopment may depend on the presence of other neurotoxicants. Early life stress (ELS) is a known risk factor for internalizing symptoms and is also often concurrent with SHS exposure. To date the interactive effects of ELS and SHS on children's internalizing symptoms are unknown. We hypothesize that children with higher exposure to both prenatal SHS and ELS will have the most internalizing symptoms during the preschool period and the slowest reductions in symptoms over time. METHODS The present study leveraged a prospective, longitudinal birth cohort of 564 Black and Latinx mothers and their children, recruited between 1998 and 2006. Cotinine extracted from cord and maternal blood at birth served as a biomarker of prenatal SHS exposure. Parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores were examined at four timepoints between preschool and eleven years-old. ELS exposure was measured as a composite of six domains of maternal stress reported at child age five. Latent growth models examined associations between SHS, ELS, and their interaction term with trajectories of children's internalizing symptoms. In follow-up analyses, weighted quintile sum regression examined contributions of components of the ELS mixture to children's internalizing symptoms at each time point. RESULTS ELS interacted with SHS exposure such that higher levels of ELS and SHS exposure were associated with more internalizing symptoms during the preschool period (β = 0.14, p = 0.03). The interaction between ELS and SHS was also associated with a less negative rate of change in internalizing symptoms over time (β=-0.02, p = 0.01). Weighted quintile sum regression revealed significant contributions of maternal demoralization and other components of the stress mixture to children's internalizing problems at each age point (e.g., age 11 WQS β = 0.26, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that prior inconsistencies in studies of SHS on behavior may derive from unmeasured factors that also influence behavior and co-occur with exposure, specifically maternal stress during children's early life. Findings point to modifiable targets for personalized prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah DeSerisy
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Jacob W Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jordan D Dworkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jeanette A Stingone
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bruce Ramphal
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Amy E Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Weiss SJ, Goodman SH, Kidd SA, Owen MT, Simeonova DI, Kim CY, Cooper B, Rosenblum KL, Muzik M. Unique Characteristics of Women and Infants Moderate the Association between Depression and Mother-Infant Interaction. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5503. [PMID: 37685568 PMCID: PMC10487744 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has shown mixed results regarding the association between women's postpartum depression and mother-infant interactions, suggesting that a woman's unique experience and context may moderate how depression shapes these interactions. We examined the extent to which a woman's comorbid anxiety, her exposure to adversity, and infant characteristics moderate the relationship between depressive symptoms of women and interactions with their infants at 6 (n = 647) and 12 months (n = 346) postpartum. The methods included standardized coding of mother-infant interactions and structural regression modeling. The results at 6 months of infant age indicated that infant male sex and infant negative affectivity were risk factors for mothers' depression being associated with less optimal interactions. At 12 months of infant age, two moderators appeared to buffer the influence of depression: a woman's history of trauma and infant preterm birth (≤37 weeks gestation). The results reinforce the salience of infant characteristics in the relationship between maternal depression and mother-infant interactions. The findings also suggest that experiences of trauma may offer opportunities for psychological growth that foster constructive management of depression's potential effect on mother-infant interactions. Further research is needed to clarify the underlying processes and mechanisms that explain the influence of these moderators. The ultimate goals are to reduce the risk of suboptimal interactions and reinforce healthy dyadic relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J. Weiss
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | | | - Sharon A. Kidd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Margaret Tresch Owen
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA;
| | - Diana I. Simeonova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Christine Youngwon Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Bruce Cooper
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Katherine L. Rosenblum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.L.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Muzik
- Departments of Psychiatry and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.L.R.); (M.M.)
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Georg AK, Meyerhöfer S, Taubner S, Volkert J. Is parental depression related to parental mentalizing? A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 104:102322. [PMID: 37572565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed to summarize the state of research on the relation between parental depression and parental mentalizing. To account for the multifaceted nature of parental mentalizing, several conceptualizations and measures were included and compared. The last database search was conducted on March 13, 2023. Using three-level meta-analytic modelling, we analyzed a total of 12,665 participants from 63 studies with 233 effect sizes. Taken together, higher depression was only weakly associated with lower mentalizing (r = -0.06). Specifically, parents with higher depression scored lower on questionnaire measures of parental reflective functioning (r = -0.11). No significant correlations were found for interview measures of parental reflective functioning, the observational and interview measure of mind-mindedness, or insightfulness. The data showed substantial heterogeneity. The mean effect size for self-reported pre-mentalizing (r = -0.23 for reverse-coded subscale scores) was significantly stronger compared to other self-report subscales. In studies including parents with diagnosis and controls, there was limited evidence suggesting a larger negative correlation between depression, mind-mindedness, and insightfulness. Therefore, more research is needed in clinical samples. Due to their correlational nature, our results do not allow causal inferences. Future studies should target moderators that explain variability (e.g., comorbid psychological problems, coparenting, child behavior).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Georg
- Institute for Psychosocial Prevention, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Svenja Taubner
- Institute for Psychosocial Prevention, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Volkert
- Department of Psychology, MSB Medical School Berlin, Germany
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26
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Quiñones-Camacho LE, Whalen DJ, Luby JL, Gilbert KE. A Dynamic Systems Analysis of Dyadic Flexibility and Shared Affect in Preschoolers with and Without Major Depressive Disorder. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023:10.1007/s10802-023-01057-w. [PMID: 37000281 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Preschool onset Major Depressive Disorder (PO-MDD) is a severe disorder often leading to chronic impairment and poor outcomes across development. Recent work suggests that the caregiver-child relationship may contribute to PO-MDD symptoms partially through disrupted caregiver-child interactions. The current study uses a dynamic systems approach to investigate whether co-regulation patterns in a dyad with a child experiencing PO-MDD differ from dyads with a child without the disorder. Preschoolers between the ages of 3-7 years-old (N = 215; M(SD) = 5.22(1.06); 35% girls; 77% white) were recruited for a randomized controlled trial of an adapted version of parent-child interaction therapy. An additional sample (N = 50; M(SD) = 5.17(.84)' 34% girls; 76% white) was recruited as a control group. Dyads completed two interactive tasks and affect was coded throughout the interaction. State Space Grids (SSG) were used to derive measures of dyadic affective flexibility (i.e., affective variability in dyadic interactions) and shared affect. PO-MDD dyads did not differ from controls in dyadic affective flexibility. However, there were significant differences in shared positive and neutral affect. PO-MDD dyads spent less time and had fewer instances of shared positive affect and spent more time and had more instances of shared neutral affect than the community control group. These comparisons survived multiple comparisons correction. There were no differences for shared negative affect. Findings suggest that children experiencing PO-MDD have differing dyadic affective experiences with their caregivers than healthy developing children, which may be a mechanism through which depressive states are reinforced and could be targeted for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Quiñones-Camacho
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 1912 Speedway STE 5.708 Mail Stop D5800, 78712, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kirsten E Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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27
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Xie YH, Zhang YM, Fan FF, Song XY, Liu L. Functional role of frontal electroencephalogram alpha asymmetry in the resting state in patients with depression: A review. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:1903-1917. [PMID: 36998965 PMCID: PMC10044961 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i9.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a psychological disorder that affects the general public worldwide. It is particularly important to make an objective and accurate diagnosis of depression, and the measurement methods of brain activity have gradually received increasing attention. Resting electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha asymmetry in patients with depression shows changes in activation of the alpha frequency band of the left and right frontal cortices. In this paper, we review the findings of the relationship between frontal EEG alpha asymmetry in the resting state and depression. Based on worldwide studies, we found the following: (1) Compared with individuals without depression, those with depression showed greater right frontal EEG alpha asymmetry in the resting state. However, the pattern of frontal EEG alpha asymmetry in the resting state in depressive individuals seemed to disappear with age; (2) Compared with individuals without maternal depression, those with maternal depression showed greater right frontal EEG alpha asymmetry in the resting state, which indicated that genetic or experience-based influences have an impact on frontal EEG alpha asymmetry at rest; and (3) Frontal EEG alpha asymmetry in the resting state was stable, and little or no change occurred after antidepressant treatment. Finally, we concluded that the contrasting results may be due to differences in methodology, clinical characteristics, and participant characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Xie
- Psychology College of Teacher Education, Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye-Min Zhang
- Psychology College of Teacher Education, Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fan-Fan Fan
- Psychology College of Teacher Education, Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi-Yan Song
- Psychology College of Teacher Education, Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Psychology College of Teacher Education, Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
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28
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Della Vedova AM, Santoniccolo F, Sechi C, Trombetta T. Perinatal Depression and Anxiety Symptoms, Parental Bonding and Dyadic Sensitivity in Mother-Baby Interactions at Three Months Post-Partum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4253. [PMID: 36901263 PMCID: PMC10002080 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the early parent-infant relationship is crucial for the child's optimal development, and parental sensitivity plays a key role in early interactions. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of maternal perinatal depression and anxiety symptoms on dyadic sensitivity at three months post-partum, also considering a large set of maternal and infant variables. At the third trimester of pregnancy (T1) and at three months postpartum (T2), 43 primiparous women filled in a set of questionnaires evaluating symptoms of depression (CES-D) or anxiety (STAI), the woman's parental bonding experiences (PBI), alexithymia (TAS-20), maternal attachment to the baby (PAI, MPAS) and the perceived social support (MSPSS). At T2 mothers also completed a questionnaire on infant temperament and took part in the CARE-Index videotaped procedure. Dyadic sensitivity was predicted by higher maternal trait anxiety scores in pregnancy. In addition, the mother's experience of being cared for by her father in childhood was predictive of her infant's lower compulsivity, while paternal overprotection predicted higher unresponsiveness. The results highlight the influence of perinatal maternal psychological well-being and maternal childhood experiences on the quality of the dyadic relationship. The results may be useful to foster mother-child adjustment during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Della Vedova
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Sechi
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trombetta
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124 Torino, Italy
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29
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Maternal mental-health treatment moderates the association between psychological distress and harsh parenting: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282108. [PMID: 36827255 PMCID: PMC9955607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parental psychological distress (depression, anxiety) is detrimental to child mental health. A key reason for this is that depressed and anxious parents are at risk of engaging in more negative, reactive and harsh parenting. While treatment for psychological distress has a long history of success in adults, less is known about how treatment for parental psychological distress may positively influence parenting behaviours, particularly in the general population. We examined the moderating role of mothers receiving treatment for depression or anxiety on the longitudinal relationship between maternal psychological distress and the development of harsh parenting (smacking and shouting) across early childhood (ages 3 to 7). METHOD Using prospective data from 16,131 families participating in the UK's Millennium Cohort Study, we conducted moderator analysis within a multilevel repeated measures model to test whether receiving treatment for mental health problems could protect mothers with high psychological distress from engaging in harsh parenting. RESULTS In each wave, about 7% of mothers reported undergoing treatment for depression or anxiety at that time. Maternal psychological distress was associated with increased use of harsh parenting and that, adjusting for psychological distress, receiving psychological treatment was related to decreased use of harsh parenting. Importantly, receiving psychological treatment buffered the negative effect of psychological distress on harsh parenting. CONCLUSION In early-to-middle childhood, mental health treatment may help mothers with depression or anxiety to be less harsh toward their children, thereby benefiting their child's psychological adjustment.
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30
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Determinants of mindful parenting: a cross-cultural examination of parent and child reports. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBased on Belsky’s process of parenting model and its recent update, the present study aims to explore multiple determinants of mindful parenting (i.e., parents’ psychological distress, child negative emotionality, and parental social support) across the UK and Türkiye using a multi-informant approach and multiple-group path analysis. We considered both parents’ and children’s perceptions of mindful parenting to obtain a complete picture of the mindful parenting process within families. Parents and their children aged 11–16 years were recruited in the UK (N = 101, Mchild age = 13.06 years, SDchild age = 1.64 years) and Türkiye (N = 162, Mchild age = 13.28 years, SDchild age = 1.65 years). Multiple-group path analysis revealed that both parent and child perspectives of mindful parenting are multiply determined. Parental psychological distress mediated the associations of child negative emotionality and social support with mindful parenting in both cultures. However, child negative emotionality was a direct determinant of mindful parenting in the UK only. Overall, our study shed light on both individual and cultural differences in the mindful parenting process. Limitations of the current research and recommendations and implications for future mindful parenting research and practices were discussed.
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31
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Frost A, Wright RJ. Depression and Asthma: Need to Consider Autonomic Imbalance in Asthma Management. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:529-531. [PMID: 36623640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Frost
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- The Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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32
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Aylward P, Sved Williams A. Holistic community-based group parenting programs for mothers with maternal mental health issues help address a growing public health need for a diversity of vulnerable mothers, children and families: Findings from an action research study. Front Glob Womens Health 2023; 3:1039527. [PMID: 36733300 PMCID: PMC9887053 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.1039527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal mental illness is a major growing global concern which can affect parenting with serious negative implications for offspring. Group-based parenting programs for mothers which both enhance the parent-child relationship and address mental health symptoms in a supportive social setting may optimise better outcomes for mothers and children. The Acorn program in South Australia draws on attachment theory to integrate dance play, reflective diary keeping and therapeutic letters in a holistic program for a diversity of vulnerable mothers and children aged 1-36 months. The program seeks to nurture and enhance parental wellbeing and the quality of the parent-child relationship for mothers experiencing identified mental health illnesses that impinge upon their parenting. This study presents the evaluation of the program and its effectiveness. Methods Action research approach for continuous monitoring and program improvement engaging Acorn program staff in evaluation data collection and interpretation of pre and post self-completion measures and standardized observations. Additional data was collected through a telephone interview of attending mothers 6-8 months after program completion to address sustainable impacts on parenting and wellbeing. Results The program engaged 353 diverse vulnerable mothers with their children. Many had profound overlapping mental health issues including borderline personality disorder (BPD) and depression. The quality of the parent-child interaction, parental confidence, competence and enjoyment were enhanced; mothers' wellbeing, ability to cope and lasting social supports were augmented. This occurred for a number of "most vulnerable" subgroups including single mothers, mothers with BPD, mothers from non-English speaking households and those with lower levels of education or household income. Mothers reported sustained improvements in their wellbeing, parenting, social and family lives, and feeling closer to their child as a result of participating in the program. Conclusions Given the high prevalence of maternal mental health issues and substantial potential negative consequences for mothers and offspring, the Acorn parenting program offers an effective means of addressing this pressing public health issue potentially helping large numbers of vulnerable mothers and their children. This has additional gravitas in the shadow of COVID-19 due to expanded numbers of those experiencing greater parental stress, isolation and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Aylward
- Action Research Partnerships, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Torrens University Australia, Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Correspondence: Paul Aylward ;
| | - Anne Sved Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, SA, Australia,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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33
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De Los Reyes A, Epkins CC, Asmundson GJG, Augenstein TM, Becker KD, Becker SP, Bonadio FT, Borelli JL, Boyd RC, Bradshaw CP, Burns GL, Casale G, Causadias JM, Cha CB, Chorpita BF, Cohen JR, Comer JS, Crowell SE, Dirks MA, Drabick DAG, DuPaul GJ, Ehrlich KB, Evans SC, Evans SW, Felton JW, Fite PJ, Gadow KD, Galán CA, Garbacz SA, Gaylord-Harden N, Humphreys KL, Gerber AH, Hogue A, Ivanova MY, Jarrett MA, Jensen-Doss A, Kang E, Kendall PC, Laird RD, Langberg JM, Langer DA, Lee SS, Lerner MD, Lippold MA, Luebbe AM, Makol BA, McLeod BD, McMahon RJ, Miller M, Ohannessian CM, Ollendick TH, Piña A, Prinstein MJ, Rabinowitz J, Reynolds EK, Salekin RT, Schleider JL, Scott JC, Tackett JL, Talbott E, Silverman WK, Spears AP, von der Embse N, Wakschlag LS, Wang M, Watts AL, Weisz JR, White BA, White SW, Youngstrom EA. Editorial Statement About JCCAP's 2023 Special Issue on Informant Discrepancies in Youth Mental Health Assessments: Observations, Guidelines, and Future Directions Grounded in 60 Years of Research. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023; 52:147-158. [PMID: 36652590 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2158842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andres De Los Reyes
- Comprehensive Assessment and Intervention Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati
| | | | | | - Rhonda C Boyd
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | | | | | - Gino Casale
- Institute for Educational Research, University of Wuppertal
| | | | - Christine B Cha
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University
| | | | | | - Jonathan S Comer
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paula J Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erin Kang
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University
| | | | - Robert D Laird
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Alabama
| | - Joshua M Langberg
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University
| | | | - Steve S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of California
| | | | | | | | | | - Bryce D McLeod
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University.,B.C. Children's Hospital
| | - Meghan Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California
| | | | - Thomas H Ollendick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - Armando Piña
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Judith C Scott
- Clinical Department, School of Social Work, Boston University
| | | | | | | | - Angela Page Spears
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University
| | | | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine & Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Management, University of Florida
| | - Ashley L Watts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Eric A Youngstrom
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina.,Helping Give Away Psychological Science
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Jendreizik LT, von Wirth E, Döpfner M. Familial Factors Associated With Symptom Severity in Children and Adolescents With ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Supplemental Review. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:124-144. [PMID: 36326291 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221132793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of ADHD, but associations between risk factors and ADHD symptom severity in affected children remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on the association between familial factors and symptom severity in children with ADHD (PROSPERO CRD42020076440). METHOD PubMed and PsycINFO were searched for eligible studies. RESULTS Forty-three studies (N = 11,123 participants) were meta-analyzed. Five additional studies (N = 2,643 participants) were considered in the supplemental review. Parenting stress (r = .25), negative parenting practices (r = .19), broken parental partnership (r = .19), critical life events (r = .17), parental psychopathologies (r = .14-.16), socioeconomic status (r = -.10), and single-parent family (r = .10) were significantly associated with ADHD symptom severity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that psychosocial familial factors show small but significant associations with symptom severity in children with ADHD. Implications are discussed.
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Hare MM, Feeney KE, Parent J. Longitudinal Pathways from Parent Internalizing Symptoms to Parent and Youth Emotion Functioning. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022:10.1007/s10578-022-01482-w. [PMID: 36571648 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study utilized mediation analyses to examine how parental symptoms of depression and anxiety impact child emotion regulation (ER) and emotion stability (ES) through parent emotion functioning, parenting, and the coparent relationship. 564 parents of children between 3 and 17 years (Mage = 9.47; 54.4% male) were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk across three time points: baseline (Wave 1), 4 months (Wave 2), 8 months (Wave 3). Mediation results demonstrated that symptoms of parent depression at Wave 1 predicted worse coparent relationships and decreases in parents' ability to identify their own emotions at Wave 2. Symptoms of parental anxiety at Wave 1 predicted decreases in positive parenting and an increased tendency to have negative secondary emotional responses, impulse-control difficulties, and difficulty accessing emotion-regulation strategies at Wave 2. Additionally, symptoms of parental anxiety at Wave 1 directly predicted lower child ER and ES at Wave 3. However, no significant indirect pathways were identified between parent symptoms and child ER and ES. Sensitivity analyses examined the effects of three youth developmental stages (i.e., early and middle childhood and adolescence), as well as parent gender (i.e., mother and father), and found no significant differences across groups. Thus, even at non-clinical levels, parental symptoms of anxiety and depression may negatively impact parenting, parent regulation, and the coparent relationship, while parental anxiety symptoms may contribute to lower child ER and ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Hare
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Feeney
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Justin Parent
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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36
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Jendreizik LT, Hautmann C, von Wirth E, Dose C, Thöne AK, Treier AK, Banaschewski T, Becker K, Brandeis D, Geissler J, Hebebrand J, Hohmann S, Holtmann M, Huss M, Jans T, Kaiser A, Millenet S, Poustka L, Schneider P, Döpfner M. The importance of familial risk factors in children with ADHD: direct and indirect effects of family adversity, parental psychopathology and parenting practices on externalizing symptoms. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:96. [PMID: 36461089 PMCID: PMC9717533 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children experiencing unfavorable family circumstances have an increased risk of developing externalizing symptoms. The present study examines the direct, indirect and total effects of family adversity, parental psychopathology, and positive and negative parenting practices on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in children with ADHD. METHODS Data from 555 children (M = 8.9 years old, 80.5% boys) who participated in a multicenter study on the treatment of ADHD (ESCAschool) were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS The SEM analyses revealed that (a) family adversity and parental psychopathology are associated with both child ADHD and ODD symptoms while negative parenting practices are only related to child ODD symptoms; (b) family adversity is only indirectly associated with child ADHD and ODD symptoms, via parental psychopathology and negative parenting practices; (c) the detrimental effect of negative parenting practices on child ADHD and ODD symptoms is stronger in girls than in boys (multi-sample SEM); (d) there are no significant associations between positive parenting practices and child ADHD or ODD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Family adversity, parental psychopathology, and negative parenting practices should be routinely assessed by clinicians and considered in treatment planning. Trial registration (18th December 2015): German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) DRKS00008973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Teresa Jendreizik
- School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christopher Hautmann
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena von Wirth
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Dose
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Thöne
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Treier
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Neuroscience Center Zürich, University and ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Geissler
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Holtmann
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XLWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Michael Huss
- grid.410607.4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Jans
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kaiser
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Priska Schneider
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Döpfner
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ,grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Intergenerational continuity of parent-child separation among mother-offspring dyads: Implication for child cognitive development in rural China. Soc Sci Med 2022; 315:115538. [PMID: 36402011 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The labor migration in China often leads to parent-child separation. Research to date has primarily focused on understanding mental and cognitive outcomes for children exposed to parent-child separation, with little consideration for the cumulative effects of intergenerational continuity of parent-child separation. A total of 2729 children between the ages of 4 and 6, along with one parent (primarily mothers, 86.2%) and/or one primary caregiver (if the child is separated from both parents), were recruited in the rural area of Anhui Province, China. A unique subsample of children (n = 249) with persistent experience of parent-child separation or whose mother reported being left behind by her parents during early childhood were enrolled for cognitive assessment. A total of 239 age-, gender- and residence-matched children without any parent-child separation experience were selected as the control group. Child cognitive performance was examined with the Chinese version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth edition (WPPSI-IV). The association between intergenerational continuity of parent-child separation and child cognition was described using multivariate OLS regression models. Compared to mother-offspring dyads without any history of parent-child separation, girls (n = 236/450, 52.4%) who experienced the intergenerational continuity of parent-child separation showed a significant decrease of 5.73 points (95% CI: -9.83, -1.62; p = 0.006) on full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) and a decrease of 5.71 points (95% CI: -9.80, 1.63; p = 0.006) on verbal comprehension index. No similar result was observed in boys. The cumulative effects of parent-child separation among mother-offspring dyads on child cognitive development highlight the need for effective early intervention to break the intergenerational cycle of disadvantage. Sex differences and possible epigenetic mechanisms underlying the intergenerational effects of parent-child separation warrant further investigation.
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An D, Bendel‐Stenzel LC, Kochanska G. Negative internal working models as mechanisms that link mothers' and fathers' personality with their parenting: A short-term longitudinal study. J Pers 2022; 90:1004-1020. [PMID: 35211984 PMCID: PMC9402795 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on associations between parents' personality and parenting has a long history, but mechanisms that explain them remain unsettled. We examined parents' explicit and implicit negative internal working models (IWMs) of the child, assessed at toddler age, as linking parental personality and parenting. METHOD Mothers and fathers from 200 community families provided personality self-reports (Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Empathy, and Anger/Hostility) when their children were infants. When children were toddlers, the explicit negative IWMs included self-reported low-mentalizing reflective functioning and resentment regarding the child. The implicit negative IWMs were coded as negative relational schemas from parental interviews. Parental positive affect, responsiveness, and power-assertive control were observed in lengthy interactions. Measures were parallel for mother- and father-child dyads. RESULTS Mothers' implicit IWMs linked the association between low Empathy and more power-assertive control. Fathers' explicit IWMs linked the associations between high Neuroticism and low Agreeableness and lower responsiveness. Additionally, fathers' Agreeableness and Empathy directly predicted their parenting. Two paths (Agreeableness → implicit IWMs, and explicit IWMs → responsiveness) significantly differed between mothers and fathers. CONCLUSIONS IWMs may link parental personality with parenting. The findings integrate and inform several bodies of literature in personality, social cognition, and developmental psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danming An
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesThe University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | | | - Grazyna Kochanska
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesThe University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
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Depression and anxiety in second and third trimesters among pregnant women in Kenya: a hospital-based prevalence study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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40
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Wei X, Li X, Teng X, Bai J, Ren F. Intergenerational Transmission of Depression during Adolescence: The Mediating Roles of Hostile Attribution Bias, Empathic Concern, and Social Self-Concept. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 157:13-31. [PMID: 36279252 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have empirically examined the role of peer microsystem in the intergenerational transmission of depression, and more importantly, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this potential pathway of intergenerational transmission. The purpose of the current study was to examine the sequential mediation effects of adolescent hostile attribution bias, empathic concern, and social self-concept on the association between maternal depression and adolescent depression. An urban Chinese sample of 761 mother-child dyads was investigated when the adolescents were in secondary school (M = 14.36 years, range =12.33-16.92 years, 52.3% female). The results provided evidence of cross-generational continuity in depression during adolescence, and the hypothesized sequential mediation model was supported. The findings highlight the importance of peer-related factors during the intergenerational transmission of depression and have important implications for interpersonal interventions that aim to prevent depression during adolescence. The limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are briefly discussed.
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41
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Ahun MN, Psychogiou L, Guay F, Boivin M, Tremblay RE, Côté SM. Maternal depressive symptoms and children's academic performance: sex differences in the mediating role of school experiences. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2450-2459. [PMID: 33272330 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720004298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depressive symptoms (MDSs) are negatively associated with children's academic performance, with stronger effects sometimes reported in boys. However, few studies have tested the mechanisms of this association. We examined the mediating role of school engagement and peer victimization in this association and tested for sex differences. METHODS Participants were 1173 families from a population-based longitudinal Canadian study. MDSs were self-reported annually using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (child's age: 5 months to 5 years). Data on mediators (peer victimization, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional school engagement) were reported annually from ages 6-10 by multiple informants including children, parents, and teachers using items from validated scales. Mathematics, reading, and writing exam scores at age 12 were obtained from standardized exams administered by Québec's Ministry of Education and Teaching. Structural equation modeling was used to test mediation by school experiences in boys and girls. RESULTS Exposure to MDSs was negatively associated with mathematics, reading, and writing scores in girls and with mathematics only in boys. Cognitive and behavioral engagement significantly mediated the association between MDSs and mathematics, reading, and writing scores in girls. There were no significant mediators for boys. CONCLUSIONS Prevention and intervention strategies aiming to improve school engagement might be beneficial for daughters of mothers experiencing depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to replicate these findings and to identify the mechanisms explaining this association in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Ahun
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101 Avenue Parc, Montréal, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, 3175 chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Frédéric Guay
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Université Laval, 2320 rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, Canada
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Psychology, Université de Montréal, 3175 chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sylvana M Côté
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101 Avenue Parc, Montréal, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, 3175 chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Canada
- INSERM U1219, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
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42
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Lee WK, Joo YS. Examining family processes linked to adolescent problem behaviors in single-mother families: The moderating role of school connectedness. Front Psychol 2022; 13:937698. [PMID: 36225694 PMCID: PMC9549365 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous research has shown that adolescents in single-mother households are at heightened risk for adjustment problems. However, limited studies have investigated the mechanisms leading to adolescent problem behaviors in single-mother households. To address this research gap, this study applied the Family Stress Model to examine how single mothers’ material hardship is linked to adolescent problem behaviors, focusing on the mediating roles of mothers’ depression and mother-adolescent closeness. The moderating role of adolescent school connectedness in the relationships between mother-adolescent closeness and school connectedness and between mothers’ depression and school connectedness was also investigated. Materials and methods The study analyzed data from 1,384 adolescents and their single mothers who participated in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study at Wave 6. The associations between study variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling by decomposing the direct, indirect, and total effects of material hardship on adolescent problem behaviors. School connectedness’s interactions with mother-adolescent closeness and mothers’ depression were also examined. Results Results showed a significant indirect relationship between material hardship and adolescent problem behaviors through sequential mediation of mothers’ depression and mother-adolescent closeness. Mothers’ depression also significantly mediated the relationship between material hardship and problem behaviors. Lastly, school connectedness moderated the relationship between mother-adolescent closeness and adolescents’ internalizing behaviors. The association between mother-adolescent closeness and adolescents’ internalizing behavior was weaker for adolescents with higher levels of school connectedness. Conclusion The results indicate the important indirect effect of economic strain on adolescents’ problems behaviors in single-mother households, which has been less emphasized compared to the effects in earlier childhood. High rates of material hardship and adolescent problem behaviors in single-mother families call for multifaceted interventions focusing on family processes and protective factors, including school environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Kyung Lee
- Department of Child Development and Intervention, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Sun Joo
- School of Social Welfare, Myongji University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Young Sun Joo,
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Marceau K, Yu L, Knopik VS, Ganiban JM, Neiderhiser JM. Intergenerational transmission of psychopathology: An examination of symptom severity and directionality. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-14. [PMID: 36097811 PMCID: PMC10008754 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the intergenerational transmission of internalizing and externalizing symptom severity, which indexes comorbidity, and symptom directionality, which indicates differentiation toward externalizing versus internalizing problems. Data are from 854 male and female, same-sex adult twin pairs born between 1926 and 1971 (32-60 years old, M = 44.9 years, SD = 4.9 years) from the Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden and their adolescent offspring (11-22 years old, M = 15.7 years, SD = 2.4 years, 52% female). Children-of-twins models revealed additive (9%) and dominant (45%) genetic and nonshared environmental (47%) influences on twins' symptom severity, and additive genetic (39%) and nonshared environmental (61%) influences on twins' symptom directionality. Both comorbid problems and preponderance of symptoms of a particular - internalizing versus externalizing - spectrum were correlated across parent and child generations, although associations were modest especially for directionality (i.e., transmission of specific symptom type). By interpreting findings alongside a recent study of adolescent twins, we demonstrate that the intergenerational transmission of symptom severity and symptom directionality are both unlikely to be attributable to genetic transmission, are both likely to be influenced by direct phenotypic transmission and/or nonpassive rGE, and the intergenerational transmission of symptom severity is also likely to be influenced by passive rGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jody M Ganiban
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Turgeon J, Bureau JF. Parental psychological distress and child maladjustment: Exploring the moderating role of sibling relationship quality. Front Psychol 2022; 13:968985. [PMID: 36092045 PMCID: PMC9451040 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the quality of the sibling relationship moderates the association between parental psychological distress and child maladjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems). We extended previous literature by studying mothers and fathers separately and by including an observational measure of the quality of the sibling relationship. Participants were 52 two-parent families from a community sample who had at least two children living at home. Only one child (aged 6–10 years) was targeted for the study and studied in relation to his/her siblings. Mothers and fathers completed a self-reported questionnaire on their psychological distress and individually assessed their child’s social-emotional maladjustment. The targeted child’s interactions with his/her siblings were observed by independent judges during a home-visit. Results indicate that both maternal and paternal psychological distress are significant predictors of child social-emotional maladjustment. Moderation analyses reveal that children of distressed fathers are at lower risk of social-emotional maladjustment when they engage in highly positive interactions with their siblings. Post hoc analyses suggest that only sibling empathy (not teaching nor companionship) is a significant moderator of the association between paternal psychological distress and child maladjustment. The results of this study provide further evidence of the influence that fathers have in their child’s development and highlight the importance of using a systemic family approach to promote children’s social-emotional adaptation in the context of parental distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Turgeon
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bureau
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean-François Bureau,
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Sutherland S, Nestor BA, Pine AE, Garber J. Characteristics of maternal depression and children's functioning: A meta-analytic review. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2022; 36:671-680. [PMID: 34843324 PMCID: PMC9157221 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maternal depression is associated with cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems in offspring, but the substantial heterogeneity of depression precludes a full understanding of these associations. Variation in course of depression, characterized by severity or chronicity, may be related differentially to children's development. The current meta-analytic review examined the relations of these characteristics of maternal depression to children's developmental outcomes. Twenty-nine studies were identified and reviewed; the majority (93%) of studies reported a negative association between some aspect of maternal depression and children's adjustment. Separate meta-analyses revealed significant effect sizes for severity (Fisher's z = -.243) and chronicity (adjusted Fisher's z = -.337) of maternal depression and children's cognitive or behavioral functioning. Findings are synthesized across features of maternal depression; methodological limitations within the empirical literature are discussed; and recommendations for future research are suggested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judy Garber
- Department of Psychology and Human Development
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46
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Cullum KA, Goodman SH, Garber J, Korelitz K, Sutherland S, Stewart J. A positive parenting program to enhance positive affect in children of previously depressed mothers. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2022; 36:692-703. [PMID: 35266774 PMCID: PMC9710002 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Children of mothers with a history of depression are at heightened risk for developing depression and other maladaptive outcomes. Deficits in parenting are one putative mechanism underlying this transmission of risk from mother to child. The present study evaluated whether a brief intervention with mothers with a history of depression produced greater use of positive parenting behaviors and an increase in observed positive affect in their 8- to 10-year-old children. Mothers with a history of depression (n = 65) were randomly assigned to either a positive parenting intervention or an attention control intervention condition. In addition, a comparison group of 66 mothers with no history of depression was evaluated one time. Results revealed significant increases in positive parenting behaviors (e.g., active listening, praise) immediately postintervention in mothers randomized to the positive parenting intervention as compared to those in the attention control condition. Children of mothers in the positive parenting intervention showed increases in positive affect as compared to children of mothers in the attention control intervention. Increases in mothers' active listening and smiling/laughing significantly predicted increases in children's positive affect. The intervention did not increase the rate of children's moment-by-moment positive affect contingent on mothers' positive parenting behaviors. This study showed the short-term effectiveness of a brief parenting intervention for enhancing interactions between mothers with a history of depression and their children by directly targeting mothers' positive parenting and, indirectly, children's expressions of positive affect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Ran-Peled D, Bar-Shachar Y, Horwitz A, Finkelstein O, Bar-Kalifa E, Meiri G, Tikotzky L. Objective and subjective sleep and caregiving feelings in mothers of infants: a longitudinal daily diary study. Sleep 2022; 45:6569230. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
This study explored the links between mothers’ objective and subjective sleep and their caregiving feelings toward their infant (i.e. patience for the infant, desire to be with the infant, and anger toward the infant), using a diary study design. We were particularly interested in examining whether nights of lower sleep quality within individual mothers predict more negative maternal caregiving feelings the following day.
Methods
The sample included 151 women, who were recruited during pregnancy. Data were collected at 4 and 8 months after delivery. Maternal sleep was monitored at home for seven nights using actigraphy and sleep diaries. Mothers rated their caregiving feelings each evening.
Results
Multilevel modeling (controlling for depressive symptoms, feeding method, and background variables) revealed that actigraphic and subjective sleep variables were associated with maternal caregiving feeling, both at the between- and within-person levels. For example, lower sleep percent predicted reduced levels of maternal patience for the infant at 4 and 8 months (between-person effect). Moreover, when a mother had a lower sleep percent on a given night (compared to her average), she reported lower levels of patience for her infant the following day (within-person prospective effect).
Conclusions
The findings demonstrate, for the first time, that maternal nightly variations in objective and subjective sleep quality predict daily changes in maternal feelings toward her infant at two different assessment points. Improving maternal sleep quality might be an important target for future interventions which may help mothers to feel more positively toward their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar Ran-Peled
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Yael Bar-Shachar
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Avel Horwitz
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Omer Finkelstein
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Eran Bar-Kalifa
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Gal Meiri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Liat Tikotzky
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
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48
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Kelstrup L, Carlsson J. Trauma-affected refugees and their non-exposed children: A review of risk and protective factors for trauma transmission. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114604. [PMID: 35580432 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rates of posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) are high among refugee populations. At the same time, evidence is emerging of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology. The objective of this study was to examine the current knowledge on risk and protective factors for adverse mental health outcomes in the non-exposed offspring of trauma-affected refugees. A systematic search was undertaken from 1 January 1981 to 5 February 2021 (PubMed, Embase, PSYCInfo). Studies were included if they reported on families of trauma-exposed refugee parents and mental health outcomes in their non-exposed children. The search yielded 1415 results and twelve articles met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies emphasized the negative effects of parental mental health symptoms. There was substantial evidence of an association between parental PTSD and increased risk of psychological problems in offspring. Parenting style was identified as both a potential risk and protective factor. Risk/protective factors at the individual and family level were identified, but findings were inconclusive due to sample sizes and study designs. There is a need for evidence-based interventions aimed at improving child outcomes, especially by improving parental mental health and reinforcing parenting skills. Future research should aim to incorporate broader aspects of child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kelstrup
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jessica Carlsson
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Maternal depressive symptoms and children's cognitive school readiness: the role of gene-environment interplay. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:595-602. [PMID: 35305160 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-022-01207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Maternal depressive symptoms are a robust risk factor for poor cognitive outcomes in children, yet the role of gene-environment interplay in this association is not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate gene-environment interaction in the association between maternal depressive symptoms and children's cognitive school readiness. Data come from a population-based birth cohort of 538 twin pairs. Maternal depressive symptoms were self-reported (Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) when children were aged 6 and 18 months (a mean score was used). Children's cognitive school readiness was assessed using the Lollipop Test when children were aged 5 years. Analyses were conducted with structural equation modeling. Maternal depressive symptoms were correlated with children's cognitive school readiness (r = -0.10). Shared environmental factors explained most of the variance in children's cognitive school readiness (52%). The remaining variance was accounted for by genetic (30%) and nonshared environmental factors (18%). As the level of maternal depressive symptoms increased, the relative contribution of nonshared environmental factors to the variance in children's cognitive school readiness increased (0.14 [95% CI: 0.04 to 0.24]), whereas the relative contribution of genetic factors decreased (-0.28 [-0.64 to 0.08]). In contexts of elevated maternal depressive symptoms, environmental - and potentially modifiable - factors may be especially important for shaping children's cognitive outcomes. This suggests that interventions to improve the early childhood environment of children exposed to maternal depressive symptoms may improve their cognitive outcomes.
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Testing Models of Associations Between Depression and Parenting Self-efficacy in Mothers: A Meta-analytic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:471-499. [PMID: 35556193 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cross-sectional studies confirm the long-theorized association between mothers' depression and lower parenting self-efficacy (PSE) beliefs. However, cross-sectional studies leave unanswered the direction of this association: Does depression predict PSE? Does PSE predict depression? Are both true? Does the strength of the association between depression and PSE, regardless of the direction, generalize across participant characteristics and study design features? How stable is PSE over time? And how effective are interventions at enhancing PSE? To answer these questions, we conducted a meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. With 35 eligible studies (22,698 participants), we found support for both models: there was a significant pooled effect of both depression on PSE and of PSE on depression, with nearly identical effect sizes (d = - 0.21 and - 0.22, respectively). The association was stronger in samples with mothers' younger average age and studies that measured PSE among mothers relative to during pregnancy. We found a medium degree of stability in the index of PSE, d = 0.60. Finally, the estimated pooled effect size between being in an intervention group versus control group and PSE was 0.505. Overall, we found support for (1) bidirectional associations between depression and PSE in mothers, (2) the stability of PSE over time, and (3) the strength of the relationship between PSE and depression with intervention. These results suggest the importance of continuing to develop, test, and disseminate interventions to enhance PSE. We interpret these findings in the context of both depression and low PSE having serious consequences for child outcomes and maladaptive parenting.
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