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Dib S, Veerasingam S, Alyafei T, Assali MA, Al-Khayat J, Vethamony P. PAHs and hopanes in the surface sediments of Qatar coast and their ecological risks: Comparison with regional and global coastal regions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116494. [PMID: 38788274 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The distribution, characteristics, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes in the surface sediments collected along the Qatar coast were investigated. Concentration of ∑14PAHs and hopanes ranged between 0.076 and 7.04 ng g-1 (mean: 2.60 ng g-1), 100 and 700 ng g-1 (mean: 205 ng g-1), respectively. Sediment samples were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs composition (4-6 rings). Diagnostic ratios of PAH concentrations showed both petrogenic and pyrogenic origins of PAHs, with a higher percentage of pyrogenic sources. The ecological risk levels of PAHs were estimated using sediment quality guidelines (SQG), mean probable effect level quotient values (PEL-Q), carcinogenic toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ), and risk quotient (RQ) evaluation methods. The calculated TEQ values (0.00012-0.85 ng g-1) were lesser than those in other locations around the globe, and were also within the safe level (600 ng g-1) suggested by the Canadian soil quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Dib
- UNESCO Chair in Marine Sciences, Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - S Veerasingam
- UNESCO Chair in Marine Sciences, Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thoraya Alyafei
- UNESCO Chair in Marine Sciences, Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mazen Abou Assali
- UNESCO Chair in Marine Sciences, Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jassim Al-Khayat
- UNESCO Chair in Marine Sciences, Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - P Vethamony
- UNESCO Chair in Marine Sciences, Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Olasupo A, Corbin DR, Shiflett MB. Trends in low temperature and non-thermal technologies for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133830. [PMID: 38387180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The daunting effects of persistent organic pollutants on humans, animals, and the environment cannot be overemphasized. Their fate, persistence, long-range transport, and bioavailability have made them an environmental stressor of concern which has attracted the interest of the research community. Concerted efforts have been made by relevant organizations utilizing legislative laws to ban their production and get rid of them completely for the sake of public health. However, they have remained refractive in different compartments of the environment. Their bioavailability is majorly a function of different anthropogenic activities. Landfilling and incineration are among the earliest classical means of environmental remediation of waste; however, they are not sustainable due to the seepage of contaminants in landfills, the release of toxic gases into the atmosphere and energy requirements during incineration. Other advanced waste destruction technologies have been explored for the degradation of these recalcitrant pollutants; although, some are efficient, but are limited by high amounts of energy consumption, the use of organic solvents and hazardous chemicals, high capital and operational cost, and lack of public trust. Thus, this study has systematically reviewed different contaminant degradation technologies, their efficiency, and feasibility. Finally, based on techno-economic feasibility, non-invasiveness, efficiency, and environmental friendliness; radiation technology can be considered a viable alternative for the environmental remediation of contaminants in all environmental matrices at bench-, pilot-, and industrial-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayo Olasupo
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, United States
| | - David R Corbin
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, United States
| | - Mark B Shiflett
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, United States.
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3
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Khan S, Qamar Z, Khan A, Waqas M, Nawab J, Khisroon M, Khan A. Genotoxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in vehicle-wash wastewater on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and freshwater mussels (Anodonta cygnea). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121513. [PMID: 37030598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle-wash wastewater (VWW) contains high levels of various petrochemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a carcinogenic category of organic substances. However, the genotoxic effects of PAHs present in VWW remain largely unknown. We explored the genotoxic effects of PAHs present in VWW on fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and freshwater mussels (Anodonta cygnea). Fish and freshwater mussels were divided into control and exposed groups, the prior groups were treated at weekly intervals with clean water, and the latter with Σ16PAHs contaminated VWW for up to four weeks. The samples of blood from fish and haemolymph from freshwater mussels were collected and analyzed using the comet assay technique. Results exhibited that in control fish and freshwater mussel groups the genotoxicity decreased with every week passing following the order of W1 > W2 > W3 > W4, ranging from 8.33 ± 3.06 to 25.3 ± 4.62 and from 46.0 ± 6.93 to 7.67 ± 3.79, respectively. The exposed fish and freshwater mussel groups indicated an increase in genotoxicity with increasing week intervals with an order of W4 > W3 > W2 > W1, ranging from 55.7 ± 11.9 to 128.3 ± 10.0 and from 112.7 ± 8.50 to 183.3 ± 10.1, respectively. The genotoxic effect of Σ16PAHs on fish was comparatively lower than on freshwater mussels. This study elucidates that VWW is highly genotoxic and should be treated before discharging into aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Zahir Qamar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhmmmad Khisroon
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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Sun H, Chen Q, Chen W, Qu C, Mo J, Song J, Guo J, Tian Y. Assessment of biological community in riparian zone contaminated by PAHs: Linking source apportionment to biodiversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158121. [PMID: 35988620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Riparian zone, an important land-water interface, plays an essential role in maintaining the ecological health of rivers, whereas the effects of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the health of biological communities in riparian groundwater remain undetermined. To understand the responses of multiple communities to environmental variables, the distribution and ecosystem risk of 16 PAHs have been investigated in the Beiluo River, China. The distribution of multiple communities in riparian groundwater was investigated by environmental DNA metabarcoding, including 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and COI gene sequencing for bacteria, microbial eukaryotes (including algae, fungi, and protozoa), and metazoan, respectively, followed by correlation analysis between multiple communities and PAH contamination levels. The concentration of PAHs in the Beiluo River ranged largely from 35.32 to 728.59 ng/L. Here, the Shannon's diversity index of bacteria (Firmicutes) decreased possibly due to the occurrence of Pyrene, which mainly derives from coal and biomass combustion. Furthermore, the reduced richness of fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) and algae (Chlorophyta, Chrysophyceae) can be attributed to the presence of medium molecular weight (MMW) PAHs (Pyrene, Benz(a)anthracene, Chrysene), and low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (Naphthalene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene). The richness and Shannon's diversity index of metazoan (Arthropoda) were promoted owing to MMW PAHs (Chrysene, Fluoranthene) generated from coal and biomass combustion and traffic emission. The ecological risk of PAHs in the groundwater environment of the Beiluo River was characterized as low to medium, where LMW and MMW PAHs posed higher risk than the high molecular weight (HMW) compounds. Overall, this study provides insights into the structures of riparian multi-biological communities altered by PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Wenwu Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Yulu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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Nayak Y, Chakradhari S, Patel KS, Patel RK, Yurdakul S, Saathoff H, Martín-Ramos P. Distribution, Variations, Fate and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Carbon in Particulate Matter, Road Dust, and Sediments in Central India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2026991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Nayak
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Suryakant Chakradhari
- School of Studies in Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | | | - Raj Kishore Patel
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundargarh, Odisha, India
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Harald Saathoff
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), EPS, Universito Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte, s/n, Huesca, Spain
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Albornoz-Abud NA, Canul-Marín GF, Chan-Cuá I, Hernández-Núñez E, Cañizares-Martínez MA, Valdés-Lozano D, Rodríguez-Canul R, Albores-Medina A, Colli-Dula RC. Gene expression analysis on growth, development and toxicity pathways of male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), after acute and sub-chronic benzo (α) pyrene exposures. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 250:109160. [PMID: 34371172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[α]pyrene (BaP), a lipophilic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is a contaminant widely distributed in aquatic systems. Its presence in freshwater organisms is of great concern; particularly in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), due to its economic relevance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of acute and sub-chronic BaP exposures on molecular growth/development responses, toxicity to DNA pathways and xenobiotic metabolism. Negative morphometric changes (the growth condition factor, hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices), the fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) in bile were also studied in order to understand the mechanisms of action of BaP. Genes involved in the growth hormone GH/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were measured, such as IGF1-2 with the growth hormone receptor gene expression GHR1-2, and the endocrine disruption biomarker vitellogenin (VTG). Acute exposure elicited changes in the GH/IGF axis, mainly in the GHR1 and in IGF1 mRNA levels without affecting the GHR2 expression. While sub-chronic exposure had less effect on both GHR and IGF genes. The most notable tissue-specific effects and morphometric endpoints were observed upon sub-chronic exposure, such as changes in key genes involved in detoxification, DNA damage, and altered reproductive morphological endpoints; showing that sub-chronic BaP doses have longer-lasting toxic effects. This study shows that sub-chronic BaP exposure may compromise the health of Nile tilapia and sheds light on the changes of the GH/IGF axis and the biotransformation of the xenobiotics due to the presence of this contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacira Anahí Albornoz-Abud
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, México
| | - Gerson Felipe Canul-Marín
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, México
| | - Iván Chan-Cuá
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, México
| | - Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT, México
| | | | - David Valdés-Lozano
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, México
| | - Rossanna Rodríguez-Canul
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, México
| | - Arnulfo Albores-Medina
- Sección Externa de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México
| | - Reyna Cristina Colli-Dula
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT, México.
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Li M, Liu J, Zhou J, Liu A, Chen E, Yang Q. DNA adduct formation and reduced EIF4A3expression contributes to benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA damage in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:53-64. [PMID: 34454013 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene(B[a]P) is a known human carcinogen. The ability of B[a]P to form stable DNA adducts has been repeatedly demonstrated. However, the relationship between DNA adduct formation and cell damage and its underlying molecular mechanisms are less well understood. In this study, we determined the cytotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrenediolepoxide, a metabolite of B[a]P, in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). The formation of BPDE-DNA adducts was quantified using a dot blot. DNA damage resulting from the formation of BPDE-DNA adducts was detected by chromatin immuneprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), with minor modifications, using specific antibodies against BPDE. In total, 1846 differentially expressed gene loci were detected between the treatment and control groups. The distribution of the BPDE-bound regions indicated that BPDE could covalently bind with both coding and non-coding regions to cause DNA damage. However, the majority of binding occurred at protein-coding genes. Furthermore, among the BPDE-bound genes, we found 16 protein-coding genes related to DNA damage repair. We explored the response to BPDE exposure at the transcriptional level using qRT-PCR and observed a strong inhibition of EIF4A3. We then established an EIF4A3 overexpression cell model and performed comet assays, which revealed that the levels of DNA damage in EIF4A3-overexpressing cells were lower than those in normal cells following BPDE exposure. This suggests that the BPDE-DNA adduct-induced reduction in EIF4A3 expression contributed to the DNA damage induced by BPDE exposure in BEAS-2B cells. These novel findings indicate that ChIP-Seq combined with BPDE specific antibody may be used for exploring the underlying mechanism of DNA adduct-induced genomic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Li
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jiazhen Zhou
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Anfei Liu
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Enzhao Chen
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Yang
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China; The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Jabali Y, Iaaly A, Millet M. Environmental occurrence, spatial distribution, and source identification of PAHs in surface and groundwater samples of Abou Ali River-North Lebanon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:714. [PMID: 34637012 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper assesses the concentrations, spatial distribution, compositional patterns, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the dissolved aqueous phase along the Abou Ali River course. The 16 priority PAHs, listed by the USEPA, were investigated in surface- and groundwater samples for 2 years starting August 2015 and ending in March 2017. Statistical analysis was done by using the ANOVA test at p < 0.05. The spatial distribution analysis and illustration were done using the ARC GIS software. The total PAHs concentration in surface and groundwater samples varied between not detected to 15.162 ng mL-1 and not detected to 0.635 ng mL-1, respectively. The highest concentration of PAHs in surface water was observed at site S16, downstream of the river. However, the absence of PAHs was noticed at sites S1 and S2 of the upstream. The contamination levels of PAHs were found to be high in surface water samples, and low in groundwater samples. The 5- and 6-ring PAHs were the most abundant species among others in surface water samples, whereas the 3-ring PAHs were the most abundant in groundwater. Pyrogenic inputs deriving from fuel combustion, incineration, and miscellaneous burning were found to be the main PAH sources in surface and groundwater without ignoring the contribution of petrogenic inputs in some areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Jabali
- Institut de Chimie Et Procedes Pour L'Energie, L'Environnement Et La Sante (ICPEES UMR 7515 CNRS), Groupe de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphere, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, University of Balamand, Kelhat-El Koura, Lebanon
| | - Amal Iaaly
- Geographic Information System Center, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, University of Balamand, Kelhat-El Koura, Lebanon
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institut de Chimie Et Procedes Pour L'Energie, L'Environnement Et La Sante (ICPEES UMR 7515 CNRS), Groupe de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphere, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Wu H, Sun B, Li J. Influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution on the diversity and function of bacterial communities in urban wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:56281-56293. [PMID: 34053037 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human disturbance has become the primary driving factor behind declining urban wetland ecological health due to rapid urbanization. Sediment microbial communities are critical for wetland ecosystem functioning but experience a range of natural and anthropogenic stressors due to rapid urbanization and land use changes, especially in developing countries. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released into the environment primarily come from anthropogenic sources like industrial activities and traffic emissions. Environmental PAH contamination is accelerating due to rapid urbanization, which also increases potential PAH-related dangers to human health. However, PAHs are widely distributed and not easy to centrally control. Microorganisms are the primary mediators of wetland purification, with most PAH-degrading microorganisms being bacteria. To better understand the influence of PAH contamination on urban wetland microbial communities, bacterial community compositions within sediments of urban wetlands in three land use types were investigated using high-throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in overall microbial compositions among the three land use types, although γ-proteobacteria was the dominant phyla across all samples. Among the potential PAH-degrading bacterial taxa in sediments, Sphingomonas was the most prevalent. The distributions of PAH-degrading taxa were primarily affected by variance in organic compound abundances in addition to various physico-chemical variables, among which high-ring PAH content was a key parameter associated with bacterial distributions, except in the riverine wetlands. Functional inference via phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) indicated that 30 of the 43 genes related to PAH metabolism were predicted to be present within the genomes of bacteria among the three land use type. In particular, dioxygenase and dehydrogenase genes involved in PAH degradation were inferred to be prevalent, indicating that the host urban wetlands exhibited strong potential for organic pollutant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanling Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Resource and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Aqueous Environment Protection and Pollution Control of Yangtze River in Anhui of Anhui Provincial Education Department, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Binghua Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- School of Life Science, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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10
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Bouwman H, Pieters R, Polder A, Quinn L. Ten Bird Species, Six Guilds, Three Habitats, and 59 Chlorinated and Brominated POPs: What do 64 Eggs from the Largest Economic Hub of Southern Africa tell us? ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:347-366. [PMID: 34480207 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is little information on how POPs in eggs of different terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic birds share a large urban and rural landscape relate. We collected and analysed 64 eggs belonging to ten species of six feeding guilds, and compared organic chlorinated pesticide (OCP), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and brominated flame retardants (BFR) residue concentrations and compositions. The eggs were collected in the Gauteng and the northern part of the Free Sate provinces of South Africa, one of the largest economic hubs in Africa. White-breasted Cormorant and African Darter eggs (at the highest trophic level as large aquatic predators) had the highest ΣOCP and ΣPCB concentrations, and Cape Sparrow and Southern Masked Weaver (granivores) eggs had the lowest concentrations, corresponding to the lowest trophic level in our collection. The highest percentage p,p'-DDT were in eggs of the terrestrial insectivore Crowned Lapwing (24%) and the scavenging African Sacred Ibis (17%), and the lowest in African Darter (1.0%) and White-breasted Cormorant (0.9%) eggs, suggesting that recency of DDT releases in a region cannot be gauged by this metric. African Sacred Ibis and Southern Masked Weaver eggs had the highest ΣBFR concentrations, with Crowned Lapwing, Cattle Egret, and White-breasted Cormorant eggs the least. Based on feeding guilds, the mean ΣPOP concentrations increased from granivore, aquatic omnivore, scavenger, terrestrial insectivore, small aquatic predator, to large aquatic predator. Mean ΣPOP concentrations in eggs increased from terrestrial, to wetland, to aquatic habitat birds. Interesting patterns were observed with multivariate analyses. There were no significant regressions between egg size and any summed POP classes. ΣBFR concentrations were not correlated with ΣOCPs or ΣPCBs. Eggshell thinning of African Darter eggs was associated with p,p'-DDE and ΣPCB suggesting risk. Other metrics also suggest risk. Therefore, different species of terrestrial and aquatic birds from the same area acquire and deposit POPs in different proportions and quantities in their eggs. Trophic levels and habitat explain the overall patterns, but detailed differences were found, some of which we are unable to explain. Based on POPs residues in terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic bird eggs, different POPs classes behave differently in a shared large inland industrial area, complicating deductions about POPs and associated risks based on one or few species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - R Pieters
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - A Polder
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - L Quinn
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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11
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Nadat YT, Kylin H, Sithole R, Lesch V, Bouwman H. The Wasp as a Terrestrial Indicator of Environmental Metal Composition: Evidence from Zimbabwe. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1726-1739. [PMID: 33646628 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explored metal concentrations in wasps from 4 sites near Harare, Zimbabwe, on a 106 km west-east transect. We found elevated concentrations at 2 presumed-polluted sites (a platinum [Pt] mine and a known polluted lake) located near a metal-enriched geological feature (the Great Dyke). A site in urban Harare and a nature reserve served as reference. Only wasps from the 2 presumed-polluted sites had quantifiable Pt. For Cr, Ni, Mg, Se, Fe, Mn, and V, we report the highest concentrations in wasps yet published. Wasps from the presumed-polluted sites had significantly higher concentrations of most metals when compared with wasps from the reference sites, suggesting pollution as a source. Geology, however, differs between the sites. It is probable, therefore, that both geology and pollution contributed to the differences in metal concentrations. Because of its long and narrow dimensions (550 km long and 4-11 km wide), the Great Dyke offers opportunities for comparative studies. Because wasps form a complex part of the food web and ecology, studies on the transfer of metals to wasps' predators are needed, especially given that some birds specialize in feeding on hymenopterans. The rich diversity of wasps (>145 000 species worldwide) occupying multiple different trophic levels is a good indicator, and wasps have a rich potential to join other invertebrates as terrestrial indicators. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1726-1739. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasfir Tarif Nadat
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Henrik Kylin
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rudo Sithole
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Velesia Lesch
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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12
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Qin T, Hong X, Chen R, Zha J, Shen J. Evaluating environmental impact of STP effluents on receiving water in Beijing by the joint use of chemical analysis and biomonitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141942. [PMID: 32896793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the environmental impact of receiving water from the Qinghe River sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents in Beijing, we collected sediments and Bellamya aeruginosa (Up-site, Discharge-site, and Down-site) both in 2017 and 2018 and analyzed the samples via chemical analysis, biological responses and transcriptomics. In two years of data, our biological results showed that AChE activities presented different degrees of influence on B. aeruginosa captured at sampling points of the STP compared to control sites (P < 0.05). Additionally, indicators of the antioxidant system (e.g., SOD, CAT, GST, EROD activity) and MDA content were significantly increased in the whole tissue at the Up-site of the STP. Integration of the assessed biomarkers using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index ranked the environmental impact at sites as Up-site > Discharge-site > Down-site. In terms of the transcriptome data, B. aeruginosa collected from the Discharge-site of the STP showed greater transcriptomic response than it did from all other sites. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that sewage significantly altered the expression of genes involved in xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, glutathione metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, citrate (TCA) cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, apoptotic and Parkinson's disease. The concentrations of 34 organic pollutants (17 PAHs, 10 PAEs, 7 EDCs) were measured. The chemical concentrations of pollutants decreased from Up-site to Down-site and were well correlated with enzyme activity, IBR, and transcriptomic results. Our results demonstrated that the combined use of chemical analysis, biological responses and transcriptome data is necessary to validate the efficacy of a battery of biomarkers chosen to detect environmental stress due to pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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13
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Wang Z, Fan A, Tang W, Zhang H, Zhang S. Spatial Distributions, Sources and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Ziya River System, Northern China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:183-189. [PMID: 32382796 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the development of urbanization and industrialization, Ziya River Plain (ZYRP) had become one of the most polluted regions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in north China. The distribution of PAHs in sediments were investigated, and then their sources and risks were evaluated. The results showed that the total PAHs varied from 3372 to 92,948 μg/kg, and heavy pollution was found in the upstream. Both the isomer pair ratios of PAH and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that fossil fuel combustion was the mainly contributes (69.1%), followed by wood and coal combustion (26.7%). The ecological risk for the whole area was moderate, with the highest risk in Niuwei River (NWR). and significant correlation was found between the ecological risk and high-molecular-weight (HMW) of PAHs (r2 > 0.99, p < 0.01). Our findings would give insights into the mitigation of sedimentary PAHs pollution in north China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academic Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aoxiang Fan
- College of the Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academic Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academic Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Environment Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
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14
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Xie Z, Gao L, Liang Z, Chen J, Li S, Zhu A, Wu Y, Yang Z, Li R, Wang Z. Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil and Surface Water from the Liuxi River Basin, South China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:401-415. [PMID: 32008048 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition, sources, and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil and surface water of the Liuxi River basin, south China were analyzed in this study. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 296.26 to 888.14 ng/g in topsoil and from 156.73 to 422.03 ng/L in surface water, indicating mild pollution. The PAHs in topsoil exhibited an even spatial distribution, suggesting that they originated primarily from dry and wet deposition of transported pollutants. The concentration of PAHs in surface water did not differ significantly geographically, but the concentrations of total, three-, and four-ring PAHs were significantly lower in the Liuxi River than in its tributaries. Three- and two-ring PAHs predominated in topsoil and surface water, respectively. A correlation analysis suggested that the total organic carbon content and pH exerted a negligible effect on the spatial distribution of PAHs in topsoil, and they may have common sources. Fossil fuel combustion (particularly vehicle emissions) and coking production were the dominant sources of PAHs in topsoil, whereas those in surface water were derived from a variety of sources. The total toxic equivalent concentrations of 16 PAHs in topsoil ranged from 3.73 to 105.66 ng/g (mean, 30.93 ng/g), suggesting that exposure to the basin's topsoil does not pose a risk to the environment or public health according to the Canadian soil quality guidelines. A risk assessment revealed that the total PAH concentrations in surface water posed a low ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglan Xie
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zuobing Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianyao Chen
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Shaoheng Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Aiping Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhuowei Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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15
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Lei P, Pan K, Zhang H, Bi J. Pollution and Risk of PAHs in Surface Sediments from the Tributaries and Their Relation to Anthropogenic Activities, in the Main Urban Districts of Chongqing City, Southwest China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:28-33. [PMID: 30099614 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, sources and risk of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface sediments from 19 representative tributaries in a regional scale of Chongqing City. The total concentration of 16 PAHs (ΣPAHs) ranged from 221 to 3205 ng g-1 with a mean of 1055 ng g-1. Most tributaries of the Jialing River exhibited significantly higher ΣPAHs concentrations (mean 1864 ng g-1) compared to those flowing into the Yangtze River (mean 787 ng g-1). Isomeric ratio and hierarchical clustering analysis showed combustion may impact sedimentary PAHs at most center sites of the City, while PAHs at most sites were mixed of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Toxicity equivalency concentration for carcinogenic PAH were 2-4 times more than the Dutch limit. More comprehensive assessment of safety is suggested to reduce environmental risk of PAHs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jianlin Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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16
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Sheikh Fakhradini S, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Lahijanzadeh A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment of Hoor Al-Azim wetland, Iran: a focus on source apportionment, environmental risk assessment, and sediment-water partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:233. [PMID: 30900011 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, source, and ecological risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment samples in Hoor Al-Azim wetland, a significant freshwater wetland in Lower Mesopotamia, were evaluated. Total PAHs concentrations varied from 15.3 to 160.15 ng/L, and 15.78 to 410.2 μg/Kg in water and sediment, respectively. PAHs pollution levels in sediments compared with sediment quality guidelines (SQG) were found to be moderate in two stations and low in water and the rest of sediment stations. Based on the diagnostic ratio analysis, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), the mean percentage contributions were 62.62% for mixed pyrogenic and petrogenic sources (e.g., unburned and combusted fossil fuels from fishing boats and vehicle engines, incomplete combustion, oil leakage), 20.68% for auto emission, and 16.7% for pyrogenic sources (fossil fuels and biomass combustion). According to the sediment risk assessment indices such as mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q), the ecological risk of multiple PAHs was low. Risk quotient (RQ) calculation of water samples suggested high ecological risk level for Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), and low to moderate for other individual PAHs and ΣPAHs. The result of PAHs partitioning between sediment and water phases revealed that most PAHs prefer to accumulate in sediment. Sediments probably act as a secondary source for some PAHs in the oil collection and pumping station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikh Fakhradini
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
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