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Chai L. Exploring the Impact of Length of Residence and Food Insecurity on Weight Status Among Canadian Immigrants. Am J Health Promot 2024:8901171241246842. [PMID: 38621955 DOI: 10.1177/08901171241246842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE While the individual impacts of long-term residence and food insecurity on overweight/obesity are well-documented, their combined effect on immigrants' weight status is less understood. This study examines the interaction between length of residence and food insecurity in predicting overweight/obesity among immigrants and investigates whether this relationship is gender-specific. DESIGN A national cross-sectional survey. SETTING The 2017-2018 Canadian Community Health Survey. SUBJECTS Immigrants aged 18 and older (N = 13 680). MEASURES All focal variables were self-reported. ANALYSIS Logistic regression models were employed. RESULTS Long-term immigrants were more likely to report overweight/obesity than their short-term counterparts (OR = 1.39; P < .001). Moreover, immigrants from food-insecure households were at a higher risk of reporting overweight/obesity (OR = 1.27; P < .05) compared to those from food-secure households. The analysis further revealed that food insecurity exacerbated the detrimental association between length of residence and overweight/obesity in men (OR = 2.63; P < .01) but not in women (OR = .66; P > .05). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that long-term immigrant men may be especially susceptible to the compounded chronic stressors of extended residence and food insecurity. Health professionals and policymakers should advocate for psychosocial resources to help mitigate these adverse effects and support the well-being of immigrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chai
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA
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2
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Ghimire DJ, Cole F, Hermosilla S, Axinn WG, Benjet C. Alcohol use and internal migration in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:587-593. [PMID: 37407031 PMCID: PMC10498928 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a leading cause of disease. Although low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have lower per capita alcohol consumption, the alcohol-attributable disease burden is high in these settings with consumption increasing. LMICs are also experiencing unprecedented levels of internal migration, potentially increasing mental stress, changing social restrictions on drinking, and increasing alcohol availability. We assessed the relationship between internal migration, opportunity to drink, and the transition from first use to regular alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (AUD) in Nepal, a low-income, South Asian country. METHODS A representative sample of 7435 individuals, aged 15-59 from Nepal were interviewed in 2016-2018 (93% response rate) with clinically validated measures of alcohol use and disorders and life history calendar measures of lifetime migration experiences. Discrete-time hazard models assessed associations between migration and alcohol use outcomes. RESULTS Net of individual sociodemographic characteristics, internal migration was associated with increased odds of opportunity to drink (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.53), onset of regular alcohol use given lifetime use (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.48) and AUD given lifetime use (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.57). The statistically significant association between internal migration and opportunity to drink was specific to females, whereas the associations between migration and regular use and disorder were statistically significant for males. CONCLUSIONS Despite high rates of internal migration worldwide, most research studying migration and alcohol use focuses on international migrants. Findings suggest that internal migrants are at increased risk to transition into alcohol use and disorders. Support services for internal migrants could prevent problematic alcohol use among this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirgha J Ghimire
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Faith Cole
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sabrina Hermosilla
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William G Axinn
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Corina Benjet
- Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, National Institute for Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Cobb CL, Martínez CR. Correlates of Alcohol Use Likelihood for Latino Immigrant Youth in an Emerging Context. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:302-317. [PMID: 36177803 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using a three-wave prospective longitudinal design spanning 3 years, we assessed alcohol use likelihood trajectories and their correlates among a community sample of Latino immigrant adolescents in the emerging immigrant context of Western Oregon. Results from growth mixture modeling revealed two distinct classes: lower risk youth who reported little likelihood of alcohol use but whose trajectory was increasing, and higher risk youth who reported higher likelihood of alcohol use and whose trajectory was stable. We found significant differences between the two classes such that lower risk youth reported greater levels of Latino cultural orientation and parental monitoring, whereas higher risk youth reported greater levels of family cultural stress and delinquency. Results are discussed in terms of prior research and theory.
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Chai L. Unpacking the Association Between Length of Residence and Health Among Immigrants in Canada: A Moderated Mediation Approach. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:38-49. [PMID: 35778538 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines (1) whether perceived life stress mediates the associations between length of residence in Canada and self-rated mental health and general health and (2) how these processes differ across levels of perceived local community belonging. Data are from the 2017-2018 Canadian Community Health Survey (N = 14,570)-a nationally representative survey collected by Statistics Canada. Simple mediation and moderated mediation models are employed. The simple mediated associations are evaluated first and found to be statistically significant for both self-rated mental health (b = 0.046, 95% PBCI = 0.035, 0.058) and general health (b = 0.045, 95% PBCI = 0.034, 0.056). Moderated mediation analysis then reveals that while perceived local community belonging does not moderate the effects of length of residence on perceived life stress, it does moderate the effects of perceived life stress on self-rated mental health (b = - 0.042, 95% PBCI = - 0.057, - 0.028) and general health (b = - 0.026, 95% PBCI = - 0.042, - 0.011), suggesting that the adverse associations between perceived life stress and self-rated mental health and general health are weaker among immigrants with greater perceived local community belonging. Consistent with the predictions, the indirect effects are significant at all levels of local community belonging. Findings from this study highlight the need to focus more research and policy interventions on community-based coping resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chai
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, 725 Spadina Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 2J4, Canada.
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5
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Juárez SP, Honkaniemi H, Gustafsson NK, Rostila M, Berg L. Health Risk Behaviours by Immigrants’ Duration of Residence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604437. [PMID: 35990194 PMCID: PMC9388735 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim was to systematically review and synthesise international evidence on changes in health risk behaviours by immigrants’ duration of residence. Methods: We searched literature databases for peer-reviewed quantitative studies published from 2000 to 2019, examining alcohol, drug and tobacco use; physical inactivity; and dietary habits by duration of residence. Results: Narrative synthesis indicated that immigrants tend to adopt health risk behaviours with longer residence in North America, with larger variation in effect sizes and directionality in other contexts. Random-effects meta-analyses examining the pooled effect across all receiving countries and immigrant groups showed lower odds of smoking (OR 0.54, 0.46–0.63, I2 = 68.7%) and alcohol use (OR 0.61, 0.47–0.75, I2 = 93.5%) and higher odds of physical inactivity (OR 1.71, 1.40–2.02, I2 = 99.1%) among immigrants than natives, but did not provide support for a universal trend by duration of residence. Conclusion: Findings suggest that duration of residence could serve as an effective instrument to monitor immigrants’ health changes. However, differences in receiving country contexts and immigrant populations’ composition seem to be important to predict the level and direction of behavioural change. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, PROSPERO CRD42018108881.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol P. Juárez
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sol P. Juárez,
| | - Helena Honkaniemi
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina-Katri Gustafsson
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rostila
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Berg
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Ruiz M, Johnson A, Campbell L. Acculturation and drinking behavior among Latinxs: a narrative review. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2022; 23:21-57. [PMID: 35635435 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2022.2080144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that acculturation is associated with increased alcohol consumption among Latinxs. The purpose of this narrative review is to contribute to this literature by examining the association between acculturation and alcohol use within current theoretical and etiological frameworks on cultural norms, acculturative stress, and acculturative gaps. This review also compares the utility of these explanatory frameworks for guiding future research. Two databases (PubMed and PsycInfo) were used to identify peer-reviewed studies pertaining to the associations between acculturation and alcohol use among Latinxs. Studies that examined drinking norms, acculturative stress, acculturation gaps, and drinking behavior in Latinxs were included. The types of study approaches and designs included quantitative, qualitative, cross-sectional, cohort, and longitudinal studies published between January 2000 and December 2021. Quality assessment and data synthesis were conducted by two reviewers. A total of 65 articles reporting empirical studies were included in the final review. Eighteen studies did not utilize a specific framework, but generally supported that acculturation is associated with increased alcohol consumption and alcohol related consequences among Latinxs. Additionally, sixteen studies examined cultural norms, twenty-two examined acculturative stress, while only nine utilized a gap discrepancy framework. Studies examining drinking norms appeared to largely explain changes in drinking behavior among Latinas, while studies examining acculturative stress seemed to be better equipped to explain changes in drinking behavior among Latino men. Meanwhile, the Gap Discrepancy Model articulates the gap between old and new cultural influences and can be conceptualized as an additional dimension of acculturative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ruiz
- East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | - Lisa Campbell
- East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Skin Tone, Racial/Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Self-Reported Mental and Physical Health among U.S. Lawful Permanent Resident Immigrants. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-022-00950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Sun N, Yang F. Impacts of internal migration experience on health among middle-aged and older adults-Evidence from China. Soc Sci Med 2021; 284:114236. [PMID: 34293677 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As a life course factor, internal migration plays a role in shaping health condition in middle age and later life. Using data from the 2014 and 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the present study examined the impacts and mechanism of internal migration experience on the health of middle-aged and older adults in China. Internal migration experience had significant negative impacts on health, whether in relation to self-reported health or number of chronic diseases. The impact increased with the frequency of internal migration. Compared to individuals that had not migrated, those who first migrated between age 18-35 had a worse overall health status. Initial internal migration occurring below age 18 significantly increased the number of chronic diseases. Medical service was found to be an important mechanism in the impact of internal migration experience on health. Given the insufficient protections related to internal migration, enhanced formal social support, especially healthcare services, should be implemented to mitigate the health disparities associated with internal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China.
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9
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Differences in Substance Use Among Immigrants and the Canadian-Born Population. CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42650-021-00047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Association between acculturation surrogates and alcohol consumption in rural-to-urban migrants: The PERU MIGRANT study. J Migr Health 2021; 3:100015. [PMID: 34095890 PMCID: PMC8152524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a paucity of information about the association between acculturation and alcohol consumption in rural-to-urban migrants who move to urban environments usually characterized by a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption than their rural places of origin. Objectives To evaluate the cross-sectional association between surrogates of acculturation and alcohol consumption in Peruvian rural-to-urban migrants; to explore the effects of sex and age at migration on these associations; and to explore this association longitudinally. Methods Data from the PERU MIGRANT Study, which evaluated a cohort of Peruvian rural-to-urban migrants from 2007 to 2012, were analyzed. Four acculturation surrogates were evaluated: language preference on the radio, language spoken at home, Spanish proficiency, and length of residence in urban area. Alcohol consumption was defined as having consumed alcohol in the last year at the time of the baseline survey, while onset of alcohol consumption was defined as having consumed alcohol in the last year at the follow-up survey. Poisson regressions with robust variance were performed to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and relative risks (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses respectively. Results Data from 567 rural-to-urban migrants, mean age 47.6 years (SD ±11.5), 52% females, was included in the study. Crude cross-sectional analyses showed an association between acculturation surrogates and alcohol consumption, but these were not observed in adjusted regressions. In the sex-stratified analyses, only women showed an association between Spanish proficiency and alcohol consumption, where those with higher language proficiency had a 22% higher prevalence of alcohol consumption (PR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.04-1.43). Analyses stratified by age at migration showed no association between acculturation surrogates and alcohol consumption. On the longitudinal analyses, acculturation surrogates were not associated with the onset of alcohol consumption. Conclusions No association between acculturation surrogates and alcohol consumption in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were found. The only exception was observed in female migrants according to their Spanish proficiency and alcohol consumption .
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11
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Honkaniemi H, Juárez SP, Katikireddi SV, Rostila M. Psychological distress by age at migration and duration of residence in Sweden. Soc Sci Med 2020; 250:112869. [PMID: 32120203 PMCID: PMC8325349 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Migrants suffer from worse psychological health than natives in many countries, yet the extent to which this varies by age at migration and duration of residence in the receiving context remains unexplored in Sweden. Drawing on a life course approach, we investigate differences in psychological distress by age at migration and duration of residence in working-age migrants to Sweden, and examine the role of various social determinants of health in explaining these differences relative to Swedish-born. Using pooled cross-sectional data from the 2011/2015 Health on Equal Terms survey in Västra Götaland Region, Sweden (n = 58,428), we applied logistic regression analysis to calculate predicted probabilities and average marginal effects (AME) of migrant status, by age at migration and duration of residence, on psychological distress. Analyses were stratified by sex and region of origin and controlled for indicators of socioeconomic status (SES), social cohesion, and discrimination to assess their potential contribution to differences in migrants' and natives' psychological distress. All migrants except men from OECD-predominant regions had a greater probability of psychological distress than Swedish-born (ranging from AME 0.031 [95% Confidence Interval or CI 0.000-0.062] for OECD women to AME 0.115 [95% CI 0.074-0.156] for non-OECD men). Marginal effects of migration status on psychological distress probabilities generally increased with age at migration and duration of residence. Differences between migrants and natives were largely attenuated after controlling for social determinants, the greatest contribution coming from inequalities in social cohesion, followed by inequalities in discrimination and SES. Our results suggest a relative health advantage of early-life compared to later-life migration, albeit with worse outcomes with longer residence in Sweden. The predominance of integration opportunities in childhood strengthens calls for supportive policies to assist older migrants' integration directly upon arrival, which may ultimately improve their psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Honkaniemi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sol Pía Juárez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Rostila
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Kagotho N, Maleku A, Baaklini V, Karandikar S, Mengo C. Substance Use, Service Provision, Access & Utilization among Foreign-Born Communities in the United States: A Mixed Methods Study. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:2043-2054. [PMID: 32722997 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1790006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of substance use among the foreign-born has gained increasing attention. Cumulative migration stressors - including historical trauma, violence, family separation, and poverty - present challenges to human service systems wherein services may not adequately meet the needs of these groups. Objectives: This study explores the challenges and realities of substance use, substance use service provision, and delivery of services among the increasingly diverse immigrant population using multiple perspectives. This study is based on data from a larger mixed methods study that assessed the human service landscape pertaining to the immigrant population in a mid-western region of the United States. Methods: This transformative mixed methods study used a community based participatory research approach. Data were collected from human service providers (HSPs), informal service providers, and local community leaders through surveys (n = 64), in-depth interviews (n = 23), and six focus group discussions (n = 48). A weaving approach was used to integrate findings from quantitative and qualitative data. Results: Participants recognize substance use as an issue that needs immediate attention among increasingly diverse immigrant communities. Community members and human service organizations identified several emergent themes including patterns and occurrence of substance use, barriers to care, and proposed system changes. Conclusions: Given that only 28% of responding organizations list substance use as part of their core services, the need for organizational collaborations with a focus on culturally responsive evidence-based services is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njeri Kagotho
- College of Social Work, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Arati Maleku
- College of Social Work, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vanessa Baaklini
- College of Social Work, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Cecilia Mengo
- College of Social Work, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Yang FJ. Is childhood migration a mental health risk? Exploring health behaviors and psychosocial resources as pathways using the cross-sectional Canadian Community Health Survey. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2019; 83:102303. [PMID: 31422841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the Stress Process Model, this study investigates the effect of early migration on health behaviors and psychosocial resources. Further, I consider whether health behaviors and psychosocial processes lead to higher psychological distress for childhood immigrants in adulthood. Cross-sectional data from the Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health 2012 (N = 4282) reveal that compared to adult immigrants, childhood immigrants are not only four times more likely to use drugs, but also experience greater interpersonal strain. However, health behaviors such as these contribute less to psychological distress than do psychosocial resources. Additionally, longer duration of migration is found to reduce psychological distress when controlling for age at migration, thus suggesting the migrant health literature should examine age-salient life challenges at the time of migration, instead of continuing to use duration of migration as a proxy for negative acculturation.
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Perreira KM, Marchante AN, Schwartz SJ, Isasi CR, Carnethon MR, Corliss HL, Kaplan RC, Santisteban DA, Vidot DC, Van Horn L, Delamater AM. Stress and Resilience: Key Correlates of Mental Health and Substance Use in the Hispanic Community Health Study of Latino Youth. J Immigr Minor Health 2019; 21:4-13. [PMID: 29550906 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-018-0724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined associations of immigrant generation, acculturation, and sources of stress and resilience with four outcomes-depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, alcohol susceptibility, and smoking susceptibility. We used data from 1466 youth (ages 8-16) enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth), a probability sample of Hispanic/Latino youth living in Chicago (IL), Miami (FL), Bronx (NY), and San Diego (CA). We found no evidence of an immigrant paradox. Greater children's acculturative stress was associated with depression/anxiety symptoms; greater parent's acculturative stress was associated with smoking susceptibility. Family functioning and children's ethnic identity were associated with fewer depression/anxiety symptoms and lower alcohol/smoking susceptibility. Although acculturation-related stressors increase youths' risks for poor mental health and substance use, the development of positive ethnic identities and close, well-functioning family support systems can help protect Latino/Hispanic children from the negative behavioral and health-related consequences of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Perreira
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Carolina Population Center, CB #8120, 206 W. Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.
| | | | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Heather L Corliss
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Santisteban
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Denise C Vidot
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan M Delamater
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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15
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The Study and Prevention of Alcohol and Other Drug Misuse Among Migrants: Toward a Transnational Theory of Cultural Stress. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-0023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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16
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Salama E, Niemelä S, Suvisaari J, Laatikainen T, Koponen P, Castaneda AE. The prevalence of substance use among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland: a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:651. [PMID: 29788931 PMCID: PMC5964663 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance use is a well-known public health problem, but population-based research on migrants’ substance use in Europe is limited. Factors related to the cultural background and current life situation might influence substance use among migrants. Here, the prevalence of substance use in Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland is reported in comparison with the general population, and the associations between substance use and socio-economic and migration-related background factors among migrants are analysed. Methods Cross-sectional data from the Finnish Migrant Health and Wellbeing Study (Maamu) and comparison group data of the general Finnish population (n = 1165) from the Health 2011 Survey were used. The survey participants were of Russian (n = 702), Somali (n = 512), and Kurdish (n = 632) origin. Substance use included self-reported alcohol use within previous 12 months (AUDIT-C questionnaire), current and lifetime daily smoking and lifetime use of cannabis and intravenous drugs. Results Binge drinking was less prevalent among all migrant groups than in the general Finnish population (Russian men 65%, p < 0.01; Russian women 30%, p < 0.01, Somali men 2%, p < 0.01, Kurdish men 27%, p < 0.01, Kurdish women 6%, p < 0.01, general population men 87% and women 72%). Current daily smoking was more prevalent among Russian (28%, p = 0.04) and Kurdish (29%, p < 0.01) migrant men compared with the reference group (20%). Younger age and employment were associated with binge drinking among migrants. Socio-economic disadvantage increased the odds for daily smoking in Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrant men. Several migration-related factors, such as age at migration and language proficiency, were associated with substance use. Conclusions Binge drinking is less common among migrants than in the Finnish general population. However, current daily smoking was more prevalent among Russian and Kurdish migrant men compared with the general population. Younger age, level of education, employment, duration of residence in Finland and language proficiency were associated with binge drinking and daily smoking with varying patterns of association depending on the migrant group and gender. These findings draw attention to the variation in substance use habits among migrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Salama
- Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Building 10, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint municipal authority for North Karelia social and health services, Tikkamäentie 16, 80210, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Päivikki Koponen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu E Castaneda
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG, Clark Goings TT, Córdova D, Schwartz SJ. Substance use disorders among immigrants in the United States: A research update. Addict Behav 2018; 76:169-173. [PMID: 28843730 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a critical need for the most current information available on the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) among immigrants vis-à-vis that of individuals born in the United States (US). We report the prevalence of SUDs among immigrants from major world regions and top immigrant-sending countries, and assess key moderators (i.e., age, gender, family income, age of migration, time in US) of the relationship between immigrant status and SUD risk. METHOD The data source used for the present study is the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III, 2012-2013), a nationally representative survey of 36,309 civilian, non-institutionalized adults ages 18 and older in the US. Logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between immigrant status and SUD risk. RESULTS Immigrants were found to be substantially less likely than US-born individuals to be diagnosed with a past-year or lifetime SUD, including alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and opioid use disorders. These findings held across major world region and among immigrants from the top-ten immigrant sending nations, and across differences in age, gender, family income, age of migration, and time spent in the US. CONCLUSIONS Results from the present study provide up-to-date and cogent evidence that immigrants use alcohol and drugs, and meet criteria for SUDs, at far lower rates than do US-born individuals. Moreover, we provide new evidence that the protective effect of nativity holds for immigrants from an array of global regions and sending countries, and across key demographic and migration-related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Trenette T Clark Goings
- School of Social Work, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David Córdova
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Prevention Science & Community Health, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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18
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Joshi S, Jatrana S, Paradies Y. Tobacco smoking between immigrants and non-immigrants in Australia: A longitudinal investigation of the effect of nativity, duration of residence and age at arrival. Health Promot J Austr 2017; 29:282-292. [PMID: 30511489 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Earlier research evidence suggests that there is a difference and over time change in the prevalence of tobacco smoking between immigrants and native-born population. This study investigates the differences in smoking among immigrants from English speaking (ESC) and non-English speaking (NESC) countries relative to native-born (NB) Australians, and how those differences change with duration of residence (DoR) and age at arrival (AA). METHODS Information on 12 634 individuals from the first twelve waves (2001-2012) of Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) longitudinal survey was analysed using multilevel group-mean-centred mixed logistic regression models. Smoking status as an outcome was dichotomized as current vs non-current smokers. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, relative to native-born respondents, there was no difference in the odds of smoking for English speaking countries immigrants, while immigrants from non-English speaking countries had lower odds of smoking. The smoking prevalence of immigrants from non-English speaking countries converged towards the native-born after 20 years of residence in Australia. The association between duration of residence and smoking was modified by age at arrival, with immigrants (combined ESC and NESC) who arrived as children or adolescents and had lived 20 years or longer were significantly more likely to smoke than native-born Australians. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the initially lower smoking prevalence among non-English speaking countries immigrants converges with that of native-born Australians after twenty years of residence, and immigrants (combined ESC and NESC) who arrived as children or adolescents more than 20 years ago were more likely to be smokers. SO WHAT?: Current health promotion and anti-smoking programs should ensure that immigrants from non-English speaking background have access to education and information about the hazards of tobacco consumptions and are aware of the available smoking cessation services. Efforts to prevent smoking uptake among NESC immigrants and those who arrive as children or adolescents and live longer than 20 years is especially important for tobacco control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Joshi
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Santosh Jatrana
- Centre for Social Impact Swinburne, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Yin Paradies
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
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19
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Abstract
The United States is known as a nation of immigrants and a land of promise that welcomes the needy, poor, and oppressed. Immigrants represent some of the most vulnerable in society. It is vital that nurses and other health care providers possess knowledge of social, economic, and political factors related to health care for immigrant populations. This article provides definitions of the various immigrant populations, addresses health needs within this group, and offers suggestions for nursing practice and advocacy.
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20
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Wang Y, Wilson FA, Larson J, Chen LW. The Use of E-Cigarettes Among U.S. Immigrants: The 2014 National Health Interview Survey. Public Health Rep 2017; 131:605-13. [PMID: 27453606 DOI: 10.1177/0033354916662220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although e-cigarette popularity has increased substantially in recent years in the United States, it is unclear whether e-cigarette use has extended to immigrants in the United States. We characterized differences in ever and current use of e-cigarettes among non-U.S. citizens, naturalized U.S. citizens, and U.S. natives. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from the 2014 National Health Interview Survey to measure the prevalence of e-cigarette ever and current use by immigration status, characterized as U.S. native, naturalized U.S. citizen, and non-U.S. citizen. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine the association between e-cigarette use and immigration status adjusting for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and history of tobacco use. We also stratified the use of e-cigarettes by cigarette smoking status and analyzed the impact of length of residency and country of origin on e-cigarette use among immigrants. RESULTS Naturalized U.S. citizens and non-U.S. citizens had a similar prevalence of e-cigarette use, which was significantly lower than the prevalence among U.S. natives. After adjusting for covariates, naturalized U.S. citizens had 38% lower odds and non-U.S. citizens had 54% lower odds of ever using e-cigarettes than U.S. natives. Non-U.S. citizens were less likely than U.S. natives to currently use e-cigarettes. Among both current smokers and nonsmokers of tobacco cigarettes, non-U.S. citizens were less likely than U.S. natives to indicate current e-cigarette use. U.S. immigrants with >5 years residency were more likely than U.S. immigrants with <5 years residency to try e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION Although non-U.S. citizens are less likely than U.S. natives to currently use e-cigarettes, e-cigarette use may increase with length of residency in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE
| | - Fernando A Wilson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE
| | - Jamie Larson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE
| | - Li-Wu Chen
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE
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21
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Yakhnich L, Michael K. Trajectories of Drug Abuse and Addiction Development Among FSU Immigrant Drug Users in Israel. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022116660764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study explores the trajectories of drug abuse and addiction development among former Soviet Union (FSU) immigrant users. It is based on in-depth interviews with 19 Russian-speaking recovering addict counselors employed in Israeli addiction treatment centers. The interview analysis yielded two main trajectories: one of abuse deterioration and the other of abuse initiation in the context of coping with immigration. The core issue that characterizes both trajectories is the immigrant users’ sense of loneliness. Participation in treatment appears as a path for regaining their sense of belonging. Implications for prevention and treatment based on the interviewees’ reflections, as well as on extant literature, are discussed.
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22
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Kane JC, Johnson RM, Robinson C, Jernigan DH, Harachi TW, Bass JK. Longitudinal Effects of Acculturation on Alcohol Use among Vietnamese and Cambodian Immigrant Women in the USA. Alcohol Alcohol 2016; 51:702-709. [PMID: 26956427 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies indicate that alcohol use is increasing among Asian American populations and that acculturation impacts alcohol use among immigrants in the USA. We investigated the longitudinal relationship between three domains of acculturation (traditionalism, biculturalism, assimilation) and alcohol use among 302 Vietnamese and Cambodian women in Washington State. METHODS Data were obtained from the Cross Cultural Families Project (CCF), a 5-year longitudinal investigation of a random sample of Vietnamese and Cambodian immigrant families living in Washington State. Alcohol use was measured with a three item scale assessing frequency and quantity of use, and binge drinking. Acculturation was measured with the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale. Linear mixed effects regression models were estimated to assess the impact of acculturation on alcohol use among the overall sample and among a sub-sample of only women who consumed any alcohol. RESULTS A majority of the sample, 73.2%, reported no alcohol use. In the overall sample, none of the three acculturation domains were significantly associated with drinking. Among a sub-sample of only those who reported any alcohol use, however, a greater degree of traditional cultural identification (β = -0.94, SE= 0.44, P= 0.03) and a greater degree of biculturalism (β = -1.33, SE= 0.53, P =0.01) were associated with lower levels of use. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that acculturation did not impact alcohol use prevalence but that it did affect the drinking pattern among alcohol consumers. Clinicians should be cognizant that certain aspects of cultural identification are important contributors to drinking behavior among alcohol consumers in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Kane
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Courtland Robinson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tracy W Harachi
- University of Washington School of Social Work, 4101 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Judith K Bass
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG, Schwartz SJ, Córdova D. An "immigrant paradox" for adolescent externalizing behavior? Evidence from a national sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:27-37. [PMID: 26328521 PMCID: PMC4724222 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent decades have witnessed a rise in the number of immigrant children in the United States (US) and concomitant concerns regarding externalizing behaviors such as crime, violence, and drug misuse by immigrant adolescents. The objective of the present study was to systematically compare the prevalence of externalizing behaviors and migration-related factors among immigrant and US-born adolescents in the US. METHOD Data on 12 to 17 year olds (Weighted N in thousands = 25,057) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) R-DAS between 2002 and 2009 were used. The R-DAS online analytic software was employed. Prevalence estimates and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated adjusting for the complex survey sampling design. RESULTS Compared to their US-born counterparts, immigrant adolescents-particularly those between the ages of 15 and 17 years-are significantly less likely to be involved in externalizing behaviors. In addition, later age of arrival and fewer years spent in the US were associated with reduced odds of externalizing behavior. Supplementary analyses indicate that the link between nativity and externalizing behavior may be primarily driven by differences between US-born and immigrant youth who self-identify as non-Hispanic black or Hispanic. Immigrant adolescents are also more likely to report cohesive parental relationships, positive school engagement, and disapproving views with respect to adolescent substance use. CONCLUSIONS This study extends prior research on the "immigrant paradox" to externalizing behavior among adolescents using a nationally representative data source. Findings highlight the importance of examining age, age of arrival, duration, and race/ethnicity in the study of nativity and externalizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Salas-Wright
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd D3500, Austin, TX 78712-0358, USA
| | - Michael G. Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David Córdova
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG, Clark TT, Terzis LD, Córdova D. Substance use disorders among first- and second- generation immigrant adults in the United States: evidence of an immigrant paradox? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 75:958-67. [PMID: 25343653 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing number of studies have examined the "immigrant paradox" with respect to the use of licit and illicit substances in the United States. However, there remains a need for a comprehensive examination of the multigenerational and global links between immigration and substance use disorders among adults in the United States. METHOD The present study, using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, aimed to address these gaps by comparing the prevalence of substance use disorders of first-generation (n = 3,338) and second-generation (n = 2,515) immigrants with native-born American adults (n = 15,733) in the United States. We also examined the prevalence of substance use disorders among first-generation emigrants from Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America in contrast to second-generation and native-born Americans. RESULTS The prevalence of substance use disorders was highest among native-born Americans, slightly lower among second-generation immigrants, and markedly lower among first-generation immigrants. Adjusted risk ratios were largest among individuals who immigrated during adolescence (ages 12-17 years) and adulthood (age 18 years or older). Results were consistent among emigrants from major world regions. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with a broad body of literature examining the links between the immigrant paradox and health outcomes, results suggest that nativity and age at arrival are significant factors related to substance use disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Trenette T Clark
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lauren D Terzis
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Córdova
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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Holmes JS, Driscoll AK, Heron M. Mortality among US-born and immigrant Hispanics in the US: effects of nativity, duration of residence, and age at immigration. Int J Public Health 2015; 60:609-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-015-0686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Profiles of acculturation among Hispanics in the United States: links with discrimination and substance use. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:39-49. [PMID: 24791924 PMCID: PMC4286416 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent research suggests that acculturation is a multifaceted construct with implications for substance use among Hispanics. However, few, if any, studies examining profiles of acculturation have been conducted using national samples. Moreover, no cluster-based studies have examined how acculturation relates to discrimination and substance use disorders among Hispanics in the United States. METHODS The present study, employing Wave 2 data on Hispanics (n = 6,359) from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, aims to address these gaps. We use latent profile analysis to identify profiles of acculturation among Hispanics in the United States and, in turn, examine the relationships between membership in these profiles and experiences of discrimination and the prevalence of substance use disorders. RESULTS A five-class solution was the optimal modeling of the data. Classes were identified as Class 1: Spanish-dominant/strongly separated (17 %), Class 2: Spanish-dominant/separated (18 %), Class 3: bilingual/bicultural (33 %), Class 4: English-dominant/bicultural (16 %), and Class 5: English-dominant/assimilated (16 %). Bilingual/bicultural Hispanics (Class 3) reported the highest prevalence of discrimination (31 %). Spanish-language dominant Hispanics (Classes 1 and 2) reported the lowest prevalence of substance use disorders. Significant differences in the prevalence of substance use disorders were observed between the bilingual/bicultural (Class 3) and English-dominant/assimilated classes (Class 5), but no differences were noted between the two English-dominant classes (Classes 4 and 5). CONCLUSIONS Study findings indicate that acculturation is heterogeneous in its expression among Hispanics and suggest that Hispanics who maintain their Spanish-language capacity are at a substantially lower risk for a variety of substance use disorders.
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Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG. A "refugee paradox" for substance use disorders? Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:345-9. [PMID: 24999058 PMCID: PMC4127091 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few, if any, studies have systematically examined the link between nativity and substance use disorders (SUD) among refugees using national samples. As such, it remains uncertain if the "immigrant paradox" for substance use can be extended to include refugees in the United States. METHODS Employing data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, we examine the lifetime prevalence of SUDs among refugees (n=428) in contrast with non-refugee immigrants (n=4955) and native-born Americans (n=29,267). We also examine the impact of gender and refugee duration on the relationship between nativity, refugee status, and SUDs. RESULTS Refugees were between 3 and 6 times less likely than native-born Americans meet criteria for all SUDs examined, and significantly less likely than non-refugee immigrants to meet criteria for alcohol (AOR=0.44, 95% CI=0.41-0.47), cocaine (AOR=0.54, 95% CI=0.50-0.59), hallucinogen (AOR=0.66, 95% CI=0.58-0.74), and opioid/heroin (AOR=0.62, 95% CI=0.58-0.66) use disorders. The refugee-SUD link was significantly moderated by gender. Duration as a refugee was associated with increased risk for alcohol use disorder and decreased risk of cannabis and illicit drug use disorders. CONCLUSIONS Study findings provide evidence in support of a "refugee paradox" for SUDs among adults in the United States. Refugees are substantially less likely than native-born Americans to meet criteria for all SUDs examined and, albeit with weaker effects, significantly less likely than non-refugee immigrants to meet criteria for a variety of SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Salas-Wright
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd D3500, Austin, TX 78712-0358, United States
| | - Michael G. Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Tegeler Hall, 3550 Lindell Blvd., jSt. Louis, MO 63103, United States
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