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Ballarin CS, Fontúrbel FE, Rech AR, Oliveira PE, Goés GA, Polizello DS, Oliveira PH, Hachuy-Filho L, Amorim FW. How many animal-pollinated angiosperms are nectar-producing? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:2008-2020. [PMID: 38952269 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The diversity of plant-pollinator interactions is grounded in floral resources, with nectar considered one of the main floral rewards plants produce for pollinators. However, a global evaluation of the number of animal-pollinated nectar-producing angiosperms and their distribution world-wide remains elusive. We compiled a thorough database encompassing 7621 plant species from 322 families to estimate the number and proportion of nectar-producing angiosperms reliant on animal pollination. Through extensive sampling of plant communities, we also explored the interplay between nectar production, floral resource diversity, latitudinal and elevational gradients, contemporary climate, and environmental characteristics. Roughly 223 308 animal-pollinated angiosperms are nectar-producing, accounting for 74.4% of biotic-pollinated species. Global distribution patterns of nectar-producing plants reveal a distinct trend along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, with increased proportions of plants producing nectar in high latitudes and altitudes. Conversely, tropical communities in warm and moist climates exhibit greater floral resource diversity and a lower proportion of nectar-producing plants. These findings suggest that ecological trends driven by climate have fostered the diversification of floral resources in warmer and less seasonal climates, reducing the proportion of solely nectar-producing plants. Our study provides a baseline for understanding plant-pollinator relationships, plant diversification, and the distribution of plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio S Ballarin
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Francisco E Fontúrbel
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, CEP 2373223, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi), Valdivia, CEP 5090000, Chile
| | - André R Rech
- Programas de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Estudos Rurais e Ciências Florestais, Faculdade Interdisciplinar em Humanidades, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38405302, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Alcarás Goés
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Laboratório de Restauração Florestal - LERF, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, CEP 18610-034, Brazil
| | - Diego S Polizello
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Pablo H Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Leandro Hachuy-Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Felipe W Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
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2
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Sexton JP, Clemens M, Bell N, Hall J, Fyfe V, Hoffmann AA. Patterns and effects of gene flow on adaptation across spatial scales: implications for management. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:732-745. [PMID: 38888218 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Gene flow can have rapid effects on adaptation and is an important evolutionary tool available when undertaking biological conservation and restoration. This tool is underused partly because of the perceived risk of outbreeding depression and loss of mean fitness when different populations are crossed. In this article, we briefly review some theory and empirical findings on how genetic variation is distributed across species ranges, describe known patterns of gene flow in nature with respect to environmental gradients, and highlight the effects of gene flow on adaptation in small or stressed populations in challenging environments (e.g., at species range limits). We then present a case study involving crosses at varying spatial scales among mountain populations of a trigger plant (Stylidium armeria: Stylidiaceae) in the Australian Alps to highlight how some issues around gene flow effects can be evaluated. We found evidence of outbreeding depression in seed production at greater geographic distances. Nevertheless, we found no evidence of maladaptive gene flow effects in likelihood of germination, plant performance (size), and performance variance, suggesting that gene flow at all spatial scales produces offspring with high adaptive potential. This case study demonstrates a path to evaluating how increasing sources of gene flow in managed wild and restored populations could identify some offspring with high fitness that could bolster the ability of populations to adapt to future environmental changes. We suggest further ways in which managers and researchers can act to understand and consider adaptive gene flow in natural and conservation contexts under rapidly changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Sexton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Molly Clemens
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Bell
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Hall
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Verity Fyfe
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Barreto E, Boehm MMA, Ogutcen E, Abrahamczyk S, Kessler M, Bascompte J, Dellinger AS, Bello C, Dehling DM, Duchenne F, Kaehler M, Lagomarsino LP, Lohmann LG, Maglianesi MA, Morlon H, Muchhala N, Ornelas JF, Perret M, Salinas NR, Smith SD, Vamosi JC, Varassin IG, Graham CH. Macroevolution of the plant-hummingbird pollination system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38705863 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant-hummingbird interactions are considered a classic example of coevolution, a process in which mutually dependent species influence each other's evolution. Plants depend on hummingbirds for pollination, whereas hummingbirds rely on nectar for food. As a step towards understanding coevolution, this review focuses on the macroevolutionary consequences of plant-hummingbird interactions, a relatively underexplored area in the current literature. We synthesize prior studies, illustrating the origins and dynamics of hummingbird pollination across different angiosperm clades previously pollinated by insects (mostly bees), bats, and passerine birds. In some cases, the crown age of hummingbirds pre-dates the plants they pollinate. In other cases, plant groups transitioned to hummingbird pollination early in the establishment of this bird group in the Americas, with the build-up of both diversities coinciding temporally, and hence suggesting co-diversification. Determining what triggers shifts to and away from hummingbird pollination remains a major open challenge. The impact of hummingbirds on plant diversification is complex, with many tropical plant lineages experiencing increased diversification after acquiring flowers that attract hummingbirds, and others experiencing no change or even a decrease in diversification rates. This mixed evidence suggests that other extrinsic or intrinsic factors, such as local climate and isolation, are important covariables driving the diversification of plants adapted to hummingbird pollination. To guide future studies, we discuss the mechanisms and contexts under which hummingbirds, as a clade and as individual species (e.g. traits, foraging behaviour, degree of specialization), could influence plant evolution. We conclude by commenting on how macroevolutionary signals of the mutualism could relate to coevolution, highlighting the unbalanced focus on the plant side of the interaction, and advocating for the use of species-level interaction data in macroevolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barreto
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Mannfred M A Boehm
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ezgi Ogutcen
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plant, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn, 53115, Germany
- State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Botany Department, Rosenstein 1, Stuttgart, 70191, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurestrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Agnes S Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Carolina Bello
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - D Matthias Dehling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - François Duchenne
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Kaehler
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Laura P Lagomarsino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium, Louisiana State University, Life Science Annex Building A257, Baton Rouge, 70803, LA, USA
| | - Lúcia G Lohmann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
- Department of Integrative Biology, University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720-2465, CA, USA
| | - María A Maglianesi
- Escuela de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, San José, 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, UMR 8197, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Nathan Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, 63121, MO, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, Mexico
| | - Mathieu Perret
- Department of Plant Sciences, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève, University of Geneva, Chem. de l'Impératrice 1, 1292 Pregny-Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nelson R Salinas
- Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York City, 10458, NY, USA
| | - Stacey D Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, 1900 Pleasant St, Boulder, 80302, CO, USA
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, T2N1N4, AB, Canada
| | - Isabela G Varassin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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Barbosa BC, Delgado de Lima TD, Mota GV, Nogueira A. The role of intraspecific variation in bumblebee body size and behavior on buzz pollination of a tropical legume species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16236. [PMID: 37661849 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The outcomes of generalized mutualisms rely on partner trait variation. In pollination mutualisms, although less explored, intraspecific variation in pollinator traits can be pivotal for successful pollination. We investigated the role of intraspecific body size and behavioral trait variations of bumblebee Bombus morio on the pollination of a buzz-pollinated legume species, Chamaecrista latistipula. METHODS To explore the impact of body size and behavior of B. morio on the pollination of C. latistipula, we observed visits to virgin flowers and quantified the pollen removal and deposition (pollination performance) and fruit and seed production (reproductive fitness). By analyzing video and sound recordings, we measured B. morio body size and behavior on each flower, including bee vibration descriptors. RESULTS We observed intraspecific behavioral differences among B. morio bumblebees associated with different body sizes. Larger bumblebees had half the handling time and vibrational pulses, less angular displacement within flowers, and larger relative peak amplitudes during vibrations than smaller bumblebees did. Regardless of their large variation in size and behavior, bumblebees were equally effective in removing pollen and pollinating flowers. The high female reproductive fitness was independent of bumblebee body size and behavior, likely due to the interaction between both. On the other hand, larger bumblebees visited flowers for shorter periods, probably promoting higher male reproductive fitness. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to highlight the large intraspecific variation of bumblebee body size and behavior in buzz-pollinated flowers in the field. Together, body size and behavior effects unexpectedly cancel each other, generating a high buzz pollination efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C Barbosa
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Animal (LIPA), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamiris D Delgado de Lima
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Animal (LIPA), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V Mota
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Animal (LIPA), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Nogueira
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Animal (LIPA), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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Kriebel R, Rose JP, Bastide P, Jolles D, Reginato M, Sytsma KJ. The evolution of Ericaceae flowers and their pollination syndromes at a global scale. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16220. [PMID: 37551426 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Floral evolution in large clades is difficult to study not only because of the number of species involved, but also because they often are geographically widespread and include a diversity of outcrossing pollination systems. The cosmopolitan blueberry family (Ericaceae) is one such example, most notably pollinated by bees and multiple clades of nectarivorous birds. METHODS We combined data on floral traits, pollination ecology, and geography with a comprehensive phylogeny to examine the structuring of floral diversity across pollination systems and continents. We focused on ornithophilous systems to test the hypothesis that some Old World Ericaceae were pollinated by now-extinct hummingbirds. RESULTS Despite some support for floral differentiation at a continental scale, we found a large amount of variability within and among landmasses, due to both phylogenetic conservatism and parallel evolution. We found support for floral differentiation in anther and corolla traits across pollination systems, including among different ornithophilous systems. Corolla traits show inconclusive evidence that some Old World Ericaceae were pollinated by hummingbirds, while anther traits show stronger evidence. Some major shifts in floral traits are associated with changes in pollination system, but shifts within bee systems are likely also important. CONCLUSIONS Studying the floral evolution of large, morphologically diverse, and widespread clades is feasible. We demonstrate that continent-specific radiations have led to widespread parallel evolution of floral morphology. We show that traits outside of the perianth may hold important clues to the ecological history of lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, 94118, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Rose
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Paul Bastide
- IMAG, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Jolles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, 17 High Street, Plymouth, New Hampshire, 03264-1594, USA
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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Sánchez‐Collazo XM, Figueroa‐Castro DM, Cruz JA, Castañeda‐Posadas C. Relative importance of two bat species as pollinators of
Neobuxbaumia tetetzo
(Cactaceae): Evidences from morphometric and pollen load analyses. Ecol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Alberto Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Moneda 16, Col. Centro, Del. Cuauhtémoc Mexico
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Edwards MB, Ballerini ES, Kramer EM. Complex developmental and transcriptional dynamics underlie pollinator-driven evolutionary transitions in nectar spur morphology in Aquilegia (columbine). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1360-1381. [PMID: 35971626 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Determining the developmental programs underlying morphological variation is key to elucidating the evolutionary processes that generated the stunning biodiversity of the angiosperms. Here, we characterized the developmental and transcriptional dynamics of the elaborate petal nectar spur of Aquilegia (columbine) in species with contrasting pollination syndromes and spur morphologies. METHODS We collected petal epidermal cell number and length data across four Aquilegia species, two with short, curved nectar spurs of the bee-pollination syndrome and two with long, straight spurs of the hummingbird-pollination syndrome. We also performed RNA-seq on A. brevistyla (bee) and A. canadensis (hummingbird) distal and proximal spur compartments at multiple developmental stages. Finally, we intersected these data sets with a previous QTL mapping study on spur length and shape to identify new candidate loci. RESULTS The differential growth between the proximal and distal surfaces of curved spurs is primarily driven by differential cell division. However, independent transitions to straight spurs in the hummingbird syndrome have evolved by increasing differential cell elongation between spur surfaces. The RNA-seq data reveal these tissues to be transcriptionally distinct and point to auxin signaling as being involved with the differential cell elongation responsible for the evolution of straight spurs. We identify several promising candidate genes for future study. CONCLUSIONS Our study, taken together with previous work in Aquilegia, reveals the complexity of the developmental mechanisms underlying trait variation in this system. The framework we established here will lead to exciting future work examining candidate genes and processes involved in the rapid radiation of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Evangeline S Ballerini
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Armbruster WS. Floral specialization increases pollination precision: the roles of floral orientation, symmetry, fusion and stamen number. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1307-1309. [PMID: 35621012 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
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9
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Stewart AB, Diller C, Dudash MR, Fenster CB. Pollination-precision hypothesis: support from native honey bees and nectar bats. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1629-1640. [PMID: 35194792 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of floral traits is often considered to reflect selection for increased pollination efficiency. Known as the pollination-precision hypothesis, increased pollination efficiency is achieved by enhancing pollen deposition on precise areas of the pollinator. Most research to date addressing this hypothesis has examined plant species that are a priori predicted to place pollen precisely, but we still lack comparisons with species predicted to have low pollination efficiency. We studied 39 plant species with diverse floral morphologies and measured the precision of pollen placement on two pollinator groups: honey bees (genus Apis) and nectar bats (family Pteropodidae). Pollen was collected from four locations of each pollinator's body (bees: dorsal thorax, ventral thorax, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen; bats: crown, face, chest, wing) to calculate pollen placement precision using Pielou's evenness index. We also quantified variation in floral design by scoring floral symmetry, corolla fusion, floral orientation and stamen number. We confirm the importance of four floral character states (bilateral symmetry, fused corollas, horizontal orientation and reduced stamen number) in promoting precise pollen placement on diverse pollinators. Our findings provide phylogenetically corrected, empirical support that the evolution of the four floral characters reflect selection for enhanced precision of pollen placed on pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Stewart
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Carolina Diller
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, 234 56, Sweden
| | - Michele R Dudash
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Charles B Fenster
- Oak Lake Field Station, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
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Abrahamczyk S, Steudel B. Why are some hummingbird-pollinated plant clades so species-rich? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1059-1062. [PMID: 35694735 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plant, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bastian Steudel
- Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Pontes CADS, Domingos-Melo A, Milet-Pinheiro P, Navarro DMDAF, Lima Nadia T, Machado IC. Staminode of Jacaranda rugosa A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) promotes functional specialization by ensuring signaling and mechanical fit to medium-sized bees. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Reproductive character displacement allows two sexually deceptive orchids to coexist and attract the same specific pollinator. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn increased divergence in characters between species in secondary contact can be shaped by selection against competition for a common resource (ecological character displacement, ECD) or against maladapted hybridization (reproductive character displacement, RCD). These selective pressures can act between incipient species (reinforcement) or well-separated species that already completed the speciation process, but that can still hybridize and produce maladapted hybrids. Here, we investigated two well-separated sexually deceptive orchid species that, unusually, share their specific pollinator. Sympatric individuals of these species are more divergent than allopatric ones in floral characters involved in a mechanical isolating barrier, a pattern suggestive of RCD. To experimentally test this scenario, we built an artificial sympatric population with allopatric individuals. We measured flower characters, genotyped the offspring in natural and artificial sympatry and estimated fertility of hybrids. Different from naturally sympatric individuals, allopatric individuals in artificial sympatry hybridized widely. Hybrids showed lower pollination success and seed viability than parentals. Character displacement did not affect plant pollination success. These findings suggest that RCD evolved between these species to avoid hybridization and that selection on reinforcement may be very strong even in plants with highly specialized pollination.
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13
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Medina M, Baker DM, Baltrus DA, Bennett GM, Cardini U, Correa AMS, Degnan SM, Christa G, Kim E, Li J, Nash DR, Marzinelli E, Nishiguchi M, Prada C, Roth MS, Saha M, Smith CI, Theis KR, Zaneveld J. Grand Challenges in Coevolution. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.618251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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14
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Boehm MMA, Jankowski JE, Cronk QCB. Plant-Pollinator Specialization: Origin and Measurement of Curvature. Am Nat 2021; 199:206-222. [DOI: 10.1086/717677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mannfred M. A. Boehm
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3156-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jill E. Jankowski
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quentin C. B. Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3156-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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15
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Edwards MB, Choi GPT, Derieg NJ, Min Y, Diana AC, Hodges SA, Mahadevan L, Kramer EM, Ballerini ES. Genetic architecture of floral traits in bee- and hummingbird-pollinated sister species of Aquilegia (columbine). Evolution 2021; 75:2197-2216. [PMID: 34270789 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with animal pollinators have helped shape the stunning diversity of flower morphologies across the angiosperms. A common evolutionary consequence of these interactions is that some flowers have converged on suites of traits, or pollination syndromes, that attract and reward specific pollinator groups. Determining the genetic basis of these floral pollination syndromes can help us understand the processes that contributed to the diversification of the angiosperms. Here, we characterize the genetic architecture of a bee-to-hummingbird pollination shift in Aquilegia (columbine) using QTL mapping of 17 floral traits encompassing color, nectar composition, and organ morphology. In this system, we find that the genetic architectures underlying differences in floral color are quite complex, and we identify several likely candidate genes involved in anthocyanin and carotenoid floral pigmentation. Most morphological and nectar traits also have complex genetic underpinnings; however, one of the key floral morphological phenotypes, nectar spur curvature, is shaped by a single locus of large effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Gary P T Choi
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142
| | - Nathan J Derieg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Ya Min
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Angie C Diana
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Scott A Hodges
- Department of Ecology, Evolutionary, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Babara, California, 93106
| | - L Mahadevan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138.,School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Evangeline S Ballerini
- Department of Ecology, Evolutionary, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Babara, California, 93106.,Dept. of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California, 95819
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16
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Kuppler J, Kotowska MM. A meta-analysis of responses in floral traits and flower-visitor interactions to water deficit. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3095-3108. [PMID: 33774883 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in water availability and drought events as predicted by climate change scenarios will increasingly impact natural communities with effects already emerging at present. Water deficit leads to increasing physiological stress in plants, likely affecting floral development and causing changes in floral morphology, nectar and pollen production or scent. Understanding how these floral traits are altered by water deficit is necessary to predict changes in plant-pollinator interactions and how communities are impacted in the future. Here we employ a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the current evidence of experimental water deficit on floral traits and plant-pollinator interactions. Furthermore, we explore experimental factors potentially increasing heterogeneity between studies and provide ideas how to enhance comparability between studies. In the end, we highlight future directions and knowledge gaps for floral traits and plant-pollinator interactions under water deficit. Our analysis showed consistent decreases in floral size, number of flowers and nectar volume to reduced water availability. Other floral traits such as the start of flowering or herkogamy showed no consistent pattern. This indicates that effects of reduced water availability differ between specific traits that are potentially involved in different functions such as pollinator attraction or efficiency. We found no general decreasing visitation rates with water deficit for flower-visitor interactions. Furthermore, the comparison of available studies suggests that increased reporting of plant stress severity and including more hydraulic and physiological measurements will improve the comparability across experiments and aid a more mechanistic understanding of plant-pollinator interactions under altered environmental conditions. Overall, our results show that water deficit has the potential to strongly affect plant-pollinator interactions via changes in specific floral traits. Linking these changes to pollination services and pollinator performance is one crucial step for understanding how changing water availability and drought events under climate change will alter plant and pollinator communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kuppler
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Dellinger AS, Pérez-Barrales R, Michelangeli FA, Penneys DS, Fernández-Fernández DM, Schönenberger J. Low bee visitation rates explain pollinator shifts to vertebrates in tropical mountains. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:864-877. [PMID: 33864287 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary shifts from bee to vertebrate pollination are common in tropical mountains. Reduction in bee pollination efficiency under adverse montane weather conditions was proposed to drive these shifts. Although pollinator shifts are central to the evolution and diversification of angiosperms, we lack experimental evidence of the ecological processes underlying such shifts. Here, we combine phylogenetic and distributional data for 138 species of the Neotropical plant tribe Merianieae (Melastomataceae) with pollinator observations of 11 and field pollination experiments of six species to test whether the mountain environment may indeed drive such shifts. We demonstrate that shifts from bee to vertebrate pollination coincided with occurrence at high elevations. We show that vertebrates were highly efficient pollinators even under the harsh environmental conditions of tropical mountains, whereas bee pollination efficiency was lowered significantly through reductions in flower visitation rates. Furthermore, we show that pollinator shifts in Merianieae coincided with the final phases of the Andean uplift and were contingent on adaptive floral trait changes to alternative rewards and mechanisms facilitating pollen dispersal. Our results provide evidence that abiotic environmental conditions (i.e. mountain climate) may indeed reduce the efficiency of a plant clade's ancestral pollinator group and correlate with shifts to more efficient new pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Rocio Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry 1st Street, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Fabián A Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10458-5125, USA
| | - Darin S Penneys
- Biology & Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403-5915, USA
| | | | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
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18
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Rahim SA, Kodandaramaiah U, Kulkarni A, Barua D. Striking between-population floral divergences in a habitat specialized plant. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253038. [PMID: 34181672 PMCID: PMC8238184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When the habitat occupied by a specialist species is patchily distributed, limited gene flow between the fragmented populations may allow population differentiation and eventual speciation. 'Sky islands'-montane habitats that form terrestrial islands-have been shown to promote diversification in many taxa through this mechanism. We investigate floral variation in Impatiens lawii, a plant specialized on laterite rich rocky plateaus that form sky islands in the northern Western Ghats mountains of India. We focus on three plateaus separated from each other by ca. 7 to 17 km, and show that floral traits have diverged strongly between these populations. In contrast, floral traits have not diverged in the congeneric I. oppositifolia, which co-occurs with I. lawii in the plateaus, but is a habitat generalist that is also found in the intervening valleys. We conducted common garden experiments to test whether the differences in I. lawii are due to genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity. There were strong differences in floral morphology between experimental plants sourced from the three populations, and the relative divergences between population pairs mirrored that seen in the wild, indicating that the populations are genetically differentiated. Common garden experiments confirmed that there was no differentiation in I. oppositifolia. Field floral visitation surveys indicated that the observed differences in floral traits have consequences for I. lawii populations, by reducing the number of visitors and changing the relative abundance of different floral visitor groups. Our results highlight the role of habitat specialization in diversification, and corroborates the importance of sky islands as centres of diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayya Abdul Rahim
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Aboli Kulkarni
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Barua
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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19
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Skeels A, Dinnage R, Medina I, Cardillo M. Ecological interactions shape the evolution of flower color in communities across a temperate biodiversity hotspot. Evol Lett 2021; 5:277-289. [PMID: 34136275 PMCID: PMC8190448 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Processes driving the divergence of floral traits may be integral to the extraordinary richness of flowering plants and the assembly of diverse plant communities. Several models of pollinator-mediated floral evolution have been proposed; floral divergence may (i) be directly involved in driving speciation or may occur after speciation driven by (ii) drift or local adaptation in allopatry or (iii) negative interactions between species in sympatry. Here, we generate predictions for patterns of trait divergence and community assembly expected under these three models, and test these predictions in Hakea (Proteaceae), a diverse genus in the Southwest Australian biodiversity hotspot. We quantified functional richness for two key floral traits (pistil length and flower color), as well as phylogenetic distances between species, across ecological communities, and compared these to patterns generated from null models of community assembly. We also estimated the statistical relationship between rates of trait evolution and lineage diversification across the phylogeny. Patterns of community assembly suggest that flower color, but not floral phenology or morphology, or phylogenetic relatedness, is more divergent in communities than expected. Rates of lineage diversification and flower color evolution were negatively correlated across the phylogeny and rates of flower colour evolution were positively related to branching times. These results support a role for diversity-dependent species interactions driving floral divergence during the Hakea radiation, contributing to the development of the extraordinary species richness of southwest Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Skeels
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT 0200Australia
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichCH‐8092Switzerland
- Unit of Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape WSLBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
| | - Russell Dinnage
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraACT 2617Australia
| | - Iliana Medina
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT 0200Australia
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVIC 3010Australia
| | - Marcel Cardillo
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT 0200Australia
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20
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Sun H. Alpine speciation and morphological innovations: revelations from a species-rich genus in the northern hemisphere. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab018. [PMID: 34025962 PMCID: PMC8129467 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A large number of studies have attempted to determine the mechanisms driving plant diversity and distribution on a global scale, but the diverse and endemic alpine herbs found in harsh environments, showing adaptive evolution, require more studies. Here, we selected 466 species from the genus Saussurea, one of the northern hemisphere's highest-altitude plant genera with high species richness and striking morphological traits, to explore the mechanisms driving speciation and adaptative evolution. We conducted phylogenetic signals analysis and ancestral character estimation to explore the phylogenetic significance of ecological factors. Moreover, we used spatial simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) error models, modified t-tests and partial regression models to quantify the relative effects of ecological factors and morphological diversity upon diversity and endemism of Saussurea. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that geological influences and climate stability exhibit significant phylogenetic signals and that Saussurea originated at a relatively high elevation. Regression models indicate that geological influences and climatic stability significantly affect the diversity and endemism patterns of Saussurea and its morphological innovations. Moreover, morphological innovations in an area show significant contributions to the local diversity and endemism of Saussurea. We conclude that geological influences (mean altitude and topographic heterogeneity), glacial-interglacial climate stability and phylogenetic conservatism have together promoted the speciation and adaptive evolution of the genus Saussurea. In addition, adaptively morphological innovations of alpine species also promote diversification in local regions. Our findings improve the understanding of the distribution pattern of diversity/endemism and adaptive evolution of alpine specie in the whole northern hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132, Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132, Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132, Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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21
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Esposito F, Costa R, Boieiro M. Foraging Behavior and Pollen Transport by Flower Visitors of the Madeira Island Endemic Echium candicans. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060488. [PMID: 34074007 PMCID: PMC8225069 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The successful conservation of many endangered island plants depends on the pollination services provided by animals. In this study, we identify the flower visitors of Echium candicans, a charismatic plant exclusive to the island of Madeira, and also evaluate their performance as pollinators by analyzing their behavior on the flowers and the pollen they transport on their body. We found that many different animals visit this plant’s flowers, from insects to reptiles, but bees were the most frequent visitors. Large bees visited more flowers and transported more pollen of Echium candicans compared to other pollinators, like butterflies and hoverflies. However, by visiting many flowers in the same plant large bees might contribute to inbreeding, whilst the other animals visited fewer flowers in each plant favoring outcrossing. We conclude that the different flower visitors of Echium candicans provide complementary services as pollinators and highlight the importance of having diverse communities of pollinators to ensure successful pollination in many island plants. Abstract The study of flower visitor behavior and pollen transport dynamics within and between plants can be of great importance, especially for threatened or rare plant species. In this work, we aim to assess the flower visitor assemblage of the Madeiran endemic Echium candicans and evaluate the performance of the most common visitors through the analysis of their foraging behavior and pollen loads. The flower visitor assemblage of E. candicans is diverse, including several insect groups and the endemic lizard Teira dugesii, but bees are the most common visitors. In general, large bees (Amegilla quadrifasciata, Apis mellifera, and Bombus spp.) had the highest average visitation rates (>18 flowers/min) and their pollen loads had higher percentages of homospecific pollen (>66%) when compared with butterflies and hoverflies. The honeybee (Apis mellifera) and two bumblebees (Bombus terrestris and B. ruderatus) were the most efficient flower visitors of E. candicans, but their foraging behavior seems to favor geitonogamy. Other visitors, such as butterflies and the small bee Lasioglossum wollastoni, may have a complementary role to the honeybee and bumblebee species, as their high mobility is associated with fewer flower visits on each plant and may promote xenogamy. Two non-native bees (A. mellifera and B. ruderatus) are important flower visitors of E. candicans and may contribute mostly to self-pollination rendering the endemic plant more vulnerable to inbreeding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Esposito
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Costa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Mário Boieiro
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal;
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22
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Jermy T, Szentesi Á. Why are there not more herbivorous insect species? ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2021. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.67.2.119.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect species richness is estimated to exceed three million species, of which roughly half is herbivorous. Despite the vast number of species and varied life histories, the proportion of herbivorous species among plant-consuming organisms is lower than it could be due to constraints that impose limits to their diversification. These include ecological factors, such as vague interspecific competition; anatomical and physiological limits, such as neural limits and inability of handling a wide range of plant allelochemicals; phylogenetic constraints, like niche conservatism; and most importantly, a low level of concerted genetic variation necessary to a phyletic conversion. It is suggested that diversification ultimately depends on what we call the intrinsic trend of diversification of the insect genome. In support of the above, we survey the major types of host-specificity, the mechanisms and constraints of host specialization, possible pathways of speciation, and hypotheses concerning insect diversification.
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23
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Tripp EA, Dexter KG, Stone HB. Reproductive character displacement and potential underlying drivers in a species-rich and florally diverse lineage of tropical angiosperms ( Ruellia; Acanthaceae). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4719-4730. [PMID: 33976842 PMCID: PMC8093712 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive character displacement is a pattern whereby sympatric lineages diverge more in reproductive character morphology than allopatric lineages. This pattern has been observed in many plant species, but comparably few have sought to disentangle underlying mechanisms. Here, in a diverse lineage of Neotropical plants (Ruellia; Acanthaceae), we present evidence of reproductive character displacement in a macroevolutionary framework (i.e., among species) and document mechanistic underpinnings. In a series of interspecific hand pollinations in a controlled glasshouse environment, we found that crosses between species that differed more in overall flower size, particularly in style length, were significantly less likely to produce viable seeds. Further, species pairs that failed to set seed were more likely to have sympatric distributions in nature. Competition for pollinators and reinforcement to avoid costly interspecific mating could both result in these patterns and are not mutually exclusive processes. Our results add to growing evidence that reproductive character displacement contributes to exceptional floral diversity of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Tripp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Kyle G. Dexter
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Heather B. Stone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
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24
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Orsucci M, Sicard A. Flower evolution in the presence of heterospecific gene flow and its contribution to lineage divergence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:971-989. [PMID: 33537708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of species depends on their ability to exploit ecological resources in order to optimize their reproduction. However, species are not usually found within single-species ecosystems but in complex communities. Because of their genetic relatedness, closely related lineages tend to cluster within the same ecosystem, rely on the same resources, and be phenotypically similar. In sympatry, they will therefore compete for the same resources and, in the case of flowering plants, exchange their genes through heterospecific pollen transfer. These interactions, nevertheless, pose significant challenges to species co-existence because they can lead to resource limitation and reproductive interference. In such cases, divergent selective pressures on floral traits will favour genotypes that isolate or desynchronize the reproduction of sympatric lineages. The resulting displacement of reproductive characters will, in turn, lead to pre-mating isolation and promote intraspecific divergence, thus initiating or reinforcing the speciation process. In this review, we discuss the current theoretical and empirical knowledge on the influence of heterospecific pollen transfer on flower evolution, highlighting its potential to uncover the ecological and genomic constraints shaping the speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Orsucci
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural, Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural, Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Farminhão JNM, Verlynde S, Kaymak E, Droissart V, Simo-Droissart M, Collobert G, Martos F, Stévart T. Rapid radiation of angraecoids (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae) in tropical Africa characterised by multiple karyotypic shifts under major environmental instability. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 159:107105. [PMID: 33601026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Angraecoid orchids present a remarkable diversity of chromosome numbers, which makes them a highly suitable system for exploring the impact of karyotypic changes on cladogenesis, diversification and morphological differentiation. We compiled an annotated cytotaxonomic checklist for 126 species of Angraecinae, which was utilised to reconstruct chromosomal evolution using a newly-produced, near-comprehensive phylogenetic tree that includes 245 angraecoid taxa. In tandem with this improved phylogenetic framework, using combined Bayesian, maximum likelihood and parsimony approaches on ITS-1 and five plastid markers, we propose a new cladistic nomenclature for the angraecoids, and we estimate a new timeframe for angraecoid radiation based on a secondary calibration, and calculate diversification rates using a Bayesian approach. Coincident divergence dates between clades with identical geographical distributions in the angraecoids and the pantropical orchid genus Bulbophyllum suggest that the same events may have intervened in the dispersal of these two epiphytic groups between Asia, continental Africa, Madagascar and the Neotropics. The major angraecoid lineages probably began to differentiate in the Middle Miocene, and most genera and species emerged respectively around the Late Miocene-Pliocene boundary and the Pleistocene. Ancestral state reconstruction using maximum likelihood estimation revealed an eventful karyotypic history dominated by descending dysploidy. Karyotypic shifts seem to have paralleled cladogenesis in continental tropical Africa, where approximately 90% of the species have descended from at least one inferred transition from n = 17-18 to n = 25 during the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition, followed by some clade-specific descending and ascending dysploidy from the Late Miocene to the Pleistocene. Conversely, detected polyploidy is restricted to a few species lineages mostly originating during the Pleistocene. No increases in net diversification could be related to chromosome number changes, and the apparent net diversification was found to be highest in Madagascar, where karyotypic stasis predominates. Finally, shifts in chromosome number appear to have paralleled the evolution of rostellum structure, leaflessness, and conspicuous changes in floral colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- João N M Farminhão
- Herbarium and Library of African Botany, C.P. 265, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Plant Ecology and Biogeochemistry, C.P. 244, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Simon Verlynde
- Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA; PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Esra Kaymak
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Faculté des Sciences, C.P. 160/12, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. Roosevelt, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Droissart
- Herbarium and Library of African Botany, C.P. 265, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 1050, Brussels, Belgium; AMAP Lab, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa and Madagascar Department, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Murielle Simo-Droissart
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Géromine Collobert
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tariq Stévart
- Herbarium and Library of African Botany, C.P. 265, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa and Madagascar Department, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Meise Botanic Garden, Domein van Bouchout, Nieuwelaan 38, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
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Ruchisansakun S, Mertens A, Janssens SB, Smets EF, van der Niet T. Evolution of pollination syndromes and corolla symmetry in Balsaminaceae reconstructed using phylogenetic comparative analyses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:267-280. [PMID: 33091107 PMCID: PMC7789113 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Floral diversity as a result of plant-pollinator interactions can evolve by two distinct processes: shifts between pollination systems or divergent use of the same pollinator. Although both are pollinator driven, the mode, relative importance and interdependence of these different processes are rarely studied simultaneously. Here we apply a phylogenetic approach using the Balsaminaceae (including the species-rich genus Impatiens) to simultaneously quantify shifts in pollination syndromes (as inferred from the shape and colour of the perianth), as well as divergent use of the same pollinator (inferred from corolla symmetry). METHODS For 282 species we coded pollination syndromes based on associations between floral traits and known pollination systems, and assessed corolla symmetry. The evolution of these traits was reconstructed using parsimony- and model-based approaches, using phylogenetic trees derived from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data. KEY RESULTS A total of 71 % of studied species have a bee pollination syndrome, 22 % a bimodal syndrome (Lepidoptera and bees), 3 % a bird pollination syndrome and 5 % a syndrome of autogamy, while 19 % of species have an asymmetrical corolla. Although floral symmetry and pollination syndromes are both evolutionarily labile, the latter shifts more frequently. Shifts in floral symmetry occurred mainly in the direction towards asymmetry, but there was considerable uncertainty in the pattern of shift direction for pollination syndrome. Shifts towards asymmetrical flowers were associated with a bee pollination syndrome. CONCLUSION Floral evolution in Impatiens has occurred through both pollination syndrome shifts and divergent use of the same pollinator. Although the former appears more frequent, the latter is likely to be underestimated. Shifts in floral symmetry and pollination syndromes depend on each other but also partly on the region in which these shifts take place, suggesting that the occurrence of pollinator-driven evolution may be determined by the availability of pollinator species at large geographical scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Ruchisansakun
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arne Mertens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan, Meise, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, Lab of Tropical Crop Improvement, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven B Janssens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan, Meise, Belgium
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erik F Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg, BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Timotheüs van der Niet
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
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Arida BL, Scopece G, Machado RM, Moraes AP, Forni-Martins E, Pinheiro F. Reproductive barriers and fertility of two neotropical orchid species and their natural hybrid. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Castañeda-Zárate M, Johnson SD, van der Niet T. Food Reward Chemistry Explains a Novel Pollinator Shift and Vestigialization of Long Floral Spurs in an Orchid. Curr Biol 2021; 31:238-246.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yarahmadov T, Robinson S, Hanemian M, Pulver V, Kuhlemeier C. Identification of transcription factors controlling floral morphology in wild Petunia species with contrasting pollination syndromes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:289-301. [PMID: 32780443 PMCID: PMC7693086 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to different pollinators is an important driver of speciation in the angiosperms. Genetic approaches such as QTL mapping have been successfully used to identify the underlying speciation genes. However, these methods are often limited by widespread suppression of recombination due to divergence between species. While the mutations that caused the interspecific differences in floral color and scent have been elucidated in a variety of plant genera, the genes that are responsible for morphological differences remain mostly unknown. Differences in floral organ length determine the pollination efficiency of hawkmoths and hummingbirds, and therefore the genes that control these differences are potential speciation genes. Identifying such genes is challenging, especially in non-model species and when studying complex traits for which little prior genetic and biochemical knowledge is available. Here we combine transcriptomics with detailed growth analysis to identify candidate transcription factors underlying interspecific variation in the styles of Petunia flowers. Starting from a set of 2284 genes, stepwise filtering for expression in styles, differential expression between species, correlation with growth-related traits, allele-specific expression in interspecific hybrids, and/or high-impact polymorphisms resulted in a set of 43 candidate speciation genes. Validation by virus-induced gene silencing identified two MYB transcription factors, EOBI and EOBII, that were previously shown to regulate floral scent emission, a trait associated with pollination by hawkmoths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tural Yarahmadov
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21BernCH‐3013Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernCH‐3008Switzerland
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21BernCH‐3013Switzerland
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1LRUK
| | - Mathieu Hanemian
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21BernCH‐3013Switzerland
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Valentin Pulver
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21BernCH‐3013Switzerland
| | - Cris Kuhlemeier
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 21BernCH‐3013Switzerland
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Maliet O, Loeuille N, Morlon H. An individual-based model for the eco-evolutionary emergence of bipartite interaction networks. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1623-1634. [PMID: 32885919 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
How ecological interaction networks emerge on evolutionary time scales remains unclear. Here we build an individual-based eco-evolutionary model for the emergence of mutualistic, antagonistic and neutral bipartite interaction networks. Exploring networks evolved under these scenarios, we find three main results. First, antagonistic interactions tend to foster species and trait diversity, while mutualistic interactions reduce diversity. Second, antagonistic interactors evolve higher specialisation, which results in networks that are often more modular than neutral ones; resource species in these networks often display phylogenetic conservatism in interaction partners. Third, mutualistic interactions lead to networks that are more nested than neutral ones, with low phylogenetic conservatism in interaction partners. These results tend to match overall empirical trends, demonstrating that structures of empirical networks that have most often been explained by ecological processes can result from an evolutionary emergence. Our model contributes to the ongoing effort of better integrating ecological interactions and macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Maliet
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IEES, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
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Yoder JB, Gomez G, Carlson CJ. Zygomorphic flowers have fewer potential pollinator species. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200307. [PMID: 32871089 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Botanists have long identified bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) flowers with more specialized pollination interactions than radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers. Zygomorphic flowers facilitate more precise contact with pollinators, guide pollinator behaviour and exclude less effective pollinators. However, whether zygomorphic flowers are actually visited by a smaller subset of available pollinator species has not been broadly evaluated. We compiled 53 609 floral visitation records in 159 communities and classified the plants' floral symmetry. Globally and within individual communities, plants with zygomorphic flowers are indeed visited by fewer species. At the same time, zygomorphic flowers share a somewhat larger proportion of their visitor species with other co-occurring plants and have particularly high sharing with co-occurring plants that also have zygomorphic flowers. Visitation sub-networks for zygomorphic species also show differences that may arise from reduced visitor diversity, including greater connectance, greater web asymmetry and lower coextinction robustness of both plants and visitor species-but these changes do not necessarily translate to whole plant-visitor communities. These results provide context for widely documented associations between zygomorphy and diversification and imply that species with zygomorphic flowers may face a greater risk of extinction due to pollinator loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Yoder
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA
| | - Giancarlo Gomez
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA
| | - Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Kriebel R, Drew B, González-Gallegos JG, Celep F, Heeg L, Mahdjoub MM, Sytsma KJ. Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): Evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. Evolution 2020; 74:1335-1355. [PMID: 32484910 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Bryan Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, 68849
| | | | - Ferhat Celep
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Yahşiyan, 71450, Turkey
| | - Luciann Heeg
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Mohamed M Mahdjoub
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira, 10000, Algeria
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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Borges RC, Padovani K, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Giannini TC. A dataset of multi-functional ecological traits of Brazilian bees. Sci Data 2020; 7:120. [PMID: 32286316 PMCID: PMC7156730 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, bees are the most important group of animal pollinators. The ecosystem service they provide is vital in natural areas and croplands, and the taxonomic and functional diversity associated with bees is vital in understanding ecosystem functioning ensuring biodiversity conservation, food security and human livelihoods. A dataset of bees from mountainous areas of Carajás National Forest (eastern Amazon) and Nova Lima (Atlantic Forest) is presented here. It is a compilation of sampling efforts from 1983 to 2018 through the accession of data stored in museum collections. In total, 222 and 144 bee species were recorded in Carajás and Nova Lima, respectively. This represents the most robust dataset of Brazilian bees including species traits (body size, flight range, distribution, crop pollination, sociality and nesting) of 328 species. This dataset contributes to advances in the knowledge of the functional trait ecology of wild bees and can benefit further studies that analyze the response of wild bees to land use and climate changes, and its effects on the provision of crop pollination services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cabral Borges
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa 1, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Kleber Padovani
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa 1, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Tereza Cristina Giannini
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa 1, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Royer AM, Waite-Himmelwright J, Smith CI. Strong Selection Against Early Generation Hybrids in Joshua Tree Hybrid Zone Not Explained by Pollinators Alone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:640. [PMID: 32528500 PMCID: PMC7264850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coevolution frequently plays an important role in diversification, but the role of obligate pollination mutualisms in the maintenance of hybrid zones has rarely been investigated. Like most members of the genus Yucca, the two species of Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia and Yucca jaegeriana) are involved in a tightly coevolved mutualism with yucca moths. There is strong evidence of a history of coevolution between Joshua trees and their moth pollinators. We use a geographic clines approach in the Joshua tree hybrid zone to ask if selection by the moths may currently contribute to maintaining separation between these species. We compare genomic, phenotypic, and pollinator frequency clines to test whether pollinators maintain the hybrid zone or follow it as passive participants. The results reveal dramatic overlapping genomic and pollinator clines, consistent with a narrow hybrid zone maintained by strong selection. Wider phenotypic clines and a chloroplast genomic cline displaced opposite the expected direction suggest that pollinators are not the main source of selection maintaining the hybrid zone. Rather, it seems that high levels of reproductive isolation, likely acting through multiple barriers and involving many parts of the genome, keep the hybrid zone narrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Royer
- Biology Department, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anne M. Royer,
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Muchhala N. Quantum dots shed light on angiosperm speciation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1005-1008. [PMID: 31631364 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Muchhala
- Biology Department, University of Missouri - St Louis, One University Boulevard, 223 Research Hall, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
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Souto‐Vilarós D, Machac A, Michalek J, Darwell CT, Sisol M, Kuyaiva T, Isua B, Weiblen GD, Novotny V, Segar ST. Faster speciation of fig‐wasps than their host figs leads to decoupled speciation dynamics: Snapshots across the speciation continuum. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3958-3976. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souto‐Vilarós
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Machac
- Center for Theoretical Study Charles University and Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Jan Michalek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | | | - Mentap Sisol
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Thomas Kuyaiva
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Brus Isua
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - George D. Weiblen
- Institute on the Environment University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University Newport UK
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Lagomarsino LP, Muchhala N. A gradient of pollination specialization in three species of Bolivian Centropogon. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:633-642. [PMID: 31021395 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Closely related plant species with overlapping ranges often experience competition for pollination services. Such competition can select for divergence in floral traits that attract pollinators or determine pollen placement. While most species in Centropogon (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) have flowers that suggest adaptation to bat or hummingbird pollination, actual pollinators are rarely documented, and a few species have a mix of traits from both pollination syndromes. We studied the pollination biology of a "mixed-syndrome" species and its co-occurring congeners to examine the relationship between floral traits and visitation patterns for Centropogon. METHODS Fieldwork at two sites in Bolivian cloud forests involved filming floral visitors, quantifying pollen transfer, and measuring floral traits. Stamen exsertion, which determines pollen placement, was measured from herbarium specimens across the geographic range of these species to test for character displacement. RESULTS Results show a generalization gradient, from primarily bat pollination in white-flowered Centropogon incanus, to bat pollination with secondary hummingbird pollination in the cream-flowered C. brittonianus, to equal reliance on both pollinators in the red-flowered, mixed-syndrome C. mandonis. Pollen transfer between these species is further reduced by differences in stamen exsertion that are accentuated in zones of sympatry, a pattern consistent with character displacement. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that key differences in floral color and shape mediate a gradient of specialization in Bolivian Centropogon. Interspecific pollen transfer is further reduced by potential character displacement of a key trait. Broadly, our results have implications for understanding the hyper-diversity of Andean cloud forests, in which multiple species of the same genus frequently co-occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Lagomarsino
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Research Building, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
- Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Nathan Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Research Building, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
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Ponisio LC, Valdovinos FS, Allhoff KT, Gaiarsa MP, Barner A, Guimarães PR, Hembry DH, Morrison B, Gillespie R. A Network Perspective for Community Assembly. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Fernández-Mazuecos M, Blanco-Pastor JL, Juan A, Carnicero P, Forrest A, Alarcón M, Vargas P, Glover BJ. Macroevolutionary dynamics of nectar spurs, a key evolutionary innovation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1123-1138. [PMID: 30570752 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Floral nectar spurs are widely considered a key innovation promoting diversification in angiosperms by means of pollinator shifts. We investigated the macroevolutionary dynamics of nectar spurs in the tribe Antirrhineae (Plantaginaceae), which contains 29 genera and 300-400 species (70-80% spurred). The effect of nectar spurs on diversification was tested, with special focus on Linaria, the genus with the highest number of species. We generated the most comprehensive phylogeny of Antirrhineae to date and reconstructed the evolution of nectar spurs. Diversification rate heterogeneity was investigated using trait-dependent and trait-independent methods, and accounting for taxonomic uncertainty. The association between changes in spur length and speciation was examined within Linaria using model testing and ancestral state reconstructions. We inferred four independent acquisitions of nectar spurs. Diversification analyses revealed that nectar spurs are loosely associated with increased diversification rates. Detected rate shifts were delayed by 5-15 Myr with respect to the acquisition of the trait. Active evolution of spur length, fitting a speciational model, was inferred in Linaria, which is consistent with a scenario of pollinator shifts driving diversification. Nectar spurs played a role in diversification of the Antirrhineae, but diversification dynamics can only be fully explained by the complex interaction of multiple biotic and abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fernández-Mazuecos
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Blanco-Pastor
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
- INRA, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (URP3F), 86600, Lusignan, France
| | - Ana Juan
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN) & Instituto de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), Universidad de Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pau Carnicero
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alan Forrest
- Centre for Middle Eastern Plants, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Marisa Alarcón
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, Parc de Montjuïc, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Nyarumbu TO, Kaseke T, Gobvu V, Murungweni C, Mashingaidze AB, Chikwambi Z. Phenotypic and genetic characterisation revealed the existence of several biotypes within the Neorautanenia brachypus (Harms) C.A. wild accessions in South East Lowveld, Zimbabwe. BMC Ecol 2019; 19:13. [PMID: 30866889 PMCID: PMC6417035 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local communities in the South Eastern Lowveld of Zimbabwe have adopted the feeding of livestock with Neorautanenia brachypus (Harms) C.A. tuber to mitigate against climate change. Differences within Neorautanenia brachypus (Harms) tuber flesh colour and preferences by cattle have been observed, suggesting possible diversity within the N. brachypus plant community. This study aimed at distinguishing the N. brachypus wild plant species through phenotypic and genetic characterization using morphological descriptors and random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) markers respectively. Leaf samples were selected using judgmental sampling techniques from wards 11-15 in Sengwe (Chiredzi district) for leaf morphology and molecular characterization. RAPD-PCR analysis was done using 18-screened random decamer primers to confirm the diversity in the plant population. The similarity of the biotypes was evaluated using binary coding on the basis of the presence or absence of a morphological indicator as well as distinct DNA amplicon fragments. Primer 7.0.13 was used to estimate morphological and genetic similarities using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). The cluster number was estimated using the Elbow method part of the R package. RESULTS Initially, 14 biotype groups were identified from 96 accessions visually characterized basing of leaf characteristics. All the leaf biotypes displayed arcuate venation with differences observed for leaf shape, tip shape and leaf margins. The 14 biotypes clustered into six groups based on the binary data of the morphological characteristics. RAPD primers generated three hundred and sixty eight distinct amplicons with 77.5% being polymorphic from the 14 biotypes. The number of bands produced per primer ranged from four (OPF-02) to 44 (UBC-746). The PIC value ranged from 0.1327 to 0.1873 for the RAPD primers. Use of molecular markers collapsed the biotypes into five clusters. Both the leaf descriptors and RAPD markers showed the existence of genetic diversity within the wild accessions of N. brachypus. CONCLUSIONS A combination of morphological and RAPD markers effectively refined the resolution of the genetic diversity within the N. brachypus wild accessions to nine biotypes. These findings have indicated to the existence of more than one biotype of N. brachypus with potentially different properties. The favorable biotypes can further be promoted through incorporation in pastures as alternative feed or complementary feed to livestock. As such the output of this study will serve as a guide for N. brachypus germplasm management and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tinotenda Kaseke
- Department of Biotechnology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Vimbai Gobvu
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Chrispen Murungweni
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Arnold. B. Mashingaidze
- Department of Crop Science and Post-Harvest Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Zedias Chikwambi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
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Ishii HS, Kubota MX, Tsujimoto SG, Kudo G. Association between community assemblage of flower colours and pollinator fauna: a comparison between Japanese and New Zealand alpine plant communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:533-541. [PMID: 30380008 PMCID: PMC6377100 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Flower colour plays a major role in the attraction and decision-making of pollinators. Different functional groups of pollinators tend to prefer different flower colours, and therefor may lead to different flower colour compositions among different communities depending on the visual system of the dominant pollinators. However, few studies have investigated the linkage between pollinator fauna and flower colour composition in natural communities, a theme we explored in the present study. METHODS Flower spectral reflectance of 106 Japanese and 96 New Zealand alpine plants in the wavelength range 300-700 nm were measured. The composition of pollinator fauna in the communities and the types of pollinators for each plant species were also investigated. KEY RESULTS Based on bee and fly colour vision models, as well as a principal components analysis, considering phylogenetic non-independence between plant species, flower colours appeared to vary according to pollinator type rather than geographical region. Consequently, flower colour composition differed between the regions, reflecting the bee/fly mixed pollinator fauna of Japan and the fly-dominant pollinator fauna of New Zealand. According to the bee colour vision model, the majority of the colours of hymenopteran-pollinated flowers appeared to be discriminated by bees. In contrast, many of the colours of dipteran-pollinated flowers would not be discriminated by bees and flies. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the differences in flower colour composition between Japanese and New Zealand alpine communities are due to differences in the pollinator fauna in these communities rather than differences in abiotic factors between the geographical regions and the phylogenetic origin of the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi S Ishii
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masahiro X Kubota
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shohei G Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Gaku Kudo
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Ollerton J, Liede-Schumann S, Endress ME, Meve U, Rech AR, Shuttleworth A, Keller HA, Fishbein M, Alvarado-Cárdenas LO, Amorim FW, Bernhardt P, Celep F, Chirango Y, Chiriboga-Arroyo F, Civeyrel L, Cocucci A, Cranmer L, da Silva-Batista IC, de Jager L, Deprá MS, Domingos-Melo A, Dvorsky C, Agostini K, Freitas L, Gaglianone MC, Galetto L, Gilbert M, González-Ramírez I, Gorostiague P, Goyder D, Hachuy-Filho L, Heiduk A, Howard A, Ionta G, Islas-Hernández SC, Johnson SD, Joubert L, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Kephart S, Kidyoo A, Koptur S, Koschnitzke C, Lamborn E, Livshultz T, Machado IC, Marino S, Mema L, Mochizuki K, Morellato LPC, Mrisha CK, Muiruri EW, Nakahama N, Nascimento VT, Nuttman C, Oliveira PE, Peter CI, Punekar S, Rafferty N, Rapini A, Ren ZX, Rodríguez-Flores CI, Rosero L, Sakai S, Sazima M, Steenhuisen SL, Tan CW, Torres C, Trøjelsgaard K, Ushimaru A, Vieira MF, Wiemer AP, Yamashiro T, Nadia T, Queiroz J, Quirino Z. The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:311-325. [PMID: 30099492 PMCID: PMC6344220 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. METHODS The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. KEY RESULTS Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. CONCLUSIONS Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ollerton
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | | | - Mary E Endress
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Meve
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André Rodrigo Rech
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo - LEC, Campus JK - Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adam Shuttleworth
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Héctor A Keller
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, UNNE-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Mark Fishbein
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Felipe W Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”- Unesp, Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Peter Bernhardt
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ferhat Celep
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. 269. Cad. Urankent Prestij Konutları, Demetevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yolanda Chirango
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Laure Civeyrel
- EDB, UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Andrea Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Louise Cranmer
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Inara Carolina da Silva-Batista
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janiero, RJ, Brazil
| | - Linde de Jager
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mariana Scaramussa Deprá
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
| | - Arthur Domingos-Melo
- Departamento de Botânica - CB, Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Courtney Dvorsky
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kayna Agostini
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Depto. Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Freitas
- Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Gaglianone
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
| | - Leo Galetto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and IMBIV (CONICET-UNC). CP, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mike Gilbert
- Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Ixchel González-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gorostiague
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET. Salta, Argentina
| | - David Goyder
- Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Leandro Hachuy-Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”- Unesp, Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Annemarie Heiduk
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Howard
- Biology Department, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Gretchen Ionta
- Natural History Museum, Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Sofia C Islas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lize Joubert
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Susan Kephart
- Department of Biology, Willamette University Salem, OR, USA
| | - Aroonrat Kidyoo
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Natural History Museum, Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Cristiana Koschnitzke
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janiero, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ellen Lamborn
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Livshultz
- Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences and Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Isabel Cristina Machado
- Departamento de Botânica - CB, Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Salvador Marino
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Lumi Mema
- Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences and Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Ko Mochizuki
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Evalyne W Muiruri
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Naoyuki Nakahama
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Craig I Peter
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Sachin Punekar
- Biospheres, Eshwari, Nanasaheb Peshva Marg, Near Ramna Ganpati, Lakshminagar, Parvati, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nicole Rafferty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Rapini
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Claudia I Rodríguez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Ecología, UBIPRO, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
| | - Liliana Rosero
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Shoko Sakai
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Caixa, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Phuthaditjhaba, Republic of South Africa
| | | | - Carolina Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and IMBIV (CONICET-UNC). CP, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Milene Faria Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Pía Wiemer
- Museo Botánico Córdoba y Cátedra de Morfología Vegetal (IMBIV-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tadashi Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijyosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tarcila Nadia
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Joel Queiroz
- Departamento de Educação, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Mamnguape, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Zelma Quirino
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
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Zych M, Junker RR, Nepi M, Stpiczyńska M, Stolarska B, Roguz K. Spatiotemporal variation in the pollination systems of a supergeneralist plant: is Angelica sylvestris (Apiaceae) locally adapted to its most effective pollinators? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:415-428. [PMID: 30059963 PMCID: PMC6344219 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In terms of pollination systems, umbellifers (plants of the carrot family, Apiaceae) are regarded as generalists, since their (usually dichogamous) flowers are visited by a wide range of insects representing several taxonomic orders. However, recent analyses of insect effectiveness revealed that these plants may be pollinated effectively by a narrow assemblage of insect visitors. Of particular interest was whether populations of an umbellifer species varied in pollinator assemblages and whether this could lead to local specialization of the pollination system. We also explored whether variation in pollinator assemblages was associated with variation in floral traits, and whether this variation influences reproductive output. METHODS The focus was on Angelica sylvestris, a common European species visited by a taxonomically diverse insect assemblage. In three populations, located along an ~700-km transect, over three growth seasons insect visitors were identified, their effectiveness was assessed by surveying pollen loads present on the insect body, insect activity on umbels, nectar and scent composition was studied, and transplantation experiments were performed. KEY RESULTS The populations investigated in this study differed in their nectar and scent profiles and, despite the similar taxonomic composition of insect visitor assemblages, were effectively pollinated by disparate pollinator morphogroups, i.e. flies and beetles. Although this suggested local adaptations to the most effective pollinators, analyses of body pollen loads and behaviour on umbels demonstrated functional equivalency of the visitor morphogroups, which is probably related to the fact that A. sylvestris bears few ovules per flower. The transplantation experiments confirmed that reproductive success was not related to the source of experimental plants and that the insects do not exhibit preferences towards local genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Angelica sylvestris is morphologically well adapted to ecological generalization, and there is little evidence that the surveyed populations represent distinct pollination ecotypes. Most likely, the observed variation in floral characters can be interpreted as 'adaptive wandering'. Specialization in this family seems possible only under very special circumstances, for example when the pollinator community comprises insect visitor groups that clearly differ in their pollination capacity (e.g. due to differences in their functional morphology) and/or have different perceptional biases (e.g. for colour or scent). However, the barrier to the evolution of morphological adaptations resulting in the fine-tuning of the flower towards particular pollinator types may arise from the architectural constraints on the floral bauplan that make umbellifers so uniform in their floral displays and so successful in attracting large numbers of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zych
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli, Siena, Italy
| | - Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Barbara Stolarska
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Roguz
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie, Warszawa, Poland
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Short-distance pollen dispersal by bats in an urban setting: monitoring the movement of a vertebrate pollinator through fluorescent dyes. Urban Ecosyst 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-019-0825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Roguz K, Bajguz A, Gołębiewska A, Chmur M, Hill L, Kalinowski P, Schönenberger J, Stpiczyńska M, Zych M. Functional Diversity of Nectary Structure and Nectar Composition in the Genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1246. [PMID: 30349545 PMCID: PMC6187251 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fritillaria is a genus consisting of 130 to 140 species of bulbous plants, native to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Generally viewed as an insect pollinated genus with the exception of two North American species, Fritillaria gentneri and F. recurva, which are described as hummingbird-pollinated and the Asian species, F. imperialis, described as passerine-pollinated. These pollinator shifts are possibly the result of adaptive changes to the structure and morphology of the nectary, as well as a change in the nectar concentration and composition. A study was conducted in a target group of 56 Fritillaria species, based on the morphology of their nectaries and nectar composition to assess the significance of pollination mode as well as its predisposition for the evolution of bird pollination. All species studied had nectaries located at their tepal base and produced nectar, but their size, shape, color, and composition all varied. Most fritillaries had hexose-rich nectar, in easily accessible and unprotected nectaries. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the surface of the nectaries of most Fritillaria species was flat and clearly distinct from that of the surrounding tissues, which might be regarded as an adaptation for insect-pollination. Nectaries of F. imperialis were considerably larger and had dilute nectar without sucrose, which was produced profusely, thereby fulfilling the criteria characteristic of ornithophilous flowers. The copious nectar of presumed hummingbird-pollinated species was rather balanced and of medium sugar concentration. Their large lanceolate nectaries contrasted sharply with the tessellated background of their tepals. These characters might indicate a mixed pollination system that engages both birds and insects. Floral anatomy and microstructure and nectar composition for Fritillaria species in subgenera Korolkowia and Liliorhiza are studied for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Roguz
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gołębiewska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmur
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Kalinowski
- Department of Nature Protection and Rural Landscape, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Falenty, Poland
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marcin Zych
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Guimarães E, Tunes P, de Almeida Junior LD, Di Stasi LC, Dötterl S, Machado SR. Nectar Replaced by Volatile Secretion: A Potential New Role for Nectarless Flowers in a Bee-Pollinated Plant Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1243. [PMID: 30233609 PMCID: PMC6134477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nectarless flowers in nectariferous plants is a widespread phenomenon in angiosperms. However, the frequency and distribution of nectarless flowers in natural populations, and the transition from nectariferous to nectarless flowers are poorly known. Variation in nectar production may affect mutualism stability, since energetic resource availability influences pollinators' foraging behavior. Here, we described the spatial and temporal nectar production patterns of Jacaranda oxyphylla, a bee-pollinated species that naturally presents nectarless flowers. Additionally, we compared nectariferous and nectarless floral disks in order to identify histological, subcellular and chemical changes that accompanied the loss of nectar production ability. For that we used standard methods for light and transmission electron microscopy, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for chemical analyses. We verified that 47% of flowers did not produce nectar during the whole flower lifespan (nectarless flowers). We also observed remarkable inter-plant variation, with individuals having only nectarless flowers, others only nectariferous ones and most of them showing different proportions of both flower types, with variable nectar volumes (3-21 μl). Additionally, among nectariferous flowers, we registered two distinct rhythms of nectar production. 'Early' flowers produced nectar from 0 to 24 h, and 'late' flowers produced nectar from 24 to 48 h of anthesis. Although disks from nectariferous and nectarless flowers displayed similar histological organization, they differed strongly at subcellular level. Nectariferous ('early' and 'late') flowers exhibited a cellular apparatus typical of nectar secretion, while nectarless flowers exhibited osmophoric features. We found three aliphatic and one aromatic compound(s) that were detected in both the headspace of flowers and the disks of nectarless flowers, but not the disks of nectariferous flowers Although the remarkable variation in nectar availability may discourage pollinator visits, nectarless flowers might compensate it by producing volatile compounds that can be part of floral scent, acting as chemical attractants. Thus, nectarless flowers may be helping to maintain pollination in this scenario of trophic resource supply scarcity. We suggest that J. oxyphylla can be transitioning from a nectar-based pollination system to another resource-based or even to a deceit mechanism of pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Guimarães
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Priscila Tunes
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiz D. de Almeida Junior
- Laboratory of Phytomedicine, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiz C. Di Stasi
- Laboratory of Phytomedicine, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Silvia R. Machado
- Laboratory of Research in Plant Anatomy and Ultrastructure, Department of Botany and Centre of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Serrano-Serrano ML, Rolland J, Clark JL, Salamin N, Perret M. Hummingbird pollination and the diversification of angiosperms: an old and successful association in Gesneriaceae. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2816. [PMID: 28381621 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of specific functional groups of pollinators in the diversification of angiosperms are still to be elucidated. We investigated whether the pollination shifts or the specific association with hummingbirds affected the diversification of a highly diverse angiosperm lineage in the Neotropics. We reconstructed a phylogeny of 583 species from the Gesneriaceae family and detected diversification shifts through time, inferred the timing and amount of transitions among pollinator functional groups, and tested the association between hummingbird pollination and speciation and extinction rates. We identified a high frequency of pollinator transitions, including reversals to insect pollination. Diversification rates of the group increased through time since 25 Ma, coinciding with the evolution of hummingbird-adapted flowers and the arrival of hummingbirds in South America. We showed that plants pollinated by hummingbirds have a twofold higher speciation rate compared with plants pollinated by insects, and that transitions among functional groups of pollinators had little impact on the diversification process. We demonstrated that floral specialization on hummingbirds for pollination has triggered rapid diversification in the Gesneriaceae family since the Early Miocene, and that it represents one of the oldest identified plant-hummingbird associations. Biotic drivers of plant diversification in the Neotropics could be more related to this specific type of pollinator (hummingbirds) than to shifts among different functional groups of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Liliana Serrano-Serrano
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John L Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, PO Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0345, USA
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Perret
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, University of Geneva, Chemin de l'Impératrice 1, 1292 Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
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48
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Bukhari G, Zhang J, Stevens PF, Zhang W. Evolution of the process underlying floral zygomorphy development in pentapetalous angiosperms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1846-1856. [PMID: 29247025 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Observations of floral ontogeny indicated that floral organ initiation in pentapetalous flowers most commonly results in a median-abaxial (MAB) petal during early development, a median-adaxial (MAD) petal being less common. Such different patterns of floral organ initiation might be linked with different morphologies of floral zygomorphy that have evolved in Asteridae. Here, we provide the first study of zygomorphy in pentapetalous angiosperms placed in a phylogenetic framework, the goal being to find if the different patterns of floral organ initiation are connected with particular patterns of zygomorphy. METHODS We analyzed patterns of floral organ initiation and displays of zygomorphy, extracted from floral diagrams representing 405 taxa in 330 genera, covering 83% of orders (30 out of 36) and 37% of families (116 out of 313) in core eudicots in the context of a phylogeny using ancestral state reconstructions. KEY RESULTS The MAB petal initiation is the ancestral state of the pattern of floral organ initiation in pentapetalous angiosperms. Taxa with MAD petal initiation represent ∼30 independent origins from the ancestral MAB initiation. There are distinct developmental processes that give rise to zygomorphy in different lineages of pentapetalous angiosperms, closely related lineages being likely to share similar developmental processes. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that development indeed constrains the processes that give rise to floral zygomorphy, while phylogenetic distance allows relaxation of these constraints, which provides novel insights on the role that development plays in the evolution of floral zygomorphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer Bukhari
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Peter F Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121 USA
| | - Wenheng Zhang
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284 USA
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49
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Lagomarsino LP, Forrestel EJ, Muchhala N, Davis CC. Repeated evolution of vertebrate pollination syndromes in a recently diverged Andean plant clade. Evolution 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura P. Lagomarsino
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
- Current Address: Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden 4500 Shaw Boulevard St. Louis Missouri 63110
| | | | - Nathan Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Research Building One University Boulevard St. Louis Missouri 63121
| | - Charles C. Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
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50
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Fernández-Mazuecos M, Glover BJ. The evo-devo of plant speciation. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:110. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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