1
|
Hajdu C, Molnár BP, Waterman JM, Machado RAR, Radványi D, Fónagy A, Khan SA, Vassor T, Biet B, Erb M, Kárpáti Z, Robert CAM. Volatile-mediated oviposition preference for healthy over root-infested plants by the European corn borer. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2228-2239. [PMID: 38483021 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
The selection of oviposition sites by female moths is crucial in shaping their progeny performance and survival, and consequently in determining insect fitness. Selecting suitable plants that promote the performance of the progeny is referred to as the Preference-Performance hypothesis (or 'mother-knows-best'). While root infestation generally reduces the performance of leaf herbivores, little is known about its impact on female oviposition. We investigated whether maize root infestation by the Western corn rootworm (WCR) affects the oviposition preference and larval performance of the European corn borer (ECB). ECB females used leaf volatiles to select healthy plants over WCR-infested plants. Undecane, a compound absent from the volatile bouquet of healthy plants, was the sole compound to be upregulated upon root infestation and acted as a repellent for first oviposition. ECB larvae yet performed better on plants infested below-ground than on healthy plants, suggesting an example of 'bad motherhood'. The increased ECB performance on WCR-infested plants was mirrored by an increased leaf consumption, and no changes in the plant primary or secondary metabolism were detected. Understanding plant-mediated interactions between above- and below-ground herbivores may help to predict oviposition decisions, and ultimately, to manage pest outbreaks in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csengele Hajdu
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Péter Molnár
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jamie M Waterman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Alberto Ruiz Machado
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dalma Radványi
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Hospitality, Faculty of Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism, Budapest Business University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrien Fónagy
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Thibault Vassor
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Biet
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Kárpáti
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ye W, Bustos‐Segura C, Degen T, Erb M, Turlings TCJ. Belowground and aboveground herbivory differentially affect the transcriptome in roots and shoots of maize. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e426. [PMID: 35898557 PMCID: PMC9307387 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plants recognize and respond to feeding by herbivorous insects by upregulating their local and systemic defenses. While defense induction by aboveground herbivores has been well studied, far less is known about local and systemic defense responses against attacks by belowground herbivores. Here, we investigated and compared the responses of the maize transcriptome to belowground and aboveground mechanical damage and infestation by two well-adapted herbivores: the soil-dwelling western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the leaf-chewing fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In responses to both herbivores, maize plants were found to alter local transcription of genes involved in phytohormone signaling, primary and secondary metabolism. Induction by real herbivore damage was considerably stronger and modified the expression of more genes than mechanical damage. Feeding by the corn rootworm had a strong impact on the shoot transcriptome, including the activation of genes involved in defense and development. By contrast, feeding by the fall armyworm induced only few transcriptional changes in the roots. In conclusion, feeding by a leaf chewer and a root feeder differentially affects the local and systemic defense of maize plants. Besides revealing clear differences in how maize plants respond to feeding by these specialized herbivores, this study reveals several novel genes that may play key roles in plant-insect interactions and thus sets the stage for in depth research into the mechanism that can be exploited for improved crop protection. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Extensive transcriptomic analyses revealed a clear distinction between the gene expression profiles in maize plants upon shoot and root attack, locally as well as distantly from the attacked tissue. This provides detailed insights into the specificity of orchestrated plant defense responses, and the dataset offers a molecular resource for further genetic studies on maize resistance to herbivores and paves the way for novel strategies to enhance maize resistance to pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Ye
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Carlos Bustos‐Segura
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Degen
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Ted C. J. Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wan J, Yi J, Tao Z, Ren Z, Otieno EO, Tian B, Ding J, Siemann E, Erb M, Huang W. Species specific plant‐mediated effects between herbivores converge at high damage intensity. Ecology 2022; 103:e3647. [PMID: 35072958 PMCID: PMC9285418 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants are often exposed to multiple herbivores and densities of these attackers (or corresponding damage intensities) often fluctuate greatly in the field. Plant‐mediated interactions vary among herbivore species and with changing feeding intensity, but little is known about how herbivore identity and density interact to determine plant responses and herbivore fitness. Here, we investigated this question using Triadica sebifera (tallow) and two common and abundant specialist insect herbivores, Bikasha collaris (flea beetle) and Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis (weevil). By manipulating densities of leaf‐feeding adults of these two herbivore species, we tested how variations in the intensity of leaf damage caused by flea beetle or weevil adults affected the performance of root‐feeding flea beetle larvae and evaluated the potential of induced tallow root traits to predict flea beetle larval performance. We found that weevil adults consistently decreased the survival of flea beetle larvae with increasing leaf damage intensities. In contrast, conspecific flea beetle adults increased their larval survival at low damage then decreased larval survival at high damage, resulting in a unimodal pattern. Chemical analyses showed that increasing leaf damage from weevil adults linearly decreased root carbohydrates and increased root tannin, whereas flea beetle adults had opposite effects as weevil adults at low damage and similar effects as them at high damage. Furthermore, across all feeding treatments, flea beetle larval survival correlated positively with concentrations of carbohydrates and negatively with concentration of tannin, suggesting that root primary and secondary metabolism might underlie the observed effects on flea beetle larvae. Our study demonstrates that herbivore identity and density interact to determine systemic plant responses and plant‐mediated effects on herbivores. In particular, effects are species‐specific at low densities, but converge at high densities. These findings emphasize the importance of considering herbivore identity and density simultaneously when investigating factors driving plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores, which advances our understanding of the structure and composition of herbivore communities and terrestrial food webs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Jiahui Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhibin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhikun Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Evans O. Otieno
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Baoliang Tian
- School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston Texas USA
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rivera-Vega LJ, Grunseich JM, Aguirre NM, Valencia CU, Sword GA, Helms AM. A Beneficial Plant-Associated Fungus Shifts the Balance toward Plant Growth over Resistance, Increasing Cucumber Tolerance to Root Herbivory. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030282. [PMID: 35161264 PMCID: PMC8838125 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants allocate their limited resources toward different physiological processes, dynamically adjusting their resource allocation in response to environmental changes. How beneficial plant-associated microbes influence this allocation is a topic that continues to interest plant biologists. In this study, we examined the effect of a beneficial fungus, Phialemonium inflatum, on investment in growth and anti-herbivore resistance traits in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus). We inoculated cucumber seeds with P. inflatum spores and measured several growth parameters, including germination rate, above and belowground biomass, and number of flowers. We also examined plant resistance to adult and larval striped cucumber beetles (Acalymma vitattum), and quantified levels of defense hormones in leaves and roots. Our results indicate that P. inflatum strongly enhances cucumber plant growth and reproductive potential. Although fungus treatment did not improve plant resistance to cucumber beetles, inoculated plants were more tolerant to root herbivory, experiencing less biomass reduction. Together, these findings document how a beneficial plant-associated fungus shifts plant investment in growth over herbivore resistance, highlighting the importance of microbes in mediating plant-herbivore interactions. These findings also have important implications for agricultural systems, where beneficial microbes are often introduced or managed to promote plant growth or enhance resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loren J. Rivera-Vega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
| | - John M. Grunseich
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Natalie M. Aguirre
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Cesar U. Valencia
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Gregory A. Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Anjel M. Helms
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.M.G.); (C.U.V.); (G.A.S.)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Friman J, Karssemeijer PN, Haller J, de Kreek K, van Loon JJ, Dicke M. Shoot and root insect herbivory change the plant rhizosphere microbiome and affects cabbage-insect interactions through plant-soil feedback. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2475-2490. [PMID: 34537968 PMCID: PMC9291931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) may influence plant-insect interactions. Although plant defense differs between shoot and root tissues, few studies have examined root-feeding insect herbivores in a PSF context. We examined here how plant growth and resistance against root-feeding Delia radicum larvae was influenced by PSF. We conditioned soil with cabbage plants that were infested with herbivores that affect D. radicum through plant-mediated effects: leaf-feeding Plutella xylostella caterpillars and Brevicoryne brassicae aphids, root-feeding D. radicum larvae, and/or added rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r. We analyzed the rhizosphere microbial community, and in a second set of conspecific plants exposed to conditioned soil, we assessed growth, expression of defense-related genes, and D. radicum performance. The rhizosphere microbiome differed mainly between shoot and root herbivory treatments. Addition of Pseudomonas simiae did not influence rhizosphere microbiome composition. Plant shoot biomass, gene expression, and plant resistance against D. radicum larvae was affected by PSF in a treatment-specific manner. Soil conditioning overall reduced plant shoot biomass, Pseudomonas simiae-amended soil causing the largest growth reduction. In conclusion, shoot and root insect herbivores alter the rhizosphere microbiome differently, with consequences for growth and resistance of plants subsequently exposed to conditioned soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Friman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Peter N. Karssemeijer
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Julian Haller
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Kris de Kreek
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Joop J.A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martínez-Medina A, Mbaluto CM, Maedicke A, Weinhold A, Vergara F, van Dam NM. Leaf herbivory counteracts nematode-triggered repression of jasmonate-related defenses in tomato roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1762-1778. [PMID: 34618073 PMCID: PMC8566281 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Shoot herbivores may influence the communities of herbivores associated with the roots via inducible defenses. However, the molecular mechanisms and hormonal signaling underpinning the systemic impact of leaf herbivory on root-induced responses against nematodes remain poorly understood. By using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model plant, we explored the impact of leaf herbivory by Manduca sexta on the performance of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. By performing glasshouse bioassays, we found that leaf herbivory reduced M. incognita performance in the roots. By analyzing the root expression profile of a set of oxylipin-related marker genes and jasmonate root content, we show that leaf herbivory systemically activates the 13-Lipoxigenase (LOX) and 9-LOX branches of the oxylipin pathway in roots and counteracts the M. incognita-triggered repression of the 13-LOX branch. By using untargeted metabolomics, we also found that leaf herbivory counteracts the M. incognita-mediated repression of putative root chemical defenses. To explore the signaling involved in this shoot-to-root interaction, we performed glasshouse bioassays with grafted plants compromised in jasmonate synthesis or perception, specifically in their shoots. We demonstrated the importance of an intact shoot jasmonate perception, whereas having an intact jasmonate biosynthesis pathway was not essential for this shoot-to-root interaction. Our results highlight the impact of leaf herbivory on the ability of M. incognita to manipulate root defenses and point to an important role for the jasmonate signaling pathway in shoot-to-root signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interactions, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Author for communication:
| | - Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Maedicke
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fontes-Puebla AA, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Bernal JS. Maize biochemistry in response to root herbivory was mediated by domestication, spread, and breeding. PLANTA 2021; 254:70. [PMID: 34499214 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With domestication, northward spread, and breeding, maize defence against root-herbivores relied on induced defences, decreasing levels of phytohormones involved in resistance, and increasing levels of a phytohormone involved in tolerance. We addressed whether a suite of maize (Zea mays mays) phytohormones and metabolites involved in herbivore defence were mediated by three successive processes: domestication, spread to North America, and modern breeding. With those processes, and following theoretical predictions, we expected to find: a change in defence strategy from reliance on induced defences to reliance on constitutive defences; decreasing levels of phytohormones involved in herbivore resistance, and; increasing levels of a phytohormone involved in herbivore tolerance. We tested those predictions by comparing phytohormone levels in seedlings exposed to root herbivory by Diabrotica virgifera virgifera among four plant types encompassing those processes: the maize ancestor Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), Mexican maize landraces, USA maize landraces, and USA inbred maize cultivars. With domestication, maize transitioned from reliance on induced defences in teosinte to reliance on constitutive defences in maize, as predicted. One subset of metabolites putatively involved in herbivory defence (13-oxylipins) was suppressed with domestication, as predicted, though another was enhanced (9-oxylipins), and both were variably affected by spread and breeding. A phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid) involved in tolerance was enhanced with domestication, and with spread and breeding, as predicted. These changes are consistent with documented changes in herbivory resistance and tolerance, and occurred coincidentally with cultivation in increasingly resource-rich environments, i.e., from wild to highly enriched agricultural environments. We concluded that herbivore defence evolution in crops may be mediated by processes spanning thousands of generations, e.g., domestication and spread, as well as by processes spanning tens of generations, e.g., breeding and agricultural intensification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Fontes-Puebla
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Campo Experimental Costa de Hermosillo, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Julio S Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Doan C, Züst T, Maurer C, Zhang X, Machado RAR, Mateo P, Ye M, Schimmel BCJ, Glauser G, Robert CAM. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles mediate defense regulation in maize leaves but not in maize roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2672-2686. [PMID: 33748996 PMCID: PMC8360093 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves that are exposed to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) respond by increasing their defenses, a phenomenon referred to as priming. Whether this phenomenon also occurs in the roots is unknown. Using maize plants, Zea mays, whose leaves respond strongly to leaf HIPVs, we measured the impact of belowground HIPVs, emanating from roots infested by the banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata, on constitutive and herbivore-induced levels of defense-related gene expression, phytohormones, volatile and non-volatile primary and secondary metabolites, growth and herbivore resistance in roots of neighbouring plants. HIPV exposure did not increase constitutive or induced levels of any of the measured root traits. Furthermore, HIPV exposure did not reduce the performance or survival of D. balteata on maize or its ancestor teosinte. Cross-exposure experiments between HIPVs from roots and leaves revealed that maize roots, in contrast to maize leaves, neither emit nor respond strongly to defense-regulating HIPVs. Together, these results demonstrate that volatile-mediated defense regulation is restricted to the leaves of maize. This finding is in line with the lower diffusibility of volatiles in the soil and the availability of other, potentially more efficient, information conduits below ground.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong van Doan
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Corina Maurer
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Pierre Mateo
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Meng Ye
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical ChemistryUniversité de NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Christelle A. M. Robert
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Y, Puentes A, Björkman C, Brosset A, Bylund H. Comparing Exogenous Methods to Induce Plant-Resistance Against a Bark-Feeding Insect. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:695867. [PMID: 34354725 PMCID: PMC8329535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.695867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous application of the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can trigger induced plant defenses against herbivores, and has been shown to provide protection against insect herbivory in conifer seedlings. Other methods, such as mechanical damage to seedlings, can also induce plant defenses, yet few have been compared to MeJA and most studies lack subsequent herbivory feeding tests. We conducted two lab experiments to: (1) compare the efficacy of MeJA to mechanical damage treatments that could also induce seedling resistance, (2) examine if subsequent insect damage differs depending on the time since induction treatments occurred, and (3) assess if these induction methods affect plant growth. We compared Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings sprayed with MeJA (10 or 15 mM) to seedlings subjected to four different mechanical bark damage treatments (two different bark wound sizes, needle-piercing damage, root damage) and previous pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) damage as a reference treatment. The seedlings were exposed to pine weevils 12 or 32 days after treatments (early and late exposure, hereafter), and resistance was measured as the amount of damage received by plants. At early exposure, seedlings treated with needle-piercing damage received significantly more subsequent pine weevil feeding damage than those treated with MeJA. Seedlings treated with MeJA and needle-piercing damage received 84% less and 250% more pine weevil feeding, respectively, relative to control seedlings. The other treatments did not differ statistically from control or MeJA in terms of subsequent pine weevil damage. For the late exposure group, plants in all induction treatments tended to receive less pine weevil feeding (yet this was not statistically significant) compared to control seedlings. On the other hand, MeJA significantly slowed down seedling growth relative to control and all other induction treatments. Overall, the mechanical damage treatments appeared to have no or variable effects on seedling resistance. One of the treatments, needle-piercing damage, actually increased pine weevil feeding at early exposure. These results therefore suggest that mechanical damage shows little potential as a plant protection measure to reduce feeding by a bark-chewing insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Chen
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adriana Puentes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnès Brosset
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helena Bylund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Transcriptional analysis of Rhazya stricta in response to jasmonic acid. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
11
|
van Doan C, Züst T, Maurer C, Zhang X, Machado RAR, Mateo P, Ye M, Schimmel BCJ, Glauser G, Robert CAM. Volatile-mediated defence regulation occurs in maize leaves but not in maize root. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020:pce.13919. [PMID: 33073385 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The above article was published in error by the publisher before a final editorial decision had been reached. It has therefore been removed temporarily while the editorial process concludes. The publisher apologizes for the inconvenience.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanmartín N, Sánchez-Bel P, Pastor V, Pastor-Fernández J, Mateu D, Pozo MJ, Cerezo M, Flors V. Root-to-shoot signalling in mycorrhizal tomato plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110595. [PMID: 32771152 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is restricted in roots, but it also improves shoot responses against leaf challenges, a phenomenon known as Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance (MIR). This study focuses on mycorrhizal root signals that may orchestrate shoot defence responses. Metabolomic analysis of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection showed that roots rearrange their metabolome mostly in response to the symbiosis, whereas in shoots a stronger impact of the infection is observed. Specific clusters of compounds in shoots and roots display a priming profile suggesting an implication in the enhanced resistance observed in mycorrhizal plants. Among the primed pathways in roots, lignans showed the highest number of hits followed by oxocarboxylic acids, compounds of the amino acid metabolism, and phytohormones. The lignan yatein was present at higher concentrations in roots, root efflux and leaves of mycorrhizal plants This lignan displayed in vitro antimicrobial activity against B. cinerea and it was also functional protecting tomato plants. Besides, several JA defence-related genes were upregulated in mycorrhizal roots regardless of the pathogen infection, whereas PIN-II was primed in roots of mycorrhizal infected plants. These observations suggest that the enhanced resistance in shoots during MIR may be coordinated by lignans and oxylipins with the participation of roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanmartín
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Julia Pastor-Fernández
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Diego Mateu
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María José Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Cerezo
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karssemeijer PN, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, van Loon J, Dicke M. Foliar herbivory by caterpillars and aphids differentially affects phytohormonal signalling in roots and plant defence to a root herbivore. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:775-786. [PMID: 31873957 PMCID: PMC7065167 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-mediated interactions are an important force in insect ecology. Through such interactions, herbivores feeding on leaves can affect root feeders. However, the mechanisms regulating the effects of above-ground herbivory on below-ground herbivores are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the performance of cabbage root fly larvae (Delia radicum) on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) previously exposed to above ground herbivores belonging to two feeding guilds: leaf chewing diamondback moth caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) or phloem-feeding cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae). Our study focusses on root-herbivore performance and defence signalling in primary roots by quantifying phytohormones and gene expression. We show that leaf herbivory by caterpillars, but not by aphids, strongly attenuates root herbivore performance. Above-ground herbivory causes changes in primary roots in terms of gene transcripts and metabolites involved in plant defence. Feeding by below-ground herbivores strongly induces the jasmonate pathway in primary roots. Caterpillars feeding on leaves cause a slight induction of the primary root jasmonate pathway and interact with plant defence signalling in response to root herbivores. In conclusion, feeding by a leaf chewer and a phloem feeder differentially affects root-herbivore performance, root-herbivore-induced phytohormonal signalling, and secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Joop van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hervé MR, Erb M. Distinct defense strategies allow different grassland species to cope with root herbivore attack. Oecologia 2019; 191:127-139. [PMID: 31367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Root-feeding insect herbivores are of substantial evolutionary, ecological and economical importance. Plants defend themselves against insect herbivores through a variety of tolerance and resistance strategies. To date, few studies have systematically assessed the prevalence and importance of these strategies for root-herbivore interactions across different plant species. Here, we characterize the defense strategies used by three different grassland species to cope with a generalist root herbivore, the larvae of the European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. Our results reveal that the different plant species rely on distinct sets of defense strategies. The spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) resists attack by dissuading the larvae through the release of repellent chemicals. White clover (Trifolium repens) does not repel the herbivore, but reduces feeding, most likely through structural defenses and low nutritional quality. Finally, the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) allows M. melolontha to feed abundantly but compensates for tissue loss through induced regrowth. Thus, three co-occurring plant species have evolved different solutions to defend themselves against attack by a generalist root herbivore. The different root defense strategies may reflect distinct defense syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime R Hervé
- University of Rennes, Inra, Agrocampus Ouest, IGEPP, UMR-A 1349, Campus Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Robert CAM, Pellissier L, Moreira X, Defossez E, Pfander M, Guyer A, van Dam NM, Rasmann S. Correlated Induction of Phytohormones and Glucosinolates Shapes Insect Herbivore Resistance of Cardamine Species Along Elevational Gradients. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:638-648. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
16
|
Yang H, Wang Y, Li L, Li F, He Y, Wu J, Wei C. Transcriptomic and Phytochemical Analyses Reveal Root-Mediated Resource-Based Defense Response to Leaf Herbivory by Ectropis oblique in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5465-5476. [PMID: 30916943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf herbivory on tea plants ( Camellia sinensis) by tea geometrids ( Ectropis oblique) severely threaten the yield and quality of tea. In previous work, we found that local defense response was induced in damaged leaves by geometrids at the transcriptome level. Here, we investigated the systemic response triggered in undamaged roots and the potential role of roots in response to leaf herbivory. Comparative transcriptome analysis and carbohydrate dynamics indicated that leaf herbivory activated systemic carbon reallocation to enhance resource investment for local secondary metabolism. The crucial role of jasmonic acid and the involvement of other potential hormone signals for local and systemic signaling networks were supported by phytohormone quantification and dynamic expression analysis of phytohormone-related genes. This work represents a deep understanding of the interaction of tea plants and geometrids from the perspective of systems biology and reveals that tea plants have evolved an intricate root-mediated resource-based resistance strategy to cope with geometrid attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cortleven A, Leuendorf JE, Frank M, Pezzetta D, Bolt S, Schmülling T. Cytokinin action in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:998-1018. [PMID: 30488464 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin was originally discovered as a regulator of cell division. Later, it was described to be involved in regulating numerous processes in plant growth and development including meristem activity, tissue patterning, and organ size. More recently, diverse functions for cytokinin in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses have been reported. Cytokinin is required for the defence against high light stress and to protect plants from a novel type of abiotic stress caused by an altered photoperiod. Additionally, cytokinin has a role in the response to temperature, drought, osmotic, salt, and nutrient stress. Similarly, the full response to certain plant pathogens and herbivores requires a functional cytokinin signalling pathway. Conversely, different types of stress impact cytokinin homeostasis. The diverse functions of cytokinin in responses to stress and crosstalk with other hormones are described. Its emerging roles as a priming agent and as a regulator of growth-defence trade-offs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Erik Leuendorf
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Frank
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Pezzetta
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Bolt
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lortzing V, Oberländer J, Lortzing T, Tohge T, Steppuhn A, Kunze R, Hilker M. Insect egg deposition renders plant defence against hatching larvae more effective in a salicylic acid-dependent manner. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1019-1032. [PMID: 30252928 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants can improve their antiherbivore defence by taking insect egg deposition as cue of impending feeding damage. Previous studies showed that Pieris brassicae larvae feeding upon egg-deposited Brassicaceae perform worse and gain less weight than larvae on egg-free plants. We investigated how P. brassicae oviposition on Arabidopsis thaliana affects the plant's molecular and chemical responses to larvae. A transcriptome comparison of feeding-damaged leaves without and with prior oviposition revealed about 200 differently expressed genes, including enhanced expression of PR5, which is involved in salicylic acid (SA)-signalling. SA levels were induced by larval feeding to a slightly greater extent in egg-deposited than egg-free plants. The adverse effect of egg-deposited wild-type (WT) plants on larval weight was absent in an egg-deposited PR5-deficient mutant or other mutants impaired in SA-mediated signalling, that is, sid2/ics1, ald1, and pad4. In contrast, the adverse effect of egg-deposited WT plants on larvae was retained in egg-deposited npr1 and wrky70 mutants impaired further downstream in SA-signalling. Oviposition induced accumulation of flavonols in WT plants with and without feeding damage, but not in the PR5-deficient mutant. We demonstrated that egg-mediated improvement of A. thaliana's antiherbivore defence involves SA-signalling in an NPR1-independent manner and is associated with accumulation of flavonols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Lortzing
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Oberländer
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department Secondary Metabolism, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kunze
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang C, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yu Y, Bian W, Zeng Z, Sun X, Li X. Two New Polyphenol Oxidase Genes of Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Respond Differentially to the Regurgitant of Tea Geometrid, Ectropis obliqua. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082414. [PMID: 30115844 PMCID: PMC6121673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) have been reported to play an important role in protecting plants from attacks by herbivores. Though PPO genes in other plants have been extensively studied, research on PPO genes in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is lacking. In particular, which members of the PPO gene family elicit the defense response of the tea plant are as yet unknown. Here, two new PPO genes, CsPPO1 and CsPPO2, both of which had high identity with PPOs from other plants, were obtained from tea leaves. The full length of CsPPO1 contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1740 bp that encoded a protein of 579 amino acids, while CsPPO2 contained an ORF of 1788 bp that encoded a protein of 595 amino acids. The deduced CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 proteins had calculated molecular masses of 64.6 and 65.9 kDa; the isoelectric points were 6.94 and 6.48, respectively. The expression products of recombinant CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 in Escherichia coli were about 91 and 92 kDa, respectively, but the recombinant proteins existed in the form of an inclusion body. Whereas CsPPO1 is highly expressed in stems, CsPPO2 is highly expressed in roots. Further results showed that the expression of CsPPO1 and CsPPO2 was wound- and Ectropis obliqua-induced, and that regurgitant, unlike treatment with wounding plus deionized water, significantly upregulated the transcriptional expression of CsPPO2 but not of CsPPO1. The difference between regurgitant and wounding indicates that CsPPO2 may play a more meaningful defensive role against E. obliqua than CsPPO1. Meanwhile, we found the active component(s) of the regurgitant elicited by the expression of CsPPO may contain small molecules (under 3-kDa molecular weight). These conclusions advance the understanding of the biological function of two new PPO genes and show that one of these, CsPPO2, may be a promising gene for engineering tea plants that are resistant to E. obliqua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yongchen Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Wenbo Bian
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Zhongping Zeng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rasmann S, Bennett A, Biere A, Karley A, Guerrieri E. Root symbionts: Powerful drivers of plant above- and belowground indirect defenses. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:947-960. [PMID: 28374534 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial mutualists of plants, including mycorrhizal fungi, non-mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, have been typically characterized for increasing nutrient acquisition and plant growth. More recently, soil microbes have also been shown to increase direct plant defense against above- and belowground herbivores. Plants, however, do not only rely on direct defenses when attacked, but they can also recruit pest antagonists such as predators and parasitoids, both above and belowground, mainly via the release of volatile organic compounds (i.e., indirect defenses). In this review, we illustrate the main features and effects of soil microbial mutualists of plants on plant indirect defenses and discuss possible applications within the framework of sustainable crop protection against root- and shoot-feeding arthropod pests. We indicate the main knowledge gaps and the future challenges to be addressed in the study and application of these multifaceted interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alison Bennett
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Arjen Biere
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alison Karley
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A Maize Inbred Exhibits Resistance Against Western Corn Rootwoorm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:1109-1123. [PMID: 29151152 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insect resistance against root herbivores like the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is not well understood in non-transgenic maize. We studied the responses of two American maize inbreds, Mp708 and Tx601, to WCR infestation using biomechanical, molecular, biochemical analyses, and laser ablation tomography. Previous studies performed on several inbreds indicated that these two maize genotypes differed in resistance to pests including fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and WCR. Our data confirmed that Mp708 shows resistance against WCR, and demonstrates that the resistance mechanism is based in a multi-trait phenotype that includes increased resistance to cutting in nodal roots, stable root growth during insect infestation, constitutive and induced expression of known herbivore-defense genes, including ribosomal inhibitor protein 2 (rip2), terpene synthase 23 (tps23) and maize insect resistance cysteine protease-1 (mir1), as well high constitutive levels of jasmonic acid and production of (E)-β-caryophyllene. In contrast, Tx601 is susceptible to WCR. These findings will facilitate the use of Mp708 as a model to explore the wide variety of mechanisms and traits involved in plant defense responses and resistance to herbivory by insects with several different feeding habits.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kafle D, Hänel A, Lortzing T, Steppuhn A, Wurst S. Sequential above- and belowground herbivory modifies plant responses depending on herbivore identity. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:5. [PMID: 28178961 PMCID: PMC5299658 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivore-induced changes in plant traits can cause indirect interactions between spatially and/or temporally separated herbivores that share the same host plant. Feeding modes of the herbivores is one of the major factors that influence the outcome of such interactions. Here, we tested whether the effects of transient aboveground herbivory for seven days by herbivores of different feeding guilds on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) alters their interaction with spatially as well as temporally separated belowground herbivores. RESULTS The transient aboveground herbivory by both chewing caterpillars (Spodoptera exigua) and sucking aphids (Myzus persicae) had significant impacts on plant traits such as plant growth, resource allocation and phytohormone contents. While the changes in plant traits did not affect the overall performance of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in terms of total number of galls, we found that the consequences of aboveground herbivory for the plants can be altered by the subsequent nematode herbivory. For example, plants that had hosted aphids showed compensatory growth when they were later challenged by nematodes, which was not apparent in plants that had hosted only aphids. In contrast, plants that had been fed by S. exigua larvae did not show such compensatory growth even when challenged by nematodes. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the earlier aboveground herbivory can modify plant responses to subsequent herbivores, and such modifications may depend upon identity and/or feeding modes of the aboveground herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kafle
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Hänel
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Moore BD, Johnson SN. Get Tough, Get Toxic, or Get a Bodyguard: Identifying Candidate Traits Conferring Belowground Resistance to Herbivores in Grasses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1925. [PMID: 28105030 PMCID: PMC5214545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Grasses (Poaceae) are the fifth-largest plant family by species and their uses for crops, forage, fiber, and fuel make them the most economically important. In grasslands, which broadly-defined cover 40% of the Earth's terrestrial surface outside of Greenland and Antarctica, 40-60% of net primary productivity and 70-98% of invertebrate biomass occurs belowground, providing extensive scope for interactions between roots and rhizosphere invertebrates. Grasses invest 50-70% of fixed carbon into root construction, which suggests roots are high value tissues that should be defended from herbivores, but we know relatively little about such defenses. In this article, we identify candidate grass root defenses, including physical (tough) and chemical (toxic) resistance traits, together with indirect defenses involving recruitment of root herbivores' natural enemies. We draw on relevant literature to establish whether these defenses are present in grasses, and specifically in grass roots, and which herbivores of grasses are affected by these defenses. Physical defenses could include structural macro-molecules such as lignin, cellulose, suberin, and callose in addition to silica and calcium oxalate. Root hairs and rhizosheaths, a structural adaptation unique to grasses, might also play defensive roles. To date, only lignin and silica have been shown to negatively affect root herbivores. In terms of chemical resistance traits, nitrate, oxalic acid, terpenoids, alkaloids, amino acids, cyanogenic glycosides, benzoxazinoids, phenolics, and proteinase inhibitors have the potential to negatively affect grass root herbivores. Several good examples demonstrate the existence of indirect defenses in grass roots, including maize, which can recruit entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) via emission of (E)-β-caryophyllene, and similar defenses are likely to be common. In producing this review, we aimed to equip researchers with candidate root defenses for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University Richmond, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are a class of plant hormones that play essential roles in response to tissue wounding. They act on gene expression to slow down growth and to redirect metabolism towards producing defense molecules and repairing damage. These responses are systemic and have dramatic impacts on yields, making JAs a very active research area. JAs interact with many other plant hormones and therefore also have essential functions throughout development, notably during plant reproduction, leaf senescence and in response to many biotic and abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Larrieu
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Biere A, Goverse A. Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and Herbivores Above- and Belowground. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:499-527. [PMID: 27359367 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants are important mediators of interactions between aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) pathogens, arthropod herbivores, and nematodes (phytophages). We highlight recent progress in our understanding of within- and cross-compartment plant responses to these groups of phytophages in terms of altered resource dynamics and defense signaling and activation. We review studies documenting the outcome of cross-compartment interactions between these phytophage groups and show patterns of cross-compartment facilitation as well as cross-compartment induced resistance. Studies involving soilborne pathogens and foliar nematodes are scant. We further highlight the important role of defense signaling loops between shoots and roots to activate a full resistance complement. Moreover, manipulation of such loops by phytophages affects systemic interactions with other plant feeders. Finally, cross-compartment-induced changes in root defenses and root exudates extend systemic defense loops into the rhizosphere, enhancing or reducing recruitment of microbes that induce systemic resistance but also affecting interactions with root-feeding phytophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Aska Goverse
- Lab of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cosme M, Lu J, Erb M, Stout MJ, Franken P, Wurst S. A fungal endophyte helps plants to tolerate root herbivory through changes in gibberellin and jasmonate signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1065-76. [PMID: 27061745 PMCID: PMC5071772 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe mutualisms can improve plant defense, but the impact of root endophytes on below-ground herbivore interactions remains unknown. We investigated the effects of the root endophyte Piriformospora indica on interactions between rice (Oryza sativa) plants and its root herbivore rice water weevil (RWW; Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus), and how plant jasmonic acid (JA) and GA regulate this tripartite interaction. Glasshouse experiments with wild-type rice and coi1-18 and Eui1-OX mutants combined with nutrient, jasmonate and gene expression analyses were used to test: whether RWW adult herbivory above ground influences subsequent damage caused by larval herbivory below ground; whether P. indica protects plants against RWW; and whether GA and JA signaling mediate these interactions. The endophyte induced plant tolerance to root herbivory. RWW adults and larvae acted synergistically via JA signaling to reduce root growth, while endophyte-elicited GA biosynthesis suppressed the herbivore-induced JA in roots and recovered plant growth. Our study shows for the first time the impact of a root endophyte on plant defense against below-ground herbivores, adds to growing evidence that induced tolerance may be an important root defense, and implicates GA as a signal component of inducible plant tolerance against biotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cosme
- Functional BiodiversityDahlem Center of Plant SciencesInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität BerlinKönigin‐Luise‐Straße 1–314195BerlinGermany
- Department of Plant PropagationLeibniz‐Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental CropsKühnhäuser Straße 10199090Erfurt‐KühnhausenGermany
- Plant–Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityPO Box 800.563508 TBUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knoell‐Str. 807745JenaGermany
- Institute of Insect ScienceZijingang CampusZhejiang UniversityYuhangtang Road 866Hangzhou310058China
| | - Matthias Erb
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knoell‐Str. 807745JenaGermany
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernAltenbergrain 213013BernSwitzerland
| | - Michael Joseph Stout
- Department of EntomologyLouisiana State University Agricultural Center404 Life Sciences BuildingBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Philipp Franken
- Department of Plant PropagationLeibniz‐Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental CropsKühnhäuser Straße 10199090Erfurt‐KühnhausenGermany
- Department of Plant PhysiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinPhilippstrasse 1310115BerlinGermany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Functional BiodiversityDahlem Center of Plant SciencesInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität BerlinKönigin‐Luise‐Straße 1–314195BerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johnson SN, Erb M, Hartley SE. Roots under attack: contrasting plant responses to below- and aboveground insect herbivory. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:413-8. [PMID: 26781566 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The distinctive ecology of root herbivores, the complexity and diversity of root-microbe interactions, and the physical nature of the soil matrix mean that plant responses to root herbivory extrapolate poorly from our understanding of responses to aboveground herbivores. For example, root attack induces different changes in phytohormones to those in damaged leaves, including a lower but more potent burst of jasmonates in several plant species. Root secondary metabolite responses also differ markedly, although patterns between roots and shoots are harder to discern. Root defences must therefore be investigated in their own ecophysiological and evolutionary context, specifically one which incorporates root microbial symbionts and antagonists, if we are to better understand the battle between plants and their hidden herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Hartley
- Department of Biology, York Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Attraction of entomopathogenic nematodes to sugarcane root volatiles under herbivory by a sap-sucking insect. CHEMOECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-016-0207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Lu J, Robert CAM, Riemann M, Cosme M, Mène-Saffrané L, Massana J, Stout MJ, Lou Y, Gershenzon J, Erb M. Induced jasmonate signaling leads to contrasting effects on root damage and herbivore performance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1100-16. [PMID: 25627217 PMCID: PMC4348761 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Induced defenses play a key role in plant resistance against leaf feeders. However, very little is known about the signals that are involved in defending plants against root feeders and how they are influenced by abiotic factors. We investigated these aspects for the interaction between rice (Oryza sativa) and two root-feeding insects: the generalist cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata) and the more specialized rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus). Rice plants responded to root attack by increasing the production of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid, whereas in contrast to in herbivore-attacked leaves, salicylic acid and ethylene levels remained unchanged. The JA response was decoupled from flooding and remained constant over different soil moisture levels. Exogenous application of methyl JA to the roots markedly decreased the performance of both root herbivores, whereas abscisic acid and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid did not have any effect. JA-deficient antisense 13-lipoxygenase (asLOX) and mutant allene oxide cyclase hebiba plants lost more root biomass under attack from both root herbivores. Surprisingly, herbivore weight gain was decreased markedly in asLOX but not hebiba mutant plants, despite the higher root biomass removal. This effect was correlated with a herbivore-induced reduction of sucrose pools in asLOX roots. Taken together, our experiments show that jasmonates are induced signals that protect rice roots from herbivores under varying abiotic conditions and that boosting jasmonate responses can strongly enhance rice resistance against root pests. Furthermore, we show that a rice 13-lipoxygenase regulates root primary metabolites and specifically improves root herbivore growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Michael Riemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Marco Cosme
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Laurent Mène-Saffrané
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Josep Massana
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Michael Joseph Stout
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| | - Matthias Erb
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (J.L., C.A.M.R., J.G., M.E.);Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute-Molecular Cell Biology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany (M.R.);Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (M.C.);Department of Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland (L.M.-S., J.M.);Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (M.J.S.); andInstitute of Insect Science, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Capra E, Colombi C, De Poli P, Nocito FF, Cocucci M, Vecchietti A, Marocco A, Stile MR, Rossini L. Protein profiling and tps23 induction in different maize lines in response to methyl jasmonate treatment and Diabrotica virgifera infestation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 175:68-77. [PMID: 25506768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to herbivore insects involve direct and indirect defense with the production of signal molecules including jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives (e.g. methyl jasmonate, MeJA). In maize (Zea mays), root feeding by Diabrotica virgifera larvae activates an indirect defense mechanism, through enthomopathogenic nematodes that are recruited after Terpene Synthase 23 (tps23) upregulation and (E)-β-caryophyllene root emission. In order to gain insight into the correlation between JA signaling and response to Diabrotica attack, we analyzed tps23 expression and protein profiles in maize roots in response to MeJA treatment and insect infestation. Similar to herbivore feeding, MeJA treatment was found to increase tps23 transcript accumulation, with consistent variations for both treatments in maize lines differing in (E)-β-caryophyllene production. Analysis of root protein profiles showed specific alterations leading to the identification of three proteins that were induced by MeJA treatment. We focused on a peroxidase-like protein (Px-like) showing that the corresponding transcripts accumulated in all tested lines. Results show that exogenous application of MeJA upregulates tps23 expression and specifically alters protein patterns in maize roots. Parallel effects on tps23 transcript accumulation were observed upon hormone exposure and insect infestation in different maize lines. In contrast, Px-like transcript profiling showed differences between treatments. These results support the possible involvement of MeJA in mediating the upregulation of tps23 in response to Diabrotica attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IBBA-CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Biotrack S.r.l., Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Colombi
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Pamela De Poli
- Biotrack S.r.l., Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DiSAA, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Marocco
- Istituto di Agronomia, Genetica e Coltivazioni erbacee, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Stile
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Agroalimentare Sud SpA, Loc. S. Nicola, 85025 Melfi, PZ, Italy
| | - Laura Rossini
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, DiSAA, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Robert CAM, Ferrieri RA, Schirmer S, Babst BA, Schueller MJ, Machado RAR, Arce CCM, Hibbard BE, Gershenzon J, Turlings TCJ, Erb M. Induced carbon reallocation and compensatory growth as root herbivore tolerance mechanisms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2613-22. [PMID: 24762051 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Upon attack by leaf herbivores, many plants reallocate photoassimilates below ground. However, little is known about how plants respond when the roots themselves come under attack. We investigated induced resource allocation in maize plants that are infested by the larvae Western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Using radioactive (11) CO(2), we demonstrate that root-attacked maize plants allocate more new (11) C carbon from source leaves to stems, but not to roots. Reduced meristematic activity and reduced invertase activity in attacked maize root systems are identified as possible drivers of this shoot reallocation response. The increased allocation of photoassimilates to stems is shown to be associated with a marked thickening of these tissues and increased growth of stem-borne crown roots. A strong quantitative correlation between stem thickness and root regrowth across different watering levels suggests that retaining photoassimilates in the shoots may help root-attacked plants to compensate for the loss of belowground tissues. Taken together, our results indicate that induced tolerance may be an important strategy of plants to withstand belowground attack. Furthermore, root herbivore-induced carbon reallocation needs to be taken into account when studying plant-mediated interactions between herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle A M Robert
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany; Departments of 2Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kafle D, Krähmer A, Naumann A, Wurst S. Genetic Variation of the Host Plant Species Matters for Interactions with Above- and Belowground Herbivores. INSECTS 2014; 5:651-67. [PMID: 26462832 PMCID: PMC4592585 DOI: 10.3390/insects5030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants are challenged by both above- and belowground herbivores which may indirectly interact with each other via herbivore-induced changes in plant traits; however, little is known about how genetic variation of the host plant shapes such interactions. We used two genotypes (M4 and E9) of Solanum dulcamara (Solanaceae) with or without previous experience of aboveground herbivory by Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) to quantify its effects on subsequent root herbivory by Agriotes spp. (Elateridae). In the genotype M4, due to the aboveground herbivory, shoot and root biomass was significantly decreased, roots had a lower C/N ratio and contained significantly higher levels of proteins, while the genotype E9 was not affected. However, aboveground herbivory had no effects on weight gain or mortality of the belowground herbivores. Root herbivory by Agriotes increased the nitrogen concentration in the roots of M4 plants leading to a higher weight gain of conspecific larvae. Also, in feeding bioassays, Agriotes larvae tended to prefer roots of M4 over E9, irrespective of the aboveground herbivore treatment. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) documented differences in metabolic profiles of the two plant genotypes and of the roots of M4 plants after aboveground herbivory. Together, these results demonstrate that previous aboveground herbivory can have genotype-specific effects on quantitative and qualitative root traits. This may have consequences for belowground interactions, although generalist root herbivores might not be affected when the root biomass offered is still sufficient for growth and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kafle
- Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 973, Institute of Biology, Functional Biodiversity, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Andrea Krähmer
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Annette Naumann
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 973, Institute of Biology, Functional Biodiversity, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schumann M, Patel A, Vemmer M, Vidal S. The role of carbon dioxide as an orientation cue for western corn rootworm larvae within the maize root system: implications for an attract-and-kill approach. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:642-650. [PMID: 23821604 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western corn rootworm larvae use CO2 to locate maize roots. However, the importance of CO2 as a specific orientation cue close to maize roots has not been investigated unequivocally. This study aimed at elucidating the effect of CO2 -emitting capsules in combination with a soil insecticide (Tefluthrin = attract and kill) within the root system. We hypothesized that the capsules would result in aggregation of the larvae at the soil insecticide, thus increasing its efficacy. A nondestructive observation device was used to study larval distribution and behaviour. RESULTS Spatial analysis of distance indices (SADIE) revealed aggregation of the larvae around the capsules in an attract-and-kill treatment after 4 h, which was not found with the conventional treatment without the capsules. However, larval mortality did not differ between treatments. CONCLUSION CO2 is a weak attractant for western corn rootworm larvae within the root system. Consequently, an attract-and-kill strategy based on a CO2 product will not contribute to better control compared with conventional Tefluthrin applications. Host-specific compounds, combined with a CO2 source, should be used to target more larvae, making attract and kill a feasible management option against this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schumann
- Georg-August University, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural Entomology, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brassica Plant Responses to Mild Herbivore Stress Elicited by Two Specialist Insects from Different Feeding Guilds. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:136-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
35
|
Pierre SP, Dugravot S, Hervé MR, Hassan HM, van Dam NM, Cortesero AM. Belowground induction by Delia radicum or phytohormones affect aboveground herbivore communities on field-grown broccoli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:305. [PMID: 23970888 PMCID: PMC3748748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Induced plant defence in response to phytophagous insects is a well described phenomenon. However, so far little is known about the effect of induced plant responses on subsequently colonizing herbivores in the field. Broccoli plants were induced in the belowground compartment using (i) infestation by the root-herbivore Delia radicum, (ii) root application of jasmonic acid (JA) or (iii) root application of salicylic acid (SA). The abundance of D. radicum and six aboveground herbivores displaying contrasting levels of host specialization were surveyed for 5 weeks. Our study showed that the response of herbivores was found to differ from one another, depending on the herbivore species, its degree of specialization and the root treatment. The abundance of the root herbivore D. radicum and particularly the number of emerging adults was decreased by both phytohormone treatments, while the number of D. radicum eggs was increased on conspecific infested plants. The root infestation exhibited moderate effects on the aboveground community. The abundance of the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae was strongly increased on D. radicum infested plants, but the other species were not impacted. Root hormone applications exhibited a strong effect on the abundance of specialist foliar herbivores. A higher number of B. brassicae and Pieris brassicae and a lower number of Plutella xylostella were found on JA treated plants. On SA treated plants we observed a decrease of the abundance of B. brassicae, Pi. rapae, and P. xylostella. Surprisingly, generalist species, Mamestra brassicae and Myzus persicae were not affected by root induction treatments. Finally, root treatments had no significant effect on either glucosinolate (GLS) profiles of the heads or on plant quality parameters. These results are discussed from the perspective of below- aboveground interactions and adaptations of phytophagous insects to induced plant responses according to their trophic specialization level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Pierre
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection (Mixed Research Unit 1349), Rennes 1 UniversityRennes, France
| | - S. Dugravot
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection (Mixed Research Unit 1349), Rennes 1 UniversityRennes, France
- European University of BrittanyBrittany, France
| | - M. R. Hervé
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection (Mixed Research Unit 1349), Rennes 1 UniversityRennes, France
- European University of BrittanyBrittany, France
| | - H. M. Hassan
- Economic Entomology, Kafrelsheikh UniversityKafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - N. M. van Dam
- Department of Ecogenomics, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A. M. Cortesero
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection (Mixed Research Unit 1349), Rennes 1 UniversityRennes, France
- European University of BrittanyBrittany, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Junker RR, Tholl D. Volatile Organic Compound Mediated Interactions at the Plant-Microbe Interface. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:810-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
37
|
Santino A, Taurino M, De Domenico S, Bonsegna S, Poltronieri P, Pastor V, Flors V. Jasmonate signaling in plant development and defense response to multiple (a)biotic stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1085-98. [PMID: 23584548 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants frequently live in environments characterized by the presence of simultaneous and different stresses. The intricate and finely tuned molecular mechanisms activated by plants in response to abiotic and biotic environmental factors are not well understood, and less is known about the integrative signals and convergence points activated by plants in response to multiple (a)biotic stresses. Phytohormones play a key role in plant development and response to (a)biotic stresses. Among these, one of the most important signaling molecules is an oxylipin, the plant hormone jasmonic acid. Oxylipins are derived from oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Jasmonic acid and its volatile derivative methyl jasmonate have been considered for a long time to be the bioactive forms due to their physiological effects and abundance in the plant. However, more recent studies showed unambiguously that they are only precursors of the active forms represented by some amino acid conjugates. Upon developmental or environmental stimuli, jasmonates are synthesized and accumulate transiently. Upon perception, jasmonate signal transduction process is finely tuned by a complex mechanism comprising specific repressor proteins which in turn control a number of transcription factors regulating the expression of jasmonate responsive genes. We discuss the latest discoveries about the role of jasmonates in plants resistance mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, the deep interplay of different phytohormones in stresses signaling will be also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Erwin AC, Geber MA, Agrawal AA. Specific impacts of two root herbivores and soil nutrients on plant performance and insect-insect interactions. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
39
|
Fürstenberg-Hägg J, Zagrobelny M, Bak S. Plant defense against insect herbivores. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10242-97. [PMID: 23681010 PMCID: PMC3676838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have been interacting with insects for several hundred million years, leading to complex defense approaches against various insect feeding strategies. Some defenses are constitutive while others are induced, although the insecticidal defense compound or protein classes are often similar. Insect herbivory induce several internal signals from the wounded tissues, including calcium ion fluxes, phosphorylation cascades and systemic- and jasmonate signaling. These are perceived in undamaged tissues, which thereafter reinforce their defense by producing different, mostly low molecular weight, defense compounds. These bioactive specialized plant defense compounds may repel or intoxicate insects, while defense proteins often interfere with their digestion. Volatiles are released upon herbivory to repel herbivores, attract predators or for communication between leaves or plants, and to induce defense responses. Plants also apply morphological features like waxes, trichomes and latices to make the feeding more difficult for the insects. Extrafloral nectar, food bodies and nesting or refuge sites are produced to accommodate and feed the predators of the herbivores. Meanwhile, herbivorous insects have adapted to resist plant defenses, and in some cases even sequester the compounds and reuse them in their own defense. Both plant defense and insect adaptation involve metabolic costs, so most plant-insect interactions reach a stand-off, where both host and herbivore survive although their development is suboptimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fürstenberg-Hägg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and VKR Research Centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen DK-1871, Denmark; E-Mails: (J.F.-H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and VKR Research Centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen DK-1871, Denmark; E-Mails: (J.F.-H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and VKR Research Centre ‘Pro-Active Plants’, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen DK-1871, Denmark; E-Mails: (J.F.-H.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Erb M, Lu J. Soil abiotic factors influence interactions between belowground herbivores and plant roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1295-303. [PMID: 23505310 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Root herbivores are important ecosystem drivers and agricultural pests, and, possibly as a consequence, plants protect their roots using a variety of defensive strategies. One aspect that distinguishes belowground from aboveground plant-insect interactions is that roots are constantly exposed to a set of soil-specific abiotic factors. These factors can profoundly influence root resistance, and, consequently, the outcome of the interaction with belowground feeders. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on the impact of soil moisture, nutrients, and texture on root-herbivore interactions. We show that soil abiotic factors influence the interaction by modulating herbivore abundance and behaviour, root growth and resistance, beneficial microorganisms, as well as natural enemies of the herbivores. We suggest that abiotic heterogeneity may explain the high variability that is often encountered in root-herbivore systems. We also propose that under abiotic stress, the relative fitness value of the roots and the potential negative impact of herbivory increases, which may lead to a higher defensive investment and an increased recruitment of beneficial microorganisms by the plant. At the same time, both root-feeding herbivores and natural enemies are likely to decrease in abundance under extreme environmental conditions, leading to a context- and species-specific impact on plant fitness. Only by using tightly controlled experiments that include soil abiotic heterogeneity will it be possible to understand the impact of root feeders on an ecosystem scale and to develop predictive models for pest occurrence and impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Soler R, Erb M, Kaplan I. Long distance root-shoot signalling in plant-insect community interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:149-56. [PMID: 22989699 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants mediate interactions between insects, including leaf- and root-feeders; yet the underlying mechanisms and connection with ecological theory remain unresolved. In this review, based on novel insights into long-distance (i.e., leaf-leaf, root-shoot) defence signalling, we explore the role of phytohormones in driving broad-scale patterns of aboveground-belowground interactions that can be extrapolated to general plant-insect relationships. We propose that the outcome of intra-feeding guild interactions is generally negative due to induction of similar phytohormonal pathways, whereas between-guild interactions are often positive due to negative signal crosstalk. However, not all outcomes could be explained by feeding guild; we argue that future studies should target ecologically representative plant-insect systems, distinguish subguilds, and include plant growth hormones to improve our understanding of plant-mediated interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxina Soler
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Robert CAM, Frank DL, Leach KA, Turlings TCJ, Hibbard BE, Erb M. Direct and indirect plant defenses are not suppressed by endosymbionts of a specialist root herbivore. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:507-15. [PMID: 23440444 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insect endosymbionts influence many important metabolic and developmental processes of their host. It has been speculated that they may also help to manipulate and suppress plant defenses to the benefit of herbivores. Recently, endosymbionts of the root herbivore Diabrotica virgifera virgifera have been reported to suppress the induction of defensive transcripts in maize roots, which may explain the finding of another study that once attacked plants become more susceptible to subsequent D. v. virgifera attack. To test this hypothesis, we cured D. v. virgifera from its major endosymbiont Wolbachia and tested whether endosymbiont-free individuals elicit different defense responses in maize roots. The presence of Wolbachia did not alter the induction of defense marker genes and resistance in a susceptible maize hybrid and a resistant line. Furthermore, attacked maize plants emitted the same amount of (E)-β-caryophyllene, a volatile signal that serves as foraging cue for both entomopathogenic nematodes and D. v. virgifera. Finally, the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora to infest D. v. virgifera was not changed by curing the larvae from their endosymbionts. These results show that the defense mechanisms of maize are not affected by Wolbachia. Consequently, D. v. virgifera does not seem to derive any plant-defense mediated benefits from its major endosymbiont.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle A M Robert
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand, 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ankala A, Kelley RY, Rowe DE, Williams WP, Luthe DS. Foliar herbivory triggers local and long distance defense responses in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 199-200:103-12. [PMID: 23265323 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have documented the induction of belowground defenses in plants in response to aboveground herbivory and vice versa, but the genes and signaling molecules mediating systemic induction are not well understood. We performed comparative microarray analysis on maize whorl and root tissues from the insect resistant inbred Mp708 in response to foliar feeding by fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) caterpillars. Although Mp708 has elevated jasmonic acid (JA) levels prior to herbivory, genes involved in JA biosynthesis were up-regulated in whorls in response to fall armyworm feeding. Alternatively, genes possibly involved in regulating ethylene (ET) perception and signaling were up-regulated in roots following foliar herbivory. Transcript levels of genes encoding proteins involved in direct defenses against herbivores were enhanced both in roots and leaves, but transcriptional factors and genes involved in various biosynthetic pathways were selectively down-regulated in the whorl. The results indicate that foliar herbivory by fall armyworm changes root gene expression pathways suggesting profound long distance signaling. Tissue specific induction and suppression of JA and ET signaling pathway genes provides a clue to their possible roles in signaling between the two distant tissue types that eventually triggers defense responses in the roots in response to foliar herbivory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunkanth Ankala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology Mississippi State University, MS, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Robert CAM, Erb M, Hibbard BE, Wade French B, Zwahlen C, Turlings TCJ. A specialist root herbivore reduces plant resistance and uses an induced plant volatile to aggregate in a density-dependent manner. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle A. M. Robert
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE); University of Neuchâtel; Rue Emile-Argand 11 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Beutenberg Campus; Hans-Knöll-Str. 8 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Beutenberg Campus; Hans-Knöll-Str. 8 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Bruce E. Hibbard
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit; University of Missouri; 205 Curtis Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - B. Wade French
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory; 2923 Medary Avenue Brookings SD 57006 USA
| | - Claudia Zwahlen
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE); University of Neuchâtel; Rue Emile-Argand 11 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Ted C. J. Turlings
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE); University of Neuchâtel; Rue Emile-Argand 11 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hiltpold I, Turlings TCJ. Manipulation of chemically mediated interactions in agricultural soils to enhance the control of crop pests and to improve crop yield. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:641-50. [PMID: 22592335 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In most agro-ecosystems the organisms that feed on plant roots have an important impact on crop yield and can impose tremendous costs to farmers. Similar to aboveground pests, they rely on a broad range of chemical cues to locate their host plant. In their turn, plants have co-evolved a large arsenal of direct and indirect defense to face these attacks. For instance, insect herbivory induces the synthesis and release of specific volatile compounds in plants. These volatiles have been shown to be highly attractive to natural enemies of the herbivores, such as parasitoids, predators, or entomopathogenic nematodes. So far few of the key compounds mediating these so-called tritrophic interactions have been identified and only few genes and biochemical pathways responsible for the production of the emitted volatiles have been elucidated and described. Roots also exude chemicals that directly impact belowground herbivores by altering their behavior or development. Many of these compounds remain unknown, but the identification of, for instance, a key compound that triggers nematode egg hatching to some plant parasitic nematodes has great potential for application in crop protection. These advances in understanding the chemical emissions and their role in ecological signaling open novel ways to manipulate plant exudates in order to enhance their natural defense properties. The potential of this approach is discussed, and we identify several gaps in our knowledge and steps that need to be taken to arrive at ecologically sound strategies for belowground pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hiltpold
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7020, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ecology and evolution of soil nematode chemotaxis. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:615-28. [PMID: 22527058 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants influence the behavior of and modify community composition of soil-dwelling organisms through the exudation of organic molecules. Given the chemical complexity of the soil matrix, soil-dwelling organisms have evolved the ability to detect and respond to these cues for successful foraging. A key question is how specific these responses are and how they may evolve. Here, we review and discuss the ecology and evolution of chemotaxis of soil nematodes. Soil nematodes are a group of diverse functional and taxonomic types, which may reveal a variety of responses. We predicted that nematodes of different feeding guilds use host-specific cues for chemotaxis. However, the examination of a comprehensive nematode phylogeny revealed that distantly related nematodes, and nematodes from different feeding guilds, can exploit the same signals for positive orientation. Carbon dioxide (CO(2)), which is ubiquitous in soil and indicates biological activity, is widely used as such a cue. The use of the same signals by a variety of species and species groups suggests that parts of the chemo-sensory machinery have remained highly conserved during the radiation of nematodes. However, besides CO(2), many other chemical compounds, belonging to different chemical classes, have been shown to induce chemotaxis in nematodes. Plants surrounded by a complex nematode community, including beneficial entomopathogenic nematodes, plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as microbial feeders, are thus under diffuse selection for producing specific molecules in the rhizosphere that maximize their fitness. However, it is largely unknown how selection may operate and how belowground signaling may evolve. Given the paucity of data for certain groups of nematodes, future work is needed to better understand the evolutionary mechanisms of communication between plant roots and soil biota.
Collapse
|