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Brosset A, Blande JD. Volatile-mediated plant-plant interactions: volatile organic compounds as modulators of receiver plant defence, growth, and reproduction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:511-528. [PMID: 34791168 PMCID: PMC8757495 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is firmly established that plants respond to biotic and abiotic stimuli by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs provide information on the physiological status of the emitter plant and are available for detection by the whole community. In the context of plant-plant interactions, research has focused mostly on the defence-related responses of receiver plants. However, responses may span hormone signalling and both primary and secondary metabolism, and ultimately affect plant fitness. Here we present a synthesis of plant-plant interactions, focusing on the effects of VOC exposure on receiver plants. An overview of the important chemical cues, the uptake and conversion of VOCs, and the adsorption of VOCs to plant surfaces is presented. This is followed by a review of the substantial VOC-induced changes to receiver plants affecting both primary and secondary metabolism and influencing plant growth and reproduction. Further research should consider whole-plant responses for the effective evaluation of the mechanisms and fitness consequences of exposure of the receiver plant to VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Brosset
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FIN-70211, Finland
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2
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Liao Y, Tan H, Jian G, Zhou X, Huo L, Jia Y, Zeng L, Yang Z. Herbivore-Induced ( Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol is an Airborne Signal That Promotes Direct and Indirect Defenses in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) under Light. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12608-12620. [PMID: 34677960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most popular nonalcoholic beverage worldwide. During cultivation, tea plants are susceptible to herbivores and pathogens, which can seriously affect tea yield and quality. A previous report showed that (Z)-3-hexenol is a potentially efficient defensive substance. However, the molecular mechanism mediating (Z)-3-hexenol signaling in tea plants and the resulting effects on plant defenses remain uncharacterized. To clarify the signaling mechanisms in which (Z)-3-hexenol and light are involved, the gene transcription and metabolite levels were assessed, respectively. This study demonstrated that tea plants rapidly and continuously release (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol in response to an insect infestation. (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol absorbed by adjacent healthy plants would be converted into three insect defensive compounds: (Z)-3-hexenyl-glucoside, (Z)-3-hexenyl-primeveroside, and (Z)-3-hexenyl-vicianoside identified with laboratory-synthesized standards. Moreover, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol also activates the synthesis of jasmonic acid to enhance the insect resistance of tea plants. Additionally, a continuous light treatment induces the accumulation of (Z)-3-hexenyl-glycosides. Hence, (Z)-3-hexenol serves as a light-regulated signaling molecule that activates the systemic defenses of adjacent plants. Our study reveals the molecular mechanisms by which biotic and abiotic factors synergistically regulate the signaling functions of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in plants, providing valuable information for future comprehensive analyses of the systemic defense mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guotai Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luqiong Huo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Hagiwara T, Ishihara MI, Takabayashi J, Hiura T, Shiojiri K. Effective distance of volatile cues for plant-plant communication in beech. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12445-12452. [PMID: 34594511 PMCID: PMC8462143 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to volatiles emitted from a plant infested by herbivorous arthropods, neighboring undamaged conspecific plants become better defended against herbivores; this is referred to as plant‒plant communication. Although plant‒plant communication occurs in a wide range of plant species, most studies have focused on herbaceous plants. Here, we investigated plant‒plant communication in beech trees in two experimental plantations in 2018 and one plantation in 2019. Approximately 20% of the leaves of a beech tree were clipped in half in the spring seasons of 2018 and 2019 (clipped tree). The damage levels to leaves in the surrounding undamaged beech trees were evaluated 90 days after the clipping (assay trees). In both years, the damage levels decreased with a reduction in the distance from the clipped tree. In 2019, we also recorded the damage levels of trees that were not exposed to volatiles (nonexposed trees) as control trees and found that those that were located <5 m away from clipped trees had significantly less leaf damage than nonexposed trees. By using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, ten and eight volatile compounds were detected in the headspaces of clipped and unclipped leaves, respectively. Among them, the amount of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate in clipped leaves was significantly higher than that in nonclipped leaves. Our result suggests that green leaf volatiles such as (Z)-3-hexenol and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and other volatile organic compounds emitted from clipped trees induced defenses in the neighboring trees within the 5 m radius. The effective distances of plant‒plant communication in trees were discussed from the viewpoint of the arthropod community structure in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomika Hagiwara
- Department of AgricultureRyukoku UniversityOtsuJapan
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masae Iwamoto Ishihara
- Ashiu Forest Research StationField Science Education and Research CenterKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | | | - Tsutom Hiura
- Department of Ecosystem StudiesGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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4
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Towards Systemic View for Plant Learning: Ecophysiological Perspective. MEMORY AND LEARNING IN PLANTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75596-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Response of a Predatory ant to Volatiles Emitted by Aphid- and Caterpillar-Infested Cucumber and Potato Plants. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:1007-1022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Yip EC, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC, Tooker JF. The volatile emission of a specialist herbivore alters patterns of plant defence, growth and flower production in a field population of goldenrod. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Yip
- Department of Biology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA16802 USA
| | - Consuelo M. De Moraes
- Department of Biology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA16802 USA
- Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Mark C. Mescher
- Department of Biology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA16802 USA
- Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John F. Tooker
- Department of Entomology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA16802 USA
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Jones IM, Koptur S. Quantity over quality: light intensity, but not red/far-red ratio, affects extrafloral nectar production in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4108-14. [PMID: 26445662 PMCID: PMC4588640 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates food‐for‐protection mutualisms between plants and insects and provides plants with a form of indirect defense against herbivory. Understanding sources of variation in EFN production is important because such variations affect the number and identity of insect visitors and the effectiveness of plant defense. Light represents a potentially crucial tool for regulating resource allocation to defense, as it not only contributes energy but may help plants to anticipate future conditions. Low red/far‐red (R/FR) light ratios can act as a signal of the proximity of competing plants. Exposure to such light ratios has been shown to promote competitive behaviors that coincide with reduced resource allocation to direct chemical defenses. Little is known, however, about how such informational light signals might affect indirect defenses such as EFN, and the interactions that they mediate. Through controlled glasshouse experiments, we investigated the effects of light intensity, and R/FR light ratios, on EFN production in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii. Plants in light‐limited conditions produced significantly less EFN, and leaf damage elicited increased EFN production regardless of light conditions. Ratios of R/FR light, however, did not appear to affect EFN production in either damaged or undamaged plants. Understanding the effects of light on indirect defenses is of particular importance for plants in the threatened pine rockland habitats of south Florida, where light conditions are changing in predictable ways following extensive fragmentation and subsequent mismanagement. Around 27% of species in these habitats produce EFN and may rely on insect communities for defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami Florida
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami Florida
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8
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Heil M. Extrafloral nectar at the plant-insect interface: a spotlight on chemical ecology, phenotypic plasticity, and food webs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:213-32. [PMID: 25564741 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins and other protective enzymes, making EFN an exclusive reward. EFN secretion is commonly induced after wounding, likely owing to a jasmonic acid-induced cell wall invertase, and is limited by phloem sucrose availability: Both factors control EFN secretion according to the optimal defense hypothesis. Non-ant EFN consumers include parasitoids, wasps, spiders, mites, bugs, and predatory beetles. Little is known about the relevance of EFN to the nutrition of its consumers and, hence, to the structuring of arthropod communities. The mutualism can be established quickly among noncoevolved (e.g., invasive) species, indicating its easy assembly is due to ecological fitting. Therefore, increasing efforts are directed toward using EFN in biocontrol. However, documentation of the importance of EFN for the communities of plants and arthropods in natural, invasive, and agricultural ecosystems is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México;
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Jones IM, Koptur S. Dynamic extrafloral nectar production: the timing of leaf damage affects the defensive response in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Fabaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:58-66. [PMID: 25587148 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates food for protection mutualisms between plants and defensive insects. Understanding sources of variation in EFN production is important because such variations may affect the number and identity of visitors and the effectiveness of plant defense. We investigated the influence of plant developmental stage, time of day, leaf age, and leaf damage on EFN production in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii. The observed patterns of variation in EFN production were compared with those predicted by optimal defense theory.• METHODS Greenhouse experiments with potted plants were conducted to determine how plant age, time of day, and leaf damage affected EFN production. A subsequent field study was conducted to determine how leaf damage, and the resulting increase in EFN production, affected ant visitation in S. chapmanii.• KEY RESULTS More nectar was produced at night and by older plants. Leaf damage resulted in increased EFN production, and the magnitude of the response was greater in plants damaged in the morning than those damaged at night. Damage to young leaves elicited a stronger defensive response than damage to older leaves, in line with optimal defense theory. Damage to the leaves of S. chapmanii also resulted in significantly higher ant visitation in the field.• CONCLUSIONS Extrafloral nectar is an inducible defense in S. chapmanii. Developmental variations in its production support the growth differentiation balance hypothesis, while within-plant variations and damage responses support optimal defense theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA
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10
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Maag D, Erb M, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J. Defensive weapons and defense signals in plants: Some metabolites serve both roles. Bioessays 2014; 37:167-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maag
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology; University of Neuchâtel; Neuchâtel Switzerland
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena Germany
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Ali M, Sugimoto K, Ramadan A, Arimura GI. Memory of plant communications for priming anti-herbivore responses. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1872. [PMID: 23695148 PMCID: PMC3660719 DOI: 10.1038/srep01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The emission of a specific blend of volatiles in response to Mythimna separata (herbivore-induced plant volatiles, HIPVs) plays a great ecological role by priming neighbouring plants. Maize plants placed downwind of infested, conspecific plants showed reduced larval development not only immediately after exposure to HIPVs but also when receiver plants were tested after a time lag of up to 5 days, compared to those exposed to volatiles from uninfested plants and tested after the same time lag. The molecular basis of this plant memory was, in part, the similarly recalled expression of a Bowman-Birk type trypsin inhibitor (TI) gene, in a jasmonic acid induction-independent manner. Moreover, in the promoter region of TI, a suite of methylation sites was found to be demethylated by the HIPV treatment. These findings provide an innovative mechanism for the epigenetic basis of the memory of HIPV-mediated habituation for plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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12
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Kim J, Felton GW. Priming of antiherbivore defensive responses in plants. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:273-85. [PMID: 23955880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Defense priming is defined as increased readiness of defense induction. A growing body of literature indicates that plants (or intact parts of a plant) are primed in anticipation of impending environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic, and upon the following stimulus, induce defenses more quickly and strongly. For instance, some plants previously exposed to herbivore-inducible plant volatiles (HIPVs) from neighboring plants under herbivore attack show faster or stronger defense activation and enhanced insect resistance when challenged with secondary insect feeding. Research on priming of antiherbivore defense has been limited to the HIPV-mediated mechanism until recently, but significant advances were made in the past three years, including non-HIPV-mediated defense priming, epigenetic modifications as the molecular mechanism of priming, and others. It is timely to consider the advances in research on defense priming in the plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwon Kim
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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13
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Geiselhardt S, Yoneya K, Blenn B, Drechsler N, Gershenzon J, Kunze R, Hilker M. Egg laying of cabbage white butterfly (Pieris brassicae) on Arabidopsis thaliana affects subsequent performance of the larvae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59661. [PMID: 23527243 PMCID: PMC3602411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant resistance to the feeding by herbivorous insects has recently been found to be positively or negatively influenced by prior egg deposition. Here we show how crucial it is to conduct experiments on plant responses to herbivory under conditions that simulate natural insect behaviour. We used a well-studied plant – herbivore system, Arabidopsis thaliana and the cabbage white butterfly Pieris brassicae, testing the effects of naturally laid eggs (rather than egg extracts) and allowing larvae to feed gregariously as they do naturally (rather than placing single larvae on plants). Under natural conditions, newly hatched larvae start feeding on their egg shells before they consume leaf tissue, but access to egg shells had no effect on subsequent larval performance in our experiments. However, young larvae feeding gregariously on leaves previously laden with eggs caused less feeding damage, gained less weight during the first 2 days, and suffered twice as high a mortality until pupation compared to larvae feeding on plants that had never had eggs. The concentration of the major anti-herbivore defences of A. thaliana, the glucosinolates, was not significantly increased by oviposition, but the amount of the most abundant member of this class, 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate was 1.8-fold lower in larval-damaged leaves with prior egg deposition compared to damaged leaves that had never had eggs. There were also few significant changes in the transcript levels of glucosinolate metabolic genes, except that egg deposition suppressed the feeding-induced up-regulation of FMOGS-OX2, a gene encoding a flavin monooxygenase involved in the last step of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate biosynthesis. Hence, our study demonstrates that oviposition does increase A. thaliana resistance to feeding by subsequently hatching larvae, but this cannot be attributed simply to changes in glucosinolate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Geiselhardt
- Institute of Biology - Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Choh Y, Ozawa R, Takabayashi J. Do plants use airborne cues to recognize herbivores on their neighbours? EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 59:263-273. [PMID: 23011105 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants show defensive responses after exposure to volatiles from neighbouring plants infested by herbivores. When a plant's neighbours host only species of herbivores that do not feed on the plant itself, the plant can conserve energy by maintaining a low defence level. An intriguing question is whether plants respond differently to volatiles from plants infested by herbivores that pose greater or lesser degrees of danger. We examined the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) in lima bean plants exposed to volatiles from cabbage plants infested by common cutworm, two-spotted spider mites, or diamondback moth larvae. Although the first two herbivore species feed on lima bean plants, diamondback moth larvae do not. As a control, lima bean plants were exposed to volatiles from uninfested cabbage plants. Only when exposed to volatiles from cabbage plants infested by spider mites did lima bean plants significantly increase their EFN secretion compared with the control. Increased EFN secretion can function as an indirect defence by supplying the natural enemies of herbivores with an alternative food source. Of the three herbivore species, spider mites were the most likely to move from cabbage plants to lima bean plants and presumably posed the greatest threat. Although chemical analyses showed differences among treatments in volatiles produced by herbivore-infested cabbage plants, which compounds or blends triggered the increased secretion of EFN by lima bean plants remains unclear. Thus, our results show that plants may tune their defence levels according to herbivore risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Choh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan.
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15
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The Role of Volatiles in Plant–Plant Interactions. LONG-DISTANCE SYSTEMIC SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Holopainen JK, Blande JD. Molecular plant volatile communication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 739:17-31. [PMID: 22399393 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1704-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a wide array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which have multiple functions as internal plant hormones (e.g., ethylene, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate), in communication with conspecific and heterospecific plants and in communication with organisms of second (herbivores and pollinators) and third (enemies of herbivores) trophic levels. Species specific VOCs normally repel polyphagous herbivores and those specialised on other plant species, but may attract specialist herbivores and their natural enemies, which use VOCs as host location cues. Attraction of predators and parasitoids by VOCs is considered an evolved indirect defence, whereby plants are able to indirectly reduce biotic stress caused by damaging herbivores. In this chapter we review these interactions where VOCs are known to play a crucial role. We then discuss the importance of volatile communication in self and nonself detection. VOCs are suggested to appear in soil ecosystems where distinction of own roots from neighbours roots is essential to optimise root growth, but limited evidence of above-ground plant self-recognition is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
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Muroi A, Ramadan A, Nishihara M, Yamamoto M, Ozawa R, Takabayashi J, Arimura GI. The composite effect of transgenic plant volatiles for acquired immunity to herbivory caused by inter-plant communications. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24594. [PMID: 22022359 PMCID: PMC3192036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from plants induced by herbivory enables the priming of defensive responses in neighboring plants. These effects may provide insights useful for pest control achieved with transgenic-plant-emitted volatiles. We therefore investigated, under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the priming of defense responses in plants (lima bean and corn) by exposing them to transgenic-plant-volatiles (VOCos) including (E)-β-ocimene, emitted from transgenic tobacco plants (NtOS2) that were constitutively overexpressing (E)-β-ocimene synthase. When lima bean plants that had previously been placed downwind of NtOS2 in an open-flow tunnel were infested by spider mites, they were more defensive to spider mites and more attractive to predatory mites, in comparison to the infested plants that had been placed downwind of wild-type tobacco plants. This was similarly observed when the NtOS2-downwind maize plants were infested with Mythimna separata larvae, resulting in reduced larval growth and greater attraction of parasitic wasps (Cotesia kariyai). In a greenhouse experiment, we also found that lima bean plants (VOCos-receiver plants) placed near NtOS2 were more attractive when damaged by spider mites, in comparison to the infested plants that had been placed near the wild-type plants. More intriguingly, VOCs emitted from infested VOCos-receiver plants affected their conspecific neighboring plants to prime indirect defenses in response to herbivory. Altogether, these data suggest that transgenic-plant-emitted volatiles can enhance the ability to prime indirect defenses via both plant-plant and plant-plant-plant communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Muroi
- Global COE Program: Evolution and Biodiversity, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Abdelaziz Ramadan
- Global COE Program: Evolution and Biodiversity, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Rika Ozawa
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Gen-ichiro Arimura
- Global COE Program: Evolution and Biodiversity, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
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Hilker M, Meiners T. Plants and insect eggs: how do they affect each other? PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1612-23. [PMID: 21439598 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant-insect interactions are not just influenced by interactions between plants and the actively feeding stages, but also by the close relationships between plants and insect eggs. Here, we review both effects of plants on insect eggs and, vice versa, effects of eggs on plants. We consider the influence of plants on the production of insect eggs and address the role of phytochemicals for the biosynthesis and release of insect sex pheromones, as well as for insect fecundity. Effects of plants on insect oviposition by contact and olfactory plant cues are summarised. In addition, we consider how the leaf boundary layer influences both insect egg deposition behaviour and development of the embryo inside the egg. The effects of eggs on plants involve egg-induced changes of photosynthetic activity and of the plant's secondary metabolism. Except for gall-inducing insects, egg-induced changes of phytochemistry were so far found to be detrimental to the eggs. Egg deposition can induce hypersensitive-like plant response, formation of neoplasms or production of ovicidal plant substances; these plant responses directly harm the eggs. In addition, egg deposition can induce a change of the plant's odour and leaf surface chemistry which serve indirect plant defence with the help of antagonists of the insect eggs. These egg-induced changes lead to attraction of egg parasitoids and their arrestance on a leaf, respectively. Finally, we summarise knowledge of the elicitors of egg-induced plant changes and address egg-induced effects on the plant's transcriptional pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hilker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Haderslebener Str. 9, D-12163 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Blande JD, Holopainen JK, Li T. Air pollution impedes plant-to-plant communication by volatiles. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:1172-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Arimura GI, Matsui K, Takabayashi J. Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:911-23. [PMID: 19246460 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In response to herbivory, plants emit specific blends of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs mediate sizable arrays of interactions between plants and arthropods, microorganisms, undamaged neighboring plants or undamaged sites within the plant in various ecosystems. HIPV profiles vary according to the plant and herbivore species, and the developmental stages and conditions of the live plants and herbivores. To understand the regulatory mechanisms underling HIPV biosynthesis, the following issues are reviewed here: (i) herbivore-induced formation of plant volatile terpenoids and green leaf volatiles; (ii) initial activation of plant responses by feeding herbivores; and (iii) the downstream network of the signal transduction. To understand the ecological significance of HIPVs, we also review case studies of insect-plant and inter-/intraplant interactions mediated by HIPVs that have been documented in the field and laboratory in recent years.
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21
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Heil M, Walters DR. Chapter 15 Ecological Consequences of Plant Defence Signalling. ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH 2009. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2296(09)51015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Frost CJ, Mescher MC, Carlson JE, De Moraes CM. Plant defense priming against herbivores: getting ready for a different battle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:818-24. [PMID: 18316635 PMCID: PMC2259053 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Frost
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are induced by insect feeding, a response that is mediated by the plant hormone, jasmonic acid. Although VOCs mainly attract predatory mites and parasitic wasps, while EFN mainly attracts ants, many more animal-plant interactions are influenced by these two traits. Other traits involved in defensive tritrophic interactions are cellular food bodies and domatia, which serve the nutrition and housing of predators. They are not known to respond to herbivory, while food body production can be induced by the presence of the mutualists. Interactions among the different defensive traits, and between them and other biotic and abiotic factors exist on the genetic, physiological, and ecological levels, but so far remain understudied. Indirect defences are increasingly being discussed as an environmentally-friendly crop protection strategy, but much more knowledge on their fitness effects under certain environmental conditions is required before we can understand their ecological and evolutionary relevance, and before tritrophic interactions can serve as a reliable tool in agronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Dpto de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV - Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, CP 36821; Department of General Botany - Plant Ecology, University Duisburg-Essen, FB BioGeo, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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Choh Y, Takabayashi J. Duration of priming of two indirect plant defenses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2007; 2:13-14. [PMID: 19704798 PMCID: PMC2633888 DOI: 10.4161/psb.2.1.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
When plants are infested by herbivores, they emit herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that attract carnivorous natural enemies of herbivores. Furthermore, there are increasing evidences that defenses of intact plants against herbivores are primed when exposed to HIPVs. We previously reported that lima bean leaf volatiles induced by the herbivorous mites Tetranychus urticae primed two T. urtiae-induced indirect defenses in neighboring conspecific plants: HIPV emission and extrafloral nectar (EFN) secretion. An intriguing unanswered question is whether the durations of these two defenses are the same. Here, we show that the durations of the two defenses were the same for up to two days after the initiation of T. urticae damage. The two induced primed defense would act as a battery of defense in exposed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Choh
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; Hirano, Japan
| | - Junji Takabayashi
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; Hirano, Japan
- CREST of Japan Science and Technology Corporation
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