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Liang Y, Wang Y, Bai R, Liu X. Gender-Specific Trajectories of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Adolescents: Predictive Roles of Distal and Proximal Risk Factors. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02040-4. [PMID: 38926214 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is considered a strong risk factor for suicide. Although NSSI is prevalent among adolescents and varies by gender, few studies have examined the gender-specific trajectory of NSSI and its predictors. This study examined the trajectory of NSSI among Chinese adolescent boys and girls separately, and the roles of distal (i.e., childhood maltreatment and its specific subtypes) and proximal risk factors (i.e., emotional dysregulation, peer victimization) on their trajectories. A total of 3290 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.08; SD = 0.84; 57.6% boys) participated in assessments at three time points. Latent class growth models identified three trajectories for boys: Low stable (92.5%), moderate increasing (5.0%) and high decreasing (2.5%). Four trajectories were identified for girls: Low stable (87.9%), moderate increasing (7.6%), high decreasing (3.0%) and high stable (1.5%). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that both emotional dysregulation and emotional abuse predicted the trajectories of moderate increasing, high decreasing and high stable for girls, as well as predicted moderate increasing and high decreasing trajectories for boys. Peer victimization served as a significant risk factor predicting the moderate increasing and high decreasing trajectories only for girls, while overall childhood maltreatment was a remarkable predictor for the moderate increasing and high decreasing trajectories of boys. The findings highlighted the importance of gender differences in understanding the progression of NSSI and the key predictors, informing effective strategies for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Bai
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Curtis C. Interrupting the Self-Harm Continuum. CRISIS 2024; 45:210-216. [PMID: 38229543 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Background: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has increased rapidly and is frequently linked to suicidal behavior; it has been argued that these behaviors are key points on a self-harm continuum. Aims: The current research explored self-harm and help-seeking behaviors, with the aim of identifying possibilities for prevention of further harm, including suicide. Methods: An online survey of 304 New Zealanders was undertaken, with the majority being aged under 25 and female. Results: Nearly half of the sample had engaged in self-harm and most of those had experienced suicidal thoughts; close to a quarter had made a suicide attempt. NSSI was used as a way of dealing with emotional distress. Very few sought help of any kind, especially professional support; of those who did seek professional support, most found it helpful but did not necessarily stop self-harming as a result. Limitations: Men are under-represented in the sample - though this is in accordance with the population of people who engage in NSSI. Conclusion: Many participants engaged in NSSI and also had suicidal thoughts using NSSI as an emotion regulation strategy; some participants appeared to use NSSI rather than attempting suicide. Given a link between NSSI and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, reluctance to seek help and on-going injurious behavior among some who do seek help, there is a need for increased identification and proactive support specifically focusing on improving emotion regulation and targeted at injurious behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cate Curtis
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, New Zealand
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Vatandoost S, Baetens I, Erjaee Z, Azadfar Z, Van Heel M, Van Hove L. A Comparative Analysis of Emotional Regulation and Maladaptive Symptoms in Adolescents: Insights from Iran and Belgium. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:341. [PMID: 38338225 PMCID: PMC10855736 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Emotional regulation is a critical determinant of adaptive functioning during adolescence, exerting a profound influence on psychological well-being. This study seeks to deepen our understanding of the intricate interplay between emotional regulation and maladaptive psychological symptoms, examining these dynamics through a cross-country comparison. (2) Methods: A total of 224 adolescents, aged 13 to 21 years, from both Iran and Belgium, participated in a cross-sectional comparative study. The study aimed to elucidate the relationship between emotional regulation and mental health functioning, assessing internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and self-injury. A demographic questionnaire, the Emotion Regulation Inventory, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Self-Harm Inventory, were administered. Data analysis incorporated correlation assessments, multivariate analysis of variance, and structured equation modeling. (3) Results: The findings revealed a positive association between emotional dysregulation and psychological symptoms across the entire sample. Conversely, emotional suppression, more prevalent in Iran, showed no significant link with maladaptive symptoms but was associated with self-harm in the Belgian sample. Cultural disparities were evident, with internalizing problems more prevalent in Iran and externalizing issues more common in Belgium. (4) Conclusions: Emotional dysregulation emerged as a common factor compromising mental health. It emphasizes the necessity of considering cultural nuances when developing interventional and preventative programs and calls for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Vatandoost
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Imke Baetens
- Brussels University Consultation Center, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (I.B.); (Z.A.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Zeinab Erjaee
- Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37541-374, Iran
| | - Zahra Azadfar
- Brussels University Consultation Center, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (I.B.); (Z.A.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Martijn Van Heel
- Brussels University Consultation Center, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (I.B.); (Z.A.); (M.V.H.)
| | - Lisa Van Hove
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
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Tan RHS, Shahwan S, Zhang Y, Sambasivam R, Ong SH, Subramaniam M. How do professionals and non-professionals respond to non-suicidal self-injury? Lived experiences of psychiatric outpatients in Singapore. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:14. [PMID: 38178150 PMCID: PMC10768356 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For young people who engage in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), receiving negative responses to their NSSI can pose a barrier to future help-seeking. This qualitative study aimed to explore helpful and unhelpful ways in which professionals and non-professionals respond to NSSI, from the perspectives of individuals with lived experiences of NSSI. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 outpatients (6 males, 14 females) aged 17 to 29 years from a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Singapore, who had reported engaging in NSSI behavior in an earlier study. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and subthemes in the data. RESULTS Professionals' responses were organized into three main themes: 'prescribing solutions without understanding needs', 'disapproval or judgment', and 'helpful responses'. Non-professionals' responses were organized into four main themes: 'emotionally charged responses', 'avoidance and inaction', 'poor understanding of reasons for NSSI', and 'providing tangible support and acknowledging NSSI'. Participants also described how unhelpful responses negatively impacted their willingness to seek help. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a better understanding of responses to NSSI that are considered helpful and unhelpful, and can be used to improve existing guidelines on responding to NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hsiao Shen Tan
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Shazana Shahwan
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Yunjue Zhang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Rajeswari Sambasivam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Say How Ong
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore
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Yang J, Zhao Y. Examining bidirectional relations between sleep problems and non-suicidal self-injury/suicidal behavior in adolescents: emotion regulation difficulties and externalizing problems as mediators. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02334-1. [PMID: 38150149 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous empirical evidences and theoretical framework, sleep problems and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)/suicidal behavior may bidirectionally related to one another. However, this still needs to be examined through longitudinal research. Moreover, the mediating mechanisms accounting for their potential bidirectional relations have yet to be fully investigated. This study thus aimed to evaluate whether sleep problems and NSSI/suicidal behavior promoted each other directly or indirectly through the mediating roles of emotion regulation difficulties (ERD) and externalizing problems. A total of 1648 Chinese adolescents (48.12% boys; Mage = 13.69; SD = 0.82; Age range = 11-16 years old at T1) completed self-report measures on 3-time points across 1 year. Cross-lagged panel models were used to examine the focal longitudinal associations. Results revealed a predictive effect of sleep problems on NSSI and a positive bidirectional relation between sleep problems and suicidal behavior. Moreover, sleep problems exerted an indirect effect on NSSI through ERD, and vice versa. Additionally, both ERD and externalizing problems served as mediators in the pathway from suicidal behavior to sleep problems. This study disentangled the differential mediating roles of ERD and externalizing problems in the longitudinal associations between sleep problems and NSSI/suicidal behavior, which may help provide a more holistic theoretical framework through which to precisely identify key targets for early prevention and intervention of sleep problems and NSSI/suicidal behavior in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Rd, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yinqiu Zhao
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Mitchell E, Rosario-Williams B, Yeshchenko I, Miranda R. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies among emerging adults with different self-harm histories. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2023; 14:100638. [PMID: 38047209 PMCID: PMC10688498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-injurious behaviors have a high prevalence in emerging adulthood. People who engage in self-injury report more emotion regulation difficulties than their peers without self-injury. However, there is little research on how use of emotion regulation strategies varies over brief periods among emerging adults with differing self-harm histories. The current study examined variability in cognitive emotion regulation strategies between emerging adults with no self-harm, previous suicide attempts, or non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Methods Forty-one racially and ethnically diverse participants, ages 18-27, completed measures of cognitive emotion regulation once daily for one week. Results Data collected from 5 of these days were analyzed due to missing data on days 6 and 7. Growth curve analyses revealed differences in trajectories of rumination, acceptance, and catastrophizing, depending on self-harm histories. Specifically, participants with previous NSSI displayed increases in rumination, acceptance, and catastrophizing over time, compared to peers with a previous suicide attempt. Limitations The study design was limited by lack of assessment of self-harm during the daily diary, a limited assessment period of only one week, and distal time period of group classification. Conclusions These findings suggest that while emerging adults with NSSI histories use more emotion regulation strategies, they may need assistance in selecting when and how to use specific strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mitchell
- Hunter College, City University of New York, US
- Catholic University, US
| | | | | | - Regina Miranda
- Hunter College, City University of New York, US
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, US
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Kiekens G, Claes L, Hasking P, Mortier P, Bootsma E, Boyes M, Myin-Germeys I, Demyttenaere K, Cuijpers P, Kessler RC, Nock MK, Bruffaerts R. A longitudinal investigation of non-suicidal self-injury persistence patterns, risk factors, and clinical outcomes during the college period. Psychol Med 2023; 53:6011-6026. [PMID: 36325723 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is known typically to begin in adolescence, longitudinal information is lacking about patterns, predictors, and clinical outcomes of NSSI persistence among emerging adults. The present study was designed to (1) estimate NSSI persistence during the college period, (2) identify risk factors and high-risk students for NSSI persistence patterns, and (3) evaluate the association with future mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). METHODS Using prospective cohorts from the Leuven College Surveys (n = 5915), part of the World Mental Health International College Student Initiative, web-based surveys assessed mental health and psychosocial problems at college entrance and three annual follow-up assessments. RESULTS Approximately one in five (20.4%) students reported lifetime NSSI at college entrance. NSSI persistence was estimated at 56.4%, with 15.6% reporting a high-frequency repetitive pattern (≥five times yearly). Many hypothesized risk factors were associated with repetitive NSSI persistence, with the most potent effects observed for pre-college NSSI characteristics. Multivariate models suggest that an intervention focusing on the 10-20% at the highest predicted risk could effectively reach 34.9-56.7% of students with high-frequency repetitive NSSI persistence (PPV = 81.8-93.4, AUC = 0.88-0.91). Repetitive NSSI persistence during the first two college years predicted 12-month mental disorders, role impairment, and STB during the third college year, including suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS Most emerging adults with a history of NSSI report persistent self-injury during their college years. Web-based screening may be a promising approach for detecting students at risk for a highly persistent NSSI pattern characterized by subsequent adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Kiekens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Penelope Hasking
- Curtin enAble Institute & School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Philippe Mortier
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erik Bootsma
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The KU Leuven - VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Boyes
- Curtin enAble Institute & School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Center for Public Health Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute for Social Research, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Curtis C, Terry M. The Effect of Gender on Identification and Interpretation of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. Psychopathology 2023; 57:18-26. [PMID: 37598669 DOI: 10.1159/000531551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reported rates of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) differ by gender but may be under-reported and under-recognised in men. People engaging in NSSI rarely seek professional help without encouragement, so others play a key role in its identification and potential intervention. The current research investigated others' interpretations of NSSI, examining whether gender affects the likelihood of NSSI identification and views of how common and acceptable NSSI is. METHOD Participants (N = 429; 74.1% female, 23.3% male; please see below for further demographic information) responded to two vignettes describing a person self-injuring by punching a wall or by cutting themselves. The person's gender in each vignette was manipulated. Following each vignette, the participants rated the level to which they agreed the behaviour was common for the gender of the person described, as well as the level to which they agreed the behaviour was acceptable for the gender of the person described, on a 5-point Likert scale. Following both vignettes, participants were presented with a definition of NSSI and rated the level to which they agreed cutting and wall-punching were forms of NSSI on 5-point Likert scales. Independent-samples t tests and goodness of fit χ2 tests were conducted as appropriate. RESULTS Participants were more likely to identify wall-punching as common for men and cutting as common for women. However, there was no significant difference in whether wall-punching was identified as NSSI or considered to be an acceptable behaviour, regardless of the gender of the person engaging in it. That is, although research suggests that men are far more likely to engage in wall-punching as a form of NSSI than women, participants did not recognise this. Overall, the results indicated a gender-dependent difference in how acceptable and common NSSI is thought to be, but no noticeable difference in identification of a behaviour as NSSI. Wall-punching, typically a form of NSSI engaged in by males, tended not to be identified as such. CONCLUSION There is an effect of gender on how NSSI is interpreted, and it seems that men's NSSI is, and will continue to be, under-recognised. This has important implications for the treatment of men's NSSI, which is more likely to be seen as aggression and therefore deserving of punishment than an attempt at emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cate Curtis
- School of Psychology, Division of Arts Law Psychology and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Michaela Terry
- School of Psychology, Division of Arts Law Psychology and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Steinhoff A, Bechtiger L, Ribeaud D, Eisner M, Shanahan L. Self-, other-, and dual-harm during adolescence: a prospective-longitudinal study of childhood risk factors and early adult correlates. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3995-4003. [PMID: 35297361 PMCID: PMC10317800 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the childhood antecedents and adult correlates of adolescent dual-harm (i.e. co-occurring self- and other-harm). We examine the longitudinal associations between (a) social and psychological risk factors in childhood and adolescent dual-harm and (b) adolescent dual-harm and social and mental health impairments in early adulthood. METHODS Participants (N = 1482) are from a prospective longitudinal community-representative study. Dual-, self-, and other-harm were self-reported at ages 13, 15, and 17. Social and psychological risk factors in childhood were assessed between 7 and 11; early adult correlates at age 20. Groups with dual-harm, self-harm only, other-harm only, and no harm were compared. RESULTS Between 13 and 17, 7.2% of adolescents reported dual-harm (self-harm only: 16.2%; other-harm only: 13.3%). Some childhood risk factors (e.g. sensation-seeking, parental divorce, victimization by peers) characterized all harm groups; others were common to the dual- and self-harm (anxiety/depressive symptoms, relational aggression) or dual- and other-harm groups only (low self-control, substance use, delinquency). Adolescents with dual-harm had reported more physical aggression and harsh parenting, and lower school bonding in childhood than any other group. In early adulthood, they reported more anxiety/depressive symptoms, psychopathy symptoms, homicidal ideations, delinquency, and victimization experiences than any other group. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent dual-harm follows psychological problems and social disconnection in childhood and signals risk of psychopathology and isolation in early adulthood. To curb the burden from dual-harm, interventions must target adolescents, families, peer networks, and school environments. Differentiating youth with dual-harm from those with single-harm is important for developing personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekatrin Steinhoff
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bechtiger
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Marrero RJ, Bello M, Morales-Marrero D, Fumero A. Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Family Functioning, and Well-Being Involved in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Suicidal Risk in Adolescents and Young People with Borderline Personality Traits. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1057. [PMID: 37371288 DOI: 10.3390/children10061057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with a borderline personality disorder (BPD) or BPD traits usually have a lifetime history of harmful behaviors. Emotion regulation difficulties are a risk factor for suicide, whereas adequate family functioning and well-being play an important protective role. This study aims to determine the role of emotion regulation difficulties, well-being, and family functioning in the suicide risk and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents and young people with BPD traits. From a sample of 285 young people, 103 (36.1%) had BPD traits (mean age = 16.82, SD = 2.71), and 68.93% were females. The results showed significant differences in personal and family variables according to the type of harmful behavior. Suicide attempts (SA) were mainly predicted by difficulties in impulse control, whereas NSSI was predicted by low family satisfaction. Programs designed to prevent SA and NSSI should consider individual differences, as well as the type of harmful behaviors exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario J Marrero
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Macarena Bello
- Instituto Andrés Bello, 38007 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daida Morales-Marrero
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ascensión Fumero
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
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Warne N, Heron J, Mars B, Solmi F, Biddle L, Gunnell D, Hammerton G, Moran P, Munafò M, Penton‐Voak I, Skinner A, Stewart A, Bould H. Emotional dysregulation in childhood and disordered eating and self-harm in adolescence: prospective associations and mediating pathways. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:797-806. [PMID: 36541428 PMCID: PMC10152493 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional dysregulation may be a risk factor for disordered eating and self-harm in young people, but few prospective studies have assessed these associations long-term, or considered potential mediators. We examined prospective relationships between childhood emotional dysregulation and disordered eating and self-harm in adolescence; and social cognition, emotional recognition, and being bullied as mediators. METHODS We analysed Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data on 3,453 males and 3,481 females. We examined associations between emotional dysregulation at 7 years and any disordered eating and any self-harm at 16 years with probit regression models. We also assessed whether social cognition (7 years), emotional recognition (8 years) and bullying victimisation (11 years) mediated these relationships. RESULTS Emotional dysregulation at age 7 years was associated with disordered eating [fully adjusted probit B (95% CI) = 0.082 (0.029, 0.134)] and self-harm [fully adjusted probit B (95% CI) = 0.093 (0.036, 0.150)] at age 16 years. There was no evidence of sex interactions or difference in effects between self-harm and disordered eating. Mediation models found social cognition was a key pathway to disordered eating (females 51.2%; males 27.0% of total effect) and self-harm (females 15.7%; males 10.8% of total effect). Bullying victimisation was an important pathway to disordered eating (females 17.1%; males 10.0% of total effect), but only to self-harm in females (15.7% of total effect). Indirect effects were stronger for disordered eating than self-harm. CONCLUSIONS In males and females, emotional dysregulation in early childhood is associated with disordered eating and self-harm in adolescence and may be a useful target for prevention and treatment. Mediating pathways appeared to differ by sex and outcome, but social cognition was a key mediating pathway for both disordered eating and self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Warne
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jon Heron
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Becky Mars
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Lucy Biddle
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristolUK
| | - David Gunnell
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Paul Moran
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of BristolBristolUK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation TrustBristolUK
| | - Marcus Munafò
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of BristolBristolUK
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Ian Penton‐Voak
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of BristolBristolUK
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Andy Skinner
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Integrative Cancer Epidemiology ProgrammeBristol Medical School, University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Anne Stewart
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Helen Bould
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation TrustGloucesterUK
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12
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Robinson K, Boyes ME, Wilson MS, Grimshaw GM. Emotional responding to overt and subtle social exclusion among young women who engage in non-suicidal self-injury. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221100. [PMID: 36908988 PMCID: PMC9993057 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
People who engage in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) consistently report greater emotion reactivity and dysregulation than their peers. However, evidence that these self-reports reflect an amplified emotional response under controlled conditions is limited. Here we test the effects of both subtle and overt social exclusion, to determine whether self-reported emotion dysregulation reflects responses to real-time emotional challenge for people who self-injure. We recruited 100 young women with past-year NSSI and 100 without NSSI to an online experiment. Participants took part in a baseline social inclusion ball-tossing game, followed by either an overt or subtle social exclusion ball-tossing game, while we measured negative mood and belongingness. Despite reporting greater emotion reactivity (d = 1.40) and dysregulation (d = 1.63) than controls, women with past-year NSSI showed no differences in negative mood or belongingness ratings in response to either overt or subtle social exclusion. Within the NSSI group, exploratory analyses found greater endorsement of intrapersonal functions predicted greater negative mood following social exclusion (β = 0.19). Given that amplified emotional responding is central to prominent theoretical models of NSSI, findings highlight the need to better understand the divergence in findings between self-reported emotion dysregulation and real-time emotional responding among people who self-injure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealagh Robinson
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark E. Boyes
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Marc S. Wilson
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gina M. Grimshaw
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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13
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Raudales AM, Yang M, Schatten HT, Armey MF, Weiss NH. Daily reciprocal relations between emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury among individuals with a history of sexual assault: The influence of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2023; 53:124-136. [PMID: 36326152 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious public health concern that can be understood within an emotion dysregulation framework. The current study adds to the literature by utilizing a micro-longitudinal design and novel statistical modeling to test reciprocal associations between emotion dysregulation and NSSI, as well as the potential moderating effect of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). METHODS Participants were 81 individuals with a history of sexual assault and NSSI (Mage = 33.80; 67.9% women; 80.2% white) recruited from the community who self-reported on symptoms of emotion dysregulation and NSSI thoughts/behaviors once daily for 7 days. Average compliance rate was 72.8% (SD = 31.3%) and 34 participants (42.0%) endorsed NSSI thoughts/behaviors over the course of the study. RESULTS Findings revealed a significant positive effect of NSSI thoughts/behaviors on subsequent abilities to regulate negative emotions. Furthermore, while results did not detect a moderating influence of baseline PTSS on the relation between emotion dysregulation and NSSI thoughts/behaviors over time, individuals with higher baseline PTSS were found to experience heightened levels of NSSI thoughts/behaviors and emotion dysregulation on average. CONCLUSION Information from this study may be useful for future research and intervention development focused on the intersection of NSSI, PTSS, and emotion dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa M Raudales
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Manshu Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Heather T Schatten
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michael F Armey
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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14
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Kiekens G, Hasking P, Bruffaerts R, Alonso J, Auerbach RP, Bantjes J, Benjet C, Boyes M, Chiu WT, Claes L, Cuijpers P, Ebert DD, Mak A, Mortier P, O’Neill S, Sampson NA, Stein DJ, Vilagut G, Nock MK, Kessler RC. Non-suicidal self-injury among first-year college students and its association with mental disorders: results from the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative. Psychol Med 2023; 53:875-886. [PMID: 34140062 PMCID: PMC8683565 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an issue of major concern to colleges worldwide, we lack detailed information about the epidemiology of NSSI among college students. The objectives of this study were to present the first cross-national data on the prevalence of NSSI and NSSI disorder among first-year college students and its association with mental disorders. METHODS Data come from a survey of the entering class in 24 colleges across nine countries participating in the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative assessed in web-based self-report surveys (20 842 first-year students). Using retrospective age-of-onset reports, we investigated time-ordered associations between NSSI and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-IV) mood (major depressive and bipolar disorder), anxiety (generalized anxiety and panic disorder), and substance use disorders (alcohol and drug use disorder). RESULTS NSSI lifetime and 12-month prevalence were 17.7% and 8.4%. A positive screen of 12-month DSM-5 NSSI disorder was 2.3%. Of those with lifetime NSSI, 59.6% met the criteria for at least one mental disorder. Temporally primary lifetime mental disorders predicted subsequent onset of NSSI [median odds ratio (OR) 2.4], but these primary lifetime disorders did not consistently predict 12-month NSSI among respondents with lifetime NSSI. Conversely, even after controlling for pre-existing mental disorders, NSSI consistently predicted later onset of mental disorders (median OR 1.8) as well as 12-month persistence of mental disorders among students with a generalized anxiety disorder (OR 1.6) and bipolar disorder (OR 4.6). CONCLUSIONS NSSI is common among first-year college students and is a behavioral marker of various common mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Kiekens
- Center for Public Health Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Penelope Hasking
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Center for Public Health Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Institute for Social Research, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordi Alonso
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jason Bantjes
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Corina Benjet
- Department of Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mark Boyes
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Wai Tat Chiu
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David D. Ebert
- Department for Sport and Health Sciences, Chair for Psychology & Digital Mental Health Care, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Philippe Mortier
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Siobhan O’Neill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - Nancy A. Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and South African Medical Council Research Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gemma Vilagut
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew K. Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Hird K, Hasking P, Boyes M. Relationships between Outcome Expectancies and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Moderating Roles of Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Self-Efficacy to Resist Self-Injury. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:1688-1701. [PMID: 34636716 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2021.1983492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the deliberate damage of one's own body tissue in the absence of suicidal intent. Research suggests that individuals engage in NSSI as a means of regulating their emotions and that NSSI is associated with emotion regulation difficulties. There is also evidence supporting the role of outcome expectancies and self-efficacy to resist NSSI. However, it is unclear how these factors work together to explain NSSI. OBJECTIVE To explore whether the relationships between five NSSI-specific outcome expectancies and NSSI history are moderated by emotion regulation difficulties and self-efficacy to resist NSSI. METHOD 1002 participants (Mage = 20.51, 72.5% female, 39.7% lifetime history of NSSI) completed an online survey including measures of NSSI history, outcome expectancies, self-efficacy to resist NSSI, and emotion regulation difficulties. RESULTS Emotion regulation difficulties were associated with NSSI, as was expecting NSSI to regulate affect. Conversely, expectations of communication and/or pain, as well as self-efficacy to resist NSSI were negatively associated with NSSI. Expectancies also interacted with both difficulties in emotion regulation and self-efficacy to resist NSSI in predicting self-injury. For example, the association between expectations of affect regulation and self-injury was weaker when associated with greater self-efficacy to resist NSSI. CONCLUSION These findings provide support for considering NSSI-specific cognitions in concert with emotion regulation when understanding NSSI.HighlightsOutcome expectancies can differentiate people based on NSSI history.Emotion regulation difficulties and self-efficacy to resist NSSI moderate the relationships between outcome expectancies and NSSI history.Emotion regulation difficulties and low self-efficacy to resist NSSI work together to predict NSSI history.
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16
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Gratz KL, Kiel EJ, Mann AJD, Tull MT. The prospective relation between borderline personality disorder symptoms and suicide risk: The mediating roles of emotion regulation difficulties and perceived burdensomeness. J Affect Disord 2022; 313:186-195. [PMID: 35772631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the strong link between borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms and suicide risk, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this association. Theory-driven research clarifying the pathways through which BPD symptoms increase suicide risk over time is needed and may highlight relevant treatment targets for decreasing suicide risk among individuals with heightened BPD symptoms. This study examined the prospective relations among BPD symptoms, emotion regulation (ER) difficulties, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicide risk across five assessments over a 7-month period. Consistent with the interpersonal theory of suicide, we hypothesized that greater BPD symptoms would predict greater suicide risk over time via greater ER difficulties and, subsequently, greater perceived burdensomeness. METHODS A U.S. nationwide sample of 500 adults (47 % women; mean age = 40.0 ± 11.64) completed a prospective online study, including an initial assessment and four follow-up assessments over the next seven months. RESULTS Results revealed a significant indirect relation between BPD symptoms and greater suicide risk over time through greater ER difficulties and later perceived burdensomeness. Results also provided evidence for transactional relations between BPD symptoms and ER difficulties and suicide risk over time. LIMITATIONS All constructs were assessed via self-report questionnaire data. Our measure of suicide risk focuses on only suicidal ideation, plans, and impulses, and not suicide attempts or preparatory behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight both ER- and interpersonal-related factors as key mechanisms underlying suicide risk among community adults with BPD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | | | - Adam J D Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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17
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Burke TA, Hamilton JL, Seigel D, Kautz M, Liu RT, Alloy LB, Barker DH. Sleep irregularity and nonsuicidal self-injurious urges and behaviors. Sleep 2022; 45:zsac084. [PMID: 35397476 PMCID: PMC9189944 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to examine the relationships between sleep regularity and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), including lifetime NSSI history and daily NSSI urges. METHODS Undergraduate students (N = 119; 18-26 years), approximately half of whom endorsed a lifetime history of repetitive NSSI, completed a 10-day actigraphy and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol. A Sleep Regularity Index was calculated for all participants using scored epoch by epoch data to capture rapid changes in sleep schedules. Participants responded to EMA prompts assessing NSSI urge severity and negative affect three times daily over the 10-day assessment period. RESULTS Results indicate that individuals with a repetitive NSSI history were more likely to experience sleep irregularity than those without a history of NSSI. Findings also suggest that sleep irregularity was associated with more intense urges to engage in NSSI on a daily basis, even after accounting for average daily sleep duration, sleep timing, negative affect, and NSSI history. Neither sleep duration nor sleep timing was associated with NSSI history nor daily NSSI urge intensity. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that sleep irregularity is linked with NSSI, including NSSI history and intensity of urges to engage in NSSI. The present study not only supports the growing evidence linking sleep disturbance with the risk for self-injury but also demonstrates this relationship using actigraphy and real-time assessments of NSSI urge severity. Findings highlight the importance of delineating the nuances in sleep irregularity that are proximally associated with NSSI risk and identifying targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David Seigel
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University
Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Marin Kautz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard T Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David H Barker
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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18
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Kapatais A, Williams AJ, Townsend E. The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation on Self-harm among Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Minority (LGBTQ+) Individuals. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 27:165-178. [PMID: 35446245 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2064254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to (1) investigate the role of emotion regulation difficulties among self-harming Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, or Questioning (LGBTQ+) individuals and (2) to test for a mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in self-harm among LGBTQ + individuals. METHOD This study investigated the relationship between LGBTQ + status, self-reported levels of emotion regulation difficulties, and self-harm in a community sample (N = 484, aged 16-63), using an online cross-sectional survey. RESULTS LGBTQ + individuals reported more emotion regulation difficulties and were almost seven times more likely to self-harm than non-LGBTQ + participants. Being an LGBTQ + participant was associated with greater self-harm frequency when controlling for age, income, and difficulties in emotion regulation. Emotion regulation difficulties mediated the association between LGBTQ + status and both self-harm status and frequency. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that treating emotion regulation difficulties might reduce both the prevalence and lifetime frequency of self-harm episodes among gender identity and sexual orientation minority individuals. Targeting emotion regulation might be used as an early prevention strategy among LGBTQ + individuals who are at risk for self-harm. Further, enhancing emotion regulation skills among self-harming LGBTQ + individuals might replace maladaptive emotion regulation strategies with healthy alternatives, and can, therefore, foster resilience. HIGHLIGHTSLGBTQ + individuals are at high risk for self-harm.ER-mediated the association between LGBTQ + status and self-harm.Targeting emotion regulation in LGBTQ + people may help reduce self-harm.
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19
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Kandsperger S, Schleicher D, Ecker A, Keck F, Bentheimer S, Brunner R, Jarvers I. Emotional Reactivity in Adolescents With Non-suicidal Self-injury and Its Predictors: A Longitudinal Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:902964. [PMID: 35873231 PMCID: PMC9304980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.902964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of emergency presentations at child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinics, by children and adolescents with self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, represents very responsible tasks but also offers the opportunity for immediate interventions. The stability and degree of emotional reactivity (ER) is a significant psychopathological symptom for development and maintenance of self-injurious behavior, differentiating between those who have continued to injure themselves and those who have not. In general, the relationship between ER and self-injurious behavior has been shown to be bidirectional. However, the stability of ER over time, as well as important predictors for ER itself have not been investigated so far. Therefore, this present study aimed at investigating the stability of ER over time and the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and ER. Reinforcement functions and several variables of psychological functioning were considered as possible influencing factors. METHODS As part of a longitudinal study, 97 adolescents aged 11-18 years who presented due to self-injurious thoughts or behaviors underwent standardized emergency management. This included a specified detailed psychiatric assessment at baseline (including the Emotion Reactivity Scale, ERS, and the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview, SITBI) and treatment recommendations. These were followed by a catamnestic examination with two follow-up appointments. Changes over time in ER, NSSI, reinforcement functions of NSSI and general indicators of psychological functioning (General Severity Index, GSI) were examined and significant correlations were followed up by a linear-mixed effect model predicting the ERS score over time. RESULTS Data analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in ERS scores and GSI over time. However, reinforcement functions for and the symptomatology of NSSI did not change. Furthermore, no predictive relationship from ER to NSSI could be identified. A linear-mixed effect model predicting the ERS identified the GSI, automatic positive reinforcement (as a reinforcement function for NSSI) and age as the only significant predictors. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate the importance of NSSI reinforcement functions for heightened emotional reactivity and emphasize their role as a point for therapeutic intervention by providing alternatives to NSSI and thereby possibly reducing emotional reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kandsperger
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schleicher
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Ecker
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florentina Keck
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bentheimer
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Irina Jarvers
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Kiekens G, Robinson K, Tatnell R, Kirtley OJ. Opening the Black Box of Daily Life in Nonsuicidal Self-injury Research: With Great Opportunity Comes Great Responsibility. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e30915. [PMID: 34807835 PMCID: PMC8663644 DOI: 10.2196/30915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)-deliberate damaging of body tissue without suicidal intent-is a behavior that occurs in interaction with real-world contexts, studying NSSI in the natural environment has historically been impossible. Recent advances in real-time monitoring technologies have revolutionized our ability to do exactly that, providing myriad research and clinical practice opportunities. In this viewpoint paper, we review new research pathways to improve our ability to understand, predict, and prevent NSSI, and provide critical perspectives on the responsibilities inherent to conducting real-time monitoring studies on NSSI. Real-time monitoring brings unique opportunities to advance scientific understanding about (1) the dynamic course of NSSI, (2) the real-time predictors thereof and ability to detect acute risk, (3) the ecological validity of theoretical models, (4) the functional mechanisms and outcomes of NSSI, and (5) the promotion of person-centered care and novel technology-based interventions. By considering the opportunities of real-time monitoring research in the context of the accompanying responsibilities (eg, inclusive recruitment, sound and transparent research practices, participant safety and engagement, measurement reactivity, researcher well-being and training), we provide novel insights and resources to open the black box of daily life in the next decade(s) of NSSI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Kiekens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kealagh Robinson
- School of Psychology, Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ruth Tatnell
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olivia J Kirtley
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury in prisoners: the mediating role of psychopathy and moderating role of cognitive reappraisal. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Shen J, Wang Y, Kurpad N, Schena DA. A Systematic Review on the Impact of Hot and Cool Executive Functions on Pediatric Injury Risks: a Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling Approach. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 23:366-377. [PMID: 34212300 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children in the USA. Understanding the impact of executive functions (EFs) on the risk of injuries is crucial for developing effective interventions. However, literature has failed to examine the relationship between multiple EFs and injury domains. The present paper quantitatively synthesized research on cool and hot EFs and children's intentional and unintentional injury risks using a novel meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) approach. A systematic review was conducted in the following databases: PsycINFO, Scopus, SafetyLit, Cochrane Central, and PubMed (Medline). After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, a total of 31 studies were eligible for the MASEM analysis. One-stage MASEM was conducted on six conceptualized path analysis models according to the complexity of exogenous and endogenous variables. The MASEM models suggested that hot and cool EFs were negatively associated with children's risk of injury or injury-related risk behaviors regardless of mean age and proportion of females. Among cool EF skills, inhibitory control, but not working memory or cognitive flexibility, was significantly associated with risks of unintentional injuries. Emotion regulation was the dominant hot EF skill examined in the literature and was found significantly associated with risks of non-suicidal self-injuries (NSSIs). EF has a significant impact on children's risk of both unintentional and intentional injuries. Future research should focus on the combined force of hot and cool EF on children's risks of injuries and injury-related risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Shen
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Coburn Hall, 850 Broadway St, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Coburn Hall, 850 Broadway St, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Nayantara Kurpad
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Coburn Hall, 850 Broadway St, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - David A Schena
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Coburn Hall, 850 Broadway St, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
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23
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Self-Critical and Self-Punishment Cognitions Differentiate Those With and Without a History of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Behav Ther 2021; 52:686-697. [PMID: 33990242 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine trait, state, and temporal instability measures of self-critical and self-punishment cognitions to evaluate their respective roles in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Participants were university students with a history of NSSI (n = 64) and those with no history of NSSI (n = 59). At baseline, participants completed measures assessing history of NSSI behavior, as well as trait measures of self-criticism and self-punishment. After completion of baseline procedures, participants subsequently participated in a 10-day ecological momentary assessment protocol in which self-critical and self-punishment cognitions were assessed in real time three times daily. Employing bivariate and multivariate frameworks, our results demonstrate that both trait and state levels of self-critical and self-punishment cognitions robustly differentiate between young adults with and without a lifetime history of NSSI. The present results also confirm that the temporal instability of these cognitive states also meaningfully differentiate between groups, such that those who exhibit greater fluctuations in these cognitive states are more likely to have a history of NSSI. The current findings suggest that trait, state, and temporal instability of negative self-focused cognitions may be vulnerability factors for engagement in NSSI.
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Hamza CA, Goldstein AL, Heath NL, Ewing L. Stressful Experiences in University Predict Non-suicidal Self-Injury Through Emotional Reactivity. Front Psychol 2021; 12:610670. [PMID: 33927664 PMCID: PMC8076506 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical perspectives on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI; direct and deliberate self-injury without lethal intent such as self-cutting or hitting) have long underscored the affective regulating properties of NSSI. Less attention has been given to the processes through which individuals choose to engage in NSSI, specifically, to regulate their distress. In the present study, we tested one theoretical model in which recent stressful experiences facilitates NSSI through emotional reactivity. Further, we tested whether the indirect link between stressful experiences and NSSI was moderated by several NSSI specific risk factors (e.g., having friends who engage in NSSI). Given the widespread prevalence of NSSI among community-based samples of adolescents and emerging adults, we surveyed 1,125 emerging adults in first-year university at a large academic institution (72% female, Mage = 17.96, 25% with a recent history of NSSI at Time 1). Participants completed an online survey three times (assessments were 4 months apart), reporting on their recent stressful experiences in university, emotional reactivity, NSSI, as well as three NSSI specific risk factors (i.e., close friend engagement in NSSI, high self-disgust, and low fear of pain). As expected, path analysis revealed that there was a significant indirect effect of recent stressful experiences on NSSI engagement, through emotional reactivity. However, this effect was maintained across moderator analyses. These novel findings underscore the salient role of proximally occurring stressors in the prediction of NSSI among emerging adults in university, and can inform developing theoretical perspectives on NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Hamza
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abby L Goldstein
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy L Heath
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lexi Ewing
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Self-injury from early adolescence to early adulthood: age-related course, recurrence, and services use in males and females from the community. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:937-951. [PMID: 32572615 PMCID: PMC8140957 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent self-injury is a widespread public health problem, but long-term longitudinal studies from European countries are rare. Self-injury in males and sex differences are poorly understood. This study describes the prevalence, frequency, age-related course, and recurrence of, and mental health services use related to adolescent self-injury. Data came from a Swiss prospective-longitudinal cohort study (N = 1482). Adolescents (52% male) reported frequency of self-injury and mental health services use (including reasons for and types of services use, hospitalizations) at ages 13, 15, 17, and 20. Between ages 13-20, 27% of adolescents reported self-injury at least once. In males, prevalence decreased from 12 to 5%; in females self-injury peaked at age 15 (16%) and then decreased (11% at age 20). In males, recurrence of self-injury increased after age 15 (from odds ratio [OR] < 3 to OR > 10); in females, recurrence was high from age 13 onwards (OR > 5). Predictors of recurrence included childhood/early adolescent internalizing symptoms and early self-injury onset. Typically, less than half of adolescents with self-injury used mental health services. Males with self-injury used services mainly for externalizing problems, learning difficulties, and attention/concentration problems; females for depression or self-injury, family problems, and victimization. Types of services used changed with age, and adolescents with self-injury had increased rates of hospitalization. There are notable sex differences in the longitudinal course of self-injury and reasons for related mental health services use. Treating early internalizing symptoms could be a promising target for preventing recurrent self-injury. Males are at particular risk of not receiving adequate treatment for self-injury.
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Hasking P, Lewis SP, Bloom E, Brausch A, Kaess M, Robinson K. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students at elevated risk of self-injury: The importance of virtual and online resources. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034320974414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), which involves deliberate damage to body tissue without suicidal intent, has long been a concern for schools and school staff. Secondary schools are an ideal setting in which to identify, and appropriately refer, students who self-injure as well as implement evidence-based prevention and early intervention programs. However, in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, schools have been closed and students sent home to learn online. This may result in the exacerbation of existing anxieties and pose several new stressors that cumulatively may increase risk of NSSI. In this article, we draw on recent research and our collective experience working with schools, as well as digital mental health, to outline some of these potential stressors and offer resources for school staff to help students who are engaging in or at risk of NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elana Bloom
- Student Services Department, Lester B Pearson School Board, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amy Brausch
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kealagh Robinson
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Ran H, Cai L, He X, Jiang L, Wang T, Yang R, Xu X, Lu J, Xiao Y. Resilience mediates the association between school bullying victimization and self-harm in Chinese adolescents. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:115-120. [PMID: 32810666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between school bullying and self-harm (SH) in adolescents has been extensively discussed. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanism of this relationship, particularly the role of resilience. Our research aimed to explore and evaluate the potential moderation and mediation of resilience in the association between school bullying victimization and SH in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. METHOD We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey of 3146 adolescents in southwest China. The data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Multivariate Logistic regression which incorporated the product term of bullying victimization and resilience was used to estimate the moderation of resilience. Mediation of resilience in bullying victimization and SH were evaluated by path model. RESULTS The prevalence of bullying involvement and SH were 13.13% (95% CI:9.31%-18.00%) and 47.0% (95% CI: 36.3%-58.0%), respectively. School bullying victimization was positively associated with SH. Resilience was a prominent mediator which accounted for 27.7% of the total association. Among all five dimensions of resilience, emotion regulation (30.90%), interpersonal assistance (24.78%), and family support (22.16%) showed the strongest mediation. Nevertheless, the moderation of resilience in this association was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that resilience strengthening measures, particularly those aimed at improving emotion regulation ability and building social support could be effective in reducing school bullying victimization related SH behaviors among Chinese teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Ran
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Le Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xingting He
- Lincang Psychiatry Hospital, Lincang, Yunnan, China
| | - Linling Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Tianlan Wang
- Lincang Psychiatry Hospital, Lincang, Yunnan, China
| | - Runxu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: Longitudinal evidence of recursive associations with adolescent depression and parental rejection. J Adolesc 2020; 84:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kiekens G, Claes L. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Eating Disordered Behaviors: An Update on What We Do and Do Not Know. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22:68. [PMID: 33037934 PMCID: PMC7547297 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current report aims to summarize recent advances about the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and eating disordered (ED) behaviors and highlights meaningful directions for future research. RECENT FINDINGS While there is solid evidence indicating a robust cross-sectional association between NSSI and ED behaviors, emerging evidence suggests that the temporal relationship between these behaviors may be bidirectional. Shared functions and risk factors may explain why these behaviors often co-develop. At the same time, little is still known about the psychosocial consequences of comorbid NSSI and ED engagement, and there is a lack of intervention studies that target these behaviors simultaneously. It is well-established that NSSI and ED behaviors frequently co-occur. The field should now turn to longitudinal designs to advance our understanding of the longer-term developmental and the shorter-term momentary relationship of these behaviors in daily life. Providing insight into these areas will help guide the deployment of evidence-based interventions that match the needs of clients who report comorbid NSSI and ED behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Kiekens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, box 3720, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Claes
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, box 3720, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Belastende Kindheitserfahrungen und selbstverletzendes Verhalten – die Rolle der Emotionsregulation. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2019; 68:623-638. [DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2019.68.7.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Westers
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Medical Center Dallas, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
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Buelens T, Luyckx K, Gandhi A, Kiekens G, Claes L. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence: Longitudinal Associations with Psychological Distress and Rumination. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:1569-1581. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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