1
|
Carella M, Magro D, Scola L, Pisano C, Guida E, Gervasi F, Giambanco C, Aronica TS, Frati G, Balistreri CR. CAR, mGPS and hs-mGPS: What is among them the best gero-biomarker for age-related diseases? And for what clinical application? Mech Ageing Dev 2024; 220:111952. [PMID: 38838917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2024.111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers linked to the onset, progression, and prevention of age-related diseases (ARD), in the era of personalized medicine, represents the best goal of geroscience. Geroscience has the fundamental role of exploring and identifying the biological mechanisms of aging to suggest interventions capable of stopping/delaying the many pathological conditions and disabilities related to age. Therefore, it has become its key priority, as well as that of clinical practice and research, based on identifying and validating a range of biomarkers, geromarkers, which can be used to diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive clinical purposes. Indeed, geromarkers have, the potential to predict ARD trajectories and facilitate targeted interventions to slow down the related disabilities. Here our attention is paid to the inflammatory indexes (CAR, mGPS, hs-mGPS) linked to the relationship between the plasma levels of two inflammatory analytes, the typical positive protein of the acute phase, and the negative one, i.e. c-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin, respectively. These indexes allow us to understand the magnitude of the two main mechanisms predicted to influence the aging process, including inflammation and immunosenescence, as well as the degree of ARD severity. Evidence on their relationship with ARD is widely reported and discussed, to understand which can represent the best ARD geromarker, and its clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Carella
- Complex Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli Hospitals, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Daniele Magro
- Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo 90134, Italy
| | - Letizia Scola
- Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo 90134, Italy
| | - Calogera Pisano
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medicine, Surgery, Critical Areas, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Eugenia Guida
- Specialized Laboratory of Oncology, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli Hospitals, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Francesco Gervasi
- Specialized Laboratory of Oncology, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli Hospitals, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Caterina Giambanco
- Complex Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli Hospitals, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Tommaso Silvano Aronica
- Complex Operative Unit of Clinical Pathology, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli Hospitals, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo 90134, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chao CT, Kuo FC, Lin SH. Epigenetically regulated inflammation in vascular senescence and renal progression of chronic kidney disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:305-315. [PMID: 36241561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications, including vascular senescence and progressive renal fibrosis, are associated with inflammation. Vascular senescence, in particular, has emerged as an instrumental mediator of vascular inflammation that potentially worsens renal function. Epigenetically regulated inflammation involving histone modification, DNA methylation, actions of microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs, and their reciprocal reactions during vascular senescence and inflammaging are underappreciated. Their synergistic effects can contribute to CKD progression. Vascular senotherapeutics or pharmacological anti-senescent therapies based on epigenetic machineries can therefore be plausible options for ameliorating vascular aging and even halting the worsening of renal fibrosis. These include histone deacetylase modulators, histone methyltransferase modulators, other histone modification effectors, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, telomerase reverse transcriptase enhancers, microRNA mimic delivery, and small molecules with microRNA-regulating potentials. Some of these molecules have already been tested and have shown anecdotal evidence for treating uremic vasculopathy and renal fibrosis, supporting the feasibility of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ter Chao
- Nephrology division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Nephrology division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Kuo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Nephrology division, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balistreri CR, Monastero R. Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: How Much Do We Still Not Know? Brain Sci 2023; 14:19. [PMID: 38248234 PMCID: PMC10812964 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The term "neuroinflammation" defines the typical inflammatory response of the brain closely related to the onset of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Neuroinflammation is well known, but its mechanisms and pathways are not entirely comprehended. Some progresses have been achieved through many efforts and research. Consequently, new cellular and molecular mechanisms, diverse and conventional, are emerging. In listing some of those that will be the subject of our description and discussion, essential are the important roles of peripheral and infiltrated monocytes and clonotypic cells, alterations in the gut-brain axis, dysregulation of the apelinergic system, alterations in the endothelial glycocalyx of the endothelial component of neuronal vascular units, variations in expression of some genes and levels of the encoding molecules by the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), or other epigenetic factors and distinctive transcriptional factors, as well as the role of autophagy, ferroptosis, sex differences, and modifications in the circadian cycle. Such mechanisms can add significantly to understanding the complex etiological puzzle of neuroinflammation and ND. In addition, they could represent biomarkers and targets of ND, which is increasing in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Cellular and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Unit of Neurology & Neuro-Physiopathology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bosco F, Ruga S, Citraro R, Leo A, Guarnieri L, Maiuolo J, Oppedisano F, Macrì R, Scarano F, Nucera S, Bava I, Palma E, Muscoli C, Hancke J, De Sarro G, Mollace V. The Effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.F.) Wall. Ex Nees and Andrographolide on Neuroinflammation in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:3428. [PMID: 37571363 PMCID: PMC10421033 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) affect millions of people worldwide, and to date, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most common NDs. Of the many risk factors for neurodegeneration, the aging process has the most significant impact, to the extent that it is tempting to consider neurodegenerative disease as a manifestation of accelerated aging. However, genetic and environmental factors determine the course of neurodegenerative disease progression. It has been proposed that environmental stimuli influence neuroplasticity. Some clinical studies have shown that healthy lifestyles and the administration of nutraceuticals containing bioactive molecules possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have a preventive impact or mitigate symptoms in previously diagnosed patients. Despite ongoing research efforts, the therapies currently used for the treatment of NDs provide only marginal therapeutic benefits; therefore, the focus is now directly on the search for natural products that could be valuable tools in combating these diseases, including the natural compound Andrographis paniculata (Ap) and its main constituent, andrographolide (Andro). Preclinical studies have shown that the aqueous extract of Ap can modulate neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative responses, reducing inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in various NDs. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Ap and Andro can modulate the processes of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, which are significant causes of neuronal death and cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bosco
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.C.); (A.L.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Rita Citraro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.C.); (A.L.); (G.D.S.)
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Science of Health Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.C.); (A.L.); (G.D.S.)
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Science of Health Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.C.); (A.L.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, IRC-FSH Center, Department of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutraceutical, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Federica Scarano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Irene Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| | | | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.C.); (A.L.); (G.D.S.)
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Science of Health Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food, Safety, and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.R.); (F.O.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (S.N.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (V.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sinclair SH, Miller E, Talekar KS, Schwartz SS. Diabetes mellitus associated neurovascular lesions in the retina and brain: A review. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:1012804. [PMID: 38983558 PMCID: PMC11182219 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.1012804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is now recognized as a system-wide, autoimmune, inflammatory, microvascular disorder, which, in the retina and brain results in severe multifocal injury now recognized as a leading cause, world-wide, of progressive vision loss and dementia. To address this problem, resulting primarily from variations in glycemia in the prediabetic and overt diabetic states, it must be realized that, although some of the injury processes associated with diabetes may be system wide, there are varying responses, effector, and repair mechanisms that differ from organ to organ or within varying cell structures. Specifically, within the retina, and similarly within the brain cortex, lesions occur of the "neurovascular unit", comprised of focal microvascular occlusions, inflammatory endothelial and pericyte injury, with small vessel leakage resulting in injury to astrocytes, Müller cells, and microglia, all of which occur with progressive neuronal apoptosis. Such lesions are now recognized to occur before the first microaneurysms are visible to imaging by fundus cameras or before they result in detectable symptoms or signs recognizable to the patient or clinician. Treatments, therefore, which currently are not initiated within the retina until edema develops or there is progression of vascular lesions that define the current staging of retinopathy, and in the brain only after severe signs of cognitive failure. Treatments, therefore are applied relatively late with some reduction in progressive cellular injury but with resultant minimal vision or cognitive improvement. This review article will summarize the multiple inflammatory and remediation processes currently understood to occur in patients with diabetes as well as pre-diabetes and summarize as well the current limitations of methods for assessing the structural and functional alterations within the retina and brain. The goal is to attempt to define future screening, monitoring, and treatment directions that hopefully will prevent progressive injury as well as enable improved repair and attendant function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Sinclair
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elan Miller
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College (SKMC) Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kiran S Talekar
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology and ENT Radiology, Clinical Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and The Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center (JIMRIC) Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stanley S Schwartz
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Main Line Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:7924199. [PMID: 36046763 PMCID: PMC9420645 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7924199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily manifests as memory deficits and cognitive impairment and has created health challenges for patients and society. In AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) induces Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in microglia. Activation of TLR4 induces downstream signaling pathways and promotes the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which also trigger the activation of astrocytes and influence amyloid-dependent neuronal death. Therefore, TLR4 may be an important molecular target for treating AD by regulating neuroinflammation. Moreover, TLR4 regulates apoptosis, autophagy, and gut microbiota and is closely related to AD. This article reviews the role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of AD and a range of potential therapies targeting TLR4 for AD. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of TLR4 in AD may provide valuable clues for developing new therapeutic strategies for AD.
Collapse
|
7
|
Toll-like Receptor 4, Osteoblasts and Leukemogenesis; the Lesson from Acute Myeloid Leukemia. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030735. [PMID: 35163998 PMCID: PMC8838156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognizing receptor that can bind exogenous and endogenous ligands. It is expressed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, several bone marrow stromal cells, and nonleukemic cells involved in inflammation. TLR4 can bind a wide range of endogenous ligands that are present in the bone marrow microenvironment. Furthermore, the TLR4-expressing nonleukemic bone marrow cells include various mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, differentiated myeloid cells, and inflammatory/immunocompetent cells. Osteoblasts are important stem cell supporting cells localized to the stem cell niches, and they support the proliferation and survival of primary AML cells. These supporting effects are mediated by the bidirectional crosstalk between AML cells and supportive osteoblasts through the local cytokine network. Finally, TLR4 is also important for the defense against complicating infections in neutropenic patients, and it seems to be involved in the regulation of inflammatory and immunological reactions in patients treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Thus, TLR4 has direct effects on primary AML cells, and it has indirect effects on the leukemic cells through modulation of their supporting neighboring bone marrow stromal cells (i.e., modulation of stem cell niches, regulation of angiogenesis). Furthermore, in allotransplant recipients TLR4 can modulate inflammatory and potentially antileukemic immune reactivity. The use of TLR4 targeting as an antileukemic treatment will therefore depend both on the biology of the AML cells, the biological context of the AML cells, aging effects reflected both in the AML and the stromal cells and the additional antileukemic treatment combined with HSP90 inhibition.
Collapse
|
8
|
Richard K, Piepenbrink KH, Shirey KA, Gopalakrishnan A, Nallar S, Prantner DJ, Perkins DJ, Lai W, Vlk A, Toshchakov VY, Feng C, Fanaroff R, Medvedev AE, Blanco JCG, Vogel SN. A mouse model of human TLR4 D299G/T399I SNPs reveals mechanisms of altered LPS and pathogen responses. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211550. [PMID: 33216117 PMCID: PMC7685774 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cosegregating single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human TLR4, an A896G transition at SNP rs4986790 (D299G) and a C1196T transition at SNP rs4986791 (T399I), have been associated with LPS hyporesponsiveness and differential susceptibility to many infectious or inflammatory diseases. However, many studies failed to confirm these associations, and transfection experiments resulted in conflicting conclusions about the impact of these SNPs on TLR4 signaling. Using advanced protein modeling from crystallographic data of human and murine TLR4, we identified homologous substitutions of these SNPs in murine Tlr4, engineered a knock-in strain expressing the D298G and N397I TLR4 SNPs homozygously, and characterized in vivo and in vitro responses to TLR4 ligands and infections in which TLR4 is implicated. Our data provide new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these SNPs decrease the TLR4 signaling efficiency and offer an experimental approach to confirm or refute human data possibly confounded by variables unrelated to the direct effects of the SNPs on TLR4 functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Richard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kurt H Piepenbrink
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shreeram Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel J Prantner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Darren J Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wendy Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexandra Vlk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chiguang Feng
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel Fanaroff
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | | | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun J, Liu W, Guo Y, Zhang H, Jiang D, Luo Y, Liu R, Chen C. Characterization of tree shrew telomeres and telomerase. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:631-639. [PMID: 34362683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of tree shrews as experimental animals for biomedical research is a new practice. Several recent studies suggest that tree shrews are suitable for studying cancers, including breast cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the telomeres and the telomerase of tree shrews have not been studied to date. Here, we characterize telomeres and telomerase in tree shrews. The telomere length of tree shrews is approximately 23 kb, which is longer than that of primates and shorter than that of mice, and it is extended in breast tumor tissues according to Southern blot and flow-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses. Tree shrew spleen, bone marrow, testis, ovary, and uterus show high telomerase activities, which are increased in breast tumor tissues by telomeric repeat amplification protocol assays. The telomere length becomes shorter, and telomerase activity decreases with age. The tree shrew TERT and TERC are more highly similar to primates than to rodents. These findings lay a solid foundation for using tree shrews to study aging and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Yongbo Guo
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Dewei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wen CJ, Chang CH, Chen CY, Peng JK, Huang HL, Chuang PN, Chen CY, Tsai JS. Age-dependent messenger RNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13522. [PMID: 33590878 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in the ageing process in which monocytes/macrophages are important players. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are well-known inflammatory markers. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between age and the expression and correlation of ICAM-1, TNF-α and TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS A total of 239 participants were recruited in a medical centre in Taiwan. The mRNA isolated from the PBMCs was used to determine the levels of ICAM-1, TNF-α and TLR4 mRNAs with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The propensity-matched analysis was also applied for subgroup analysis. RESULTS When compared 189 older adults (≧65 years) to 50 younger adults (<65 years), the ICAM-1, TNF-α and TLR4 mRNA levels in PBMCs were significantly higher in older adults (2.00 ± 0.72 vs 0.87 ± 0.34 for ICAM-1, 2.32 ± 0.69 vs 1.15 ± 0.44 for TNF-α and 1.56 ± 0.47 vs 1.05 ± 0.51 for TLR4, and all P < .0001). Also, both age and TLR4 were independent factors affecting mononuclear cell ICAM-1 in the multiple linear regression analysis (P < .0001). CONCLUSION The mRNA levels of ICAM-1 and TLR4 in PBMCs are higher in older adults than those in younger adults. TLR4 is an independent factor affecting ICAM-1 expression in PBMCs, especially in older adults. This may suggest that ICAM-1 and TLR4 in PBMCs are potential biomarkers and their relationship may shed some light on the ageing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Jung Wen
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hao Chang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ying Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kuei Peng
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Liang Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chuang
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Geriatric Research, Institute of Population Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Shiun Tsai
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Complementary and Integrated Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lio D, Scola L, Giarratana RM, Candore G, Colonna-Romano G, Caruso C, Balistreri CR. SARS CoV2 infection _The longevity study perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101299. [PMID: 33607290 PMCID: PMC7885677 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Like other infectious diseases, COVID-19 shows a clinical outcome enormously variable, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal. In Italy, like in other countries, old male individuals, with one or more comorbidity, are the most susceptible group, and show, consequently, the highest mortality, and morbidity, including lethal respiratory distress syndrome, as the most common complication. In addition, another extraordinary peculiarity, that is a surprising resistance to COVID-19, characterizes some Italian nonagenarians/centenarians. Despite having the typical COVID-19 signs and/or symptoms, such exceptional individuals show a surprising tendency to recover from illness and complications. On the other hand, long-lived people have an optimal performance of immune system related to an overexpression of anti-inflammatory variants in immune/inflammatory genes, as demonstrated by our and other groups. Consequently, we suggest long-lived people as an optimal model for detecting genetic profiles associated with the susceptibility and/or protection to COVID-19, to utilize as potential pharmacological targets for preventing or reducing viral infection in more vulnerable individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lio
- Immunosenescence Study Group, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced, Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Letizia Scola
- Immunosenescence Study Group, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced, Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Cellular/Molecular Biology and Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Giarratana
- Cellular/Molecular Biology and Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Immunosenescence Study Group, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced, Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Colonna-Romano
- Immunosenescence Study Group, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced, Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Immunosenescence Study Group, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced, Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Immunosenescence Study Group, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced, Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Cellular/Molecular Biology and Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li C, Wang J, Zhao M, Zhang S, Zhang Y. Toll‐like receptor 4 antagonist FP7 alleviates lipopolysaccharide‐induced septic shock via NF‐kB signaling pathway. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 97:1151-1157. [PMID: 33638265 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Emergency Xingtai People’s Hospital of Hebei Province Xingtai China
| | - Junhui Wang
- Department of Emergency Xingtai People’s Hospital of Hebei Province Xingtai China
| | - Mailiang Zhao
- Department of Emergency Xingtai People’s Hospital of Hebei Province Xingtai China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Xingtai People’s Hospital of Hebei Province Xingtai China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Xingtai People’s Hospital of Hebei Province Xingtai China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reich N, Hölscher C. Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614828. [PMID: 33381011 PMCID: PMC7767977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much thought has been given to the impact of Amyloid Beta, Tau and Alpha-Synuclein in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the clinical failures of the recent decades indicate that there are further pathological mechanisms at work. Indeed, besides amyloids, AD and PD are characterized by the culminative interplay of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperfission, defective autophagy and mitophagy, systemic inflammation, BBB and vascular damage, demyelination, cerebral insulin resistance, the loss of dopamine production in PD, impaired neurogenesis and, of course, widespread axonal, synaptic and neuronal degeneration that leads to cognitive and motor impediments. Interestingly, the acylated form of the hormone ghrelin has shown the potential to ameliorate the latter pathologic changes, although some studies indicate a few complications that need to be considered in the long-term administration of the hormone. As such, this review will illustrate the wide-ranging neuroprotective properties of acylated ghrelin and critically evaluate the hormone's therapeutic benefits for the treatment of AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, A Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhong J, Qiu X, Yu Q, Chen H, Yan C. A novel polysaccharide from Acorus tatarinowii protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity by inhibiting TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:464-475. [PMID: 32621930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has indicated that a crude polysaccharide derived from Acorus tatarinowii, AT50, remarkably improves learning and memory in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice and prevents the release of inflammatory mediators. To further explore the bioactive constituents of AT50, a novel polysaccharide (ATP50-3) was purified, and its anti-neuroinflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms were investigated. ATP50-3 significantly reduced abnormal elevation of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory BV2 cells in vitro and inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Moreover, ATP50-3 down-regulated LPS-induced protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88), p-PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and p-Akt (protein kinase B). Further experiments demonstrated that TAK242 (a TLR4 inhibitor) and LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) remarkably augmented ATP50-3's down-regulation on LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators. Importantly, ATP50-3 provided neuroprotection against neuroinflammation-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical and hippocampal neurons by mitigating overproduction of reactive oxygen species and damage to the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Taken together, our findings suggest that ATP50-3 exerts anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects through modulation of TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- Center for Clinical Precision Medication, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xian Qiu
- Center for Clinical Precision Medication, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyan Yan
- Center for Clinical Precision Medication, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou JY, Huang YQ, Zhang XY, Zheng PF, Li P, Chen Y, Shu L. Association study of toll-like receptors 4 polymorphisms and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 41:579-584. [PMID: 32844696 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1814348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (rs4986790, rs4986791) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to be associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but the results are still inconclusive. The present meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between SNPs of TLR4 gene and AMD susceptibility. METHODS Relevant articles were obtained through computer retrieval of Pubmed, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and China wanfang database. Eligible articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and quality scores were made for them by NOS-scale. Relevant data were extracted for meta-analysis. The combined OR value and 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the strength of the correlation. Funnel plot and Egger's regression were used to evaluate publication bias. All analyses were performed using STATA 11.0 software. RESULTS A total of nine case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. After combination, an significant association was found between rs4986790 polymorphism and AMD susceptibility in heterozygote model (AG vs. AA, OR = 1.400, 95%CI = 1.049-1.867, P = .022) and dominant model (GG+AG vs. AA, OR = 1.365, 95%CI = 1.028-1.813, P = .032). There was no association found between rs4986791 polymorphism and AMD susceptibility in all genetic models (all P > .05). Funnel plot and Egger's regression analysis showed no publication bias existed in this study. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis suggested that there is an association between TLR4 gene rs4986790 polymorphism and AMD susceptibility, while no association between rs4986791 polymorphism and AMD susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Zhou
- Department of Digestion, Zhejiang Hospital , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Qian Huang
- Department of Digestion, Zhejiang Hospital , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei-Fen Zheng
- Department of Digestion, Zhejiang Hospital , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of School Health, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of School Health, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Shu
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang J, Wise L, Fukuchi KI. TLR4 Cross-Talk With NLRP3 Inflammasome and Complement Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:724. [PMID: 32391019 PMCID: PMC7190872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques, mainly composed of abnormally aggregated amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain parenchyma, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates in neurons, are two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ fibrils and tau aggregates in the brain are closely associated with neuroinflammation and synapse loss, characterized by activated microglia and dystrophic neurites. Genome-wide genetic association studies revealed important roles of innate immune cells in the pathogenesis of late-onset AD by recognizing a dozen genetic risk loci that modulate innate immune activities. Furthermore, microglia, brain resident innate immune cells, have been increasingly recognized to play key, opposing roles in AD pathogenesis by either eliminating toxic Aβ aggregates and enhancing neuronal plasticity or producing proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and synaptotoxicity. Aggregated Aβ binds to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and activates microglia, resulting in increased phagocytosis and cytokine production. Complement components are associated with amyloid plaques and NFTs. Aggregated Aβ can activate complement, leading to synapse pruning and loss by microglial phagocytosis. Systemic inflammation can activate microglial TLR4, NLRP3 inflammasome, and complement in the brain, leading to neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, synapse loss and neurodegeneration. The host immune response has been shown to function through complex crosstalk between the TLR, complement and inflammasome signaling pathways. Accordingly, targeting the molecular mechanisms underlying the TLR-complement-NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways can be a preventive and therapeutic approach for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Leslie Wise
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Ken-Ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:207-220. [PMID: 32187501 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1745069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Glial cells are closely associated with neurons located throughout the nervous system and regulate neuronal activity and function through various mechanisms including the secretion of proteins and other signaling molecules. Glia-secreted proteins play crucial roles in modulating neuronal function in physiological and pathological conditions. Aberrant activation of glial cells leading to neuroinflammation is a common phenomenon observed in various neurological disorders. Aberrantly activated glial cells secrete proteins in disease-specific manner and can be exploited as a repository for novel biomarker discovery.Areas covered: In this review, we describe the recent advances in proteomic techniques, highlighting the need for their application to the secretomic field. Studies regarding the secretome profile of glial cells published within the last 5 years are discussed in detail. The use of glia-based biomarkers in various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases is also discussed.Expert opinion: Precise diagnosis and timely treatment of neurological disorders remains a challenge and glia-focused research to identify specific biomarkers appears to be a promising approach to combat these disorders. Recent technological advancement in proteomic research would open new frontiers for more rigorous analysis of glial secretome variations over time and the discovery/development of novel biomarkers for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu XC, Guo XH, Chen X, Yao Y. Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms rs4986790 and rs4986791 and age-related macular degeneration susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 41:31-35. [PMID: 32102594 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1723117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several studies have investigated two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4986790 and rs4986791) of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) susceptibility. However, their results varied. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between these two SNPs and AMD susceptibility.Materials and Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for articles indexed up to July 20, 2019. Studies investigating the association between TLR4 polymorphisms rs4986790 (Asp299Gly) and rs4986791 (Thr399Ile) and AMD susceptibility were included in this systematic review. The results of the included studies were pooled with allele contrast, recessive, dominant and overdominant models. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Egger's test was used to evaluate publication bias.Results: Six studies with 9 cohorts were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The recessive and overdominant models showed that rs4986790 was significantly associated with AMD susceptibility, with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.73 and 1.41, respectively. By contrast, rs4986791 was not associated with AMD susceptibility. No publication bias was observed for either rs4986791 or rs4986790.Conclusion: The current evidence supports the hypothesis that rs4986790 but not rs4986791 is associated with AMD susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 1st Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Scola L, Giarratana RM, Torre S, Argano V, Lio D, Balistreri CR. On the Road to Accurate Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Diseases by Integrating Precision and Gender Medicine Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6015. [PMID: 31795333 PMCID: PMC6929083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to facilitate the complex management of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) has led to the detection of many biomarkers, however, there are no clear explanations of their role in the prevention, diagnosis or prognosis of these diseases. Molecules associated with disease pathways represent valid disease surrogates and well-fitted CMD biomarkers. To address this challenge, data from multi-omics types (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and nutrigenomics), from human and animal models, have become available. However, individual omics types only provide data on a small part of molecules involved in the complex CMD mechanisms, whereas, here, we propose that their integration leads to multidimensional data. Such data provide a better understanding of molecules related to CMD mechanisms and, consequently, increase the possibility of identifying well-fitted biomarkers. In addition, the application of gender medicine also helps to identify accurate biomarkers according to gender, facilitating a differential CMD management. Accordingly, the impact of gender differences in CMD pathophysiology has been widely demonstrated, where gender is referred to the complex interrelation and integration of sex (as a biological and functional marker of the human body) and psychological and cultural behavior (due to ethnical, social, and religious background). In this review, all these aspects are described and discussed, as well as potential limitations and future directions in this incipient field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Scola
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.M.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Rosa Maria Giarratana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.M.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Salvatore Torre
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (S.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Argano
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (S.T.); (V.A.)
| | - Domenico Lio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.M.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.M.G.); (D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ho A, Sinick J, Esko T, Fischer K, Menni C, Zierer J, Matey-Hernandez M, Fortney K, Morgen EK. Circulating glucuronic acid predicts healthspan and longevity in humans and mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7694-7706. [PMID: 31557729 PMCID: PMC6781977 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronic acid is a metabolite of glucose that is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds and the structure/remodeling of the extracellular matrix. We report for the first time that circulating glucuronic acid is a robust biomarker of mortality that is conserved across species. We find that glucuronic acid levels are significant predictors of all-cause mortality in three population-based cohorts from different countries with 4-20 years of follow-up (HR=1.44, p=2.9×10-6 in the discovery cohort; HR=1.13, p=0.032 and HR=1.25, p=0.017, respectively in the replication cohorts), as well as in a longitudinal study of genetically heterogenous mice (HR=1.29, p=0.018). Additionally, we find that glucuronic acid levels increase with age and predict future healthspan-related outcomes. Together, these results demonstrate glucuronic acid as a robust biomarker of longevity and healthspan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Zierer
- Department of Twin Research, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Association of TLR4 with Alzheimer's disease risk and presymptomatic biomarkers of inflammation. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:951-960. [PMID: 31175027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A coding variant in the TLR4 receptor (rs4986790), previously associated with longevity and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk reduction, was examined in a population isolate (Québec Founder Population [QFP]) and in presymptomatic individuals with a parental history of AD (Pre-Symptomatic Evaluation of Novel or Experimental Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease [PREVENT-AD]). METHODS Genotyping was performed using the Illumina HumanHap 550k (QFP) and the Illumina Omni2.5 beadchips (PREVENT-AD). Cognition was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Whole-brain cortical thickness data were analyzed using CIVET 1.12. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cytokines were obtained by using Milliplex. RESULTS The minor allele of the rs4986790 polymorphism (G) is associated with a reduced risk of developing AD in the QFP, as well as higher visuospatial and constructional abilities, higher cortical thickness in visual-related regions, and stable cerebrospinal fluid IL-1β levels in the PREVENT-AD cohort. DISCUSSION The rs4986790 G coding variant in the TLR4 gene appears to reduce AD risk through the modulation of IL-1β synthesis and secretion in the presymptomatic phase of the disease.
Collapse
|
22
|
Silva AR, Grosso C, Delerue-Matos C, Rocha JM. Comprehensive review on the interaction between natural compounds and brain receptors: Benefits and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:87-115. [PMID: 31029947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given their therapeutic activity, natural products have been used in traditional medicines throughout the centuries. The growing interest of the scientific community in phytopharmaceuticals, and more recently in marine products, has resulted in a significant number of research efforts towards understanding their effect in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson (PD) and Huntington (HD). Several studies have shown that many of the primary and secondary metabolites of plants, marine organisms and others, have high affinities for various brain receptors and may play a crucial role in the treatment of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in mammalians. Actually, such compounds may act on the brain receptors either by agonism, antagonism, allosteric modulation or other type of activity aimed at enhancing a certain effect. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the state of the art on the interactions between natural compounds and brain receptors. This information is of foremost importance when it is intended to investigate and develop cutting-edge drugs, more effective and with alternative mechanisms of action to the conventional drugs presently used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we reviewed the effect of 173 natural products on neurotransmitter receptors, diabetes related receptors, neurotrophic factor related receptors, immune system related receptors, oxidative stress related receptors, transcription factors regulating gene expression related receptors and blood-brain barrier receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Rocha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Grupo de investigação de Química Orgânica Aplicada (QUINOA), Laboratório de polifenóis alimentares, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica (DQB), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Potter OV, Giedraitis ME, Johnson CD, Cox MN, Kohman RA. Young and aged TLR4 deficient mice show sex-dependent enhancements in spatial memory and alterations in interleukin-1 related genes. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:37-47. [PMID: 30394314 PMCID: PMC6814391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is a transmembrane receptor that initiates an immune response following a bacterial infection or host derived molecules associated with cellular distress. Beyond triggering inflammation, TLR4 has been implicated in modulating behavioral and cognitive processes in a physiologically normal state, as young adult TLR4 deficient mice show learning enhancements in select tasks. Currently unknown is whether these benefits are present in both sexes and persist with aging. The present study evaluated spatial memory, anxiety-like behavior, and central levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in young (4-5 months) and aged (18-19 months) TLR4 deficient (TLR4-/-) and wild-type (WT) male and female mice. Results confirmed that TLR4-/- mice show enhanced spatial memory compared to WT mice. These effects were age- and sex-specific, as memory retention was superior in the TLR4-/- young males and aged females. While TLR4-/- mice showed age-related changes in behavior, these changes were attenuated relative to aged WT mice. Further, aged TLR4-/- mice showed differential expression of molecules involved in interleukin (IL)-1 signaling in the hippocampus. For instance, aged TLR4-/- females showed heightened expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and the IL-1 accessory proteins AcP and AcPb. Collectively, these data provide the initial evidence that TLR4 deficiency enhances cognitive function and modulates the inflammatory profile of the hippocampus in a sex- and age-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Opal V Potter
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Megan E Giedraitis
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Charles D Johnson
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Mackenzie N Cox
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Rachel A Kohman
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li T, Jing JJ, Sun LP, Gong YH, Dong NN, Yang J, Yuan Y. Serum Toll-like receptor 4: A novel and promising biomarker for identification of aortic aneurysmal diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 483:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
25
|
Liu L, Zhang Q, Xiong XY, Gong QW, Liao MF, Yang QW. TLR4 gene polymorphisms rs11536889 is associated with intracranial aneurysm susceptibility. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 53:165-170. [PMID: 29754966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a common lesion which often present asymptomatic until the time of rupture and result in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The pathogenesis of IA formation is complex and is influenced by both genetic and environmental risk factors. For exploring the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of IA, recent studies indicated inflammatory pathways and their genetic variants may as potential biomarkers. In this study, functionally relevant polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were screened in 330 IA patients and 313 controls from a Han Chinese population. Eight single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped by the Improved Multiple Ligase Detection Reaction (iMLDR) method. Our results indicated that the presence of the minor allele (C) of the TLR4 SNP rs11536889 was associated with a decreased risk of IA (C vs. G, OR = 0.731; 95% CI 0.567-0.943; P = 0.017). This association was also present at the genotype level in a codominant model (GC vs. GG, OR = 0.447; 95% CI 0.226-0.884; P = 0.020) and a recessive model (CC vs. GG + GC, OR = 0.489; 95% CI 0.250-0.955; P = 0.035). In summary, we firstly found that the TLR4 SNP rs11536889 was significantly associated with the susceptibility of IA. Our results indicated TLR4 SNP rs11536889 may be a marker for IA risk, though the exact functional roles of TLR4 SNP rs11536889 in IA formation are still not very clear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qiu-Wen Gong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Mao-Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Anti-Inflamm-Ageing and/or Anti-Age-Related Disease Emerging Treatments: A Historical Alchemy or Revolutionary Effective Procedures? Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3705389. [PMID: 29576745 PMCID: PMC5822866 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3705389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The “long-life elixir” has long represented for humans a dream, a vanity's sin for remaining young and to long survive. Today, because of ageing population phenomenon, the research of antiageing interventions appears to be more important than ever, for preserving health in old age and retarding/or delaying the onset of age-related diseases. A hope is given by experimental data, which evidence the possibility of retarding ageing in animal models. In addition, it has been also demonstrated in animal life-extending studies not only the possibility of increasing longevity but also the ability to retard the onset of age-related diseases. Interestingly, this recent evidence is leading to promise of obtaining the same effects in humans and resulting in benefits for their health in old ages. In order to achieve this goal, different approaches have been used ranging from pharmacological targeting of ageing, basic biological assays, and big data analysis to the recent use of young blood, stem cells, cellular, genetic, and epigenetic reprogramming, or other techniques of regenerative medicine. However, only a little fraction of these approaches has the features for being tested in clinical applications. Here, new emerging molecules, drugs, and procedures will be described, by evidencing potential benefits and limitations.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Inflammasomes are responsible for the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 and activation of inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. They assemble in response to cellular infection and stress or to tissue damage, promote inflammatory reactions, and are important in regulating innate immunity particularly by acting as platforms for activation of caspase proteases. They appear to be involved in several pathological processes activated by microbes including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Best characterized in microbial pathogenesis is the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. AD is a neurodegenerative condition in which the neuropathological hallmarks are the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein coated neurofibrillary tangles. For decades, the role of the innate immune system in the etiology of AD was considered less important, but the recently discovered inflammatory genes by genome-wide association studies driving inflammation in this disease has changed this view. Innate immune inflammatory activity in the AD brain can result from the pathological hallmark protein Aβ as well as from specific bacterial infections that tend to possess weak immunostimulatory responses for peripheral blood myeloid cell recruitment to the brain. The weak immunostimulatory activity is a consequence of their immune evasion strategies and survival. In this review we discuss the possibility that inflammasomes, particularly via the NLR family of proteins NLRP3 are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. In addition, we discuss the plausible contribution of specific bacteria playing a role in influencing the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome to AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Although diet has long been known to contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), research over the past decade has revealed an unexpected interplay between nutrient intake, gut microbial metabolism and the host to modify the risk of developing CVD. Microbial-associated molecular patterns are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors and have been suggested to drive CVD pathogenesis. In addition, the host microbiota produces various metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, that affect CVD pathogenesis. These recent advances support the notion that targeting the interactions between the host and microorganisms may hold promise for the prevention or treatment of CVD. In this Review, we summarize our current knowledge of the gut microbial mechanisms that drive CVD, with special emphasis on therapeutic interventions, and we highlight the need to establish causal links between microbial pathways and CVD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NC-10, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NC-10, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Telomere Biology and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010003. [PMID: 29267201 PMCID: PMC5795955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascending aortic aneurysms are mostly asymptomatic and present a great risk of aortic dissection or perforation. Consequently, ascending aortic aneurysms are a source of lethality with increased age. Biological aging results in progressive attrition of telomeres, which are the repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes. These telomeres play an important role in protection of genomic DNA from end-to-end fusions. Telomere maintenance and telomere attrition-associated senescence of endothelial and smooth muscle cells have been indicated to be part of the pathogenesis of degenerative vascular diseases. This systematic review provides an overview of telomeres, telomere-associated proteins and telomerase to the formation and progression of aneurysms of the thoracic ascending aorta. A better understanding of telomere regulation in the vascular pathology might provide new therapeutic approaches. Measurements of telomere length and telomerase activity could be potential prognostic biomarkers for increased risk of death in elderly patients suffering from an aortic aneurysm.
Collapse
|
30
|
Role of the peripheral innate immune system in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2017; 107:59-66. [PMID: 29275160 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative diseases. The exact cause of the disease is still not known although many scientists believe in the beta amyloid hypothesis which states that the accumulation of the amyloid peptide beta (Aβ) in brain is the initial cause which consequently leads to pathological neuroinflammation. However, it was recently shown that Aβ may have an important role in defending the brain against infections. Thus, the balance between positive and negative impact of Aβ may determine disease progression. Microglia in the brain are innate immune cells, and brain-initiated inflammatory responses reflected in the periphery suggests that Alzheimer's disease is to some extent also a systemic inflammatory disease. Greater permeability of the blood brain barrier facilitates the transport of peripheral immune cells to the brain and vice versa so that a vicious circle originating on the periphery may contribute to the development of overt clinical AD. Persistent inflammatory challenges by pathogens in the periphery, increasing with age, may also contribute to the central propagation of the pathological changes seen clinically. Therefore, the activation status of peripheral innate immune cells may represent an early biomarker of the upcoming impact on the brain. The modulation of these cells may thus become a useful mechanism for modifying disease progression.
Collapse
|
31
|
Talepoor AG, Kalani M, Dahaghani AS, Doroudchi M. Hydrogen Peroxide and Lipopolysaccharide Differentially Affect the Expression of MicroRNAs 10a, 33a, 21, 221 in Endothelial Cells Before and After Coculture With Monocytes. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:133-141. [PMID: 28403739 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817695270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are important risk factors affecting various cells in the formation of atherosclerosis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are regulators of inflammation and atherogenesis. The expressions of endothelial cell (EC)-specific miR-10a and miR-21 and monocyte-specific miR-33a and miR-221 were investigated using coculture of the ECs and monocytes upon exposure to H2O2 as an oxidative stressor, and endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a microbial stressor. Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (or monocytes) were cocultured in M199 complete medium and were incubated with LPS (20 ng/mL) or H2O2 (1%) for 8 hours at 37°C. The HUVECs and monocytes were then separated from the cellular mix using a magnetic bead negative selection technique. The relative expression of miRs was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In both cell types, H2O2 induced miR10a ( P = 0.05) and LPS induced miR21 ( P = 0.0003) compared to the untreated controls. Coculture increased miR-10a and miR-21 expression in monocytes ( P = 0.0008 and <0.0001); however when cultured alone, HUVECs expressed higher levels of miR-10a and miR-21 ( P < 0.0001 and <0.0001). Coculture decreased the expression of miR-33a in monocytes ( P < 0.0001) while increasing miR221 in HUVECs and monocytes ( P < 0.0001 and <0.0001). The expression pattern of miRs in HUVECs and monocytes changes in the coculture compared to culturing alone in response to oxidative and microbial toxic compounds. Moreover, different cellular stressors induce different athero-miRs, which may affect the course of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- 1 Memory T Cell Laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- 1 Memory T Cell Laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alamtaj Samsami Dahaghani
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- 1 Memory T Cell Laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Benli E, Bayrak A, Cirakoglu A, Bayrak T, Noyan T. Comparison of serum acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) values between prostate cancer patients and a control group. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:572-577. [PMID: 29050675 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to measure platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH) and paraoxonase (PON1) enzyme activity levels in patients with high Psa values to compare with healthy peers and also to determine the efficacy of these parameters in predicting pathologic results of patients with high Psa values. This study included 66 patients with Psa value > 4 ng/dl (Group 1) and 44 patients with Psa <4 ng/dl (Group 2) for a total of 110 patients. Parameters measured in serum of PON1, PAF-AH, and MDA were compared between the groups. Additionally the same parameters were compared between patients with prostate biopsy performed due to high Psa and diagnosed with cancer and the control group with normal Psa values. The PAF-AH activity in Group 1 was 125.17 ± 8.64 and in Group 2 was 120.08 ± 9.23 U/ml (p = 0.003). The PON1 activity was 63.12 ± 6.74 and 65.91 ± 7.77 U/ml in the groups, respectively (p = 0.04). Additionally, there were significant differences identified between the control group and PCa diagnosis group in terms of PAF-AH and PON1 activities (p = 0.004 and p = 0.02, respectively). The enzyme activity of PAF-AH and PON1 measured in serum of patients with high Psa value and patients with diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) were identified to have changed by a significant amount compared to healthy peers with normal Psa value. It was concluded that these parameters may be beneficial markers for use in assessment of patients with high Psa value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Benli
- Department of Urology, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Bayrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Cirakoglu
- Department of Urology, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Tulin Bayrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Noyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Balistreri CR, Ruvolo G, Lio D, Madonna R. Toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway in aorta aging and diseases: "its double nature". J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 110:38-53. [PMID: 28668304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of innate immunity have revealed a complex role of innate immune signaling pathways in both tissue homeostasis and disease. Among them, the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) pathways has been linked to various pathophysiological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This has been interrogated by developing multiple laboratory tools that have shown in animal models and clinical conditions, the involvement of the TLR-4 signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of different CVDs, such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury and aorta aneurysm. Among these, aorta aneurysm, a very complex pathological condition with uncertain etiology and fatal complications (i.e. dissection and rupture), has been associated with the occurrence of high risk cardiovascular conditions, including thrombosis and embolism. In this review, we discuss the possible role of TLR-4 signaling pathway in the development of aorta aneurysm, considering the emerging evidence from ongoing investigations. Our message is that emphasizing the role of TLR-4 signaling pathway in aorta aneurysm may serve as a starting point for future studies, leading to a better understanding of the pathophysiological basis and perhaps the effective treatment of this difficult human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ruvolo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Lio
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Heart Failure Research, Texas Heart Institute, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-Met and Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences "G. D'Annunzio" University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zerdazi EH, Oliveira J, Vorspan F, Bennabi M, Jamain S, Etain B, Leboyer M, Tamouza R, Bellivier F. TLR4 gene polymorphism associated with lifetime cigarette smoking in bipolar disorder. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 305:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
35
|
Balistreri CR, Madonna R, Melino G, Caruso C. The emerging role of Notch pathway in ageing: Focus on the related mechanisms in age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29:50-65. [PMID: 27328278 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway, which is fundamental for the development of all tissues, organs and systems of human body. Recently, a considerable and still growing number of studies have highlighted the contribution of Notch signaling in various pathological processes of the adult life, such as age-related diseases. In particular, the Notch pathway has emerged as major player in the maintenance of tissue specific homeostasis, through the control of proliferation, migration, phenotypes and functions of tissue cells, as well as in the cross-talk between inflammatory cells and the innate immune system, and in onset of inflammatory age-related diseases. However, until now there is a confounding evidence about the related mechanisms. Here, we discuss mechanisms through which Notch signaling acts in a very complex network of pathways, where it seems to have the crucial role of hub. Thus, we stress the possibility to use Notch pathway, the related molecules and pathways constituting this network, both as innovative (predictive, diagnostic and prognostic) biomarkers and targets for personalised treatments for age-related diseases.
Collapse
|
36
|
Otth C, Leyton L, Salamin M, Acuña-Hinrichsen F, Martin C, Concha MI. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Neuronal Infection Elicits Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in in vitro and in vivo Mice Models. J Alzheimers Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Otth
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Leyton
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marukel Salamin
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisca Acuña-Hinrichsen
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Martin
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Margarita I. Concha
- Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fu GX, Chen AF, Zhong Y, Zhao J, Gu YJ. Decreased serum level of HMGB1 and MyD88 during human aging progress in healthy individuals. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:175-80. [PMID: 26130428 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have suggested that high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) binds to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling mediates the progression of various inflammatory diseases. But the roles of HMGB1 and TLR4 in aging remain poorly unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the serum levels of HMGB1 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which is one of TLR4's intracellular adaptor proteins during human aging process and their relevance with cathepsin B (CTSB). METHODS This research was conducted using the blood samples provided by healthy people (n = 90, 63 men and 27 women). Subjects were subdivided into groups with respect to age: young (about 25 years old, n = 30), middle age (about 40 years old, n = 30), and aged (above 65 years old, n = 30). Altered serum levels of HMGB1, MyD88 and CTSB were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The serum levels of HMGB1 and MyD88 were significantly decreased in the aged group compared with those in the young group. Linear regression analysis showed that HMGB1 and MyD88 positively correlated with CTSB among the whole healthy people. A negative correlation was determined between MyD88 and age. CONCLUSIONS The serum levels of HMGB1 and MyD88 significantly decreased with age. MyD88, but not HMGB1, was negatively correlated with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiang Fu
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yi Shan road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Alex F Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yi Shan road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, No. 147 Health Road, Zhujing Town, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jia Gu
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, No. 147 Health Road, Zhujing Town, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201500, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gomes FC, Chuffa LGA, Scarano WR, Pinheiro PFF, Fávaro WJ, Domeniconi RF. Nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise training favor the occurrence of lesions and activate the inflammatory response in the ventral prostate. Andrology 2016; 4:473-80. [PMID: 27011054 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age is a key factor in the development of prostatic lesions. An increase in reactive oxygen species levels occurs during aging. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of anabolic androgenic steroids and physical exercise alter the availability of hormones and may promote the appearance of lesions. This study examined whether the use of nandrolone decanoate (ND), associated or not with resistance exercise training, affects the pathways related to the inflammatory response in the ventral prostate of adult and aged rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into eight experimental groups: sedentary with ND, sedentary without ND, exercise with ND, and exercise without ND. The animals performed resistance exercise training and received ND two times/week (5 mg/kg, i.m.) for 8 weeks. Adult rats were killed immediately following treatment completion, and aged rats remained untreated until reaching 300 days of age. The adult animals that received ND and performed resistance exercise training showed a higher occurrence of lesions with TLR4 activation. Marked IL-6 expression occurred in the group that performed resistance exercise training. The group exposed to ND showed overexpression of TLR2, TLR4, NOX1, Nrf2, TNF-α, and P38MAPK. The animals that received ND and performed training showed increase levels of NFκB, IRF3, IL-6, TNF-α, and NOX1. TLR2 and TLR4 showed no upregulation in the aged animals. The groups exercise + ND showed lesions in the adult stage and after aging, followed by molecular alterations. We concluded that nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise training can promote the onset of prostatic tumors in the adult stage, and during aging, activating pathways involved in the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Gomes
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - L G A Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - W R Scarano
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - P F F Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - W J Fávaro
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R F Domeniconi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang Y, Song E, Bai B, Vanhoutte PM. Toll-like receptors mediating vascular malfunction: Lessons from receptor subtypes. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:91-100. [PMID: 26702901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a subfamily of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) implicated in a variety of vascular abnormalities. However, the pathophysiological role and the interplay between different TLR-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses during the development of vascular diseases remain largely unspecified. TLR are widely distributed in both immune and nonimmune cells in the blood vessel wall. The expressions and locations of TLR are dynamically regulated in response to distinct molecular patterns derived from pathogens or damaged host cells. As a result, the outcome of TLR signaling is agonist- and cell type-dependent. A better understanding of discrete TLR signaling pathways in the vasculature will provide unprecedented opportunities for the discovery of novel therapies in many inflammatory vascular diseases. The present brief review discusses the role of individual TLR in controlling cellular functions of the vascular system, by focusing on the inflammatory responses within the blood vessel wall which contribute to the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Erfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Janssen N, Derhovanessian E, Demuth I, Arnaout F, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Pawelec G. Responses of Dendritic Cells to TLR-4 Stimulation Are Maintained in the Elderly and Resist the Effects of CMV Infection Seen in the Young. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:1117-23. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
41
|
Chen R, Gu N, Gao Y, Cen W. TLR4 Asp299Gly (rs4986790) polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1412. [PMID: 26644971 PMCID: PMC4671173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background. Previous studies have shown conflicting results on the association between toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) Asp299Gly (rs4986790) polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism on CAD risk, CRP level and the number of stenotic coronary arteries, as well as to investigate whether G allele carriers would benefit more from statin treatment. Methods. PubMed, EMBASE, and CNKI databases were searched until May 2015. All the statistical tests were performed using R version 3.1.2. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the association between TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and CAD risk, the number of stenotic vessels, and the incidence of cardiovascular events according to statin-treated patients. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated for the association between Asp299Gly and CRP level. Results. Overall, 12 case-control studies with 10,258 cases and 5,891 controls were included, and no association of TLR4Asp299Gly polymorphism with CAD was found (G allele vs. A allele: OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.81-1.17], P = 0.75; AA vs. GG + AG: OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.80-1.18], P = 0.76; GG vs. AG + AA: OR = 1.08, 95% CI [0.57-2.02], P = 0.82; AG vs. AA + GG: OR = 1.03, 95% CI [0.85-1.25], P = 0.74). Also, no association was noted between Asp299Gly and CRP level (WMD = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.62, 0.41], P = 0.69). Furthermore, no synergistic effect of statin and 299Gly was reported (Statin_AA vs. Statin_ AG/GG OR = 1.12, 95% CI [0.41-3.09], P = 0.82). Discussion. This meta-analysis suggests no association of TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism with CAD and CRP level. It is further indicated that the G allele carriers may not benefit more from statin treatment. Further studies should include large sample size and high-quality literature to understand this issue in depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Ning Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Ying Gao
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Wei Cen
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim M, Park SY, Jin ML, Park G, Son HJ. Cucurbitacin B inhibits immunomodulatory function and the inflammatory response in macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:473-80. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1085065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
43
|
Balistreri CR. Genetic contribution in sporadic thoracic aortic aneurysm? Emerging evidence of genetic variants related to TLR-4-mediated signaling pathway as risk determinants. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:1-10. [PMID: 26409318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, Palermo 90134, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Güven M, Batar B, Mutlu T, Bostancı M, Mete M, Aras C, Ünal M. Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Polymorphisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:856-61. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1067326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Güven
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Bahadır Batar
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Tuba Mutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Merve Bostancı
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Meltem Mete
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Cengiz Aras
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey and
| | - Mustafa Ünal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Murray MA, Chotirmall SH. The Impact of Immunosenescence on Pulmonary Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:692546. [PMID: 26199462 PMCID: PMC4495178 DOI: 10.1155/2015/692546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population is aging with significant gains in life expectancy particularly in the developed world. Consequently, greater focus on understanding the processes that underlie physiological aging has occurred. Key facets of advancing age include genomic instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic changes, and declines in immune function termed immunosenescence. Immunosenescence and its associated chronic low grade systemic "inflamm-aging" contribute to the development and progression of pulmonary disease in older individuals. These physiological processes predispose to pulmonary infection and confer specific and unique clinical phenotypes observed in chronic respiratory disease including late-onset asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. Emerging concepts of the gut and airway microbiome further complicate the interrelationship between host and microorganism particularly from an immunological perspective and especially so in the setting of immunosenescence. This review focuses on our current understanding of the aging process, immunosenescence, and how it can potentially impact on various pulmonary diseases and the human microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Murray
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sanjay H. Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nuzzo D, Picone P, Caruana L, Vasto S, Barera A, Caruso C, Di Carlo M. Inflammatory mediators as biomarkers in brain disorders. Inflammation 2015; 37:639-48. [PMID: 24292800 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive death of the neurons. The definite diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disorder is disadvantaged by the difficulty in obtaining biopsies and thereby to validate the clinical diagnosis with pathological results. Biomarkers are valuable indicators for detecting different phases of a disease such as prevention, early onset, treatment, progression, and monitoring the effect of pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Inflammation occurs in neurodegenerative diseases, and identification and validation of molecules involved in this process could be a strategy for finding new biomarkers. The ideal inflammatory biomarker needs to be easily measurable, must be reproducible, not subject to wide variation in the population, and unaffected by external factors. Our review summarizes the most important inflammation biomarkers currently available, whose specificity could be utilized for identifying and monitoring distinctive phases of different neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine ed Molecular Immunology, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gankovskaya LV, Svitich OA, Artem'eva OV, Miroshnichenkova AM, Rusanova KV. Association of Polymorphisms in Innate Immunity Genes TLR9 and DEFB1 with Human Longevity. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:77-80. [PMID: 26028230 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of polymorphic variants of innate immunity genes TLR9 (+2848G>A) and DEFB1(-20G>A; -44C>G; -52G>A) was evaluated in long-living individuals. No significant differences were found in the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the TLR9 gene. The following features were revealed: increase in the frequency of AA and GG genotypes and decrease in the frequency of the AG genotype of the DEFB1(-20G>A) gene; increase in the frequency of the CC genotype and C allele and decrease in the frequency of CG and GG genotypes and G allele of the DEFB1(44C>G) gene; and increase in the frequency of AA and AG genotypes and A allele and decrease in the frequency of the GG genotypes and G allele of the DEFB1(-52G>A) gene. Genotypes and alleles of the DEFB1 gene found in long-living individuals can be considered as the factors that increase the probability of longevity and favorable course of age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L V Gankovskaya
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee HW, Choi HY, Joo KM, Nam DH. Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) kinase as a novel therapeutic target for cancer: double-sided effects of Tpl2 on cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4471-91. [PMID: 25723737 PMCID: PMC4394431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase (MAP3K) that conveys various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli to effector proteins of cells provoking adequate adoptive responses. Recent studies have elucidated that Tpl2 is an indispensable signal transducer as an MAP3K family member in diverse signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, survival, and death. Since tumorigenesis results from dysregulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, Tpl2 participates in many decisive molecular processes of tumor development and progression. Moreover, Tpl2 is closely associated with cytokine release of inflammatory cells, which has crucial effects on not only tumor cells but also tumor microenvironments. These critical roles of Tpl2 in human cancers make it an attractive anti-cancer therapeutic target. However, Tpl2 contradictorily works as a tumor suppressor in some cancers. The double-sided effects of Tpl2 originate from the specific upstream and downstream signaling environment of each tumor, since Tpl2 interacts with various signaling components. This review summarizes recent studies concerning the possible roles of Tpl2 in human cancers and considers its possibility as a therapeutic target, against which novel anti-cancer agents could be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 135-710 Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 135-710 Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 135-710 Seoul, Korea.
| | - Han Yong Choi
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 135-710 Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 135-710 Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 135-710 Seoul, Korea.
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 135-710 Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 135-710 Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Podvin S, Dang X, Meads M, Kurabi A, Costantini T, Eliceiri BP, Baird A, Coimbra R. Esophageal cancer-related gene-4 (ECRG4) interactions with the innate immunity receptor complex. Inflamm Res 2014; 64:107-18. [PMID: 25511108 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The human c2orf40 gene encodes a tumor suppressor gene called esophageal cancer-related gene-4 (ECRG4) with pro- and anti-inflammatory activities that depend on cell surface processing. Here, we investigated its physical and functional association with the innate immunity receptor complex. METHODS Interactions between ECRG4 and the innate immunity receptor complex were assessed by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and co-immunoprecipitation. Phage display was used for ligand targeting to cells that overexpress the TLR4-MD2-CD14. RESULTS Immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical studies demonstrate a physical interaction between ECRG4 and TLR4-MD2-CD14 on human granulocytes. Flow cytometry shows ECRG4 on the cell surface of a subset of CD14(+) and CD16(+) leukocytes. In a cohort of trauma patients, the C-terminal 16 amino acid domain of ECRG4 (ECRG4(133-148)) appears to be processed and shed, presumably at a thrombin-like consensus sequence. Phage targeting this putative ligand shows that this peptide sequence internalizes into cells through the TLR4/CD14/MD2 complex, but modulates inflammation through non-canonical, NFκB signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS ECRG4 is present on the surface of human monocytes and granulocytes. Its interaction with the human innate immunity receptor complex supports a role for cell surface activation of ECRG4 during inflammation and implicates this receptor in its mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Weng PH, Huang YL, Page JH, Chen JH, Xu J, Koutros S, Berndt S, Chanock S, Yeager M, Witte JS, Eeles RA, Easton DF, Neal DE, Donovan J, Hamdy FC, Muir KR, Giles G, Severi G, Smith JR, Balistreri CR, Shui IM, Chen YC. Polymorphisms of an innate immune gene, toll-like receptor 4, and aggressive prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110569. [PMID: 25360682 PMCID: PMC4215920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the best known TLR members expressed on the surface of several leukocytes and tissue cells and has a key function in detecting pathogen and danger-associated molecular patterns. The role of TLR4 in the pathophysiology of several age-related diseases is also well recognized, such as prostate cancer (PCa). TLR4 polymorphisms have been related to PCa risk, but the relationship between TLR4 genotypes and aggressive PCa risk has not been evaluated by any systematic reviews. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of candidate-gene and genome-wide association studies analyzing this relationship and included only white population. Considering appropriate criteria, only nine studies were analyzed in the meta-analysis, including 3,937 aggressive PCa and 7,382 controls. RESULTS Using random effects model, no significant association was found in the ten TLR4 SNPs reported by at least four included studies under any inheritance model (rs2737191, rs1927914, rs10759932, rs1927911, rs11536879, rs2149356, rs4986790, rs11536889, rs7873784, and rs1554973). Pooled estimates from another ten TLR4 SNPs reported by three studies also showed no significant association (rs10759930, rs10116253, rs11536869, rs5030717, rs4986791, rs11536897, rs1927906, rs913930, rs1927905, and rs7045953). Meta-regression revealed that study type was not a significant source of between-study heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the risk of aggressive PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsuan Weng
- Department of Family Medicine, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Huang
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John H. Page
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jen-Hau Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sonja Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Center of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Departments of Public Health and Primary Care and Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Neal
- Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology: S4), Departments of Oncology and Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Donovan
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth R. Muir
- University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carmela R. Balistreri
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Irene M. Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Genes, Environment and Human Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|