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Clark KA, Pachankis JE, Dougherty LR, Katz BA, Hill KE, Klein DN, Kujawa A. Adolescents' Sexual Orientation and Behavioral and Neural Reactivity to Peer Acceptance and Rejection: The Moderating Role of Family Support. Clin Psychol Sci 2024; 12:115-132. [PMID: 38288008 PMCID: PMC10824405 DOI: 10.1177/21677026231158574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Sexual-minority adolescents frequently endure peer rejection, yet scant research has investigated sexual-orientation differences in behavioral and neural reactions to peer rejection and acceptance. In a community sample of adolescents approximately 15 years old (47.2% female; same-sex attracted: n = 36, exclusively other-sex attracted: n = 310), we examined associations among sexual orientation and behavioral and neural reactivity to peer feedback and the moderating role of family support. Participants completed a social-interaction task while electroencephalogram data were recorded in which they voted to accept/reject peers and, in turn, received peer acceptance/rejection feedback. Compared with heterosexual adolescents, sexual-minority adolescents engaged in more behavioral efforts to ingratiate after peer rejection and demonstrated more blunted neural reactivity to peer acceptance at low, but not medium or high, levels of family support. By using a simulated real-world social-interaction task, these results demonstrate that sexual-minority adolescents display distinct behavioral and neural reactions to peer acceptance and rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty A. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - John E. Pachankis
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Clinical Psychological Science Public Health
| | | | | | - Kaylin E. Hill
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
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2
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Cavieres G, Bozinovic F, Bogdanovich JM, Rivera DS. Impact of prolonged chronic social isolation stress on behavior and multifractal complexity of metabolic rate in Octodon degus. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1239157. [PMID: 37928446 PMCID: PMC10622977 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1239157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Social interaction can improve animal performance through the prevention of stress-related events, the provision of security, and the enhancement of reproductive output and survival. We investigated the effects of prolonged chronic social isolation stress on behavioral, cognitive, and physiological performance in the social, long-lived rodent Octodon degus. Degu pups were separated into two social stress treatments: control (CTRL) and chronically isolated (CI) individuals from post-natal and post-weaning until adulthood. We quantified anxiety-like behavior and cognitive performance with a battery of behavioral tests. Additionally, we measured their basal metabolic rate (BMR) and analyzed the multifractal properties of the oxygen consumption time series using Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, a well-known method for assessing the fractal characteristics of biological signals. Our results showed that CI induced a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviors and led to a reduction in social and working memory in male degus. In addition, CI-treated degus reduced the multifractal complexity of BMR compared to CTRL, which implies a decrease in the ability to respond to environmental stressors and, as a result, an unhealthy state. In contrast, we did not observe significant effects of social stress on BMR. Multivariate analyses showed a clear separation of behavior and physiological variables into two clusters, corresponding to CI and CTRL degus. This study provides novel insights into the effects of prolonged chronic social isolation stress on behavior, cognitive performance, and metabolic complexity in this rodent animal model. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study to integrate cognitive-behavioral performance and multifractal dynamics of a physiological signal in response to prolonged social isolation. These findings highlight the importance of social interactions for the well-being and overall performance of social animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisel Cavieres
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Miguel Bogdanovich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela S. Rivera
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology and Environment, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Estévez-García JF, Cañas E, Estévez E. Non-Disclosure and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescent Victims of Bullying: An Analysis from the Family and School Context. PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION 2023; 32:191-201. [PMID: 37691712 PMCID: PMC10484023 DOI: 10.5093/pi2023a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, suicide rates among bullying victims have raised much concern among educators and health professionals. Suicide is the fourth leading cause of preventable death among adolescents, data that warn about the need to monitor the signs before victims' suicidal behavior to prevent this fatal outcome. In the present study, the role of victims' silence about their victimization situation was analysed, as well as the particular impact of family and school environments. More specifically, we examined the mediating role of the victim's non-disclosure between the parental styles (observing the father's and mother's roles separately) and the school climate, concerning suicidal ideation in victims. The sample consisted of 2,977 adolescents (48.5% boys), aged 11-17 years (M = 14.1, SD = 1.42), of whom 635 (21.3%) reported having been victims of bullying in the past year. The results showed that parental styles of rejection and indifference were positively related to victims' non-disclosure of bullying and suicidal ideation. Conversely, a positive school climate showed a negative relationship with victims' disclosure of the bullying situation and suicidal ideation. The findings also indicated that non-disclosure mediates the relationship between the mother's parental style and suicidal ideation. These findings expand knowledge about the role of bullying victims' social context and the variable disclosure with regards to suicidal ideation in adolescents victimized by peers at school.
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Smith TA, Kievit RA, Astle DE. Maternal mental health mediates links between socioeconomic status and child development. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:21967-21978. [PMID: 37692883 PMCID: PMC10482759 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on early child development is well-established, but the mediating role of parental mental health is poorly understood. Data were obtained from The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; n = 13,855), including measures of early SES (age 8 months), key aspects of development during mid-late childhood (ages 7-8 years), and maternal mental health during early childhood (ages 0-3 years). In the first year of life, better maternal mental health was shown to weaken the negative association between SES and child mental health. Better maternal mental health was additionally shown to weaken the association between SES and child cognitive ability. These findings highlight the variability and complexity of the mediating role of parental mental health on child development. They further emphasise the importance of proximal factors in the first year of life, such as parental mental health, in mediating key developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess A. Smith
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rogier A. Kievit
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Duncan E. Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, UK
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Impact of Bullying—Victimization and Gender over Psychological Distress, Suicidal Ideation, and Family Functioning of Mexican Adolescents. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050747. [PMID: 35626924 PMCID: PMC9140152 DOI: 10.3390/children9050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bullying victimization is strongly associated with increased psychological distress and suicide in adolescents and poor family functioning. Knowledge of gender differences influencing these factors will improve the prevention of mental problems and suicide in victimized adolescents. A total of 1685 Mexican secondary students, 12–17 years old (m = 13.65), of whom 54% were girls, responded to a standardized scale questionnaire to analyze such differences. Based on the statistical analysis, girls reported significantly lower family functioning and higher psychological distress and suicidal ideation than boys. The cluster analysis classified adolescents into high (5.78%), moderate (24.07%), and no-victimization (69.76%) groups. Boys predominated in the high (3.1%) and moderate-victimization (12.4%) clusters, and girls in the no-victimization group (39.51%). Multivariate statistical analyses found significant differences between the three groups, with the highest means of psychological distress and suicidal ideation and lowest family functioning in the high-victimization group. Only for suicidal ideation, there was an interaction between gender and the degree of victimization, with girls showing a higher increase of suicidal ideation than boys in the same cluster. Conclusions: Early detection and intervention in bullying-victimized adolescents, aiming to decrease psychological distress and suicidal ideation and strengthen family functioning, should consider contextual gender differences for effective prevention of mental health problems and suicide in adolescents.
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Lisitsa E, Bolden CR, Johnson BD, Mezulis AH. Impact of stress and parenting on respiratory sinus arrythmia trajectories in early adolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22165. [PMID: 34292618 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effects of stress and parenting on 1-year trajectories of physiological emotion regulation capacity among adolescents were examined. Consistent with the vulnerability-stress and allostatic load models, stress (chronic family and marital) was hypothesized to be associated with less favorable trajectories of basal respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) over 1 year. This relationship was further hypothesized to be moderated by parenting practices (warmth, neglect, and rejection) and adolescent sex. Participants included 150 adolescents (51.3% female), 11-15 years of age (M = 13.04, SD = 0.89). Basal RSA and stress were assessed four times across 1 year. Results indicated a significant decrease in RSA over the course of 1 year (β = -0.15, p = .010). Warm parenting style was associated with lower RSA in environments of low marital stress and was also related with higher RSA in environments of high marital stress (β = 0.86, p = .021). Rejecting parenting styles were associated with higher RSA in environments of low family stress and lower RSA in environments of high family stress (β = -0.60, p = .014). These findings may be explained by the Yerkes-Dodson law of optimal stress, suggesting that sufficient environmental challenge is needed to catalyze regulatory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Lisitsa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - China R Bolden
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin D Johnson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amy H Mezulis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of the current article is to explore familial factors that influence the development of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in children and adolescents, including parenting, sibling relationships, and family environment. A multitude of interrelated genetic and familial factors have been found to cause and maintain SAD in children and adolescents. There are many challenges in diagnosing and treating the disorder. Knowledge and awareness of familial factors provide insight on targeted treatments that prevent or ameliorate SAD. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(7), 23-34.].
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Stassart C, Wagener A, Etienne AM. Parents' Perceived Impact of the Societal Lockdown of COVID-19 on Family Well-Being and on the Emotional and Behavioral State of Walloon Belgian Children Aged 4 to 13 Years: An Exploratory Study. Psychol Belg 2021; 61:186-199. [PMID: 34249370 PMCID: PMC8252974 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This exploratory study assessed parents' perceptions of the emotional and behavioral impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on their children. The total sample included 749 children, aged 4 to 13 years old (353 girls, 396 boys); 524 parents took part. The emotional and behavioral changes observed during the societal lockdown, family coexistence, the impact of COVID-19 on family well-being, and the frequency of social contacts before and during this lockdown were investigated. Results show that the most frequently reported difficulties were worry, agitation, anxiety, sadness, loneliness, nervousness, arguing, anger, frustration, boredom, irritability, behavioral problems, and laziness. Family coexistence declined significantly during this lockdown, and parents mentioned that COVID-19 had an impact on family well-being. Various ordinal logistic regressions showed that family coexistence, children's nervousness due to COVID-19, the impact of COVID-19 on family well-being, age, and social contacts before and during this lockdown seemed to explain the various emotional and behavioral changes observed in children during the societal lockdown. These results are discussed and recommendations are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stassart
- Inter University Health and Society Research Unit (URiSS), Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - A. Wagener
- Inter University Health and Society Research Unit (URiSS), Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - A.-M. Etienne
- Inter University Health and Society Research Unit (URiSS), Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Rivera DS, Lindsay CB, Oliva CA, Bozinovic F, Inestrosa NC. "Live together, die alone": The effect of re-socialization on behavioural performance and social-affective brain-related proteins after a long-term chronic social isolation stress. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100289. [PMID: 33426200 PMCID: PMC7785960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness affects group-living mammals triggering a cascade of stress-dependent physiological disorders. Indeed, social isolation stress is a major risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Furthermore, social isolation has a negative impact on health and fitness. However, the neurobiological consequences of long-term chronic social isolation stress (LTCSIS) manifested during the adulthood of affected individuals are not fully understood. Our study assessed the impact of LTCSIS and social buffering (re-socialization) on the behavioural performance and social-affective brain-related proteins in diurnal, social, and long-lived Octodon degus (degus). Thereby, anxiety-like and social behaviour, and social recognition memory were assessed in male and female animals subjected to a variety of stress-inducing treatments applied from post-natal and post-weaning until their adulthood. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship among LTCSIS, Oxytocin levels (OXT), and OXT-Ca2+-signalling proteins in the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex. Our findings suggest that LTCSIS induces anxiety like-behaviour and impairs social novelty preference whereas sociability is unaffected. On the other hand, re-socialization can revert both isolation-induced anxiety and social memory impairment. However, OXT and its signalling remained reduced in the abovementioned brain areas, suggesting that the observed changes in OXT-Ca2+ pathway proteins were permanent in male and female degus. Based on these findings, we conclude degus experience social stress differently, suggesting the existence of sex-related mechanisms to cope with specific adaptive challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Rivera
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina B. Lindsay
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina A. Oliva
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Center of Aging and Regeneration UC (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Cultural Values Influence Relations Between Parent Emotion Socialization and Adolescents' Neural Responses to Peer Rejection. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 50:255-267. [PMID: 33433779 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents' responses to negative social experiences can be influenced by parenting behaviors. This includes how parents react to their child's expression of emotions, an aspect of parenting referred to as emotion socialization. Emotion socialization may intersect with cultural values, particularly collectivism, a socially-relevant attitude that emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships. Examination of a neural measure called the feedback-related negativity (FRN), thought to reflect the degree to which feedback is experienced as aversive, could help elucidate neural contributions to and consequences of the role of collectivism in such family dynamics. Thus, this study examined whether adolescents' endorsement of collectivism moderated the association of parents' dismissive emotion socialization responses (called override responses) and FRN following peer rejection. A community sample of 83 Latinx (n = 32), Asian American (n = 20), and non-Latinx White (n = 31) adolescents ages 13-17 completed a computerized peer feedback task while continuous electroencephalogram was recorded. Their parents completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. Regression analyses demonstrated that adolescents' endorsement of collectivism moderated the association of override responses and FRN following peer rejection, such that FRN was enhanced as override responses increased for adolescents endorsing low and moderate levels of collectivism. Results suggest that there is cultural variation in the association of the emotion socialization strategy of override and adolescents' neural responses to socially-salient events. Findings have implications for parenting interventions designed to enhance adolescents' emotion regulation abilities.
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Chubar V, Van Leeuwen K, Bijttebier P, Van Assche E, Bosmans G, Van den Noortgate W, van Winkel R, Goossens L, Claes S. Gene-environment interaction: New insights into perceived parenting and social anxiety among adolescents. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e64. [PMID: 32507125 PMCID: PMC7355173 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Social anxiety symptoms (SAS) are among the most common mental health problems during adolescence, and it has been shown that parenting influences the adolescent’s level of social anxiety. In addition, it is now widely assumed that most mental health problems, including social anxiety, originate from a complex interplay between genes and environment. However, to date, gene–environment (G × E) interactions studies in the field of social anxiety remain limited. In this study, we have examined how 274 genes involved in different neurotransmission pathways interact with five aspects of perceived parenting as environmental exposure (i.e., support, proactive control, psychological control, punitive control, and harsh punitive control) to affect SAS during adolescence. Methods. We have applied an analytical technique that allows studying genetic information at the gene level, by aggregating data from multiple single-nucleotide-polymorphisms within the same gene and by taking into account the linkage disequilibrium structure of the gene. All participants were part of the STRATEGIES cohort of 948 Flemish adolescents (mean age = 13.7), a population-based study on the development of problem behaviors in adolescence. Relevant genes were preselected based on prior findings and neurotransmitter-related functional protein networks. Results. The results suggest that genes involved in glutamate (SLC1A1), glutathione neurotransmission (GSTZ1), and oxidative stress (CALCRL), in association with harsh punitive parenting, may contribute to social anxiety in adolescence. Isolated polymorphisms in these genes have been related to anxiety and related disorders in earlier work.Conclusions: Taken together, these findings provide new insights into possible biological pathways and environmental risk factors involved in the etiology of social anxiety symptoms’ development. Conclusions. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into possible biological pathways and environmental risk factors involved in the etiology of social anxiety symptoms’ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Chubar
- Mind-Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karla Van Leeuwen
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- School Psychology and Development in Context, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Assche
- Mind-Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bosmans
- Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Noortgate
- Department of Methodology of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Goossens
- School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Claes
- Mind-Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Suicidal Ideation Among Anxious Youth: A Preliminary Investigation of the Role of Neural Processing of Social Rejection in Interaction with Real World Negative Social Experiences. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:163-173. [PMID: 31420764 PMCID: PMC7024007 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal ideation increases in adolescence, especially for anxious youth, and is a frequent precursor to suicide. This study examined whether neural processing of social rejection interacted with negative social experiences to predict suicidal ideation. Thus, to our knowledge this is the first study to examine how brain function may interact with the environment to contribute to suicidal ideation in youth, consistent with a developmental psychopathology perspective. Thirty-six anxious youth (ages 11 to 16) completed diagnostic interviews and questionnaires, an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol, and a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Results showed that youth experienced greater severity of suicidal ideation when they exhibited heightened activation to social rejection in the right anterior insula and also experienced high levels of peer victimization or EMA-measured daily negative social experiences. Findings provide preliminary evidence that alterations in neural processing of social rejection interacts with exposure to negative social experiences to contribute to suicidal ideation.
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Oppenheimer CW, Hankin BL, Young J. Effect of Parenting and Peer Stressors on Cognitive Vulnerability and Risk for Depression among Youth. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 28623624 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parenting behaviors influence clinical depression among youth, but little is known about the developmental processes that may account for this association. This study investigated whether parenting is associated with the onset of clinical depression and depressive symptoms through negative cognitive style, particularly under conditions of high exposure to stressors, in a community sample of children and adolescents (N = 275; 59% girls). Observational methods were used to assess positive and negative parenting during a laboratory social-evaluative stressor task. Depressive symptoms and clinical depressive episodes were repeatedly assessed over an 18-month prospective follow-up period. Results supported a conditional indirect effect in which low levels of observed positive parenting during a youth stressor task were indirectly associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing an episode of depression and worsening depressive symptoms over the course of the study through youth negative cognitive style, but only for youth who also experienced a high number of peer stressors. These findings elucidate mechanisms through which problematic parenting may contribute to risk for the development of clinical depression during the transition into and across adolescence. Implications for depression interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline W Oppenheimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Jami Young
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Fox AR, Aldrich JT, Ahles JJ, Mezulis AH. Stress and parenting predict changes in adolescent respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1214-1224. [PMID: 31077349 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for the development of physiological emotion regulatory systems. While stressful life experiences are known to inhibit adaptive regulation, less is known about how parental socialization of emotion regulation may affect this relation. We examined the effect of stressful life experiences on changes in the resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) levels of 107 (Mage = 12.84, SD = 0.85) young adolescents over a year, moderated by supportive parental responses to negative emotions. The significant interaction (B = 0.02, p = 0.04) indicated that young adolescents who experienced low levels of supportive parenting in the context of high levels of stressful life experiences showed significant decreases in resting RSA over the year, while adolescents who experienced high levels of supportive parenting showed minimal decreases in RSA. Thus, more supportive parenting significantly compensated for the effect of greater stressful life experiences on changes in resting RSA over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Fox
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jaclyn T Aldrich
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua J Ahles
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amy H Mezulis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington
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Thomassin K, Raftery-Helmer J, Hersh J. A Review of Behavioral Observation Coding Approaches for the Trier Social Stress Test for Children. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2610. [PMID: 30619010 PMCID: PMC6308136 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) has become one of the most widely-used protocols for inducing moderate psychosocial stress in laboratory settings. Observational coding has been used to measure a range of behavioral responses to the TSST including performance, reactions to the task, and markers of stress induced by the task, with clear advantages given increased objectivity of observational measurement over self-report measures. The current review systematically examined all TSST and TSST-related studies with children and adolescents published since the original work of Kirschbaum et al. (1993) to identify behavioral observation coding approaches for the TSST. The search resulted in 29 published articles, dissertations, and master's theses with a wide range of coding approaches used. The take-home finding from the current review is that there is no standard way to code the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C), which appears to stem from the uniqueness of investigators' research questions and sample demographics. This lack of standardization prohibits conclusive comparisons between studies and samples. We discuss relevant implications and offer suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacqueline Hersh
- Department of psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
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Protective Factors Associated with Daily Affective Reactivity and Instability During Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:771-787. [PMID: 30328075 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The daily emotional experiences of adolescents are dynamic, vary significantly across individuals, and are crucial to their psychological adjustment, warranting a need to identify factors that promote adaptive affective responses to stressors and attenuated affective instability. The objective of this study, therefore, was to examine protective factors linked to individual differences in daily affective reactivity and instability utilizing a daily diary design in a national sample of 100 U.S. adolescents (13-17 years; 40% girls; 79% White). Adolescents completed a baseline survey and then 14 daily online surveys. Better mother-adolescent communication predicted lower negative affect reactivity, whereas greater use of problem-focused coping strategies predicted higher positive affect reactivity. Greater trait resilience and instrumental support seeking predicted lower negative affect instability. Conversely, more emotional support seeking predicted higher negative affect instability. No factors were associated with positive affect instability, and father-adolescent communication was unrelated to daily affective reactivity and instability. The findings implicate specific protective factors associated with distinct aspects of affective reactivity and instability.
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Bilsky SA, Cloutier RM, Bynion TM, Feldner MT, Leen-Feldner EW. An experimental test of the impact of adolescent anxiety on parental sick role reinforcement behavior. Behav Res Ther 2018; 109:37-48. [PMID: 30096451 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A large body of work links parental sick role reinforcement behavior to adolescent panic vulnerability. To date, however, little work has examined the role of the adolescent in this process. The current study addressed this gap in the literature, using a novel method to experimentally test the impact of adolescent anxiety during a straw-breathing task on parental propensity to engage in sick role reinforcement behavior. An unselected sample of 51 early adolescents (26 female, 10-14 years) and their parents participated in the study. Adolescents were trained to mimic a straw-breathing task, and adolescent reactions to the task were scripted. Parents were randomly assigned to watch their adolescent react either a) anxiously or b) non-anxiously to the straw-breathing task. Parents who viewed their adolescent react anxiously ended the task earlier, reported that they would reinforce more sick role behavior, and reported more negatively valenced reactions during the task than parents who viewed their adolescent react non-anxiously to the task. No group differences emerged in terms of parental self-reported or physiological arousal during the task. Results suggest that adolescent anxiety increases parental sick role reinforcement behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of future directions for reducing parenting behaviors thought to increase vulnerability for panic among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Bilsky
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
| | - Renee M Cloutier
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Teah-Marie Bynion
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Matthew T Feldner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Ellen W Leen-Feldner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
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Herres J, Caporino NE, Cummings CM, Kendall PC. Emotional reactivity to daily events in youth with anxiety disorders. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2018; 31:387-401. [PMID: 29730941 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1472492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although research supports associations between anxiety and emotional reactivity in adults (Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Feldner, M. T., & Forsyth, J. P. (2010). Emotion regulation and the anxiety disorders: an integrative review. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(1), 68-82.), few studies have examined emotional reactivity in anxious youth (e.g., Carthy et al., 2010; Tan, P. Z., Forbes, E. E., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., Siegle, G. J., Ladouceur, C. D., & Silk, J. S. (2012). Emotional reactivity and regulation in anxious and nonanxious youth: a cell-phone ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(2), 197-206.). METHODS Using daily diary methodology, this study examined both negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) reactivity to daily events in youth diagnosed with anxiety (N = 68; 60% female; 78% non-Hispanic White; M age = 11.18 years, SD = 3.17). We also examined whether parent-reported emotion regulation would predict emotional reactivity. RESULTS Participants reported more NA on days they experienced more negative parent and teacher events and less PA on days that they experienced more negative peer events. Additionally, better emotion regulation was associated with less NA reactivity to negative teacher events and to both negative and positive academic events. CONCLUSIONS Interpersonal events have a salient effect on daily affect for anxious youth. Youth anxiety therapists should target emotion regulation associated with negative events involving adults and address barriers to developing and maintaining positive peer relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Herres
- a Department of Psychology , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , USA
| | | | | | - Philip C Kendall
- d Department of Psychology , Temple University , Philadelphia , USA
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Arellano B, Gramszlo C, Woodruff-Borden J. Parental reactions to children's negative affect: The moderating role of parental GAD. J Anxiety Disord 2018; 53:22-29. [PMID: 29154186 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of parental anxiety disorders has been explored in broad categories of parenting behaviors; however, less is known about the impact of parental anxiety on emotion socialization behaviors. The current study tested the conditional effect of parental Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) on one aspect of emotion socialization, parents' reactions to their child's negative affect. Participants were 89 children between ages 3 and 12 and their parents, from a community sample. Parents completed the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-IV (ADIS-IV), an interaction task with their child, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory-II (BAI-II). Overall, the data supported study hypotheses. Parental GAD moderated the relationship between child's negative affect and parental over control and emotional discouragement. Specifically, children's negative affect was positively related to parental emotional discouragement for parents with GAD, but not for parents without a diagnosis. Conversely, children's negative affect was not predictive of parental overcontrol for parents with GAD, but increases in children's negative affect did predict increases in parental overcontrol for parents without a diagnosis. The present findings suggest parents diagnosed with GAD are discouraging of their children's emotional experiences and fail to adjust their level of guidance throughout situations which induce negative affect, leaving children to cope with negative emotions on their own.
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Wallace ML, McMakin DL, Tan PZ, Rosen D, Forbes EE, Ladouceur CD, Ryan ND, Siegle GJ, Dahl RE, Kendall PC, Mannarino A, Silk JS. The role of day-to-day emotions, sleep, and social interactions in pediatric anxiety treatment. Behav Res Ther 2016; 90:87-95. [PMID: 28013054 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Do day-to-day emotions, social interactions, and sleep play a role in determining which anxious youth respond to supportive child-centered therapy (CCT) versus cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)? We explored whether measures of day-to-day functioning (captured through ecological momentary assessment, sleep diary, and actigraphy), along with clinical and demographic measures, were predictors or moderators of treatment outcome in 114 anxious youth randomized to CCT or CBT. We statistically combined individual moderators into a single, optimal composite moderator to characterize subgroups for which CCT or CBT may be preferable. The strongest predictors of better outcome included: (a) experiencing higher positive affect when with one's mother and (b) fewer self-reported problems with sleep duration. The composite moderator indicated that youth for whom CBT was indicated had: (a) more day-to-day sleep problems related to sleep quality, efficiency, and waking, (b) day-to-day negative events related to interpersonal concerns, (c) more DSM-IV anxiety diagnoses, and (d) college-educated parents. These findings illustrate the value of both day-to-day functioning characteristics and more traditional sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in identifying optimal anxiety treatment assignment. Future studies will need to enhance the practicality of real-time measures for use in clinical decision making and evaluate additional anxiety treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, 230 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Dana L McMakin
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 S. W. 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Patricia Z Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Dana Rosen
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Cecile D Ladouceur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Neal D Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Greg J Siegle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- School of Public Health, University of California, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Philip C Kendall
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Anthony Mannarino
- Allegheny General Hospital, Four Allegheny Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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