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Shyr C, Grout RW, Kennedy N, Akdas Y, Tischbein M, Milford J, Tan J, Quarles K, Edwards TL, Novak LL, White J, Wilkins CH, Harris PA. Leveraging artificial intelligence to summarize abstracts in lay language for increasing research accessibility and transparency. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2024:ocae186. [PMID: 39008829 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Returning aggregate study results is an important ethical responsibility to promote trust and inform decision making, but the practice of providing results to a lay audience is not widely adopted. Barriers include significant cost and time required to develop lay summaries and scarce infrastructure necessary for returning them to the public. Our study aims to generate, evaluate, and implement ChatGPT 4 lay summaries of scientific abstracts on a national clinical study recruitment platform, ResearchMatch, to facilitate timely and cost-effective return of study results at scale. MATERIALS AND METHODS We engineered prompts to summarize abstracts at a literacy level accessible to the public, prioritizing succinctness, clarity, and practical relevance. Researchers and volunteers assessed ChatGPT-generated lay summaries across five dimensions: accuracy, relevance, accessibility, transparency, and harmfulness. We used precision analysis and adaptive random sampling to determine the optimal number of summaries for evaluation, ensuring high statistical precision. RESULTS ChatGPT achieved 95.9% (95% CI, 92.1-97.9) accuracy and 96.2% (92.4-98.1) relevance across 192 summary sentences from 33 abstracts based on researcher review. 85.3% (69.9-93.6) of 34 volunteers perceived ChatGPT-generated summaries as more accessible and 73.5% (56.9-85.4) more transparent than the original abstract. None of the summaries were deemed harmful. We expanded ResearchMatch's technical infrastructure to automatically generate and display lay summaries for over 750 published studies that resulted from the platform's recruitment mechanism. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Implementing AI-generated lay summaries on ResearchMatch demonstrates the potential of a scalable framework generalizable to broader platforms for enhancing research accessibility and transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Shyr
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Randall W Grout
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Regenstrief Institute, Inc, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Nan Kennedy
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Yasemin Akdas
- Division of Emergency Medicine Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Maeve Tischbein
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Joshua Milford
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Jason Tan
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Kaysi Quarles
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Terri L Edwards
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Laurie L Novak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Jules White
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - Consuelo H Wilkins
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Paul A Harris
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
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2
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Marteleto MRF, Perissinoto J. Cognitive and social adaptation in autism spectrum disorder: A prospective cohort study. SAO PAULO MED J 2024; 142:e2023184. [PMID: 38655981 PMCID: PMC11034700 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2023.0184.r1.16022024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During development, children face a number of demands and cognitive, behavioral, and social challenges necessary for growth. Cognitive skills make individuals competent and allow them to interact with their environment. OBJECTIVE To identify the cognitive skills that promote better social insertion in children with autism spectrum disorder within 12 months. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective cohort study. METHODS In this study, 21 children aged 3-12 years were assessed, and their mothers were interviewed. Children were enrolled in regular or special autistic schools. Twelve months after the first assessment, the same children participated in the second assessment. In individual interviews, mothers provided data by answering the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Each child was assessed individually using the fourth edition of the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale 4th Edition. RESULTS In the first assessment, the Stanford Binet areas and total scores correlated with the communication domains, daily life abilities, socialization, and total score of the Vineland Scale. After 12 months, a correlation was observed between the Stanford Binet areas and the total and communication domains, daily life abilities, socialization, motor abilities, and total score on the Vineland Scale. CONCLUSION Logic mathematics and memory promote better social insertion in children with autism spectrum disorder. General cognitive ability promotes communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Regina Fumagalli Marteleto
- PhD. Psychologist, Postgraduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Jacy Perissinoto
- PhD. Speech Therapist, Associate Professor, Postgraduate Program in Human Communication Disorders, Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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Ross LA, Molholm S, Butler JS, Del Bene VA, Brima T, Foxe JJ. Neural correlates of audiovisual narrative speech perception in children and adults on the autism spectrum: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Autism Res 2024; 17:280-310. [PMID: 38334251 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Autistic individuals show substantially reduced benefit from observing visual articulations during audiovisual speech perception, a multisensory integration deficit that is particularly relevant to social communication. This has mostly been studied using simple syllabic or word-level stimuli and it remains unclear how altered lower-level multisensory integration translates to the processing of more complex natural multisensory stimulus environments in autism. Here, functional neuroimaging was used to examine neural correlates of audiovisual gain (AV-gain) in 41 autistic individuals to those of 41 age-matched non-autistic controls when presented with a complex audiovisual narrative. Participants were presented with continuous narration of a story in auditory-alone, visual-alone, and both synchronous and asynchronous audiovisual speech conditions. We hypothesized that previously identified differences in audiovisual speech processing in autism would be characterized by activation differences in brain regions well known to be associated with audiovisual enhancement in neurotypicals. However, our results did not provide evidence for altered processing of auditory alone, visual alone, audiovisual conditions or AV- gain in regions associated with the respective task when comparing activation patterns between groups. Instead, we found that autistic individuals responded with higher activations in mostly frontal regions where the activation to the experimental conditions was below baseline (de-activations) in the control group. These frontal effects were observed in both unisensory and audiovisual conditions, suggesting that these altered activations were not specific to multisensory processing but reflective of more general mechanisms such as an altered disengagement of Default Mode Network processes during the observation of the language stimulus across conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars A Ross
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - John S Butler
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Victor A Del Bene
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Heersink School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tufikameni Brima
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Monti M, Molholm S, Cuppini C. Atypical development of causal inference in autism inferred through a neurocomputational model. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1258590. [PMID: 37927544 PMCID: PMC10620690 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1258590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, the brain processes a multitude of stimuli from the surrounding environment, requiring the integration of information from different sensory modalities to form a coherent perception. This process, known as multisensory integration, enhances the brain's response to redundant congruent sensory cues. However, it is equally important for the brain to segregate sensory inputs from distinct events, to interact with and correctly perceive the multisensory environment. This problem the brain must face, known as the causal inference problem, is strictly related to multisensory integration. It is widely recognized that the ability to integrate information from different senses emerges during the developmental period, as a function of our experience with multisensory stimuli. Consequently, multisensory integrative abilities are altered in individuals who have atypical experiences with cross-modal cues, such as those on the autistic spectrum. However, no research has been conducted on the developmental trajectories of causal inference and its relationship with experience thus far. Here, we used a neuro-computational model to simulate and investigate the development of causal inference in both typically developing children and those in the autistic spectrum. Our results indicate that higher exposure to cross-modal cues accelerates the acquisition of causal inference abilities, and a minimum level of experience with multisensory stimuli is required to develop fully mature behavior. We then simulated the altered developmental trajectory of causal inference in individuals with autism by assuming reduced multisensory experience during training. The results suggest that causal inference reaches complete maturity much later in these individuals compared to neurotypical individuals. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying neural mechanisms and network architecture involved in these processes, highlighting that the development of causal inference follows the evolution of the mechanisms subserving multisensory integration. Overall, this study provides a computational framework, unifying causal inference and multisensory integration, which allows us to suggest neural mechanisms and provide testable predictions about the development of such abilities in typically developed and autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Monti
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering Guglielmo Marconi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sophie Molholm
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Cristiano Cuppini
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering Guglielmo Marconi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Harwood V, Baron A, Kleinman D, Campanelli L, Irwin J, Landi N. Event-Related Potentials in Assessing Visual Speech Cues in the Broader Autism Phenotype: Evidence from a Phonemic Restoration Paradigm. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1011. [PMID: 37508944 PMCID: PMC10377560 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Audiovisual speech perception includes the simultaneous processing of auditory and visual speech. Deficits in audiovisual speech perception are reported in autistic individuals; however, less is known regarding audiovisual speech perception within the broader autism phenotype (BAP), which includes individuals with elevated, yet subclinical, levels of autistic traits. We investigate the neural indices of audiovisual speech perception in adults exhibiting a range of autism-like traits using event-related potentials (ERPs) in a phonemic restoration paradigm. In this paradigm, we consider conditions where speech articulators (mouth and jaw) are present (AV condition) and obscured by a pixelated mask (PX condition). These two face conditions were included in both passive (simply viewing a speaking face) and active (participants were required to press a button for a specific consonant-vowel stimulus) experiments. The results revealed an N100 ERP component which was present for all listening contexts and conditions; however, it was attenuated in the active AV condition where participants were able to view the speaker's face, including the mouth and jaw. The P300 ERP component was present within the active experiment only, and significantly greater within the AV condition compared to the PX condition. This suggests increased neural effort for detecting deviant stimuli when visible articulation was present and visual influence on perception. Finally, the P300 response was negatively correlated with autism-like traits, suggesting that higher autistic traits were associated with generally smaller P300 responses in the active AV and PX conditions. The conclusions support the finding that atypical audiovisual processing may be characteristic of the BAP in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Harwood
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Alisa Baron
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | | | - Luca Campanelli
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Julia Irwin
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | - Nicole Landi
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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6
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Baron A, Harwood V, Kleinman D, Campanelli L, Molski J, Landi N, Irwin J. Where on the face do we look during phonemic restoration: An eye-tracking study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1005186. [PMID: 37303890 PMCID: PMC10249372 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1005186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Face to face communication typically involves audio and visual components to the speech signal. To examine the effect of task demands on gaze patterns in response to a speaking face, adults participated in two eye-tracking experiments with an audiovisual (articulatory information from the mouth was visible) and a pixelated condition (articulatory information was not visible). Further, task demands were manipulated by having listeners respond in a passive (no response) or an active (button press response) context. The active experiment required participants to discriminate between speech stimuli and was designed to mimic environmental situations which require one to use visual information to disambiguate the speaker's message, simulating different listening conditions in real-world settings. Stimuli included a clear exemplar of the syllable /ba/ and a second exemplar in which the formant initial consonant was reduced creating an /a/-like consonant. Consistent with our hypothesis, results revealed that the greatest fixations to the mouth were present in the audiovisual active experiment and visual articulatory information led to a phonemic restoration effect for the /a/ speech token. In the pixelated condition, participants fixated on the eyes, and discrimination of the deviant token within the active experiment was significantly greater than the audiovisual condition. These results suggest that when required to disambiguate changes in speech, adults may look to the mouth for additional cues to support processing when it is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Baron
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Vanessa Harwood
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | | | - Luca Campanelli
- Department of Communicative Disorders, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Joseph Molski
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Nicole Landi
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Julia Irwin
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
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7
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Sensitivity to interaural level and time differences in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19142. [PMID: 36351979 PMCID: PMC9646699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are reported to exhibit degraded performance in sound localization. This study investigated whether the sensitivity to the interaural level differences (ILDs) and interaural time differences (ITDs), major cues for horizontal sound localization, are affected in ASD. Thresholds for discriminating the ILD and ITD were measured for adults with ASD and age- and IQ-matched controls in a lateralization experiment. Results show that the ASD group exhibited higher ILD and ITD thresholds than the control group. Moreover, there was a significant diversity of ITD sensitivity in the ASD group, and it contained a larger proportion of participants with poor ITD sensitivity than the control group. The current study suggests that deficits in relatively low-level processes in the auditory pathway are implicated in degraded performance of sound localization in individuals with ASD. The results are consistent with the structural abnormalities and great variability in the morphology in the brainstem reported by neuroanatomical studies of ASD.
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Tsurugizawa T. Translational Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Autism Spectrum Disorder From the Mouse Model to Human. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:872036. [PMID: 35585926 PMCID: PMC9108701 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.872036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by behavioral features such as impaired social communication, repetitive behavior patterns, and a lack of interest in novel objects. A multimodal neuroimaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with ASD shows highly heterogeneous abnormalities in function and structure in the brain associated with specific behavioral features. To elucidate the mechanism of ASD, several ASD mouse models have been generated, by focusing on some of the ASD risk genes. A specific behavioral feature of an ASD mouse model is caused by an altered gene expression or a modification of a gene product. Using these mouse models, a high field preclinical MRI enables us to non-invasively investigate the neuronal mechanism of the altered brain function associated with the behavior and ASD risk genes. Thus, MRI is a promising translational approach to bridge the gap between mice and humans. This review presents the evidence for multimodal MRI, including functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and volumetric analysis, in ASD mouse models and in patients with ASD and discusses the future directions for the translational study of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomokazu Tsurugizawa,
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9
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Andreou G, Raxioni K. Language development, reading and word learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): a review on eye tracking studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 70:2-19. [PMID: 38456140 PMCID: PMC10916904 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.2024404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this article is to review research that has been conducted over the past five years on language development, reading skills and word learning with the use of the eye tracking machine as regards the population with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in comparison to typically developed population. Materials and methods: A combination of relevant terms from Google Scholar, Research Gate and PsychINFO databases was used and as a result 24 studies emerged. The total number of studies that met the inclusion criteria was 21. Results: Studies focusing on the language development of people with ASD have presented significant findings regarding vocabulary processing and the preferential focus on specific stimuli (images, audio) over a wide range of ages that in some cases have not been investigated until then. Furthermore, studies on reading have found that adults with ASD showed a strong preference for images and symbols over texts, longer reading time and performances similar to the typical population in vocabulary processing. Studies on word learning demonstrated that adults with ASD are able to rely on gaze cues in order to learn a new word and they have the ability to use syntactic bootstrapping. For preschool and early school-aged children with ASD the results showed that they are capable of cross-situational learning. Conclusions: This review provides information on the effectiveness of the eye tracking method as a tool that can contribute to the identification of deficits in language processing on the part of individuals with ASD from early childhood to adulthood, and more specifically as regards the domains of language development, reading and word learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Andreou
- Department of Special Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Katerina Raxioni
- Department of Special Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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Butera IM, Larson ED, DeFreese AJ, Lee AKC, Gifford RH, Wallace MT. Functional localization of audiovisual speech using near infrared spectroscopy. Brain Topogr 2022; 35:416-430. [PMID: 35821542 PMCID: PMC9334437 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visual cues are especially vital for hearing impaired individuals such as cochlear implant (CI) users to understand speech in noise. Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a light-based imaging technology that is ideally suited for measuring the brain activity of CI users due to its compatibility with both the ferromagnetic and electrical components of these implants. In a preliminary step toward better elucidating the behavioral and neural correlates of audiovisual (AV) speech integration in CI users, we designed a speech-in-noise task and measured the extent to which 24 normal hearing individuals could integrate the audio of spoken monosyllabic words with the corresponding visual signals of a female speaker. In our behavioral task, we found that audiovisual pairings provided average improvements of 103% and 197% over auditory-alone listening conditions in -6 and -9 dB signal-to-noise ratios consisting of multi-talker background noise. In an fNIRS task using similar stimuli, we measured activity during auditory-only listening, visual-only lipreading, and AV listening conditions. We identified cortical activity in all three conditions over regions of middle and superior temporal cortex typically associated with speech processing and audiovisual integration. In addition, three channels active during the lipreading condition showed uncorrected correlations associated with behavioral measures of audiovisual gain as well as with the McGurk effect. Further work focusing primarily on the regions of interest identified in this study could test how AV speech integration may differ for CI users who rely on this mechanism for daily communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliza M. Butera
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Eric D. Larson
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Andrea J. DeFreese
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Adrian KC Lee
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington USA
| | - René H. Gifford
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Mark T. Wallace
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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11
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Beker S, Foxe JJ, Molholm S. Oscillatory entrainment mechanisms and anticipatory predictive processes in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1783-1798. [PMID: 34644178 PMCID: PMC8794059 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00329.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipating near-future events is fundamental to adaptive behavior, whereby neural processing of predictable stimuli is significantly facilitated relative to nonpredictable events. Neural oscillations appear to be a key anticipatory mechanism by which processing of upcoming stimuli is modified, and they often entrain to rhythmic environmental sequences. Clinical and anecdotal observations have led to the hypothesis that people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have deficits in generating predictions, and as such, a candidate neural mechanism may be failure to adequately entrain neural activity to repetitive environmental patterns, to facilitate temporal predictions. We tested this hypothesis by interrogating temporal predictions and rhythmic entrainment using behavioral and electrophysiological approaches. We recorded high-density electroencephalography in children with ASD and typically developing (TD) age- and IQ-matched controls, while they reacted to an auditory target as quickly as possible. This auditory event was either preceded by predictive rhythmic visual cues or was not preceded by any cue. Both ASD and control groups presented comparable behavioral facilitation in response to the Cue versus No-Cue condition, challenging the hypothesis that children with ASD have deficits in generating temporal predictions. Analyses of the electrophysiological data, in contrast, revealed significantly reduced neural entrainment to the visual cues and altered anticipatory processes in the ASD group. This was the case despite intact stimulus-evoked visual responses. These results support intact behavioral temporal prediction in response to a cue in ASD, in the face of altered neural entrainment and anticipatory processes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined behavioral and EEG indices of predictive processing in children with ASD to rhythmically predictable stimuli. Although behavioral measures of predictive processing and evoked neural responses were intact in the ASD group, neurophysiological measures of preparatory activity and entrainment were impaired. When sensory events are presented in a predictable temporal pattern, performance and neuronal responses in ASD may be governed more by the occurrence of the events themselves and less by their anticipated timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Beker
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Sophie Molholm
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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12
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Feldman JI, Conrad JG, Kuang W, Tu A, Liu Y, Simon DM, Wallace MT, Woynaroski TG. Relations Between the McGurk Effect, Social and Communication Skill, and Autistic Features in Children with and without Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:1920-1928. [PMID: 34101080 PMCID: PMC8842559 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism show alterations in multisensory integration that have been theoretically and empirically linked with the core and related features of autism. It is unclear, however, to what extent multisensory integration maps onto features of autism within children with and without autism. This study, thus, evaluates relations between audiovisual integration and core and related autism features across children with and without autism. Thirty-six children reported perceptions of the McGurk illusion during a psychophysical task. Parents reported on participants' autistic features. Increased report of illusory percepts tended to covary with reduced autistic features and greater communication skill. Some relations, though, were moderated by group. This work suggests that associations between multisensory integration and higher-order skills are present, but in some instances vary according to diagnostic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob I Feldman
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, MCE 8310 South Tower, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Frist Center for Autism & Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Julie G Conrad
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wayne Kuang
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Tu
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Simon
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, MCE 8310 South Tower, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Frist Center for Autism & Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tiffany G Woynaroski
- Frist Center for Autism & Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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13
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Miller LJ, Marco EJ, Chu RC, Camarata S. Editorial: Sensory Processing Across the Lifespan: A 25-Year Initiative to Understand Neurophysiology, Behaviors, and Treatment Effectiveness for Sensory Processing. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:652218. [PMID: 33897385 PMCID: PMC8063042 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.652218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Jane Miller
- Department of Pediatrics (Emeritus), University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States.,Sensory Therapies and Research Institute for Sensory Processing Disorder, Centennial, CO, United States
| | - Elysa J Marco
- Cortica (United States), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Robyn C Chu
- Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Growing Healthy Children Therapy Services, Rescue, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Camarata
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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14
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Stevenson RA, Ruppel J, Sun SZ, Segers M, Zapparoli BL, Bebko JM, Barense MD, Ferber S. Visual working memory and sensory processing in autistic children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3648. [PMID: 33574399 PMCID: PMC7878880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
While atypical sensory processing is one of the more ubiquitous symptoms in autism spectrum disorder, the exact nature of these sensory issues remains unclear, with different studies showing either enhanced or deficient sensory processing. Using a well-established continuous cued-recall task that assesses visual working memory, the current study provides novel evidence reconciling these apparently discrepant findings. Autistic children exhibited perceptual advantages in both likelihood of recall and recall precision relative to their typically-developed peers. When autistic children did make errors, however, they showed a higher probability of erroneously binding a given colour with the incorrect spatial location. These data align with neural-architecture models for feature binding in visual working memory, suggesting that atypical population-level neural noise in the report dimension (colour) and cue dimension (spatial location) may drive both the increase in probability of recall and precision of colour recall as well as the increase in proportion of binding errors when making an error, respectively. These changes are likely to impact core symptomatology associated with autism, as perceptual binding and working memory play significant roles in higher-order tasks, such as communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Stevenson
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6G 2K3 Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada ,grid.21100.320000 0004 1936 9430Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Justin Ruppel
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sol Z. Sun
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Magali Segers
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6G 2K3 Canada ,grid.21100.320000 0004 1936 9430Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Busisiwe L. Zapparoli
- grid.21100.320000 0004 1936 9430Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - James M. Bebko
- grid.21100.320000 0004 1936 9430Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Morgan D. Barense
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Susanne Ferber
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
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15
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Ainsworth K, Ostrolenk A, Irion C, Bertone A. Reduced multisensory facilitation exists at different periods of development in autism. Cortex 2020; 134:195-206. [PMID: 33291045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atypical sensory processing is now recognised as a key component of an autism diagnosis. The integration of multiple sensory inputs (multisensory integration (MSI)) is thought to be idiosyncratic in autistic individuals and may have cascading effects on the development of higher-level skills such as social communication. Multisensory facilitation was assessed using a target detection paradigm in 45 autistic and 111 neurotypical individuals, matched on age and IQ. Target stimuli were: auditory (A; 3500 Hz tone), visual (V; white disk 'flash') or audiovisual (AV; simultaneous tone and flash), and were presented on a dark background in a randomized order with varying stimulus onset delays. Reaction time (RT) was recorded via button press. In order to assess possible developmental effects, participants were divided into younger (age 14 or younger) and older (age 15 and older) groups. Redundancy gain (RG) was significantly greater in neurotypical, compared to autistic individuals. No significant effect of age or interaction was found. Race model analysis was used to compute a bound value that represented the facilitation effect provided by MSI. Our results revealed that MSI facilitation occurred (violation of the race model) in neurotypical individuals, with more efficient MSI in older participants. In both the younger and older autistic groups, we found reduced MSI facilitation (no or limited violation of the race model). Autistic participants showed reduced multisensory facilitation compared to neurotypical participants in a simple target detection task, void of social context. This remained consistent across age. Our results support evidence that autistic individuals may not integrate low-level, non-social information in a typical fashion, adding to the growing discussion around the influential effect that basic perceptual atypicalities may have on the development of higher-level, core aspects of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Ainsworth
- Perceptual Neuroscience Laboratory for Autism and Development (PNLab), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Alexia Ostrolenk
- Perceptual Neuroscience Laboratory for Autism and Development (PNLab), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; University of Montreal Center of Excellence for Pervasive Developmental Disorders (CETEDUM), Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Armando Bertone
- Perceptual Neuroscience Laboratory for Autism and Development (PNLab), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; University of Montreal Center of Excellence for Pervasive Developmental Disorders (CETEDUM), Montreal, Canada
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16
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Siemann JK, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Wallace MT. Approaches to Understanding Multisensory Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2020; 13:1430-1449. [PMID: 32869933 PMCID: PMC7721996 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal sensory responses are a DSM-5 symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and research findings demonstrate altered sensory processing in ASD. Beyond difficulties with processing information within single sensory domains, including both hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity, difficulties in multisensory processing are becoming a core issue of focus in ASD. These difficulties may be targeted by treatment approaches such as "sensory integration," which is frequently applied in autism treatment but not yet based on clear evidence. Recently, psychophysical data have emerged to demonstrate multisensory deficits in some children with ASD. Unlike deficits in social communication, which are best understood in humans, sensory and multisensory changes offer a tractable marker of circuit dysfunction that is more easily translated into animal model systems to probe the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Paralleling experimental paradigms that were previously applied in humans and larger mammals, we and others have demonstrated that multisensory function can also be examined behaviorally in rodents. Here, we review the sensory and multisensory difficulties commonly found in ASD, examining laboratory findings that relate these findings across species. Next, we discuss the known neurobiology of multisensory integration, drawing largely on experimental work in larger mammals, and extensions of these paradigms into rodents. Finally, we describe emerging investigations into multisensory processing in genetic mouse models related to autism risk. By detailing findings from humans to mice, we highlight the advantage of multisensory paradigms that can be easily translated across species, as well as the potential for rodent experimental systems to reveal opportunities for novel treatments. LAY SUMMARY: Sensory and multisensory deficits are commonly found in ASD and may result in cascading effects that impact social communication. By using similar experiments to those in humans, we discuss how studies in animal models may allow an understanding of the brain mechanisms that underlie difficulties in multisensory integration, with the ultimate goal of developing new treatments. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1430-1449. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Siemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York Presbyterian Hospital, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Wada M, Ikeda H, Kumagaya S. Atypical Effects of Visual Interference on Tactile Temporal Order Judgment in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Multisens Res 2020; 34:129-151. [PMID: 33706272 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-bja10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Visual distractors interfere with tactile temporal order judgment (TOJ) at moderately short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) in typically developing participants. Presentation of a rubber hand in a forward direction to the participant's hand enhances this effect, while that in an inverted direction weakens the effect. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have atypical multisensory processing; however, effects of interferences on atypical multisensory processing in ASD remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of visual interference on tactile TOJ in individuals with ASD. Two successive tactile stimuli were delivered to the index and ring fingers of a participant's right hand in an opaque box. A rubber hand was placed on the box in a forward or inverted direction. Concurrently, visual stimuli provided by light-emitting diodes on the fingers of the rubber hand were delivered in a congruent or incongruent order. Participants were required to judge the temporal order of the tactile stimuli regardless of visual distractors. In the absence of a visual stimulus, participants with ASD tended to judge the simultaneous stimuli as the ring finger being stimulated first during tactile TOJ compared with typically developing (TD) controls, and congruent visual stimuli eliminated the bias. When incongruent visual stimuli were delivered, judgment was notably reversed in participants with ASD, regardless of the direction of the rubber hand. The findings demonstrate that there are considerable effects of visual interferences on tactile TOJ in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Wada
- 1Developmental Disorders Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan.,2Faculty of Informatics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8011, Japan
| | - Hanako Ikeda
- 1Developmental Disorders Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kumagaya
- 3Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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18
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Wallace MT, Woynaroski TG, Stevenson RA. Multisensory Integration as a Window into Orderly and Disrupted Cognition and Communication. Annu Rev Psychol 2020; 71:193-219. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During our everyday lives, we are confronted with a vast amount of information from several sensory modalities. This multisensory information needs to be appropriately integrated for us to effectively engage with and learn from our world. Research carried out over the last half century has provided new insights into the way such multisensory processing improves human performance and perception; the neurophysiological foundations of multisensory function; the time course for its development; how multisensory abilities differ in clinical populations; and, most recently, the links between multisensory processing and cognitive abilities. This review summarizes the extant literature on multisensory function in typical and atypical circumstances, discusses the implications of the work carried out to date for theory and research, and points toward next steps for advancing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Wallace
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA;,
- Departments of Psychology and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
| | - Tiffany G. Woynaroski
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA;,
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
| | - Ryan A. Stevenson
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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19
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Zerr M, Freihorst C, Schütz H, Sinke C, Müller A, Bleich S, Münte TF, Szycik GR. Brief Sensory Training Narrows the Temporal Binding Window and Enhances Long-Term Multimodal Speech Perception. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2489. [PMID: 31749748 PMCID: PMC6848860 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to integrate multiple sensory-based representations of our surrounding supplies us with a more holistic view of our world. There are many complex algorithms our nervous system uses to construct a coherent perception. An indicator to solve this 'binding problem' are the temporal characteristics with the specificity that environmental information has different propagation speeds (e.g., sound and electromagnetic waves) and sensory processing time and thus the temporal relationship of a stimulus pair derived from the same event must be flexibly adjusted by our brain. This tolerance can be conceptualized in the form of the cross-modal temporal binding window (TBW). Several studies showed the plasticity of the TBW and its importance concerning audio-visual illusions, synesthesia, as well as psychiatric disturbances. Using three audio-visual paradigms, we investigated the importance of length (short vs. long) as well as modality (uni- vs. multimodal) of a perceptual training aiming at reducing the TBW in a healthy population. We also investigated the influence of the TBW on speech intelligibility, where participants had to integrate auditory and visual speech information from a videotaped speaker. We showed that simple sensory trainings can change the TBW and are capable of optimizing speech perception at a very naturalistic level. While the training-length had no different effect on the malleability of the TBW, the multisensory trainings induced a significantly stronger narrowing of the TBW than their unisensory counterparts. Furthermore, a narrowing of the TBW was associated with a better performance in speech perception, meaning that participants showed a greater capacity for integrating informations from different sensory modalities in situations with one modality impaired. All effects persisted at least seven days. Our findings show the significance of multisensory temporal processing regarding ecologically valid measures and have important clinical implications for interventions that may be used to alleviate debilitating conditions (e.g., autism, schizophrenia), in which multisensory temporal function is shown to be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zerr
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christina Freihorst
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Helene Schütz
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christopher Sinke
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gregor R Szycik
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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20
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Tietze FA, Hundertmark L, Roy M, Zerr M, Sinke C, Wiswede D, Walter M, Münte TF, Szycik GR. Auditory Deficits in Audiovisual Speech Perception in Adult Asperger's Syndrome: fMRI Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2286. [PMID: 31649597 PMCID: PMC6795762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Audiovisual (AV) integration deficits have been proposed to underlie difficulties in speech perception in Asperger’s syndrome (AS). It is not known, if the AV deficits are related to alterations in sensory processing at the level of unisensory processing or at levels of conjoint multisensory processing. Functional Magnetic-resonance images (MRI) was performed in 16 adult subjects with AS and 16 healthy controls (HC) matched for age, gender, and verbal IQ as they were exposed to disyllabic AV congruent and AV incongruent nouns. A simple semantic categorization task was used to ensure subjects’ attention to the stimuli. The left auditory cortex (BA41) showed stronger activation in HC than in subjects with AS with no interaction regarding AV congruency. This suggests that alterations in auditory processing in unimodal low-level areas underlie AV speech perception deficits in AS. Whether this is signaling a difficulty in the deployment of attention remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian-Alexander Tietze
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Laura Hundertmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mandy Roy
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Asklepios Clinic North - Ochsenzoll, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zerr
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christopher Sinke
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Daniel Wiswede
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gregor R Szycik
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Although impairment in sensory integration is suggested in the autism spectrum (AS), empirical evidences remain equivocal. We assessed the integration of low-level visual and tactile information within and across modalities in AS and typically developing (TD) individuals. TD individuals demonstrated increased redundancy gain for cross-modal relative to double tactile or visual stimulation, while AS individuals showed similar redundancy gain between cross-modal and double tactile conditions. We further observed that violation of the race model inequality for cross-modal conditions was observed over a wider proportion of the reaction times distribution in TD than AS individuals. Importantly, the reduced cross-modal integration in AS individuals was not related to atypical attentional shift between modalities. We conclude that AS individuals displays selective decrease of cross-modal integration of low-level information.
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22
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van Laarhoven T, Stekelenburg JJ, Vroomen J. Increased sub-clinical levels of autistic traits are associated with reduced multisensory integration of audiovisual speech. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9535. [PMID: 31267024 PMCID: PMC6606565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that sub-clinical levels of autistic symptoms may be related to reduced processing of artificial audiovisual stimuli. It is unclear whether these findings extent to more natural stimuli such as audiovisual speech. The current study examined the relationship between autistic traits measured by the Autism spectrum Quotient and audiovisual speech processing in a large non-clinical population using a battery of experimental tasks assessing audiovisual perceptual binding, visual enhancement of speech embedded in noise and audiovisual temporal processing. Several associations were found between autistic traits and audiovisual speech processing. Increased autistic-like imagination was related to reduced perceptual binding measured by the McGurk illusion. Increased overall autistic symptomatology was associated with reduced visual enhancement of speech intelligibility in noise. Participants reporting increased levels of rigid and restricted behaviour were more likely to bind audiovisual speech stimuli over longer temporal intervals, while an increased tendency to focus on local aspects of sensory inputs was related to a more narrow temporal binding window. These findings demonstrate that increased levels of autistic traits may be related to alterations in audiovisual speech processing, and are consistent with the notion of a spectrum of autistic traits that extends to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs van Laarhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J Stekelenburg
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Vroomen
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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23
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McGurk Effect by Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:34-43. [PMID: 30019277 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By synthesizing existing behavioural studies through a meta-analytic approach, the current study compared the performances of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing groups in audiovisual speech integration and investigated potential moderators that might contribute to the heterogeneity of the existing findings. In total, nine studies were included in the current study, and the pooled overall difference between the two groups was significant, g = - 0.835 (p < 0.001; 95% CI - 1.155 to - 0.516). Age and task scoring method were found to be associated with the inconsistencies of the findings reported by previous studies. These findings indicate that individuals with ASD show weaker McGurk effect than typically developing controls.
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24
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Stevenson RA, Philipp-Muller A, Hazlett N, Wang ZY, Luk J, Lee J, Black KR, Yeung LK, Shafai F, Segers M, Feber S, Barense MD. Conjunctive Visual Processing Appears Abnormal in Autism. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2668. [PMID: 30713514 PMCID: PMC6346680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Face processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is thought to be atypical, but it is unclear whether differences in visual conjunctive processing are specific to faces. To address this, we adapted a previously established eye-tracking paradigm which modulates the need for conjunctive processing by varying the degree of feature ambiguity in faces and objects. Typically-developed (TD) participants showed a canonical pattern of conjunctive processing: High-ambiguity objects were processed more conjunctively than low-ambiguity objects, and faces were processed in an equally conjunctive manner regardless of ambiguity level. In contrast, autistic individuals did not show differences in conjunctive processing based on stimulus category, providing evidence that atypical visual conjunctive processing in ASD is the result of a domain general lack of perceptual specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aviva Philipp-Muller
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Naomi Hazlett
- College of Occupational Therapists of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ze Y Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Luk
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jong Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen R Black
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lok-Kin Yeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fakhri Shafai
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Magali Segers
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Feber
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Feldman JI, Dunham K, Cassidy M, Wallace MT, Liu Y, Woynaroski TG. Audiovisual multisensory integration in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:220-234. [PMID: 30287245 PMCID: PMC6291229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An ever-growing literature has aimed to determine how individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) differ from their typically developing (TD) peers on measures of multisensory integration (MSI) and to ascertain the degree to which differences in MSI are associated with the broad range of symptoms associated with ASD. Findings, however, have been highly variable across the studies carried out to date. The present work systematically reviews and quantitatively synthesizes the large literature on audiovisual MSI in individuals with ASD to evaluate the cumulative evidence for (a) group differences between individuals with ASD and TD peers, (b) correlations between MSI and autism symptoms in individuals with ASD and (c) study level factors that may moderate findings (i.e., explain differential effects) observed across studies. To identify eligible studies, a comprehensive search strategy was employed using the ProQuest search engine, PubMed database, forwards and backwards citation searches, direct author contact, and hand-searching of select conference proceedings. A significant between-group difference in MSI was evident in the literature, with individuals with ASD demonstrating worse audiovisual integration on average across studies compared to TD controls. This effect was moderated by mean participant age, such that between-group differences were more pronounced in younger samples. The mean correlation between MSI and autism and related symptomatology was also significant, indicating that increased audiovisual integration in individuals with ASD is associated with better language/communication abilities and/or reduced autism symptom severity in the extant literature. This effect was moderated by whether the stimuli were linguistic versus non-linguistic in nature, such that correlation magnitudes tended to be significantly greater when linguistic stimuli were utilized in the measure of MSI. Limitations and future directions for primary and meta-analytic research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob I Feldman
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 1215 21st Ave S, MCE South Tower 8310, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Kacie Dunham
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Margaret Cassidy
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 110 Magnolia Cir, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave S, MCE South Tower 8310, Nashville, TN, 27323, USA.
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tiffany G Woynaroski
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 110 Magnolia Cir, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave S, MCE South Tower 8310, Nashville, TN, 27323, USA.
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26
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Lui M, So WC, Tsang YK. Neural evidence for reduced automaticity in processing emotional prosody among men with high levels of autistic traits. Physiol Behav 2018; 196:47-58. [PMID: 30157447 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine individual differences in the integration of emotional prosody when processing semantic meaning in speech among men with high and low levels of autistic traits, as measured by the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). The behavioral and neural responses of high- and low-AQ men during semantic valence judgment were compared. The stimuli were positive or negative words spoken with either happy or sad prosody; in other words, the prosody was either congruous or incongruous to the valence of meaning. Participants were required to judge the (positive vs. negative) valence of word meaning as accurately and as quickly as possible while ignoring emotional prosody. Behavioral results showed that high-AQ men responded significantly more slowly than low-AQ men in all stimulus conditions, indicating lower automaticity in processing emotional speech. Neural data revealed that low-AQ men (but not high-AQ men) had significantly increased N200 and N400 amplitudes for incongruous (compared to congruous) stimuli spoken with happy prosody. Our findings supported our hypotheses that high levels of autistic traits are associated with reduced behavioral automaticity and less differential neural resources allocated to processing emotional speech stimuli with different cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lui
- Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wing-Chee So
- Department of Educational Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu-Kei Tsang
- Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how individuals with bipolar disorder integrate auditory and visual speech information compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, we wanted to see whether there were any differences between manic and depressive episode bipolar disorder patients with respect to auditory and visual speech integration. It was hypothesized that the bipolar group’s auditory–visual speech integration would be weaker than that of the control group. Further, it was predicted that those in the manic phase of bipolar disorder would integrate visual speech information more robustly than their depressive phase counterparts. To examine these predictions, a McGurk effect paradigm with an identification task was used with typical auditory–visual (AV) speech stimuli. Additionally, auditory-only (AO) and visual-only (VO, lip-reading) speech perceptions were also tested. The dependent variable for the AV stimuli was the amount of visual speech influence. The dependent variables for AO and VO stimuli were accurate modality-based responses. Results showed that the disordered and control groups did not differ in AV speech integration and AO speech perception. However, there was a striking difference in favour of the healthy group with respect to the VO stimuli. The results suggest the need for further research whereby both behavioural and physiological data are collected simultaneously. This will help us understand the full dynamics of how auditory and visual speech information are integrated in people with bipolar disorder.
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28
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Published estimates of group differences in multisensory integration are inflated. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202908. [PMID: 30231054 PMCID: PMC6145544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A common measure of multisensory integration is the McGurk effect, an illusion in which incongruent auditory and visual speech are integrated to produce an entirely different percept. Published studies report that participants who differ in age, gender, culture, native language, or traits related to neurological or psychiatric disorders also differ in their susceptibility to the McGurk effect. These group-level differences are used as evidence for fundamental alterations in sensory processing between populations. Using empirical data and statistical simulations tested under a range of conditions, we show that published estimates of group differences in the McGurk effect are inflated when only statistically significant (p < 0.05) results are published. With a sample size typical of published studies, a group difference of 10% would be reported as 31%. As a consequence of this inflation, follow-up studies often fail to replicate published reports of large between-group differences. Inaccurate estimates of effect sizes and replication failures are especially problematic in studies of clinical populations involving expensive and time-consuming interventions, such as training paradigms to improve sensory processing. Reducing effect size inflation and increasing replicability requires increasing the number of participants by an order of magnitude compared with current practice.
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29
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Noel JP, Stevenson RA, Wallace MT. Atypical audiovisual temporal function in autism and schizophrenia: similar phenotype, different cause. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1230-1241. [PMID: 29575155 PMCID: PMC5980744 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding across sensory modalities yields substantial perceptual benefits, including enhanced speech intelligibility. The coincidence of sensory inputs across time is a fundamental cue for this integration process. Recent work has suggested that individuals with diagnoses of schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) will characterize auditory and visual events as synchronous over larger temporal disparities than their neurotypical counterparts. Namely, these clinical populations possess an enlarged temporal binding window (TBW). Although patients with SZ and ASD share aspects of their symptomatology, phenotypic similarities may result from distinct etiologies. To examine similarities and variances in audiovisual temporal function in these two populations, individuals diagnosed with ASD (n = 46; controls n = 40) and SZ (n = 16, controls = 16) completed an audiovisual simultaneity judgment task. In addition to standard psychometric analyses, synchrony judgments were assessed using Bayesian causal inference modeling. This approach permits distinguishing between distinct causes of an enlarged TBW: an a priori bias to bind sensory information and poor fidelity in the sensory representation. Findings indicate that both ASD and SZ populations show deficits in multisensory temporal acuity. Importantly, results suggest that while the wider TBWs in ASD most prominently results from atypical priors, the wider TBWs in SZ results from a trend toward changes in prior and weaknesses in the sensory representations. Results are discussed in light of current ASD and SZ theories and highlight that different perceptual training paradigms focused on improving multisensory integration may be most effective in these two clinical populations and emphasize that similar phenotypes may emanate from distinct mechanistic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Noel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan A. Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark T. Wallace
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Hearing and Speech, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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30
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Moro SS, Steeves JKE. Audiovisual plasticity following early abnormal visual experience: Reduced McGurk effect in people with one eye. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:103-107. [PMID: 29474874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that people who have had one eye surgically removed early in life during visual development have enhanced sound localization [1] and lack visual dominance, commonly observed in binocular and monocular (eye-patched) viewing controls [2]. Despite these changes, people with one eye integrate auditory and visual components of multisensory events optimally [3]. The current study investigates how people with one eye perceive the McGurk effect, an audiovisual illusion where a new syllable is perceived when visual lip movements do not match the corresponding sound [4]. We compared individuals with one eye to binocular and monocular viewing controls and found that they have a significantly smaller McGurk effect compared to binocular controls. Additionally, monocular controls tended to perceive the McGurk effect less often than binocular controls suggesting a small transient modulation of the McGurk effect. These results suggest altered weighting of the auditory and visual modalities with both short and long-term monocular viewing. These results indicate the presence of permanent adaptive perceptual accommodations in people who have lost one eye early in life that may serve to mitigate the loss of binocularity during early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania S Moro
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer K E Steeves
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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31
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Righi G, Tenenbaum EJ, McCormick C, Megan B, Amso D, Sheinkopf SJ. Sensitivity to audio-visual synchrony and its relation to language abilities in children with and without ASD. Autism Res 2018; 11:645-653. [PMID: 29331093 PMCID: PMC10862227 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often accompanied by deficits in speech and language processing. Speech processing relies heavily on the integration of auditory and visual information, and it has been suggested that the ability to detect correspondence between auditory and visual signals helps to lay the foundation for successful language development. The goal of the present study was to examine whether young children with ASD show reduced sensitivity to temporal asynchronies in a speech processing task when compared to typically developing controls, and to examine how this sensitivity might relate to language proficiency. Using automated eye tracking methods, we found that children with ASD failed to demonstrate sensitivity to asynchronies of 0.3s, 0.6s, or 1.0s between a video of a woman speaking and the corresponding audio track. In contrast, typically developing children who were language-matched to the ASD group, were sensitive to both 0.6s and 1.0s asynchronies. We also demonstrated that individual differences in sensitivity to audiovisual asynchronies and individual differences in orientation to relevant facial features were both correlated with scores on a standardized measure of language abilities. Results are discussed in the context of attention to visual language and audio-visual processing as potential precursors to language impairment in ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 645-653. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY Speech processing relies heavily on the integration of auditory and visual information, and it has been suggested that the ability to detect correspondence between auditory and visual signals helps to lay the foundation for successful language development. The goal of the present study was to explore whether children with ASD process audio-visual synchrony in ways comparable to their typically developing peers, and the relationship between preference for synchrony and language ability. Results showed that there are differences in attention to audiovisual synchrony between typically developing children and children with ASD. Preference for synchrony was related to the language abilities of children across groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Righi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Bradley Hospital, Providence RI
- Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment, East Providence, RI
| | - Elena J. Tenenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk at Women and Infants Hospital
- Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment, East Providence, RI
| | - Carolyn McCormick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk at Women and Infants Hospital
- Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment, East Providence, RI
| | - Blossom Megan
- Psychology Department, Castleton University, Castleton, VT
| | - Dima Amso
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence RI
| | - Stephen J. Sheinkopf
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk at Women and Infants Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
- Rhode Island Consortium for Autism Research and Treatment, East Providence, RI
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32
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Individual differences and the effect of face configuration information in the McGurk effect. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:973-984. [PMID: 29383400 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The McGurk effect, which denotes the influence of visual information on audiovisual speech perception, is less frequently observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to those without it; the reason for this remains unclear. Several studies have suggested that facial configuration context might play a role in this difference. More specifically, people with ASD show a local processing bias for faces-that is, they process global face information to a lesser extent. This study examined the role of facial configuration context in the McGurk effect in 46 healthy students. Adopting an analogue approach using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), we sought to determine whether this facial configuration context is crucial to previously observed reductions in the McGurk effect in people with ASD. Lip-reading and audiovisual syllable identification tasks were assessed via presentation of upright normal, inverted normal, upright Thatcher-type, and inverted Thatcher-type faces. When the Thatcher-type face was presented, perceivers were found to be sensitive to the misoriented facial characteristics, causing them to perceive a weaker McGurk effect than when the normal face was presented (this is known as the McThatcher effect). Additionally, the McGurk effect was weaker in individuals with high AQ scores than in those with low AQ scores in the incongruent audiovisual condition, regardless of their ability to read lips or process facial configuration contexts. Our findings, therefore, do not support the assumption that individuals with ASD show a weaker McGurk effect due to a difficulty in processing facial configuration context.
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33
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Beker S, Foxe JJ, Molholm S. Ripe for solution: Delayed development of multisensory processing in autism and its remediation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:182-192. [PMID: 29162518 PMCID: PMC6389331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Difficulty integrating inputs from different sensory sources is commonly reported in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Accumulating evidence consistently points to altered patterns of behavioral reactions and neural activity when individuals with ASD observe or act upon information arriving through multiple sensory systems. For example, impairments in the integration of seen and heard speech appear to be particularly acute, with obvious implications for interpersonal communication. Here, we explore the literature on multisensory processing in autism with a focus on developmental trajectories. While much remains to be understood, some consistent observations emerge. Broadly, sensory integration deficits are found in children with an ASD whereas these appear to be much ameliorated, or even fully recovered, in older teenagers and adults on the spectrum. This protracted delay in the development of multisensory processing raises the possibility of applying early intervention strategies focused on multisensory integration, to accelerate resolution of these functions. We also consider how dysfunctional cross-sensory oscillatory neural communication may be one key pathway to impaired multisensory processing in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Beker
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - John J Foxe
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.
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Feczko E, Balba NM, Miranda-Dominguez O, Cordova M, Karalunas SL, Irwin L, Demeter DV, Hill AP, Langhorst BH, Grieser Painter J, Van Santen J, Fombonne EJ, Nigg JT, Fair DA. Subtyping cognitive profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder using a Functional Random Forest algorithm. Neuroimage 2017; 172:674-688. [PMID: 29274502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) comprises a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests, and may both affect and be affected by multiple cognitive mechanisms. This study attempts to identify and characterize cognitive subtypes within the ASD population using our Functional Random Forest (FRF) machine learning classification model. This model trained a traditional random forest model on measures from seven tasks that reflect multiple levels of information processing. 47 ASD diagnosed and 58 typically developing (TD) children between the ages of 9 and 13 participated in this study. Our RF model was 72.7% accurate, with 80.7% specificity and 63.1% sensitivity. Using the random forest model, the FRF then measures the proximity of each subject to every other subject, generating a distance matrix between participants. This matrix is then used in a community detection algorithm to identify subgroups within the ASD and TD groups, and revealed 3 ASD and 4 TD putative subgroups with unique behavioral profiles. We then examined differences in functional brain systems between diagnostic groups and putative subgroups using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rsfcMRI). Chi-square tests revealed a significantly greater number of between group differences (p < .05) within the cingulo-opercular, visual, and default systems as well as differences in inter-system connections in the somato-motor, dorsal attention, and subcortical systems. Many of these differences were primarily driven by specific subgroups suggesting that our method could potentially parse the variation in brain mechanisms affected by ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Feczko
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, 97239, USA.
| | - N M Balba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - O Miranda-Dominguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - M Cordova
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - S L Karalunas
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Irwin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - D V Demeter
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - A P Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - B H Langhorst
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J Grieser Painter
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J Van Santen
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Institute on Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - E J Fombonne
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J T Nigg
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - D A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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35
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Cuppini C, Ursino M, Magosso E, Ross LA, Foxe JJ, Molholm S. A Computational Analysis of Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Maturation of Multisensory Speech Integration in Neurotypical Children and Those on the Autism Spectrum. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:518. [PMID: 29163099 PMCID: PMC5670153 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure to appropriately develop multisensory integration (MSI) of audiovisual speech may affect a child's ability to attain optimal communication. Studies have shown protracted development of MSI into late-childhood and identified deficits in MSI in children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Currently, the neural basis of acquisition of this ability is not well understood. Here, we developed a computational model informed by neurophysiology to analyze possible mechanisms underlying MSI maturation, and its delayed development in ASD. The model posits that strengthening of feedforward and cross-sensory connections, responsible for the alignment of auditory and visual speech sound representations in posterior superior temporal gyrus/sulcus, can explain behavioral data on the acquisition of MSI. This was simulated by a training phase during which the network was exposed to unisensory and multisensory stimuli, and projections were crafted by Hebbian rules of potentiation and depression. In its mature architecture, the network also reproduced the well-known multisensory McGurk speech effect. Deficits in audiovisual speech perception in ASD were well accounted for by fewer multisensory exposures, compatible with a lack of attention, but not by reduced synaptic connectivity or synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Cuppini
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Ursino
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Magosso
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lars A. Ross
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - John J. Foxe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sophie Molholm
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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36
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Stevenson RA, Toulmin JK, Youm A, Besney RMA, Schulz SE, Barense MD, Ferber S. Increases in the autistic trait of attention to detail are associated with decreased multisensory temporal adaptation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14354. [PMID: 29085016 PMCID: PMC5662613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent empirical evidence suggests that autistic individuals perceive the world differently than their typically-developed peers. One theoretical account, the predictive coding hypothesis, posits that autistic individuals show a decreased reliance on previous perceptual experiences, which may relate to autism symptomatology. We tested this through a well-characterized, audiovisual statistical-learning paradigm in which typically-developed participants were first adapted to consistent temporal relationships between audiovisual stimulus pairs (audio-leading, synchronous, visual-leading) and then performed a simultaneity judgement task with audiovisual stimulus pairs varying in temporal offset from auditory-leading to visual-leading. Following exposure to the visual-leading adaptation phase, participants' perception of synchrony was biased towards visual-leading presentations, reflecting the statistical regularities of their previously experienced environment. Importantly, the strength of adaptation was significantly related to the level of autistic traits that the participant exhibited, measured by the Autism Quotient (AQ). This was specific to the Attention to Detail subscale of the AQ that assesses the perceptual propensity to focus on fine-grain aspects of sensory input at the expense of more integrative perceptions. More severe Attention to Detail was related to weaker adaptation. These results support the predictive coding framework, and suggest that changes in sensory perception commonly reported in autism may contribute to autistic symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Stevenson
- Western University, Department of Psychology, London, ON, Canada.
- Western University, Brain and Mind Institute, London, ON, Canada.
- Western University, Program in Neuroscience, London, ON, Canada.
- Western University, Department of Psychiatry, London, ON, Canada.
- York University, Centre for Vision Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jennifer K Toulmin
- The University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariana Youm
- The University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Samantha E Schulz
- Western University, Department of Psychology, London, ON, Canada
- Western University, Brain and Mind Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan D Barense
- The University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Ferber
- The University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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De Niear MA, Gupta PB, Baum SH, Wallace MT. Perceptual training enhances temporal acuity for multisensory speech. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 147:9-17. [PMID: 29107704 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The temporal relationship between auditory and visual cues is a fundamental feature in the determination of whether these signals will be integrated. The window of perceived simultaneity (TBW) is a construct that describes the epoch of time during which asynchronous auditory and visual stimuli are likely to be perceptually bound. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated the capacity for perceptual training to enhance temporal acuity for audiovisual stimuli (i.e., narrow the TBW). These studies, however, have only examined multisensory perceptual learning that develops in response to feedback that is provided when making judgments on simple, low-level audiovisual stimuli (i.e., flashes and beeps). Here we sought to determine if perceptual training was capable of altering temporal acuity for audiovisual speech. Furthermore, we also explored whether perceptual training with simple or complex audiovisual stimuli generalized across levels of stimulus complexity. Using a simultaneity judgment (SJ) task, we measured individuals' temporal acuity (as estimated by the TBW) prior to, immediately following, and one week after four consecutive days of perceptual training. We report that temporal acuity for audiovisual speech stimuli is enhanced following perceptual training using speech stimuli. Additionally, we find that changes in temporal acuity following perceptual training do not generalize across the levels of stimulus complexity in this study. Overall, the results suggest that perceptual training is capable of enhancing temporal acuity for audiovisual speech in adults, and that the dynamics of the changes in temporal acuity following perceptual training differ between simple audiovisual stimuli and more complex audiovisual speech stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A De Niear
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Pranjal B Gupta
- Undergraduate Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sarah H Baum
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Noel JP, Lytle M, Cascio C, Wallace MT. Disrupted integration of exteroceptive and interoceptive signaling in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2017; 11:194-205. [PMID: 29030901 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to deficits in social communication, individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) frequently exhibit changes in sensory and multisensory function. Recent evidence has focused on changes in audiovisual temporal processing, and has sought to relate these sensory-based changes to weaknesses in social communication. These changes in audiovisual temporal function manifest as differences in the temporal epoch or "window" within which paired auditory and visual stimuli are integrated or bound, with those with ASD exhibiting expanded audiovisual temporal binding windows (TBWs). However, it is unknown whether this impairment is unique to audiovisual pairings, perhaps because of their relevance for speech processing, or whether it generalizes across pairings in different sensory modalities. In addition to the exteroceptive senses, there has been growing interest in ASD research in interoception (e.g., the monitoring of respiration, heartbeat, hunger, etc.), as these internally directed sensory processes appear to be altered as well in autism. In the current study, we sought to examine both exteroception and interoception in individuals with ASD and a group of typically developing (TD) matched controls, with an emphasis on temporal perception of audiovisual (exteroceptive) and cardiovisual (interoceptive to exteroceptive) cues. Results replicate prior findings showing expanded audiovisual TBWs in ASD in comparison to TD. In addition, strikingly, cardiovisual TBWs were fourfold larger in ASD than in TD, suggesting a putative complete lack of cardiovisual temporal acuity in ASD individuals. Results are discussed in light of recent evidence indicating a reduced tendency to rely on sensory priors in ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 194-205. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY Studies have shown that individuals with autism have difficulty in separating auditory and visual events in time. People with autism also weight sensory evidence originating from the external world and from their body differently. We measured simultaneity judgments regarding visual and auditory events and between visual and heartbeat events. Results suggest that while individuals with autism show unusual temporal function across the senses in a general manner, this deficit is greater when pairings bridged between the external world and the internal body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Noel
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marisa Lytle
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carissa Cascio
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Hearing and Speech, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Dunn W, Little L, Dean E, Robertson S, Evans B. The State of the Science on Sensory Factors and Their Impact on Daily Life for Children: A Scoping Review. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2017; 36:3S-26S. [PMID: 27504990 DOI: 10.1177/1539449215617923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify and synthesize research about how sensory factors affect daily life of children. We designed a conceptual model to guide a scoping review of research published from 2005 to October 2014 (10 years). We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO and included studies about sensory perception/processing; children, adolescents/young adults; and participation. We excluded studies about animals, adults, and review articles. Our process resulted in 261 articles meeting criteria. Research shows that children with conditions process sensory input differently than peers. Neuroscience evidence supports the relationship between sensory-related behaviors and brain activity. Studies suggest that sensory processing is linked to social participation, cognition, temperament, and participation. Intervention research illustrates the importance of contextually relevant practices. Future work can examine the developmental course of sensory processing aspects of behavior across the general population and focus on interventions that support children's sensory processing as they participate in their daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Dunn
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lauren Little
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Evan Dean
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sara Robertson
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Benjamin Evans
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Stevenson YA, Baum SH, Segers M, Ferber S, Barense MD, Wallace MT. Multisensory speech perception in autism spectrum disorder: From phoneme to whole-word perception. Autism Res 2017; 10:1280-1290. [PMID: 28339177 PMCID: PMC5513806 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Speech perception in noisy environments is boosted when a listener can see the speaker's mouth and integrate the auditory and visual speech information. Autistic children have a diminished capacity to integrate sensory information across modalities, which contributes to core symptoms of autism, such as impairments in social communication. We investigated the abilities of autistic and typically-developing (TD) children to integrate auditory and visual speech stimuli in various signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Measurements of both whole-word and phoneme recognition were recorded. At the level of whole-word recognition, autistic children exhibited reduced performance in both the auditory and audiovisual modalities. Importantly, autistic children showed reduced behavioral benefit from multisensory integration with whole-word recognition, specifically at low SNRs. At the level of phoneme recognition, autistic children exhibited reduced performance relative to their TD peers in auditory, visual, and audiovisual modalities. However, and in contrast to their performance at the level of whole-word recognition, both autistic and TD children showed benefits from multisensory integration for phoneme recognition. In accordance with the principle of inverse effectiveness, both groups exhibited greater benefit at low SNRs relative to high SNRs. Thus, while autistic children showed typical multisensory benefits during phoneme recognition, these benefits did not translate to typical multisensory benefit of whole-word recognition in noisy environments. We hypothesize that sensory impairments in autistic children raise the SNR threshold needed to extract meaningful information from a given sensory input, resulting in subsequent failure to exhibit behavioral benefits from additional sensory information at the level of whole-word recognition. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1280-1290. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- yan A. Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah H. Baum
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Susanne Ferber
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan D. Barense
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark T. Wallace
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Dept. of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Dept. of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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41
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Stevenson RA, Segers M, Ncube BL, Black KR, Bebko JM, Ferber S, Barense MD. The cascading influence of multisensory processing on speech perception in autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 22:609-624. [PMID: 28506185 DOI: 10.1177/1362361317704413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently theorized that atypical sensory processing in autism relates to difficulties in social communication. Through a series of tasks concurrently assessing multisensory temporal processes, multisensory integration and speech perception in 76 children with and without autism, we provide the first behavioral evidence of such a link. Temporal processing abilities in children with autism contributed to impairments in speech perception. This relationship was significantly mediated by their abilities to integrate social information across auditory and visual modalities. These data describe the cascading impact of sensory abilities in autism, whereby temporal processing impacts multisensory information of social information, which, in turn, contributes to deficits in speech perception. These relationships were found to be specific to autism, specific to multisensory but not unisensory integration, and specific to the processing of social information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Susanne Ferber
- 3 University of Toronto, Canada.,4 Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Canada
| | - Morgan D Barense
- 3 University of Toronto, Canada.,4 Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Canada
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42
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Stevenson RA, Baum SH, Krueger J, Newhouse PA, Wallace MT. Links between temporal acuity and multisensory integration across life span. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2017; 44:106-116. [PMID: 28447850 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The temporal relationship between individual pieces of information from the different sensory modalities is one of the stronger cues to integrate such information into a unified perceptual gestalt, conveying numerous perceptual and behavioral advantages. Temporal acuity, however, varies greatly over the life span. It has previously been hypothesized that changes in temporal acuity in both development and healthy aging may thus play a key role in integrative abilities. This study tested the temporal acuity of 138 individuals ranging in age from 5 to 80. Temporal acuity and multisensory integration abilities were tested both within and across modalities (audition and vision) with simultaneity judgment and temporal order judgment tasks. We observed that temporal acuity, both within and across modalities, improved throughout development into adulthood and subsequently declined with healthy aging, as did the ability to integrate multisensory speech information. Of importance, throughout development, temporal acuity of simple stimuli (i.e., flashes and beeps) predicted individuals' abilities to integrate more complex speech information. However, in the aging population, although temporal acuity declined with healthy aging and was accompanied by declines in integrative abilities, temporal acuity was not able to predict integration at the individual level. Together, these results suggest that the impact of temporal acuity on multisensory integration varies throughout the life span. Although the maturation of temporal acuity drives the rise of multisensory integrative abilities during development, it is unable to account for changes in integrative abilities in healthy aging. The differential relationships between age, temporal acuity, and multisensory integration suggest an important role for experience in these processes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario
| | - Sarah H Baum
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington
| | | | - Paul A Newhouse
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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Siemann JK, Muller CL, Forsberg CG, Blakely RD, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Wallace MT. An autism-associated serotonin transporter variant disrupts multisensory processing. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1067. [PMID: 28323282 PMCID: PMC5416665 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered sensory processing is observed in many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with growing evidence that these impairments extend to the integration of information across the different senses (that is, multisensory function). The serotonin system has an important role in sensory development and function, and alterations of serotonergic signaling have been suggested to have a role in ASD. A gain-of-function coding variant in the serotonin transporter (SERT) associates with sensory aversion in humans, and when expressed in mice produces traits associated with ASD, including disruptions in social and communicative function and repetitive behaviors. The current study set out to test whether these mice also exhibit changes in multisensory function when compared with wild-type (WT) animals on the same genetic background. Mice were trained to respond to auditory and visual stimuli independently before being tested under visual, auditory and paired audiovisual (multisensory) conditions. WT mice exhibited significant gains in response accuracy under audiovisual conditions. In contrast, although the SERT mutant animals learned the auditory and visual tasks comparably to WT littermates, they failed to show behavioral gains under multisensory conditions. We believe these results provide the first behavioral evidence of multisensory deficits in a genetic mouse model related to ASD and implicate the serotonin system in multisensory processing and in the multisensory changes seen in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Siemann
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C L Muller
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C G Forsberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R D Blakely
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Neuroscience Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Florida Atlantic University Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Neuroscience Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Autism and The Developing Brain, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - M T Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Neuroscience Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Haß K, Sinke C, Reese T, Roy M, Wiswede D, Dillo W, Oranje B, Szycik GR. Enlarged temporal integration window in schizophrenia indicated by the double-flash illusion. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2017; 22:145-158. [PMID: 28253091 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2017.1287693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the present study we were interested in the processing of audio-visual integration in schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. The amount of sound-induced double-flash illusions served as an indicator of audio-visual integration. We expected an altered integration as well as a different window of temporal integration for patients. METHODS Fifteen schizophrenia patients and 15 healthy volunteers matched for age and gender were included in this study. We used stimuli with eight different temporal delays (stimulus onset asynchronys (SOAs) 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200 and 300 ms) to induce a double-flash illusion. Group differences and the widths of temporal integration windows were calculated on percentages of reported double-flash illusions. RESULTS Patients showed significantly more illusions (ca. 36-44% vs. 9-16% in control subjects) for SOAs 150-300. The temporal integration window for control participants went from SOAs 25 to 200 whereas for patients integration was found across all included temporal delays. We found no significant relationship between the amount of illusions and either illness severity, chlorpromazine equivalent doses or duration of illness in patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results are interpreted in favour of an enlarged temporal integration window for audio-visual stimuli in schizophrenia patients, which is consistent with previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Haß
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Hannover Medical School , Hanover , Germany
| | - Christopher Sinke
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Hannover Medical School , Hanover , Germany
| | - Tanya Reese
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Hannover Medical School , Hanover , Germany
| | - Mandy Roy
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Hannover Medical School , Hanover , Germany
| | - Daniel Wiswede
- b Department of Neurology , University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dillo
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Hannover Medical School , Hanover , Germany
| | - Bob Oranje
- c Department of Psychiatry , University Medical Centre , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Gregor R Szycik
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Hannover Medical School , Hanover , Germany
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Altieri N, Yang CT. Parallel linear dynamic models can mimic the McGurk effect in clinical populations. J Comput Neurosci 2016; 41:143-55. [PMID: 27272510 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-016-0610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common examples of audiovisual speech integration is the McGurk effect. As an example, an auditory syllable /ba/ recorded over incongruent lip movements that produce "ga" typically causes listeners to hear "da". This report hypothesizes reasons why certain clinical and listeners who are hard of hearing might be more susceptible to visual influence. Conversely, we also examine why other listeners appear less susceptible to the McGurk effect (i.e., they report hearing just the auditory stimulus without being influenced by the visual). Such explanations are accompanied by a mechanistic explanation of integration phenomena including visual inhibition of auditory information, or slower rate of accumulation of inputs. First, simulations of a linear dynamic parallel interactive model were instantiated using inhibition and facilitation to examine potential mechanisms underlying integration. In a second set of simulations, we systematically manipulated the inhibition parameter values to model data obtained from listeners with autism spectrum disorder. In summary, we argue that cross-modal inhibition parameter values explain individual variability in McGurk perceptibility. Nonetheless, different mechanisms should continue to be explored in an effort to better understand current data patterns in the audiovisual integration literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Altieri
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave. Stop 8116, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA.
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Daxue Rd, East District, Tainan City, Taiwan, 701
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Abstract
In the McGurk effect, incongruent auditory and visual syllables are perceived as a third, completely different syllable. This striking illusion has become a popular assay of multisensory integration for individuals and clinical populations. However, there is enormous variability in how often the illusion is evoked by different stimuli and how often the illusion is perceived by different individuals. Most studies of the McGurk effect have used only one stimulus, making it impossible to separate stimulus and individual differences. We created a probabilistic model to separately estimate stimulus and individual differences in behavioral data from 165 individuals viewing up to 14 different McGurk stimuli. The noisy encoding of disparity (NED) model characterizes stimuli by their audiovisual disparity and characterizes individuals by how noisily they encode the stimulus disparity and by their disparity threshold for perceiving the illusion. The model accurately described perception of the McGurk effect in our sample, suggesting that differences between individuals are stable across stimulus differences. The most important benefit of the NED model is that it provides a method to compare multisensory integration across individuals and groups without the confound of stimulus differences. An added benefit is the ability to predict frequency of the McGurk effect for stimuli never before seen by an individual.
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The McGurk effect: An investigation of attentional capacity employing response times. Atten Percept Psychophys 2016; 78:1712-27. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-016-1133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Skewes JC, Gebauer L. Brief Report: Suboptimal Auditory Localization in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Support for the Bayesian Account of Sensory Symptoms. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:2539-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Krueger Fister J, Stevenson RA, Nidiffer AR, Barnett ZP, Wallace MT. Stimulus intensity modulates multisensory temporal processing. Neuropsychologia 2016; 88:92-100. [PMID: 26920937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the more challenging feats that multisensory systems must perform is to determine which sensory signals originate from the same external event, and thus should be integrated or "bound" into a singular perceptual object or event, and which signals should be segregated. Two important stimulus properties impacting this process are the timing and effectiveness of the paired stimuli. It has been well established that the more temporally aligned two stimuli are, the greater the degree to which they influence one another's processing. In addition, the less effective the individual unisensory stimuli are in eliciting a response, the greater the benefit when they are combined. However, the interaction between stimulus timing and stimulus effectiveness in driving multisensory-mediated behaviors has never been explored - which was the purpose of the current study. Participants were presented with either high- or low-intensity audiovisual stimuli in which stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) were parametrically varied, and were asked to report on the perceived synchrony/asynchrony of the paired stimuli. Our results revealed an interaction between the temporal relationship (SOA) and intensity of the stimuli. Specifically, individuals were more tolerant of larger temporal offsets (i.e., more likely to call them synchronous) when the paired stimuli were less effective. This interaction was also seen in response time (RT) distributions. Behavioral gains in RTs were seen with synchronous relative to asynchronous presentations, but this effect was more pronounced with high-intensity stimuli. These data suggest that stimulus effectiveness plays an underappreciated role in the perception of the timing of multisensory events, and reinforces the interdependency of the principles of multisensory integration in determining behavior and shaping perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Krueger Fister
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, United States.
| | - Ryan A Stevenson
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, United States; Vanderbilt University Kennedy Center, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Aaron R Nidiffer
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - Zachary P Barnett
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, United States; Vanderbilt University Kennedy Center, United States; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, United States
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50
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Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Default Local Processing in Individuals with High Autistic Traits Does Not Come at the Expense of Global Attention. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 48:1382-1396. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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