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Keller-Przybylkowicz S, Oskiera M, Liu X, Song L, Zhao L, Du X, Kruczynska D, Walencik A, Kowara N, Bartoszewski G. Transcriptome Analysis of White- and Red-Fleshed Apple Fruits Uncovered Novel Genes Related to the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1778. [PMID: 38339057 PMCID: PMC10855924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The red flesh coloration of apples is a result of a biochemical pathway involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. Based on apple genome analysis, a high number of regulatory genes, mainly transcription factors such as MYB, which are components of regulatory complex MYB-bHLH-WD40, and several structural genes (PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, UFGT) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, have been identified. In this study, we investigated novel genes related to the red-flesh apple phenotype. These genes could be deemed molecular markers for the early selection of new apple cultivars. Based on a comparative transcriptome analysis of apples with different fruit-flesh coloration, we successfully identified and characterized ten potential genes from the plant hormone transduction pathway of auxin (GH3); cytokinins (B-ARR); gibberellins (DELLA); abscisic acid (SnRK2 and ABF); brassinosteroids (BRI1, BZR1 and TCH4); jasmonic acid (MYC2); and salicylic acid (NPR1). An analysis of expression profiles was performed in immature and ripe fruits of red-fleshed cultivars. We have uncovered genes mediating the regulation of abscisic acid, salicylic acid, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling and described their role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, accumulation, and degradation. The presented results underline the relationship between genes from the hormone signal transduction pathway and UFGT genes, which are directly responsible for anthocyanin color transformation as well as anthocyanin accumulation during apple-fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Keller-Przybylkowicz
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3-go Maja, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (M.O.); (A.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Michal Oskiera
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3-go Maja, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (M.O.); (A.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, Gangechengxida Street No 26, Fushan District, Yantai 265500, China; (X.L.); (L.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Laiqing Song
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, Gangechengxida Street No 26, Fushan District, Yantai 265500, China; (X.L.); (L.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, Gangechengxida Street No 26, Fushan District, Yantai 265500, China; (X.L.); (L.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoyun Du
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, Gangechengxida Street No 26, Fushan District, Yantai 265500, China; (X.L.); (L.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Dorota Kruczynska
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3-go Maja, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (M.O.); (A.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Walencik
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3-go Maja, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (M.O.); (A.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Norbert Kowara
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3-go Maja, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (M.O.); (A.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Bartoszewski
- Department of Plant Genetics Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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Perotti MF, Posé D, Martín-Pizarro C. Non-climacteric fruit development and ripening regulation: 'the phytohormones show'. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6237-6253. [PMID: 37449770 PMCID: PMC10627154 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening involves numerous physiological, structural, and metabolic changes that result in the formation of edible fruits. This process is controlled at different molecular levels, with essential roles for phytohormones, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications. Fleshy fruits are classified as either climacteric or non-climacteric species. Climacteric fruits are characterized by a burst in respiration and ethylene production at the onset of ripening, while regulation of non-climacteric fruit ripening has been commonly attributed to abscisic acid (ABA). However, there is controversy as to whether mechanisms regulating fruit ripening are shared between non-climacteric species, and to what extent other hormones contribute alongside ABA. In this review, we summarize classic and recent studies on the accumulation profile and role of ABA and other important hormones in the regulation of non-climacteric fruit development and ripening, as well as their crosstalk, paying special attention to the two main non-climacteric plant models, strawberry and grape. We highlight both the common and different roles of these regulators in these two crops, and discuss the importance of the transcriptional and environmental regulation of fruit ripening, as well as the need to optimize genetic transformation methodologies to facilitate gene functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Perotti
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - David Posé
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Martín-Pizarro
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
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3
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Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Qu M, Kang C. Brassinosteroid catabolic enzyme CYP734A129 regulates the morphologies of leaves and floral organs in woodland strawberry. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111788. [PMID: 37421982 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play critical roles in plant growth and development and regulate many important agronomic traits. However, the functions of BRs in strawberry are unclear. This study identified two mutants, named P6 and R87, in woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) from EMS mutagenesis populations that exhibit narrow leaves, petals and sepals. Mapping by sequencing and genetic studies revealed that the F. vesca CYP734A129, encoding a putative BR catabolic enzyme, is the causative gene for both P6 and R87. Overexpression of CYP734A129 in both F. vesca and Arabidopsis causes a severe dwarf phenotype, and the BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) protein is less abundant in the CYP734A129-overexpressing Arabidopsis seedlings. This suggests that CYP734A129 is functionally conserved with CYP734A1, as a BR-inactivating enzyme. Transcriptome analysis of young leaves revealed that four BR biosynthetic genes were significantly downregulated in P6 (cyp734a129), and photosynthesis-related genes were highly enriched among the up-regulated genes in P6 compared to the wild type. This further supports that CYP734A129 inactivates BRs in F. vesca. Furthermore, we showed that mutations in CYP734A129 do not affect fruit shape and color during ripening in strawberry. Overall, our results suggest that F. vesca CYP734A129 is a BR catabolic enzyme, and provide insights into the roles of CYP734A129 in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunming Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yingxin Yuan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Minghao Qu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunying Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
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4
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Wang Y, Ma L, Ma Y, Tian T, Zhang J, Wang H, Liu Z, Chen Q, He W, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Yang S, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Tang H, Wang X. Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses provide insights into fruit softening in Chinese cherry [ Cerasus pseudocerasus (Lindl.) G.Don]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1190061. [PMID: 37528967 PMCID: PMC10388103 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1190061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening is a complex, genetically programmed and environmentally regulated process, which undergoes biochemical and physiological changes during fruit development. The molecular mechanisms that determine these changes in Chinese cherry [Cerasus peseudocerasus (Lindl.) G.Don] fruits are still unknown. In the present study, fruits of hard-fleshed 'Hongfei' and soft-fleshed 'Pengzhoubai' varieties of Chinese cherry were selected to illustrate the fruit softening at different developmental stages. We analyzed physiological characteristics and transcriptome profiles to identify key cell wall components and candidate genes related to fruit softening and construct the co-expression networks. The dynamic changes of cell wall components (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin), the degrading enzyme activities, and the microstructure were closely related to the fruit firmness during fruit softening. A total of 6,757 and 3,998 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between stages and varieties, respectively. Comprehensive functional enrichment analysis supported that cell wall metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were involved in fruit softening. The majority of structural genes were significantly increased with fruit ripening in both varieties, but mainly down-regulated in Hongfei fruits compared with Pengzhoubai, especially DEGs related to cellulose and hemicellulose metabolism. The expression levels of genes involving lignin biosynthesis were decreased with fruit ripening, while mainly up-regulated in Hongfei fruits at red stage. These obvious differences might delay the cell all degrading and loosening, and enhance the cell wall stiffing in Hongfei fruits, which maintained a higher level of fruit firmness than Pengzhoubai. Co-expressed network analysis showed that the key structural genes were correlated with plant hormone signal genes (such as abscisic acid, auxin, and jasmonic acid) and transcription factors (MADS, bHLH, MYB, ERF, NAC, and WRKY). The RNA-seq results were supported using RT-qPCR by 25 selected DEGs that involved in cell wall metabolism, hormone signal pathways and TF genes. These results provide important basis for the molecular mechanism of fruit softening in Chinese cherry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tai Tian
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenshan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaofeng Yang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhu J, Liu X, Huang W, An R, Xu X, Li P. 2,4-epibrassinolide delays leaf senescence in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) by regulating its chlorophyll metabolic pathway and endogenous hormones content. Gene 2023:147531. [PMID: 37286019 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junzhen Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ronghui An
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Pengxia Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China.
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Ishii H, Ishikawa A, Yumoto E, Kurokura T, Asahina M, Shimada Y, Nakamura A. Propiconazole-induced brassinosteroid deficiency reduces female fertility by inhibiting female gametophyte development in woodland strawberry. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:587-598. [PMID: 36629883 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-02981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In woodland strawberry, a brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole induced typical brassinosteroid-deficient phenotypes and decreased female fertility due to attenuated female gametophyte development. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play roles in various aspects of plant development. We investigated the physiological roles of BRs in the woodland strawberry, Fragaria vesca. BR-level-dependent phenotypes were observed using a BR biosynthetic inhibitor, propiconazole (PCZ), and the most active natural BR, brassinolide (BL). Endogenous BL and castasterone, the active BRs, were below detectable levels in PCZ-treated woodland strawberry. The plants were typical BR-deficient phenotypes, and all phenotypes were restored by treatment with BL. These observations indicate that PCZ is an effective inhibitor of BR in woodland strawberry. Only one gene for each major step of BR biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is encoded in the woodland strawberry genome. BR biosynthetic genes are highly expressed during the early stage of fruit development. Emasculated flowers treated with BL failed to develop fruit, implying that BR is not involved in parthenocarpic fruit development. Similar to BR-deficient and BR-insensitive Arabidopsis mutants, female fertility was lower in PCZ-treated plants than in mock-treated plants due to failed attraction of the pollen tube to the ovule. In PCZ-treated plants, expression of FveMYB98, the homologous gene for Arabidopsis MYB98 (a marker for synergid cells), was downregulated. Ovules were smaller in PCZ-treated plants than in mock-treated plants, and histological analysis implied that the development of more than half of female gametophytes was arrested at the early stage in PCZ-treated plants. Our findings explain how BRs function during female gametophyte development in woodland strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Ishii
- Yokohama City University, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maioka 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Ami Ishikawa
- Yokohama City University, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maioka 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Emi Yumoto
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurokura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Masashi Asahina
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8551, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Shimada
- Yokohama City University, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maioka 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura
- Yokohama City University, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maioka 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan.
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Yang Q, Luo M, Zhou Q, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Chen J, Ji S. Insights into Profiling of 24-Epibrassinolide Treatment Alleviating the Loss of Glucosinolates in Harvested Broccoli. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ali MM, Anwar R, Malik AU, Khan AS, Ahmad S, Hussain Z, Hasan MU, Nasir M, Chen F. Plant Growth and Fruit Quality Response of Strawberry is Improved After Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-021-10422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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Su M, Wang S, Liu W, Yang M, Zhang Z, Wang N, Chen X. MdJa2 Participates in the Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway to Regulate the Synthesis of Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin in Red-Fleshed Apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:830349. [PMID: 35615132 PMCID: PMC9125324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.830349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin play important roles in plant secondary metabolism. Although previous studies identified many transcription factors involved in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin synthesis, the effects of MADS-box transcription factors are unclear in apple. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that affect plant flavonoid biosynthesis, but the underlying regulatory mechanism is not yet well established. In this study, we identified a MADS-box transcription factor, MdJa2, which contained a highly conserved MADS-box domain and belonged to the STMADS11 subfamily. Additionally, MdJa2 was responsive to BR signal, and the overexpression of MdJa2 inhibited the synthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. The silencing of MdJa2 in "Orin" calli promoted anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulations. Moreover, MdJa2 interacted with MdBZR1. MdJa2 was revealed to independently regulate anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin synthesis pathways. The MdJa2-MdBZR1 complex enhanced the binding of MdJa2 to the promoters of downstream target genes. Our research provides new insights into how MADS-box transcription factors in the BR signaling pathway control the accumulations of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in red-fleshed apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai’an, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai’an, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai’an, China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Continuing Education, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai’an, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai’an, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai’an, China
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10
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Sharma A, Ramakrishnan M, Khanna K, Landi M, Prasad R, Bhardwaj R, Zheng B. Brassinosteroids and metalloids: Regulation of plant biology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127518. [PMID: 34836689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloid contamination in the environment is one of the serious concerns posing threat to our ecosystems. Excess of metalloid concentrations (including antimony, arsenic, boron, selenium etc.) in soil results in their over accumulation in plant tissues, which ultimately causes phytotoxicity and their bio-magnification. So, it is very important to find some ecofriendly approaches to counter negative impacts of above mentioned metalloids on plant system. Brassinosteroids (BRs) belong to family of plant steroidal hormones, and are considered as one of the ecofriendly way to counter metalloid phytotoxicity. This phytohormone regulates the plant biology in presence of metalloids by modulating various key biological processes like cell signaling, primary and secondary metabolism, bio-molecule crosstalk and redox homeostasis. The present review explains the in-depth mechanisms of BR regulated plant responses in presence of metalloids, and provides some biotechnological aspects towards ecofriendly management of metalloid contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kanika Khanna
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Horticulture, Kulbhaskar Ashram Post Graduate College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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11
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Chen Q, Lin X, Tang W, Deng Q, Wang Y, Lin Y, He W, Zhang Y, Li M, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Tang H. Transcriptomic Complexity in Strawberry Fruit Development and Maturation Revealed by Nanopore Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872054. [PMID: 35909727 PMCID: PMC9326444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative transcription start or termination sites (aTSS or aTTS) as well as alternative splicing (AS) produce diverse transcript isoforms, playing indispensable roles in the plant development and environmental adaptations. Despite the advances in the finding of the genome-wide alternatively spliced genes in strawberry, it remains unexplored how AS responds to the developmental cues and what relevance do these outcomes have to the gene function. In this study, we have systematically investigated the transcriptome complexity using long-read Oxford Nanopore Technologies along the four successive developmental stages. The full-length cDNA sequencing results unraveled thousands of previously unexplored transcript isoforms raised from aTSS, aTTS, and AS. The relative contributions of these three processes to the complexity of strawberry fruit transcripts were compared. The aTSS and aTTS were more abundant than the AS. Differentially expressed transcripts unraveled the key transitional role of the white fruit stage. Isoform switches of transcripts from 757 genes were observed. They were associated with protein-coding potential change and domain gain or loss as the main consequences. Those genes with switched isoforms take part in the key processes of maturation in the late stages. A case study using yeast two hybrid analysis supported the functional divergence of the two isoforms of the B-box protein 22. Our results provided a new comprehensive overview of the dynamic transcriptomic landscape during strawberry fruit development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ximeng Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenlu Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen He
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Haoru Tang
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12
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Yang N, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Xi Z, Wang X. Emerging roles of brassinosteroids and light in anthocyanin biosynthesis and ripeness of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34793267 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important pigments that contribute to fruit quality. The regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by several transcription factors via sophisticated regulatory networks has been studied in various plants. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a new class of plant hormone, are involved in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruits. Furthermore, light directly affects the synthesis and distribution of anthocyanins. Here, we summarize the recent progress toward understanding the impact of BR and light on anthocyanin biosynthesis in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. We review the BR and light signaling pathways and highlight the important transcription factors that are associated with the synthesis of anthocyanins, such as BZR1 (brassinazole-resistant 1, BR signaling pathway), HY5 (elongated hypocotyl 5) and COP1 (constitutively photomorphogenic 1, light signal transduction pathway), which bind with the target genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis. In addition, we review the mechanism by which light signals interact with hormonal signals to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Yang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, China
| | - Zhumei Xi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, China
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13
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He Y, Liu H, Li H, Jin M, Wang X, Yin X, Zhu Q, Rao J. Transcription factors DkBZR1/2 regulate cell wall degradation genes and ethylene biosynthesis genes during persimmon fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6437-6446. [PMID: 34185065 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT (BZR) transcription factors are critical components of the brassinosteroid signalling pathway, but their possible roles in fruit ripening have rarely been reported. In this study, four BZR sequences were isolated from persimmon fruit. Among the four BZR genes, DkBZR1/2 were expressed in persimmon fruit; DkBZR1 protein amount decreased and dephosphorylated DkBZR2 gradually accumulated during the storage period. DkBZR1/2 proteins were localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and accumulated in the nucleus after 24-epibrassinolide treatment. DkBZR1 suppressed the transcription of Diospyros kaki endo-1,4-betaglucanase 1 (DkEGase1) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 1 (DkACS1) by binding to the BR response element (BRRE) in their promoters, and DkBZR2 activated the transcription of pectate lyase 1 (DkPL1) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 2 (DkACO2) by binding to the E-box motif in their promoters. Transient overexpression of DkBZR2 promoted the conversion of acid-soluble pectin to water-soluble pectin and increased ethylene production in persimmon fruit. Our findings indicate that DkBZR1 and DkBZR2 serve as repressors and activators of persimmon fruit ripening, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Eastern HuaLan Avenue, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mijing Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianglan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueren Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinggang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingping Rao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Martín-Pizarro C, Vallarino JG, Osorio S, Meco V, Urrutia M, Pillet J, Casañal A, Merchante C, Amaya I, Willmitzer L, Fernie AR, Giovannoni JJ, Botella MA, Valpuesta V, Posé D. The NAC transcription factor FaRIF controls fruit ripening in strawberry. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1574-1593. [PMID: 33624824 PMCID: PMC8254488 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to climacteric fruits such as tomato, the knowledge on key regulatory genes controlling the ripening of strawberry, a nonclimacteric fruit, is still limited. NAC transcription factors (TFs) mediate different developmental processes in plants. Here, we identified and characterized Ripening Inducing Factor (FaRIF), a NAC TF that is highly expressed and induced in strawberry receptacles during ripening. Functional analyses based on stable transgenic lines aimed at silencing FaRIF by RNA interference, either from a constitutive promoter or the ripe receptacle-specific EXP2 promoter, as well as overexpression lines showed that FaRIF controls critical ripening-related processes such as fruit softening and pigment and sugar accumulation. Physiological, metabolome, and transcriptome analyses of receptacles of FaRIF-silenced and overexpression lines point to FaRIF as a key regulator of strawberry fruit ripening from early developmental stages, controlling abscisic acid biosynthesis and signaling, cell-wall degradation, and modification, the phenylpropanoid pathway, volatiles production, and the balance of the aerobic/anaerobic metabolism. FaRIF is therefore a target to be modified/edited to control the quality of strawberry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martín-Pizarro
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - José G Vallarino
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Meco
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jeremy Pillet
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Casañal
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Catharina Merchante
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biotecnología, Centro IFAPA de Málaga, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, 29140 Málaga, Spain
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 144776, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 144776, Germany
| | - James J Giovannoni
- United States Department of Agriculture and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
- Author for correspondence: ,
| | - David Posé
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
- Author for correspondence: ,
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15
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Li S, Chen K, Grierson D. Molecular and Hormonal Mechanisms Regulating Fleshy Fruit Ripening. Cells 2021; 10:1136. [PMID: 34066675 PMCID: PMC8151651 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the molecular and hormonal mechanisms underlying the control of fleshy fruit ripening and quality. Recent research on tomato shows that ethylene, acting through transcription factors, is responsible for the initiation of tomato ripening. Several other hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroids (BR), promote ripening by upregulating ethylene biosynthesis genes in different fruits. Changes to histone marks and DNA methylation are associated with the activation of ripening genes and are necessary for ripening initiation. Light, detected by different photoreceptors and operating through ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5), also modulates ripening. Re-evaluation of the roles of 'master regulators' indicates that MADS-RIN, NAC-NOR, Nor-like1 and other MADS and NAC genes, together with ethylene, promote the full expression of genes required for further ethylene synthesis and change in colour, flavour, texture and progression of ripening. Several different types of non-coding RNAs are involved in regulating expression of ripening genes, but further clarification of their diverse mechanisms of action is required. We discuss a model that integrates the main hormonal and genetic regulatory interactions governing the ripening of tomato fruit and consider variations in ripening regulatory circuits that operate in other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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16
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Ji Y, Qu Y, Jiang Z, Yan J, Chu J, Xu M, Su X, Yuan H, Wang A. The mechanism for brassinosteroids suppressing climacteric fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1875-1893. [PMID: 33743010 PMCID: PMC8133653 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene is important for the ripening of climacteric fruit, such as pear (Pyrus ussuriensis), and the brassinosteroid (BR) class of phytohormones affects ethylene biosynthesis during ripening via an unknown molecular mechanism. Here, we observed that exogenous BR treatment suppressed ethylene production and delayed fruit ripening, whereas treatment with a BR biosynthesis inhibitor promoted ethylene production and accelerated fruit ripening in pear, suggesting BR is a ripening suppressor. The expression of the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1PuBZR1 was enhanced by BR treatment during pear fruit ripening. PuBZR1 interacted with PuACO1, which converts 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene, and suppressed its activity. BR-activated PuBZR1 bound to the promoters of PuACO1 and of PuACS1a, which encodes ACC synthase, and directly suppressed their transcription. Moreover, PuBZR1 suppressed the expression of transcription factor PuERF2 by binding its promoter, and PuERF2 bound to the promoters of PuACO1 and PuACS1a. We concluded that PuBZR1 indirectly suppresses the transcription of PuACO1 and PuACS1a through its regulation of PuERF2. Ethylene production and expression profiles of corresponding apple (Malus domestica) homologs showed similar changes following epibrassinolide treatment. Together, these results suggest that BR-activated BZR1 suppresses ACO1 activity and the expression of ACO1 and ACS1, thereby reducing ethylene production and suppressing fruit ripening. This likely represents a conserved mechanism by which BR suppresses ethylene biosynthesis during climacteric fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhongyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jijun Yan
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Mingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Su
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Aide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Author for communication:
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17
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Fenn MA, Giovannoni JJ. Phytohormones in fruit development and maturation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:446-458. [PMID: 33274492 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are integral to the regulation of fruit development and maturation. This review expands upon current understanding of the relationship between hormone signaling and fruit development, emphasizing fleshy fruit and highlighting recent work in the model crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and additional species. Fruit development comprises fruit set initiation, growth, and maturation and ripening. Fruit set transpires after fertilization and is associated with auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. Interaction between auxin and GAs, as well as other phytohormones, is mediated by auxin-responsive Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Fruit growth consists of cell division and expansion, the former shown to be influenced by auxin signaling. While regulation of cell expansion is less thoroughly understood, evidence indicates synergistic regulation via both auxin and GAs, with input from additional hormones. Fruit maturation, a transitional phase that precipitates ripening, occurs when auxin and GA levels subside with a concurrent rise in abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. During fruit ripening, ethylene plays a clear role in climacteric fruits, whereas non-climacteric ripening is generally associated with ABA. Recent evidence indicates varying requirements for both hormones within both ripening physiologies, suggesting rebalancing and specification of roles for common regulators rather than reliance upon one. Numerous recent discoveries pertaining to the molecular basis of hormonal activity and crosstalk are discussed, while we also note that many questions remain such as the molecular basis of additional hormonal activities, the role of epigenome changes, and how prior discoveries translate to the plethora of angiosperm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Fenn
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University campus, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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18
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How Hormones and MADS-Box Transcription Factors Are Involved in Controlling Fruit Set and Parthenocarpy in Tomato. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121441. [PMID: 33265980 PMCID: PMC7760363 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit set is the earliest phase of fruit growth and represents the onset of ovary growth after successful fertilization. In parthenocarpy, fruit formation is less affected by environmental factors because it occurs in the absence of pollination and fertilization, making parthenocarpy a highly desired agronomic trait. Elucidating the genetic program controlling parthenocarpy, and more generally fruit set, may have important implications in agriculture, considering the need for crops to be adaptable to climate changes. Several phytohormones play an important role in the transition from flower to fruit. Further complexity emerges from functional analysis of floral homeotic genes. Some homeotic MADS-box genes are implicated in fruit growth and development, displaying an expression pattern commonly observed for ovary growth repressors. Here, we provide an overview of recent discoveries on the molecular regulatory gene network underlying fruit set in tomato, the model organism for fleshy fruit development due to the many genetic and genomic resources available. We describe how the genetic modification of components of this network can cause parthenocarpy, discussing the contribution of hormonal signals and MADS-box transcription factors.
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19
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Zheng T, Dong T, Haider MS, Jin H, Jia H, Fang J. Brassinosteroid Regulates 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA Reductase to Promote Grape Fruit Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11987-11996. [PMID: 33059448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known to regulate plant growth and development. However, only little is known about their mechanism in the regulation of berry development in grapes. This study demonstrates that BR treatment enhances the accumulation of fruit sugar components, reduces the content of organic acids (e.g., tartaric acid), promotes coloration, and increases the anthocyanin content in grape berries at the onset of the veraison, half veraison, and full veraison stages at the rate of 0.0998, 0.0560, and 0.0281 mg·g-1, respectively. In addition, BR treatment was also found to accelerate the biosynthesis of terpenoid aroma components, such as α-pinene, d-limonene, and γ-terpinene, which influence the aromatic composition of grapes. BRs can negatively regulate the expression of VvHMGR, a key gene involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, and reduce the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR). Inhibiting the expression of HMGR promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins and fruit coloration. Meanwhile, after the inhibition, the contents of auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinosteroid (BR) increased, while gibberellin (GA3) and zeatin riboside (ZR) decreased, and its aromatic composition also changed. Therefore, it may be concluded that BRs inhibited HMGR activity and cooperated with VvHMGR to regulate the formation of color, aroma, and other quality characteristics in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Muhammad S Haider
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huanchun Jin
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750000, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750000, China
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20
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Lv J, Pang Q, Chen X, Li T, Fang J, Lin S, Jia H. Transcriptome analysis of strawberry fruit in response to exogenous arginine. PLANTA 2020; 252:82. [PMID: 33040169 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03489-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome and physiological analysis showed that exogenous arginine can delay the ripening process of postharvest strawberry fruit. Arginine (Arg) plays an important role in the growth and development of plants, but its growth and development regulatory mechanisms in strawberry fruit are unknown. In this study, we found that the content of Arg decreased after the onset of fruit coloration and exogenous Arg inhibited fruit coloration. We comprehensively analyzed the transcriptome of 'Sweet Charlie' strawberry fruit with or without Arg treatment and identified a large number of differential genes and metabolites. Based on the transcriptome data, we also found that Arg inhibited ripening, which coincided with changes in several physiological parameters and their corresponding gene transcripts, including firmness, anthocyanin content, sugar content, Arg content, indole-acetic acid (IAA) content, abscisic acid (ABA) content, and ethylene emissions. We also found that Arg induced the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidant enzyme genes, which improved strawberry stress resistance. This study elucidated the molecular mechanism by which exogenous Arg delays strawberry fruit ripening, providing some genetic information to help guide the future improvement and cultivation of strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Pang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Hu S, Liu L, Li S, Shao Z, Meng F, Liu H, Duan W, Liang D, Zhu C, Xu T, Wang Q. Regulation of fruit ripening by the brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene SlCYP90B3 via an ethylene-dependent pathway in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:163. [PMID: 33082970 PMCID: PMC7527449 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of ethylene in fruit ripening has been thoroughly studied. However, the involvement of brassinosteroids (BRs) in the regulation of fruit ripening and their relationship with the ethylene pathway are poorly understood. In the current study, we found that BRs were actively synthesized during tomato fruit ripening. We then generated transgenic lines overexpressing or silencing SlCYP90B3, which encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of BR synthesis. The expression level of SlCYP90B3 was positively related to the contents of bioactive BRs as well as the ripening process in tomato fruit, including enhanced softening and increased soluble sugar and flavor volatile contents. Both carotenoid accumulation and ethylene production were strongly correlated with the expression level of SlCYP90B3, corroborated by the altered expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes as well as ethylene pathway genes in transgenic tomato fruits. However, the application of the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) abolished the promotion effect of SlCYP90B3 overexpression on carotenoid accumulation. Taken together, these results increase our understanding of the involvement of SlCYP90B3 in bioactive BR biosynthesis as well as fruit ripening in tomato, thus making SlCYP90B3 a target gene for improvement of visual, nutritional and flavor qualities of tomato fruits with no yield penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songshen Hu
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Haoran Liu
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Wenyi Duan
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Dongyi Liang
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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22
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Nawaz I, Tariq R, Nazir T, Khan I, Basit A, Gul H, Anwar T, Awan SA, Bacha SAS, Zhang L, Zhang C, Cong P. RNA-Seq profiling reveals the plant hormones and molecular mechanisms stimulating the early ripening in apple. Genomics 2020; 113:493-502. [PMID: 32966860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fruit development and ripening are essential components of human and animal diets. Fruit ripening is also a vital plant trait for plant shelf life at the commercial level. In the present study, two apple cultivars, Hanfu wild (HC) and Hanfu mutant (HM), were employed for RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) to explore the genes involved in fruit ripening. We retrieved 2642 genes, differentially expressed in HC and HM apple cultivars. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed the 569 categories, significantly enriched in biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. KEGG analysis exhibited the plant hormone transduction and flavonoid-anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways, might be involved in the fruit ripening and anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism. A cluster of 13 and 26 DEGs was retrieved, representing the plant hormones and transcription factors, respectively, that may be important for early ripening in HM genotype. This transcriptome study would be useful for researchers to functionally characterize the DEGs responsible for early ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Nawaz
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Research Insitute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 125100 Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Rezwan Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Okara, Punjab Zip code: 56300, Pakistan
| | - Talha Nazir
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hera Gul
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Research Insitute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 125100 Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Tauqir Anwar
- The Directorate General, Pest Warning & Quality Control of Pesticides, Punjab Agriculture Department, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Samrah Afzal Awan
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Syed Asim Shah Bacha
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Ministry of Agriculture, Xinghai South Street 98, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Research Insitute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 125100 Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Research Insitute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 125100 Xingcheng, Liaoning, China.
| | - Peihua Cong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Research Insitute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 125100 Xingcheng, Liaoning, China.
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23
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Zeng J, Haider MS, Huang J, Xu Y, Pervaiz T, Feng J, Zheng H, Tao J. Functional Characterization of VvSK Gene Family in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Revealing their Role in Berry Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4336. [PMID: 32570751 PMCID: PMC7352762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycogen synthase kinase 3/shaggy kinase (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays important roles in brassinosteroid signaling, abiotic stress responses, cell division, and elongation, etc. In this study, we characterized seven grape GSK3 genes, showing high similarities with homologs from other species including Arabidopsis, white pear, apple, orange, and peach. Gene chip microarray data derived from an online database revealed very diverse developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns of VvSKs. VvSK3 and VvSK7 showed much higher expression levels in almost every tissue compared with other members. VvSK7 was highly enriched in young tissues like berries before the veraison stage, young leaves and green stems, etc., but immediately downregulated after these tissues entered maturation or senescence phases. Prediction of cis-elements in VvSK promoters indicated that VvSKs might be sensitive to light stimulation, which is further confirmed by the qPCR data. Constitutive overexpression of VvSK7 in Arabidopsis leads to dwarf plants that resembles BR-deficient mutants. The photosynthetic rate was significantly reduced in these plants, even though they accumulated more chlorophyll in leaves. Transient overexpression of VvSKs in tomatoes delayed the fruit ripening process, consistent with the observation in grapevine which blocks VvSKs by EBR- or BIKININ-promoted berry expansion and soluble solids accumulation. Data presented in the current study may serve as a theoretical basis for the future application of BRs or related compounds in quality grape production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjue Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Muhammad Salman Haider
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Junbo Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Yanshuai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410000, China;
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- Advance innovation center for tree breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Huan Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Jianmin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (M.S.H.); (J.H.); (J.F.); (J.T.)
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24
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Vallarino JG, Merchante C, Sánchez‐Sevilla JF, de Luis Balaguer MA, Pott DM, Ariza MT, Casañal A, Posé D, Vioque A, Amaya I, Willmitzer L, Solano R, Sozzani R, Fernie AR, Botella MA, Giovannoni JJ, Valpuesta V, Osorio S. Characterizing the involvement of FaMADS9 in the regulation of strawberry fruit receptacle development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:929-943. [PMID: 31533196 PMCID: PMC7061862 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
FaMADS9 is the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) gene that exhibits the highest homology to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) RIN gene. Transgenic lines were obtained in which FaMADS9 was silenced. The fruits of these lines did not show differences in basic parameters, such as fruit firmness or colour, but exhibited lower Brix values in three of the four independent lines. The gene ontology MapMan category that was most enriched among the differentially expressed genes in the receptacles at the white stage corresponded to the regulation of transcription, including a high percentage of transcription factors and regulatory proteins associated with auxin action. In contrast, the most enriched categories at the red stage were transport, lipid metabolism and cell wall. Metabolomic analysis of the receptacles of the transformed fruits identified significant changes in the content of maltose, galactonic acid-1,4-lactone, proanthocyanidins and flavonols at the green/white stage, while isomaltose, anthocyanins and cuticular wax metabolism were the most affected at the red stage. Among the regulatory genes that were differentially expressed in the transgenic receptacles were several genes previously linked to flavonoid metabolism, such as MYB10, DIV, ZFN1, ZFN2, GT2, and GT5, or associated with the action of hormones, such as abscisic acid, SHP, ASR, GTE7 and SnRK2.7. The inference of a gene regulatory network, based on a dynamic Bayesian approach, among the genes differentially expressed in the transgenic receptacles at the white and red stages, identified the genes KAN1, DIV, ZFN2 and GTE7 as putative targets of FaMADS9. A MADS9-specific CArG box was identified in the promoters of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - Catharina Merchante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
| | - José F. Sánchez‐Sevilla
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
- Genómica y BiotecnologíaCentro de MálagaInstituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA)MálagaSpain
| | - María Angels de Luis Balaguer
- Plant and Microbial Biology DepartmentNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Present address:
Precision Biosciences, Inc.DurhamNCUSA
| | - Delphine M. Pott
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - María T. Ariza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - Ana Casañal
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
| | - David Posé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - Amalia Vioque
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
- Genómica y BiotecnologíaCentro de MálagaInstituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA)MálagaSpain
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Roberto Solano
- Departmento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Plant and Microbial Biology DepartmentNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Biomathematics ProgramNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and USDA‐ARSRobert W. Holley CenterCornell University CampusIthacaNYUSA
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
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25
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Whitaker VM, Knapp SJ, Hardigan MA, Edger PP, Slovin JP, Bassil NV, Hytönen T, Mackenzie KK, Lee S, Jung S, Main D, Barbey CR, Verma S. A roadmap for research in octoploid strawberry. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:33. [PMID: 32194969 PMCID: PMC7072068 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an allo-octoploid species, originating nearly 300 years ago from wild progenitors from the Americas. Since that time the strawberry has become the most widely cultivated fruit crop in the world, universally appealing due to its sensory qualities and health benefits. The recent publication of the first high-quality chromosome-scale octoploid strawberry genome (cv. Camarosa) is enabling rapid advances in genetics, stimulating scientific debate and provoking new research questions. In this forward-looking review we propose avenues of research toward new biological insights and applications to agriculture. Among these are the origins of the genome, characterization of genetic variants, and big data approaches to breeding. Key areas of research in molecular biology will include the control of flowering, fruit development, fruit quality, and plant-pathogen interactions. In order to realize this potential as a global community, investments in genome resources must be continually augmented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance M Whitaker
- 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida 33598 USA
| | - Steven J Knapp
- 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Michael A Hardigan
- 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Patrick P Edger
- 3Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Janet P Slovin
- USDA-ARS Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, Beltsville, MA 20705 USA
| | - Nahla V Bassil
- 5USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA
| | - Timo Hytönen
- 6Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790 Finland
- 7Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790 Finland
- NIAB EMR, Kent, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - Kathryn K Mackenzie
- 6Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790 Finland
| | - Seonghee Lee
- 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida 33598 USA
| | - Sook Jung
- 9Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Dorrie Main
- 9Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Christopher R Barbey
- 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida 33598 USA
| | - Sujeet Verma
- 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida 33598 USA
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26
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ABA and sucrose co-regulate strawberry fruit ripening and show inhibition of glycolysis. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 295:421-438. [PMID: 31807909 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose play an important role in strawberry fruit ripening, but how ABA and sucrose co-regulate this ripening progress remains unclear. The intention of this study was to examine the effect of ABA and sucrose on strawberry fruit ripening and to evaluate the ABA/sucrose interaction mechanism on the strawberry fruit ripening process. Here, we report that there is an acute synergistic effect between ABA and sucrose in accelerating strawberry fruit ripening. The time frame of fruit development and ripening was shortened after the application of ABA, sucrose, and ABA + sucrose, but most of the major quality parameters in treated-ripe fruit, including fruit weight, total soluble solids, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, the total phenolic content, lightness (L*), chroma (C*), and hue angle (h°) values were not affected. Meanwhile, the endogenous ABA and sucrose levels, and the expression of ABA and sucrose signaling genes and ripening-related genes, such as NCED1, NCED2, SnRK2.2, SuSy, MYB5, CEL1, and CEL2, was all significantly enhanced by ABA or sucrose treatment alone, but in particular, by the ABA + sucrose treatment. Therefore, improving the ripening regulation efficiency is one synergetic action of ABA/sucrose. Another synergetic action of ABA/sucrose shows that a short inhibition of glycolysis occurs during accelerated strawberry ripening. ABA and sucrose can induce higher accumulation of H2O2, leading to a transient decrease in glycolysis. Conversely, lower endogenous H2O2 levels caused by reduced glutathione (GSH) treatment resulted in a transient increase in glycolysis while delaying strawberry fruit ripening. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the ABA/sucrose interaction affects the ripening regulation efficiency and shows inhibition of glycolysis.
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27
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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28
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Effects of Brassinosteroids on Postharvest Physiology of Horticultural Crops: A Concise Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.46653/jhst190203062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are natural polyhydroxylated steroidal plant growth regulators or phyto-hormones. These are ubiquitous in plant kingdom and influence a wide variety of molecular, physiological and biochemical responses of plants. Brassinosteroids have also been applied and their possible role has been investigated on postharvest physiology of various horticultural crops. Brassinosteroids regulate ripening of different non-climacteric and climacteric fruits and influence colour metabolism. They inhibit activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes and delay enzymatic browning. Exogenous application of brassinosteroids inhibits cell wall degradation and delays softening of fruits. In addition, their application regulates sugar and energy metabolism in different fruit and vegetable crops. They suppress lipoxygenase and phospholipase D enzyme activities and conserve higher unsaturated fatty acid contents, suppress electrolyte leakage, inhibit lipid peroxidation and maintain higher membrane integrity eventually leading to suppressed chilling injury during postharvest storage. These alleviate oxidative stress and prolong storage life potential of various horticultural crops. So, the present review summarizes various roles and mechanism of action of brassinosteroids in extending postharvest life and maintaining quality of different horticultural crops.
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Gu T, Jia S, Huang X, Wang L, Fu W, Huo G, Gan L, Ding J, Li Y. Transcriptome and hormone analyses provide insights into hormonal regulation in strawberry ripening. PLANTA 2019; 250:145-162. [PMID: 30949762 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The possible molecular mechanisms regulating strawberry fruit ripening were revealed by plant hormone quantification, exogenous hormone application, and RNA-sequencing. Fruit ripening involves a complex interplay among plant hormones. Strawberry is a model for studies on non-climacteric fruit ripening. However, the knowledge on how plant hormones are involved in strawberry ripening is still limited. To understand hormonal actions in the ripening process, we performed genome-wide transcriptome and hormonal analysis for the five major hormones (abscisic acid and catabolites, auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, and ethylene) in achenes and receptacles (flesh) at different ripening stages of the woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca. Our results demonstrate that the pre-turning stage (a stage with white flesh and red achenes defined in this study) is the transition stage from immature to ripe fruits. The combinatorial analyses of hormone content, transcriptome data, and exogenous hormone treatment indicate that auxin is synthesized predominantly in achenes, while abscisic acid (ABA), bioactive free base cytokinins, gibberellins, and ethylene are mainly produced in receptacles. Furthermore, gibberellin may delay ripening, while ethylene and cytokinin are likely involved at later stages of the ripening process. Our results also provide additional evidence that ABA promotes ripening, while auxin delays it. Although our hormone analysis demonstrates that the total auxin in receptacles remains relatively low and unchanged during ripening, our experimental evidence further indicates that ABA likely enhances expression of the endoplasmic reticulum-localized auxin efflux carrier PIN-LIKES, which may subsequently reduce the auxin level in nucleus. This study provides a global picture for hormonal regulation of non-climacteric strawberry fruit ripening and also evidence for a possible mechanism of ABA and auxin interaction in the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shufen Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Plant hormone, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guotao Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Gan
- Laboratory of Plant hormone, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Wang S, Liu J, Zhao T, Du C, Nie S, Zhang Y, Lv S, Huang S, Wang X. Modification of Threonine-1050 of SlBRI1 regulates BR Signalling and increases fruit yield of tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:256. [PMID: 31196007 PMCID: PMC6567510 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate brassinosteroid (BR) signal strength caused by exogenous application or endogenous regulation of BR-related genes can increase crop yield. However, precise control of BR signals is difficult and can cause unstable effects and failure to reach full potential. Phosphorylated BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the rate-limiting receptor in BR signalling, transduces BR signals, and we recently demonstrated that modifying BRI1 phosphorylation sites alters BR signal strength and botanical characteristics in Arabidopsis. However, the functions of such phosphorylation sites in agronomic characteristics of crops remain unclear. RESULTS In this work, we investigated the roles of tomato SlBRI1 threonine-1050 (Thr-1050). SlBRI1 mutant cu3-abs1 plants expressing SlBRI1 with a non-phosphorylatable Thr-1050 (T1050A), with a wild-type SlBRI1 transformant used as a control, were examined. The results showed enhanced autophosphorylation of SlBRI1 and BR signal strength for cu3-abs1 harbouring T1050A, which promoted yield through increased plant expansion, leaf area, fruit weight and fruit number per cluster but reduced nutrient contents, including ascorbic acid and soluble sugar levels. Moreover, plant height, stem diameter, and internodal distance were similar between the transgenic plants. CONCLUSION Our results reveal the biological role of Thr-1050 in tomato and provide a molecular basis for establishing high-yield crops by precisely controlling BR signal strength via phosphorylation site modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chenxi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Siqi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Recent Advances in Hormonal Regulation and Cross-Talk during Non-Climacteric Fruit Development and Ripening. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits are characterized by having a developmentally and genetically controlled, highly intricate ripening process, leading to dramatic modifications in fruit size, texture, color, flavor, and aroma. Climacteric fruits such as tomato, pear, banana, and melon show a ripening-associated increase in respiration and ethylene production and these processes are well-documented. In contrast, the hormonal mechanism of fruit development and ripening in non-climacteric fruit, such as strawberry, grape, raspberry, and citrus, is not well characterized. However, recent studies have shown that non-climacteric fruit development and ripening, involves the coordinated action of different hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and others. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of non-climacteric fruit development and ripening and their cross-talk by taking grape, strawberry, and raspberry as reference fruit species.
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Wu H, Li H, Chen H, Qi Q, Ding Q, Xue J, Ding J, Jiang X, Hou X, Li Y. Identification and expression analysis of strigolactone biosynthetic and signaling genes reveal strigolactones are involved in fruit development of the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:73. [PMID: 30764758 PMCID: PMC6376702 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and ripening of fresh fruits is an important trait for agricultural production and fundamental research. Almost all plant hormones participate in this process. Strigolactones (SLs) are a new class of plant hormones that regulate plant organ development and stress tolerance, but little is known about their roles in fruit development. RESULTS In this study, we identified SL biosynthetic and signaling genes in woodland strawberry, a typical non-climacteric fruit, and analyzed the expression patterns of these genes in different plant tissues and developing fruits. One D27, two MAX1, and one LBO gene were identified as involved in SL biosynthesis, and one D14, one D3, and two D53 genes as related to SL signaling. The proteins encoded by these genes had similar motifs as SL biosynthetic and signaling proteins in rice and Arabidopsis. The genes had different expression levels in the root, stem, leaf, and petiole of woodland strawberry. In addition, the expression of most SL biosynthetic genes was high in developing carpel, anther, and style, while that of SL signaling genes was high in carpel and style, but low in anther, suggesting active SL biosynthesis and signaling in the developing carpel and style. Notably, the expression of SL biosynthetic and signaling genes was significantly increased in the receptacle after pollination and decreased during receptacle development. Moreover, low or no expression of these genes was detected in ripening fruits. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SLs play a role in the early stages of woodland strawberry fruit development. Our findings provide insight into the function of SLs and will facilitate further study of the regulation by SLs of fresh fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- Present address: Fuyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuyang, 236065 China
| | - Hong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Qi Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qiangqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Juan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
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Bai L, Chen Q, Jiang L, Lin Y, Ye Y, Liu P, Wang X, Tang H. Comparative transcriptome analysis uncovers the regulatory functions of long noncoding RNAs in fruit development and color changes of Fragaria pentaphylla. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:42. [PMID: 30854215 PMCID: PMC6397888 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying fruit development and color change, comparative transcriptome analysis was employed to generate transcriptome profiles of two typical wild varieties of Fragaria pentaphylla at three fruit developmental stages (green fruit stage, turning stage, and ripe fruit stage). We identified 25,699 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) derived from 25,107 loci in the F. pentaphylla fruit transcriptome, which showed distinct stage- and genotype-specific expression patterns. Time course analysis detected a large number of differentially expressed protein-coding genes and lncRNAs associated with fruit development and ripening in both of the F. pentaphylla varieties. The target genes downregulated in the late stages were enriched in terms of photosynthesis and cell wall organization or biogenesis, suggesting that lncRNAs may act as negative regulators to suppress photosynthesis and cell wall organization or biogenesis during fruit development and ripening of F. pentaphylla. Pairwise comparisons of two varieties at three developmental stages identified 365 differentially expressed lncRNAs in total. Functional annotation of target genes suggested that lncRNAs in F. pentaphylla may play roles in fruit color formation by regulating the expression of structural genes or regulatory factors. Construction of the regulatory network further revealed that the low expression of Fra a and CHS may be the main cause of colorless fruit in F. pentaphylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Bai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Chengdu Life Baseline Technology Co., LTD, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Leiyu Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yuntian Ye
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Peng Liu
- Chengdu Life Baseline Technology Co., LTD, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
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Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple Fruit. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081908. [PMID: 30065188 PMCID: PMC6222687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘Hongyu’ apple is an early ripening apple cultivar and usually used for fresh marketing. Due to the short ripening period, most of the fruit are harvested at the commercial maturity stage for proper marketing distribution and a longer shelf life. Fruit ripening involves delicate changes to its metabolic and physiological traits through well-organized synchronization of several hormones and regulatory steps. A clear understanding of these hormonal alterations is crucial for extending the period from commercial to physiological ripening. This study was intended to clarify the hormonal alterations and anthocyanin biosynthesis process prior to and immediate after, the harvesting of apple fruit considering the commercial maturity stage. Fruits harvested at 120 Days after flowering (DAF) (HY_4th) was considered as commercially ripened, 110 DAF (HY_3rd) as pre-ripening and 120 DAF followed by five days storage at 20 °C (HY_20 °C_5) as post-ripening samples. Three different stages of fruit were used for transcriptome assembly using RNA-Seq. Results revealed 9187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the post-ripening samples, which was comparatively lower (922 DEGs) in the pre-ripening fruits. DEGs were subjected to Gene Ontology analysis and 31 categories were significantly enriched in the groups ‘biological process,’ ‘molecular function’ and ‘cellular component.’ The DEGs were involved in hormonal signaling pathways like ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR) and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways such as PAL, 4CL, CHI, DFR, F3H, UFGT. Several transcription factors like the MADS-box gene, MYB, bHLH, NAC, WRKY and HSF were differentially expressed between the pre- and post-ripening fruits. Selected DEGs were subjected to gene expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and the results were consistent with those of RNA-Seq. Our data suggested that in addition to ethylene, ABA and other hormones also play key roles in regulating apple fruit ripening and may interact with the ethylene signaling process. Additionally, our data provided an exhibition of the expression pattern of genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.
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Hou BZ, Xu C, Shen YY. A leu-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase, FaRIPK1, interacts with the ABA receptor, FaABAR, to regulate fruit ripening in strawberry. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1569-1582. [PMID: 29281111 PMCID: PMC5888985 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) is a model plant for studying non-climacteric fruit ripening regulated by abscisic acid (ABA); however, its exact molecular mechanisms are yet not fully understood. In this study, a predicted leu-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinase in strawberry, red-initial protein kinase 1 (FaRIPK1), was screened and, using a yeast two-hybrid assay, was shown to interact with a putative ABA receptor, FaABAR. This association was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays, and shown to occur in the nucleus. Expression analysis by real-time PCR showed that FaRIPK1 is expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit, with a particularly high expression in white fruit at the onset of coloration. Down-regulation of FaRIPK1 expression in strawberry fruit, using Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing, inhibited ripening, as evidenced by suppression of ripening-related physiological changes and reduced expression of several genes involved in softening, sugar content, pigmentation, and ABA biosynthesis and signaling. The yeast-expressed LRR and STK (serine/threonine protein kinase) domains of FaRIPK1 bound ABA and showed kinase activity, respectively. A fruit disc-incubation test revealed that FaRIPK1 expression was induced by ABA and ethylene. The synergistic action of FaRIPK1 with FaABAR in regulation of strawberry fruit ripening is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Zhu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Beijing, P. R. China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yue Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
- Correspondence:
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He Y, Li J, Ban Q, Han S, Rao J. Role of Brassinosteroids in Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki L.) Fruit Ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2637-2644. [PMID: 29509414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones that regulate numerous processes including fruit ripening. In this study, persimmon ( Diospyros kaki L.) fruits were treated with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) or brassinazole (Brz, a BR biosynthesis inhibitor) and then stored at ambient temperature. The results show that endogenous BR contents gradually increased during persimmon fruit ripening. EBR treatment significantly increased both the content of water-soluble pectin and the activities of polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, and endo-1,4-beta-glucanase but significantly reduced the content of acid-soluble pectin and cellulose, resulting in rapid fruit softening. The EBR treatment also promoted ethylene production and respiration rate. In contrast, Brz treatment delayed persimmon fruit ripening. qRT-PCR analysis showed that DkPG1, DkPL1, DkPE2, DkEGase1, DkACO2, DkACS1, and DkACS2 were up-regulated (especially a 38-fold increase in DkEGase1) in the fruit of the EBR-treated group. These results suggest that BRs are involved in persimmon fruit ripening by influencing cell-wall-degrading enzymes and ethylene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng He
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Jiaying Li
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
| | - Qiuyan Ban
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
| | - Shoukun Han
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
| | - Jingping Rao
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
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Expression Profiling of Strawberry Allergen Fra a during Fruit Ripening Controlled by Exogenous Auxin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061186. [PMID: 28574483 PMCID: PMC5486009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Strawberry fruit contain the allergenic Fra a proteins, members of the pathogenesis-related 10 protein family that causes oral allergic syndrome symptoms. Fra a proteins are involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, which might be important for color development in fruits. Auxin is an important plant hormone in strawberry fruit that controls fruit fleshiness and ripening. In this study, we treated strawberry fruits with exogenous auxin or auxin inhibitors at pre- and post-harvest stages, and analyzed Fra a transcriptional and translational expression levels during fruit development by real-time PCR and immunoblotting. Pre-harvest treatment with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) alone did not affect Fra a expression, but applied in conjunction with achene removal NAA promoted fruit pigmentation and Fra a protein accumulation. The response was developmental stage-specific: Fra a 1 was highly expressed in immature fruit, whereas Fra a 2 was expressed in young to ripe fruit. In post-harvest treatments, auxin did not contribute to Fra a induction. Auxin inhibitors delayed fruit ripening; as a result, they seemed to influence Fra a 1 expression. Thus, Fra a expression was not directly regulated by auxin, but might be associated with the ripening process and/or external factors in a paralog-specific manner.
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Wang X, Zhao M, Wu W, Korir NK, Qian Y, Wang Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of berry-sizing effects of gibberellin (GA3) on seedless Vitis vinifera L. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang QH, Zhao C, Zhang M, Li YZ, Shen YY, Guo JX. Transcriptome analysis around the onset of strawberry fruit ripening uncovers an important role of oxidative phosphorylation in ripening. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41477. [PMID: 28195221 PMCID: PMC5307319 DOI: 10.1038/srep41477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much progress has been made towards understanding the ripening of non-climacteric fruit using the strawberry as a model plant, the defined molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, RNA-sequencing was performed using four cDNA libraries around the onset of ripening, and a total of 31,793 unigenes and 335 pathways were annotated including the top five pathways, which were involved in ribosome, spliceosome, protein processing, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signaling, and the important DEGs related to ripening were annotated to be mainly involved in protein translation and processing, sugar metabolism, energy metabolism, phytohormones, antioxidation, pigment and softening, especially finding a decreased trend of oxidative phosphorylation during red-coloring. VIGS-mediated downregulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase gene PDHE1α, a key gene for glycolysis-derived oxidative phosphorylation, could inhibit respiration and ATP biosynthesis, whilst promote the accumulation of sugar, ABA, ETH, and PA, ultimately accelerating the ripening. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that a set of metabolism transition occurred during green-to-white-to-red stages that are coupled with more-to-less DEGs, and the oxidative phosphorylation plays an important role in the regulation of ripening. On the basis of our results, we discuss an oxidative phosphorylation-based model underlying strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Beijing Yuanquanyike Biological Technology Company, Beijing 100197, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Li
- Water Resources and Dryland Farming Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yue Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
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Zhao C, Hua LN, Liu XF, Li YZ, Shen YY, Guo JX. Sucrose synthase FaSS1 plays an important role in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2017. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10725-016-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Serrano A, Espinoza C, Armijo G, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Poblete E, Meyer-Regueiro C, Arce A, Parada F, Santibáñez C, Arce-Johnson P. Omics Approaches for Understanding Grapevine Berry Development: Regulatory Networks Associated with Endogenous Processes and Environmental Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1486. [PMID: 28936215 PMCID: PMC5594091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine fruit development is a dynamic process that can be divided into three stages: formation (I), lag (II), and ripening (III), in which physiological and biochemical changes occur, leading to cell differentiation and accumulation of different solutes. These stages can be positively or negatively affected by multiple environmental factors. During the last decade, efforts have been made to understand berry development from a global perspective. Special attention has been paid to transcriptional and metabolic networks associated with the control of grape berry development, and how external factors affect the ripening process. In this review, we focus on the integration of global approaches, including proteomics, metabolomics, and especially transcriptomics, to understand grape berry development. Several aspects will be considered, including seed development and the production of seedless fruits; veraison, at which anthocyanin accumulation begins in the berry skin of colored varieties; and hormonal regulation of berry development and signaling throughout ripening, focusing on the transcriptional regulation of hormone receptors, protein kinases, and genes related to secondary messenger sensing. Finally, berry responses to different environmental factors, including abiotic (temperature, water-related stress and UV-B radiation) and biotic (fungi and viruses) stresses, and how they can significantly modify both, development and composition of vine fruit, will be discussed. Until now, advances have been made due to the application of Omics tools at different molecular levels. However, the potential of these technologies should not be limited to the study of single-level questions; instead, data obtained by these platforms should be integrated to unravel the molecular aspects of grapevine development. Therefore, the current challenge is the generation of new tools that integrate large-scale data to assess new questions in this field, and to support agronomical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Serrano
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Grace Armijo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaría, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad Católica de TemucoTemuco, Chile
| | - Evelyn Poblete
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Meyer-Regueiro
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Anibal Arce
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Parada
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Santibáñez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Ecophysiology and Functional Genomic of Grapevine, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Patricio Arce-Johnson,
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Espinoza A, Contreras R, Zúñiga GE, Herrera R, Moya-León MA, Norambuena L, Handford M. FcLDP1, a Gene Encoding a Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Domain Protein, Responds to Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid during the Development of Fruits in Fragaria chiloensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:788. [PMID: 27379111 PMCID: PMC4905986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
White Chilean strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis) are non-climacteric fruits, with an exotic color and aroma. In order to discover genes involved in the development of these fruits, we identified a fragment of a gene encoding a late embryogenesis abundant domain protein, FcLDP1, that was expressed in early stages of fruit development, particularly in receptacles. Hormones play key roles in regulating the development of non-climacteric fruits. We show that the brassinosteroid content of the white strawberry varies during development. Additionally, FcLDP1 as well as the closest ortholog in the woodland strawberry, F. vesca (FvLDP1) possess multiple brassinosteroid, as well as abscisic acid (ABA) response motifs in the promoter region, consistent with the response of transiently expressed FcLDP1 promoter-GFP fusions to these hormones, and the rise in FcLDP1 transcript levels in white strawberry fruits treated with brassinosteroids or ABA. These findings suggest that both hormones regulate FcLDP1 expression during the development of white strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Espinoza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Contreras
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo E. Zúñiga
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Moya-León
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Michael Handford
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
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Vallarino JG, Osorio S, Bombarely A, Casañal A, Cruz-Rus E, Sánchez-Sevilla JF, Amaya I, Giavalisco P, Fernie AR, Botella MA, Valpuesta V. Central role of FaGAMYB in the transition of the strawberry receptacle from development to ripening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:482-96. [PMID: 26010039 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The receptacle of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit accounts for the main properties of the ripe fruit for human consumption. As it ripens, it undergoes changes similar to other fruits in sugar : acid ratio, volatile production and cell wall softening. However, the main regulators of this process have not yet been reported. The white stage marks the initiation of the ripening process, and we had previously reported a peak of expression for a FaGAMYB gene. Transient silencing of FaGAMYB using RNAi and further determination of changes in global gene expression by RNAseq, and composition of primary and secondary metabolites have been used to investigate the role played by this gene during the development of the receptacle. Down-regulation of FaGAMYB caused an arrest in the ripening of the receptacle and inhibited colour formation. Consistent with this, several transcription factors associated with the regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway showed altered expression. FaGAMYB silencing also caused a reduction of ABA biosynthesis and sucrose content. Interestingly, exogenous ABA application to the RNAI-transformed receptacle reversed most defects caused by FaGAMYB down-regulation. The study assigns a key regulatory role to FaGAMYB in the initiation of strawberry receptacle ripening and acting upstream of the known regulator ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ana Casañal
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cruz-Rus
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - José F Sánchez-Sevilla
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro de Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro de Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Postdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Postdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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Xu F, Xi ZM, Zhang H, Zhang CJ, Zhang ZW. Brassinosteroids are involved in controlling sugar unloading in Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' berries during véraison. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 94:197-208. [PMID: 26760954 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugar unloading in grape berries is a crucial step in the long-distance transport of carbohydrates from grapevine leaves to berries. Brassinosteroids (BRs) mediate many physiological processes in plants including carbohydrate metabolism. Here, 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries cultivated in clay loam fields were treated with an exogenous BR (24-epibrassinolide; EBR), a BR synthesis inhibitor (brassinazole; Brz), Brz + EBR (sprayed with EBR 24 h after a Brz treatment), and deionized water (control) at the onset of véraison. The EBR treatment sharply increased the soluble sugars content in the berries, but decreased it in the skins. The EBR and Brz + EBR treatments significantly promoted the activities of both invertases (acidic and neutral) and sucrose synthase (sucrolytic) at various stages of ripening. The mRNA levels of genes encoding sucrose metabolic invertase (VvcwINV), and monosaccharide (VvHT3, 4, 5 and 6) and disaccharide (VvSUC12 and 27) transporters were increased by the EBR and/or Brz + EBR treatments. Generally, the effects of the Brz treatment on the measured targets contrasted with the effects of the EBR treatments. The EBR and Brz treatments inhibited the biosynthesis of the endogenous BRs 6-deoxocastastarone and castasterone. Both EBR and Brz + EBR treatments increased the brassinolide contents, down-regulated the expression of genes encoding BRs biosynthetic enzymes BRASSINOSTEROID-6-OXIDASE and DWARF1, (VvBR6OX1 and VvDWF1) and induced BR receptor gene BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (VvBRI1) expression in deseeded berries. Together, these results show that BRs are involved in controlling sugar unloading in grape berries during véraison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhu-Mei Xi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cheng-Jun Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China.
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Fortes AM, Teixeira RT, Agudelo-Romero P. Complex Interplay of Hormonal Signals during Grape Berry Ripening. Molecules 2015; 20:9326-43. [PMID: 26007186 PMCID: PMC6272489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape and wine production and quality is extremely dependent on the fruit ripening process. Sensory and nutritional characteristics are important aspects for consumers and their development during fruit ripening involves complex hormonal control. In this review, we explored data already published on grape ripening and compared it with the hormonal regulation of ripening of other climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. The roles of abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids as promoters of ripening are discussed, as well as the role of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, jasmonates, and polyamines as inhibitors of ripening. In particular, the recently described role of polyamine catabolism in grape ripening is discussed, together with its putative interaction with other hormones. Furthermore, other recent examples of cross-talk among the different hormones are presented, revealing a complex interplay of signals during grape development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Fortes
- BioISI, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Química Biológica (ITQB), Biotecnologia de Células Vegetais, Av. da República, 2781-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Rita Teresa Teixeira
- BioISI, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- BioISI, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Cherian S, Figueroa CR, Nair H. 'Movers and shakers' in the regulation of fruit ripening: a cross-dissection of climacteric versus non-climacteric fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4705-22. [PMID: 24994760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex and highly coordinated developmental process involving the expression of many ripening-related genes under the control of a network of signalling pathways. The hormonal control of climacteric fruit ripening, especially ethylene perception and signalling transduction in tomato has been well characterized. Additionally, great strides have been made in understanding some of the major regulatory switches (transcription factors such as RIPENING-INHIBITOR and other transcriptional regulators such as COLOURLESS NON-RIPENING, TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 and ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs), that are involved in tomato fruit ripening. In contrast, the regulatory network related to non-climacteric fruit ripening remains poorly understood. However, some of the most recent breakthrough research data have provided several lines of evidences for abscisic acid- and sucrose-mediated ripening of strawberry, a non-climacteric fruit model. In this review, we discuss the most recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of fleshy fruit ripening and their cross-talk and the future challenges taking tomato as a climacteric fruit model and strawberry as a non-climacteric fruit model. We also highlight the possible contribution of epigenetic changes including the role of plant microRNAs, which is opening new avenues and great possibilities in the fields of fruit-ripening research and postharvest biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Faculty of Integrative Sciences and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30250 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Carlos R Figueroa
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Helen Nair
- Faculty of Integrative Sciences and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Jalan Raja Permaisuri Bainun, 30250 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Xu F, Luan LY, Zhang ZW, Huo SS, Gao X, Fang YL, Xi ZM. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of young wines made from Yan73 (Vitis vinifera L.) and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes treated by 24-epibrassinolide. Molecules 2014; 19:10189-207. [PMID: 25025149 PMCID: PMC6271388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The grape berries of two varieties, Yan73 (Vitis vinifera L.) and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) (Vitis vinifera L.) were treated with 0.40 mg/L 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), 1.00 mg/L brassinazole (Brz), and deionized water (control), at the veraison period. The EBR treatment significantly increased total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) of Yan73 and CS wines, whereas Brz treatment decreased TPC, total flavonoid content (TFC), TAC in the two wines. Moreover, the content of most of the phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS in EBR-treated wines was significantly higher than that in control. The antioxidant capacities, which determined using DPPH, ABTS and HRSA methods, of the wines were increased by EBR treatment as well. There was a good correlation between the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. The results demonstrated that EBR could enhance the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Yan73 and CS wines, but the effects may vary by different cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Li-Ying Luan
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Huo
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Fang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhu-Mei Xi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Establishment of a rapid, inexpensive protocol for extraction of high quality RNA from small amounts of strawberry plant tissues and other recalcitrant fruit crops. Gene 2013; 537:169-73. [PMID: 24321691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strawberry plant tissues and particularly fruit material are rich in polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds, thus rendering the isolation of nucleic acids a difficult task. This work describes the successful modification of a total RNA extraction protocol, which enables the isolation of high quantity and quality of total RNA from small amounts of strawberry leaf, root and fruit tissues. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of GAPDH housekeeping gene from isolated RNA further supports the proposed protocol efficiency and its use for downstream molecular applications. This novel procedure was also successfully followed using other fruit tissues, such as olive and kiwifruit. In addition, optional treatment with RNase A following initial nucleic acid extraction can provide sufficient quality and quality of genomic DNA for subsequent PCR analyses, as evidenced from PCR amplification of housekeeping genes using extracted genomic DNA as template. Overall, this optimized protocol allows easy, rapid and economic isolation of high quality RNA from small amounts of an important fruit crop, such as strawberry, with extended applicability to other recalcitrant fruit crops.
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49
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Xi ZM, Zhang ZW, Huo SS, Luan LY, Gao X, Ma LN, Fang YL. Regulating the secondary metabolism in grape berry using exogenous 24-epibrassinolide for enhanced phenolics content and antioxidant capacity. Food Chem 2013; 141:3056-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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