1
|
Johnston LJ. Cellulose nanomaterial metrology: microscopy measurements. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39315456 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials are increasingly used for a wide variety of applications. Adequate characterization of these materials is required for quality control during production, to distinguish between materials synthesized by different methods, by different suppliers or from difference cellulose biomass sources, to facilitate development of applications and for regulatory purposes. Here we review recent microscopy measurements for the three main types of cellulose nanomaterials: cellulose nanocrystals, individual cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanofibrils. Atomic force microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy are covered with a focus on recent studies that have metrological rigor, rather than qualitative investigations. In some cases results are compared to those obtained by other methods that are more likely to see widespread use for routine quality control measurements. Detailed studies that use microscopy to provide insight on fundamental material properties (e.g., chiral properties) are also included. Particle size and morphology are important properties but are challenging to measure for cellulose nanomaterials due to the rod or fibril shaped particles, their propensity to agglomerate and aggregate, their low contrast for electron microscopy and, for cellulose nanofibrils, the complex branched and interconnected structures. Overall, the results show that there are now a number of studies in which attention to metrological detail has resulted in measurements that allow one to compare and distinguish between different materials, although there are still examples for which it is not possible to draw conclusions on size differences. The use of detailed microscopy protocols that yield accurate and reliable results will be beneficial in material production and addressing regulatory requirements and will allow the validation of other methods that are more amenable to routine measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Johnston
- Metrology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rai R, Dhar P. Biomedical engineering aspects of nanocellulose: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:362001. [PMID: 35576914 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6fef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable biopolymer in nature and is present as major constituent in both plant cell walls as well as synthesized by some microorganisms as extracellular products. In both the systems, cellulose self-assembles into a hierarchical ordered architecture to form micro to nano-fibrillated structures, on basis of which it is classified into various forms. Nanocellulose (NCs) exist as rod-shaped highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibers, micro-fibrillated cellulose and bacterial cellulose (BC), depending upon the origin, structural and morphological properties. Moreover, NCs have been processed into diversified products ranging from composite films, coatings, hydrogels, aerogels, xerogels, organogels, rheological modifiers, optically active birefringent colored films using traditional-to-advanced manufacturing techniques. With such versatility in structure-property, NCs have profound application in areas of healthcare, packaging, cosmetics, energy, food, electronics, bioremediation, and biomedicine with promising commercial potential. Herein this review, we highlight the recent advancements in synthesis, fabrication, processing of NCs, with strategic chemical modification routes to tailor its properties for targeted biomedical applications. We also study the basic mechanism and models for biosynthesis of cellulose in both plant and microbial systems and understand the structural insights of NC polymorphism. The kinetics study for both enzymatic/chemical modifications of NCs and microbial growth behavior of BC under various reactor configurations are studied. The challenges associated with the commercial aspects as well as industrial scale production of pristine and functionalized NCs to meet the growing demands of market are discussed and prospective strategies to mitigate them are described. Finally, post chemical modification evaluation of biological and inherent properties of NC are important to determine their efficacy for development of various products and technologies directed for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Rai
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Prodyut Dhar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anh TPT, Nguyen TV, Hoang PT, Thi PV, Kim TN, Van QN, Van CN, Hai YD. Dragon Fruit Foliage: An Agricultural Cellulosic Source to Extract Cellulose Nanomaterials. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247701. [PMID: 34946783 PMCID: PMC8704994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we focus our effort to extract cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) from an agricultural cellulosic waste, Dragon Fruit foliage (DFF). DFF was first pretreated by several mechanical treatments and then bleached by chemical treatment to obtain bleached DFF. CNs were then produced from the hydrolysis of the bleached DFF catalyzed by sulfuric acid. We obtained CNs with a small diameter (50 to 130 nm) and length (100 to 500 nm) and a height of 3 to 10 nm. The CNs have a high crystallinity (crystallinity index 84.8%), high −COOH content (0.74 mmol·g−1), good thermal stability and a good Cu (II) adsorption capacity with an adsorption maximum of ~103 mg·g−1. These findings demonstrated the great potential of converting many agricultural cellulosic wastes into valuable cellulose nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Phung Thi Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam; (T.P.T.A.); (T.V.N.); (P.T.H.); (P.V.T.)
| | - Toan Viet Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam; (T.P.T.A.); (T.V.N.); (P.T.H.); (P.V.T.)
| | - Phuong Thi Hoang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam; (T.P.T.A.); (T.V.N.); (P.T.H.); (P.V.T.)
| | - Phuong Vu Thi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam; (T.P.T.A.); (T.V.N.); (P.T.H.); (P.V.T.)
| | - Thoa Nguyen Kim
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam;
| | - Quyen Nguyen Van
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (Q.N.V.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Chien Nguyen Van
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam;
| | - Yen Dao Hai
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam; (T.P.T.A.); (T.V.N.); (P.T.H.); (P.V.T.)
- Correspondence: (Q.N.V.); (Y.D.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Haque ANMA, Naebe M. Lignin-Cellulose Nanocrystals from Hemp Hurd as Light-Coloured Ultraviolet (UV) Functional Filler for Enhanced Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3425. [PMID: 34947774 PMCID: PMC8708339 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a natural light-coloured ultraviolet (UV) absorber; however, conventional extraction processes usually darken its colour and could be detrimental to its UV-shielding ability. In this study, a sustainable way of fabricating lignin-cellulose nanocrystals (L-CNCs) from hemp hurd is proposed. A homogeneous morphology of the hemp particles was achieved by ball milling, and L-CNCs with high aspect ratio were obtained through mild acid hydrolysis on the ball-milled particles. The L-CNCs were used as filler in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film, which produced a light-coloured nanocomposite film with high UV-shielding ability and enhanced tensile properties: the absorption of UV at wavelength of 400 nm and transparency in the visible-light region at wavelength of 550 nm was 116 times and 70% higher than that of pure PVA, respectively. In addition to these advantages, the nanocomposite film showed a water vapour transmission property comparable with commercial food package film, indicating potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (Y.Z.); (A.N.M.A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Monitoring anthropogenic particles in the environment: Recent developments and remaining challenges at the forefront of analytical methods. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Plavchak CL, Smith WC, Bria CRM, Williams SKR. New Advances and Applications in Field-Flow Fractionation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:257-279. [PMID: 33770457 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-052742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of techniques that was created especially for separating and characterizing macromolecules, nanoparticles, and micrometer-sized analytes. It is coming of age as new nanomaterials, polymers, composites, and biohybrids with remarkable properties are introduced and new analytical challenges arise due to synthesis heterogeneities and the motivation to correlate analyte properties with observed performance. Appreciation of the complexity of biological, pharmaceutical, and food systems and the need to monitor multiple components across many size scales have also contributed to FFF's growth. This review highlights recent advances in FFF capabilities, instrumentation, and applications that feature the unique characteristics of different FFF techniques in determining a variety of information, such as averages and distributions in size, composition, shape, architecture, and microstructure and in investigating transformations and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Plavchak
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| | - William C Smith
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| | | | - S Kim Ratanathanawongs Williams
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ee LY, Yau Li SF. Recent advances in 3D printing of nanocellulose: structure, preparation, and application prospects. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1167-1208. [PMID: 36132876 PMCID: PMC9418582 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging cellulose nanomaterials extracted from agricultural biomasses have recently received extensive attention due to diminishing fossil resources. To further reduce the carbon footprints and wastage of valuable resources, additive manufacturing techniques of new nanocellulosic materials have been developed. Studies on the preparation and characterization of 3D-printable functional nanocellulosic materials have facilitated a deeper understanding into their desirable attributes such as high surface area, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization. In this critical review, we compare and highlight the different methods of extracting nanocellulose from biorenewable resources and the strategies for transforming the obtained nanocellulose into nanocomposites with high 3D printability. Optimistic technical applications of 3D-printed nanocellulose in biomedical, electronics, and environmental fields are finally described and evaluated for future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ying Ee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Lower Kent Ridge Road, Science Drive 4, S5-02-03 Singapore 117549
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Lower Kent Ridge Road, Science Drive 4, S5-02-03 Singapore 117549
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Campano C, Lopez-Exposito P, Gonzalez-Aguilera L, Blanco Á, Negro C. In-depth characterization of the aggregation state of cellulose nanocrystals through analysis of transmission electron microscopy images. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117271. [PMID: 33357852 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is of utmost importance to guarantee their reliable application. Nevertheless, there is still no consensual method to characterize CNC aggregation. The hypothesis of this paper is that dispersion could be quantified through the classification of aggregates detected in transmission electron microscopy images. k-Means was used to classify image particulate elements of five CNC samples into groups according to their geometric features. Particles were classified into five groups according to their maximum Feret diameter, elongation, circularity and area. Two groups encompassed the most application-critical aggregates: one integrated aggregates of high complexity and low compactness while the other included elongated aggregates. In addition, the characterization of CNC dispersion after different levels of sonication was achieved by assessing the change in the number of elements belonging to each cluster after sonication. This approach could be used as a standard for the characterization of the aggregation state of CNCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Campano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricio Lopez-Exposito
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain.
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Aguilera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meija J, Bushell M, Couillard M, Beck S, Bonevich J, Cui K, Foster J, Will J, Fox D, Cho W, Heidelmann M, Park BC, Park YC, Ren L, Xu L, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Theissmann R, Purwin H, Wang Z, de Val N, Johnston LJ. Particle Size Distributions for Cellulose Nanocrystals Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy: An Interlaboratory Comparison. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13434-13442. [PMID: 32865398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Particle size is a key parameter that must be measured to ensure reproducible production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and to achieve reliable performance metrics for specific CNC applications. Nevertheless, size measurements for CNCs are challenging due to their broad size distribution, irregular rod-shaped particles, and propensity to aggregate and agglomerate. We report an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) that tests transmission electron microscopy (TEM) protocols for image acquisition and analysis. Samples of CNCs were prepared on TEM grids in a single laboratory, and detailed data acquisition and analysis protocols were provided to participants. CNCs were imaged and the size of individual particles was analyzed in 10 participating laboratories that represent a cross section of academic, industrial, and government laboratories with varying levels of experience with imaging CNCs. The data for each laboratory were fit to a skew normal distribution that accommodates the variability in central location and distribution width and asymmetries for the various datasets. Consensus values were obtained by modeling the variation between laboratories using a skew normal distribution. This approach gave consensus distributions with values for mean, standard deviation, and shape factor of 95.8, 38.2, and 6.3 nm for length and 7.7, 2.2, and 2.9 nm for width, respectively. Comparison of the degree of overlap between distributions for individual laboratories indicates that differences in imaging resolution contribute to the variation in measured widths. We conclude that the selection of individual CNCs for analysis and the variability in CNC agglomeration and staining are the main factors that lead to variations in measured length and width between laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael Bushell
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Martin Couillard
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | | | - John Bonevich
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kai Cui
- National Research Council Canada, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John Will
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Douglas Fox
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, District of Columbia 20016, United States
| | - Whirang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, District of Columbia 20016, United States
| | - Markus Heidelmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Byong Chon Park
- Center for Nanocharacterization, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chang Park
- Division of Measurement & Analysis, National Nanofab Center, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Lingling Ren
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Xu
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Ralf Theissmann
- KRONOS INTERNATIONAL Inc., Peschstrasse 5, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Horst Purwin
- KRONOS INTERNATIONAL Inc., Peschstrasse 5, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ziqiu Wang
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Natalia de Val
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Linda J Johnston
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhai L, Kim HC, Kim JW, Kim J. Simple centrifugal fractionation to reduce the size distribution of cellulose nanofibers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11744. [PMID: 32678164 PMCID: PMC7366905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has unique characteristics in terms of renewability, high specific elastic modulus and strength and transparency, it is attractive for a building block of future materials. CNF can be extracted from various natural resource by several means. However, the size of the extracted CNF is very broad and uniformity of the extracted CNF is very important for many applications. Thus, a fractionation process is necessary to obtain a uniformly sized CNF. In this paper, a simple centrifugal fractionation was carried out to reduce the size distribution of the extracted CNF suspension from hardwood pulp by the combination of TEMPO oxidation and aqueous counter collision methods. The original CNF suspension was diluted and centrifuged under low speed to remove cellulose microfibers then centrifuged under high speed to separate very small CNF. The centrifugation condition is 10 k rpm for 1 h followed by 45 k rpm for 4 h. The fractionated CNF was analyzed by an atomic force microscopy, and the length and width distribution histogram analysis was utilized. UV-visible analysis, FT-IR and XRD crystallinity analysis were carried out to analyze all fractionated CNFs and the original CNF. After centrifugal fractionation, the width and length distribution range were reduced by 62% and 70%, respectively. It is shown that the centrifugal fractionation is an easy and efficient method to fractionate a uniform CNF suspension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Zhai
- Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-Ro, Michuhol-Ku, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Hyun Chan Kim
- Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-Ro, Michuhol-Ku, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Jung Woong Kim
- Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-Ro, Michuhol-Ku, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-Ro, Michuhol-Ku, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|