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Clune S, Ratnaike D, White V, Donaldson A, Randle E, O'Halloran P, Lewis V. What is known about population level programs designed to address gambling-related harm: rapid review of the evidence. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:118. [PMID: 38890632 PMCID: PMC11184756 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-01032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling and gambling-related harm attract significant researcher and policy attention. The liberalisation of gambling in most western countries is strongly associated with a marked rise in gambling activity and increases in gambling-related harm experienced at the population level. Programs to address gambling-related harm have traditionally focused on individuals who demonstrate problematic gambling behaviour, despite clear evidence of the effectiveness of a public health approach to high-risk activities like gambling. Little is known about the availability or efficacy of programs to address gambling-related harm at a population level. METHODS The Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation commissioned a rapid evidence review of the available evidence on programs designed to reduce gambling-related harm at a population level. The review was conducted using a public health and harm reduction lens. MEDLINE, ProQuest Central and PsychInfo databases were searched systematically. Included studies were published in English between 2017 - 2023 from all countries with gambling policy contexts and public health systems comparable to Australia's; included primary data; and focused on primary and/or secondary prevention of gambling-related harm or problems. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-seven articles were eligible for inclusion. Themes identified in the literature included: risk and protective factors; primary prevention; secondary prevention; tertiary prevention; target population group; and public health approach. The evidence review revealed a gap in empirical evidence around effective interventions to reduce gambling-related harm at the population level, particularly from a public health perspective. CONCLUSIONS Addressing gambling-related harm requires a nuanced, multi-layered approach that acknowledges the complex social, environmental, and commercial nature of gambling and associated harms. Moreover, evidence demonstrates community programs to reduce gambling-related harm are more successful in reducing harm when based on sound theory of co-design and address the social aspects that contribute to harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Clune
- Australian Institute for Primary Care & Ageing (AIPCA), La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Deepika Ratnaike
- Australian Institute for Primary Care & Ageing (AIPCA), La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Vanessa White
- Australian Institute for Primary Care & Ageing (AIPCA), La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Alex Donaldson
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact (CSSI), La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Erica Randle
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact (CSSI), La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Paul O'Halloran
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact (CSSI), La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Virginia Lewis
- Australian Institute for Primary Care & Ageing (AIPCA), La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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2
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Gavriel-Fried B, Malka I, Levin Y. The Dual Burden of Emerging Adulthood: Assessing Gambling Severity, Gambling-Related Harm, and Mental Health Challenges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:702. [PMID: 38928948 PMCID: PMC11203917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Growing concerns over gambling problems across age groups have sparked research in public health and psychology. During emerging adulthood, individuals are more susceptible to mental health problems and more likely to develop gambling problems than in other age groups. This study explored the potential differences between emerging adults and adults aged 30+ in terms of problem gambling severity (PGS), gambling-related harm (GRH), depression and anxiety, and the mediating role of depression and anxiety in the association between age, PGS, and GRH. A representative online sample of 3244 Israelis aged 18 and over was divided into two groups: 740 emerging adults aged 18-29 and 2504 adults aged 30+. Gambling behaviors, the Problem Gambling Severity Index, the Short Gambling Harm Screen, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 assessing depression and anxiety were administered. Emerging adults had significantly higher levels of GRH, PGS, and depression-anxiety than their older counterparts, above and beyond gender and education. Depression-anxiety fully mediated the associations between age and gambling-related outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of considering psychological well-being in efforts to address problem gambling and gambling-related harms, especially in emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belle Gavriel-Fried
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801, Israel;
| | - Inbar Malka
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801, Israel;
| | - Yafit Levin
- Department of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
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3
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Duran S, Demirci Ö, Akgenç F. Investigation of Gambling Behavior, Self-Confidence and Psychological Resilience Levels of University Students. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10317-3. [PMID: 38805161 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between gambling behavior, self-confidence, and psychological resilience levels among university students. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the relationship between gambling behavior and socio-demographic variables. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2023. The research employed a questionnaire, the Brief Psychological Resilience Scale, the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and the Self-Confidence Scale. The study was carried out online, reaching 229 students through Google Forms. According to the SOGS scores, 4.8% of the students are at risk of gambling addiction. Male students have statistically significantly higher SOGS scores than female students. The SOGS score is significantly higher in working students, smokers, and alcohol drinkers (p < 0.05). No statistically significant relationship was found between the students' SOGS scores and the self- confidence scale (p = 0.637) and the brief resilience scale (p = 0.675). It is thought that training should be given to risky groups in order to prevent gambling behavior. In addition, it is thought that supporting university students to be active in different arts and sports fields may have a positive effect on preventing and reducing addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songul Duran
- Health Services Vocational College, Care of Elderly Program, İzmir Demokrasi University, İzmir, Türkiye.
| | - Özlem Demirci
- Kartal Kosuyolu High Specialization Training and Research Hospital Cardiology Clinic, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Akgenç
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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4
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Yang Z, Deal BE, Carcioppolo N, Zhao Y, Sewall AM. A Content Analysis of Problematic Gambling Prevention Interventions in the United States. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:51-64. [PMID: 37402118 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Gambling revenue in the United States is at all-time highs while recent and forthcoming legislation relaxes constraints on casino gaming, sports betting, and fantasy sports betting. Increased gambling will result in increased problematic gambling, highlighting the need to study the impact of our problematic gambling prevention interventions. To address this, we conducted a content analysis of problematic gambling prevention messages in the U.S. Results reveal that although there is overlap between theoretically-based messaging appeals recommended by research and those used in actual prevention interventions, health behavior theory is inconsistently applied and there are numerous examples of potential backfire effects. Results are discussed in terms of their impact on theory development and their noteworthy practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiao Yang
- School of Communication, University of Miami, 5100 Brunson Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
| | - Bonnie E Deal
- School of Communication, University of Miami, 5100 Brunson Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Nick Carcioppolo
- School of Communication, University of Miami, 5100 Brunson Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Communication, University of Miami, 5100 Brunson Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Ashley Marie Sewall
- School of Communication, University of Miami, 5100 Brunson Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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5
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Richard J, Ivoska W, Derevensky JL. Understanding adolescent esports bettors: Are they a homogeneous group? Addict Behav 2023; 140:107598. [PMID: 36623473 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid rise of competitive video gaming (esports), increased attention has been placed on understanding the profiles of youth who wager on esports. With adolescents being at increased risk of gambling problems and endorsing high rates of past year engagement in video games, there is a need for research investigating psychological and social correlates of adolescent esports bettors and to identify whether youth who engage in esports betting are a homogenous group. Survey responses were collected from 5,997 high-school students (48.4 % male, Mage = 14.7 years [SD = 1.6], age range 12-17) from Wood County, Ohio, United States. A latent class analysis was conducted to identify subgroups of esports bettors based on self-reported measures of gambling frequency, risk for problem gambling, gaming frequency, disordered gaming, preference for virtual life and risky loot box use. Results indicated that 5.5 % of the sample reported esports betting over the past year. Four classes of esports bettors were identified which were indicative of a group of low-risk esports bettors, a group of esports bettors at risk of gaming problems, a group of esports bettors at risk of gambling problems, and a group of esports bettors at high risk of both gambling and gaming problems. Although no significant differences based on sex and age were noted between the classes, differences were noted in experienced childhood adversity, mental health symptoms and problem behavior severity. Results are discussed in line with previous findings relevant to adolescent and adult esports betting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie Richard
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William Ivoska
- Wood County Educational Service Center, Wood County, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Derevensky
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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6
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Monreal-Bartolomé A, Barceló-Soler A, García-Campayo J, Bartolomé-Moreno C, Cortés-Montávez P, Acon E, Huertes M, Lacasa V, Crespo S, Lloret-Irles D, Sordo L, Clotas Bote C, Puigcorbé S, López-Del-Hoyo Y. Preventive Gambling Programs for Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4691. [PMID: 36981602 PMCID: PMC10048743 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gambling disorder in youth is an emerging public health problem, with adolescents and young adults constituting a vulnerable age group for the development of gambling-related problems. Although research has been conducted on the risk factors for gambling disorder, very few rigorous studies can be found on the efficacy of preventive interventions in young people. The aim of this study was to provide best practice recommendations for the prevention of disordered gambling in adolescents and young adults. We reviewed and synthesized the results of existing RCTs and quasi-experimental studies covering nonpharmacological prevention programs for gambling disorder in young adults and adolescents. We applied the PRISMA 2020 statement and guidelines to identify 1483 studies, of which 32 were included in the systematic review. All studies targeted the educational setting, i.e., high school and university students. Most studies followed a universal prevention strategy, that particularly targeted adolescents, and an indicated prevention strategy for university students. The reviewed gambling prevention programs generally showed good results in terms of reducing the frequency and severity of gambling, and also regarding cognitive variables, such as misconceptions, fallacies, knowledge, and attitudes towards gambling. Finally, we highlight the need to develop more comprehensive prevention programs that incorporate rigorous methodological and assessment procedures before they are widely implemented and disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Monreal-Bartolomé
- Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion Research Network (RICAPPS), 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Barceló-Soler
- Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Healthcare Research Institute of Navarre (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier García-Campayo
- Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion Research Network (RICAPPS), 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Miguel Servet, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cruz Bartolomé-Moreno
- Primary Care Teaching Unit for Zaragoza Healthcare District 1, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Cortés-Montávez
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther Acon
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Huertes
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Lacasa
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sofía Crespo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Lloret-Irles
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Sordo
- Department of Public Health and Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Yolanda López-Del-Hoyo
- Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion Research Network (RICAPPS), 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Luquiens A, Guillou M, Giustiniani J, Barrault S, Caillon J, Delmas H, Achab S, Bento B, Billieux J, Brevers D, Brody A, Brunault P, Challet-Bouju G, Chóliz M, Clark L, Cornil A, Costes JM, Devos G, Díaz R, Estevez A, Grassi G, Hakansson A, Khazaal Y, King DL, Labrador F, Lopez-Gonzalez H, Newall P, Perales JC, Ribadier A, Sescousse G, Sharman S, Taquet P, Varescon I, Von Hammerstein C, Bonjour T, Romo L, Grall-Bronnec M. Pictograms to aid laypeople in identifying the addictiveness of gambling products (PictoGRRed study). Sci Rep 2022; 12:22510. [PMID: 36581637 PMCID: PMC9800380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural addictive characteristics of gambling products are important targets for prevention, but can be unintuitive to laypeople. In the PictoGRRed (Pictograms for Gambling Risk Reduction) study, we aimed to develop pictograms that illustrate the main addictive characteristics of gambling products and to assess their impact on identifying the addictiveness of gambling products by laypeople. We conducted a three-step study: (1) use of a Delphi consensus method among 56 experts from 13 countries to reach a consensus on the 10 structural addictive characteristics of gambling products to be illustrated by pictograms and their associated definitions, (2) development of 10 pictograms and their definitions, and (3) study in the general population to assess the impact of exposure to the pictograms and their definitions (n = 900). French-speaking experts from the panel assessed the addictiveness of gambling products (n = 25), in which the mean of expert's ratings was considered as the true value. Participants were randomly provided with the pictograms and their definitions, or with a standard slogan, or with neither (control group). We considered the control group as representing the baseline ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products. Each group and the French-speaking experts rated the addictiveness of 14 gambling products. The judgment criterion was the intraclass coefficients (ICCs) between the mean ratings of each group and the experts, reflecting the level of agreement between each group and the experts. Exposure to the pictograms and their definition doubled the ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products compared with that of the group that read a slogan or the control group (ICC = 0.28 vs. 0.14 (Slogan) and 0.14 (Control)). Laypeople have limited awareness of the addictive characteristics of gambling products. The pictograms developed herein represent an innovative tool for universally empowering prevention and for selective prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Luquiens
- Department of Addictology, CHU Nîmes, Univ Montpellier, Nîmes, France. .,CESP, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.
| | - Morgane Guillou
- EA 7479 SPURBO, CHRU BREST, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest and Addictologie, Brest, France
| | | | - Servane Barrault
- QualiPsy, EE 1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, CSAPA-37, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julie Caillon
- Department of Addictology and Psychiatry Nantes, Inserm U1246, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
| | - Helena Delmas
- Pôle Addiction et Précarité, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - Sophia Achab
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Treatment and Research in Mental Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Bento
- IAJ - Instituto de Apoio ao Jogador, Lda, Portugal
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Medicine, Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien Brevers
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Brunault
- Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,QualiPsy, EE, Université de Tours, 1901, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- Department of Addictology and Psychiatry Nantes, Inserm U1246, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
| | - Mariano Chóliz
- Gambling and Technological Addictions Research Unit, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luke Clark
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aurélien Cornil
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.,Centre for Excessive Gambling, Université Catholique de Louvain, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaetan Devos
- Grand Hôpital de Charleroi (GHdC), Charleroi, Belgium.,Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Scientific Research and Publication Cell (CRPS), Le Beau Vallon, Namur, Belgium.,Centre Hospitalier Le Domaine, ULB, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium.,Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), CH Le Vinatier, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Rosa Díaz
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Clínic Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Anders Hakansson
- Clinical Addiction Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Malmö Addiction Center, Lund University - Gambling Disorder Unit, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel L King
- College of Education, Psychology, & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez
- Faculty of Information and Communication, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José C Perales
- Department of Experimental Psychology Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Aurélien Ribadier
- Département de Psychologie, EE 1901 - Equipe Qualipsy « Qualité de vie et Santé Psychologique », Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center-INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Taquet
- Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Department, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, ULR, 4072, Lille, France.,PSITEC-Psychologie: Interactions Temps Émotions Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Varescon
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université de Paris, 92100, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | | | - Thierry Bonjour
- Department of Addictology, CHU Nîmes, Univ Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Lucia Romo
- EA 4430 Clipsyd, University Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Department of Addictology and Psychiatry Nantes, Inserm U1246, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
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8
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Çelik S, Öztürk A, Kes E, Kurt A. The relationship of gambling with sensation-seeking behavior and psychological resilience in university students. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2199-2207. [PMID: 35133668 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to analyze the relationship of gambling with university students' sensation-seeking behavior and psychological resilience. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional and correlational research was performed with 650 students. Data collection tools were Personal Information Form, South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scale (ZSSS), and Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). FINDINGS Of the students, 1.2% were probably pathological gamblers. There was a positive relationship between students' SOGS and ZSSS scores (p < 0.05). However, there was no relationship between students' SOGS and BRS scores (p > 0.05). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Psychological support units and instructors take an active role in determining the gambling behaviors of students and related factors in advance, raising awareness of gambling, and preventing the negative effects of these behaviors in faculty campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Çelik
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Agdaci, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Öztürk
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Agdaci, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Eda Kes
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Agdaci, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Aylin Kurt
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Agdaci, Bartın, Turkey
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9
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Preventive Interventions and Harm Reduction in Online and Electronic Gambling: A Systematic Review. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:883-911. [PMID: 35999322 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Gambling possess both entertaining and potentially harmful aspects. It remains a challenge for public health authorities and gambling operators to recommend and implement effective evidence-based interventions to reduce gambling-related harm and prevent problematic gambling behavior. This systematic review examined studies on randomized controlled trials in this field, aiming to describe and evaluate the effect of preventive and harm-reducing interventions for online gambling and electronic gaming machines. A systematic literature search was performed in PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, and SCOPUS. Study selection, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction were conducted by two reviewers independently, and a synthesis was performed. A total of 18 studies were included, of which the majority were limited by quality issues. The applied interventions focused on restraining gambling, providing feedback, delivering therapeutic and informative content, and priming analytical thinking. The studies varied greatly in terms of specific intervention content, study setting, participants, and outcome measures, and no consistent patterns could be detected between study characteristics and related effects. Although research in the field is growing, there is still a need for further methodologically rigorous investigation and consensus on outcome measures sensitive to effects of preventive and harm-reducing interventions.
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10
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Akçayır M, Nicoll F, Baxter DG. Emerging Gambling Problems and Suggested Interventions: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:857-882. [PMID: 35460439 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present systematic review is to identify emerging gambling problems and the harm minimization strategies proposed to address them. Our interdisciplinary research team conducted this systematic literature review in 5 nations between which there is significant gambling research exchange. A keyword search of the Scopus and Web of Science databases followed by filtering using inclusion criteria identified 1292 empirical gambling studies from peer-reviewed journals. The data obtained from the articles were analyzed using the content analysis technique. We then used a unique approach to identify relationships between harm minimization strategies and gambling problems. The findings reveal that the most frequently reported gambling problems are related to young gamblers, online gambling, electronic gaming machines, and children and adolescents (underage gamblers). Harm minimization strategies to address these included creating educational and awareness programs, further restrictions on gambling advertising, developing an intervention mechanism for online gambling, and remote gambling-related help (i.e., online counseling, online treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akçayır
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Fiona Nicoll
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David G Baxter
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Berge J, Abrahamsson T, Lyckberg A, Franklin K, Håkansson A. A Normative Feedback Intervention on Gambling Behavior-A Longitudinal Study of Post-Intervention Gambling Practices in At-Risk Gamblers. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:602846. [PMID: 35432012 PMCID: PMC9008880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.602846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In problem gambling, normative personalized feedback interventions have demonstrated promising effects. Given the widespread increase in online gambling in recent years, internet-delivered normative feedback may serve as a promising intervention. This study aimed to examine whether such an intervention, delivered by a gambling operator and aiming to help problem gamblers decrease their gambling, may in fact be associated with lower gambling practices post-intervention. METHODS Online questions on norms and beliefs about one's own and peers' gambling habits, derived from the Gambling Quantity and Perceived Norms Scale, were followed by personalized feedback, delivered online by the Swedish state-owned gambling operator. A total of 1,453 gamblers consented to participate in a pre-post measure of wagering levels. RESULTS Wagering decreased significantly post-intervention (28 days) compared to pre-intervention (28 days prior). The decrease was significantly more pronounced in younger and online casino gamblers. In an 84-day follow-up, the decrease remained significant, although less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS An online normative intervention delivered by a state-owned gambling operator, addressing norms and beliefs about gambling levels, may lower risky gambling in the short term. Implications and further research needs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Berge
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tove Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Primary Care, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Malmö, Sweden
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Cookson D, Jolley D, Dempsey RC, Povey R. A social norms approach intervention to address misperceptions of anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs amongst UK parents. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258985. [PMID: 34767581 PMCID: PMC8589151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs among parents can reduce vaccination intentions. Parents' beliefs in anti-vaccine conspiracy theories are also related to their perceptions of other parents' conspiracy beliefs. Further, research has shown that parents hold misperceptions of anti-vaccine conspiracy belief norms: UK parents over-estimate the anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs of other parents. The present study tested the effectiveness of a Social Norms Approach intervention, which corrects misperceptions using normative feedback, to reduce UK parents' anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs and increase vaccination intentions. At baseline, 202 UK parents of young children reported their personal belief in anti-vaccine conspiracy theories, future intentions to vaccinate, and their perceptions of other UK parents' beliefs and intentions. Participants were then randomly assigned to a normative feedback condition (n = 89) or an assessment-only control condition (n = 113). The normative feedback compared participants' personal anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs and perceptions of other UK parents' beliefs with actual normative belief levels. Parents receiving the normative feedback showed significantly reduced personal belief in anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs at immediate post-test. As hypothesised, changes in normative perceptions of anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs mediated the effect of the intervention. The intervention, did not directly increase vaccination intentions, however mediation analysis showed that the normative feedback increased perceptions of other parents' vaccination intentions, which in turn increased personal vaccination intentions. No significant effects remained after a six-week follow-up. The current research demonstrates the potential utility of Social Norms Approach interventions for correcting misperceptions and reducing anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs among UK parents. Further research could explore utilising a top-up intervention to maintain the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darel Cookson
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Jolley
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Dempsey
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Povey
- The Staffordshire Centre for Psychological Research, School of Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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Dodig Hundric D, Mandic S, Ricijas N. Short-Term Effectiveness of the Youth Gambling Prevention Program "Who Really Wins?"-Results from the First National Implementation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10100. [PMID: 34639404 PMCID: PMC8507822 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a response to significant adolescent gambling involvement, a Croatian team of researchers and practitioners developed a universal, comprehensive, evidence-based youth gambling prevention program called "Who Really Wins?". This study presents the results on its short-term effectiveness following the first national implementation in 18 Croatian cities, with a total of 629 high school students (66.5% male) who completed the program. A design with two measurement sessions (pre-test and post-test) was used to explore the short-term effects of the program on gambling-related knowledge and cognition, frequency of gambling, and various socio-emotional skills. The results showed significant effects when it comes to knowledge, cognitive distortions, and the frequency of sports betting and playing lottery games. Furthermore, the program had no harmful effects on any of the measured variables. The results are interpreted in terms of methodological challenges in measuring effects, possible improvements of the program, and implications for future evaluation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Dodig Hundric
- Department of Behavioral Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (N.R.)
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Rodda SN. A Systematic Review of Internet Delivered Interventions for Gambling: Prevention, Harm Reduction and Early Intervention. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:967-991. [PMID: 34515903 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Internet delivered interventions are accessible and easy to access and can be used to deliver brief interventions. These interventions can be tailored according to individual need for the prevention and minimisation of gambling harm or early intervention for those that are displaying some signs of problems. The objective of this review was to summarise the existing literature on the effectiveness of prevention, harm reduction and early intervention programs when delivered online. A systematic review was conducted for peer-reviewed studies that evaluated internet delivered interventions for the prevention, harm reduction or early intervention for gambling problems. Four electronic databases were consulted in the past 20 years (2000-2020) resulting in a total of 15 included studies. Across identified studies just one study provided prevention with 7 harm reduction and 7 early interventions. The quality of the literature was variable with just 8 randomised controlled trials with the remainder matched controls or longitudinal cohort studies. The target group was predominantly gamblers accessing betting and casino websites (n = 8). Studies administered four types of interventions which included personalised and normative feedback, limit setting, self-directed cognitive and behavioural therapy and self-exclusion. These were delivered via customer gaming accounts, email, and self-learning packages. The available literature shows promise in the effectiveness of internet delivered interventions. However, the limited number of studies included in this review highlight significant lost opportunities to leverage technology in the prevention and reduction of gambling harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone N Rodda
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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15
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Prevention and Harm Reduction Interventions for Adult Gambling at the Local Level: An Umbrella Review of Empirical Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189484. [PMID: 34574405 PMCID: PMC8468790 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about negative consequences of gambling diffusion are increasing. Prevention and harm reduction strategies play a crucial role in reducing gambling supply and harms. This study aims to conduct an umbrella review of the effectiveness of gambling preventive and harm reduction strategies, which can be implemented at a local level and targeted at adults. It was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Sixteen reviews were analyzed, and 20 strategies were selected and classified in 4 areas with different targets and aims. Reducing the supply of gambling is an effective strategy both for the general population and for risky or problematic gamblers. Demand reduction interventions have been found to have limited effects but most of them are mainly focused on knowledge about risks and odds ratios. Risk reduction strategies aim to reduce contextual risk factors of the area where gambling is provided, change the gambling locations’ features, and modify individual behaviors while gambling. Smoking and alcohol bans or restrictions are considered one of the most effective strategies. Finally, harm reduction strategies targeted at problematic gamblers are potentially effective. Some relevant implementation conditions are identified and the results show inconsistent effects across different targets.
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Fino E, Hanna-Khalil B, Griffiths MD. Exploring the public's perception of gambling addiction on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic: Topic modelling and sentiment analysis. J Addict Dis 2021; 39:489-503. [PMID: 33781174 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1897064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored the topics and sentiment associated with gambling addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic, using topic modeling and sentiment analysis on tweets in English posted between 17-24th April 2020. The study was exploratory in nature, with its main objective consisting of inductively identifying topics embedded in user-generated content. We found that a five-topic model was the best in representing the data corpus, including: (i) the public's perception of gambling addiction amid the COVID-19 outbreak, (ii) risks and support available for those who stay at home, (iii) the users' interpretation of gambling addiction, (iv) forms of gambling during the pandemic, and (v) gambling advertising and impact on families. Sentiment analysis showed a prevalence of underlying fear, trust, sadness, and anger, across the corpus. Users viewed the pandemic as a driver of problematic gambling behaviors, possibly exposing unprepared individuals and communities to forms of online gambling, with potential long-term consequences and a significant impact on health systems. Despite the limitations of the study, we hypothesize that enhancing the presence of mental health operators and practitioners treating problem gambling on social media might positively impact public mental health and help prevent health services from being overwhelmed, in times when healthcare resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Fino
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bishoy Hanna-Khalil
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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King A, Wong-Padoongpatt G, Barrita A, Phung DT, Tong T. Risk Factors of Problem Gaming and Gambling in US Emerging Adult Non-Students: The Role of Loot Boxes, Microtransactions, and Risk-Taking. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2020; 41:1063-1075. [PMID: 32822251 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2020.1803461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Video gaming and gambling have increasingly converged with one another (e.g., social casino games). For emerging adults (18-25 years old), who are already at an elevated risk for addictive disorders, this overlap in these activities may increase the likelihood of problematic involvement. At the moment, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is being considered as a future medical diagnosis by the American Psychiatric Association. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the potential comorbidity between IGD and gambling disorder (GD) in emerging adults, as well as explore if problematic engagement in gaming and gambling may be explained by recent trends in video game microtransactions (e.g., loot boxes) and risk-taking behaviors. An online survey was completed by 300 emerging adult non-students (Mage = 22.79, 49% male) from across the United States. The results revealed that compared to non-gamers, problematic gamers were 6.45 times more likely to problem gamble and compared to non-gamblers, problem gamblers were 5.62 times more likely to problem game. Microtransactions were the major mechanism for the relationship between IGD and GD. Participants with higher severity levels of either disorder demonstrated a greater likelihood of purchasing microtransactions, in addition to displaying significantly less aversion towards several domains of risk-taking. These findings suggest that emerging adults with probable IGD or GD may share common risk factors and patterns of behavior that transdiagnostic treatment approaches may better serve than syndrome-specific models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony King
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Aldo Barrita
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Danny Tran Phung
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ting Tong
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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