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Ghimire DJ, Cole F, Hermosilla S, Axinn WG, Benjet C. Alcohol use and internal migration in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:587-593. [PMID: 37407031 PMCID: PMC10498928 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a leading cause of disease. Although low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have lower per capita alcohol consumption, the alcohol-attributable disease burden is high in these settings with consumption increasing. LMICs are also experiencing unprecedented levels of internal migration, potentially increasing mental stress, changing social restrictions on drinking, and increasing alcohol availability. We assessed the relationship between internal migration, opportunity to drink, and the transition from first use to regular alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (AUD) in Nepal, a low-income, South Asian country. METHODS A representative sample of 7435 individuals, aged 15-59 from Nepal were interviewed in 2016-2018 (93% response rate) with clinically validated measures of alcohol use and disorders and life history calendar measures of lifetime migration experiences. Discrete-time hazard models assessed associations between migration and alcohol use outcomes. RESULTS Net of individual sociodemographic characteristics, internal migration was associated with increased odds of opportunity to drink (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.53), onset of regular alcohol use given lifetime use (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.48) and AUD given lifetime use (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.57). The statistically significant association between internal migration and opportunity to drink was specific to females, whereas the associations between migration and regular use and disorder were statistically significant for males. CONCLUSIONS Despite high rates of internal migration worldwide, most research studying migration and alcohol use focuses on international migrants. Findings suggest that internal migrants are at increased risk to transition into alcohol use and disorders. Support services for internal migrants could prevent problematic alcohol use among this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirgha J Ghimire
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Faith Cole
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sabrina Hermosilla
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William G Axinn
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Corina Benjet
- Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, National Institute for Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Ohno M, Dzurova D, Smejkal P. Health inequalities in post-COVID-19 outcomes among adults aged 50+ in Europe: has COVID-19 exposed divide between postcommunist countries and Western Europe? J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:601-608. [PMID: 37423747 PMCID: PMC10423549 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 affected people and countries disproportionately and continues to impact the health of people. The aim is to investigate protective health and socio-geographical factors for post-COVID-19 conditions in adults aged 50 years and older in Europe. METHODS Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, collected from June to August 2021, protective factors against post-COVID-19 condition among 1909 respondents who self-reported a positive COVID-19 test result were investigated using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS Male adults living outside of Czechia, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia (Visegrad group, V4), who received the COVID-19 vaccination, tertiary or higher education, had a healthy weight (body mass index, BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and no underlying health condition/s, showed protective effects against post-COVID-19 condition. Health inequalities associated with BMI were observed in education attainment and comorbidities, with higher BMI having lower education attainment and higher comorbidities. Health inequality was particularly evident in individuals in V4 with higher obesity prevalence and lower attainment of higher education than those living in other regions in the study. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that healthy weight and higher education attainment are predictors associated with a lower incidence of post-COVID-19 condition. Health inequality associated with education attainment was particularly relevant in V4. Our results highlight health inequality in which BMI was associated with comorbidities and educational attainment. To reduce obesity prevalence among older people with lower education, raising awareness about the risks of obesity and providing assistance in maintaining a healthy weight are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maika Ohno
- Research Centre on Health, Quality of Life and Lifestyle in a Geodemographic and Socioeconomic Context (GeoQol), Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Dzurova
- Research Centre on Health, Quality of Life and Lifestyle in a Geodemographic and Socioeconomic Context (GeoQol), Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Smejkal
- Infectious Disease and Infection Control, IKEM Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Hospitalist and Infection Control, Mount Desert Island Hospital, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
- 1st Medical Faculty, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Zazueta-Borboa JD, Martikainen P, Aburto JM, Costa G, Peltonen R, Zengarini N, Sizer A, Kunst AE, Janssen F. Reversals in past long-term trends in educational inequalities in life expectancy for selected European countries. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:421-429. [PMID: 37173136 PMCID: PMC10314064 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Across Europe, socioeconomic inequalities in mortality are large and persistent. To better understand the drivers of past trends in socioeconomic mortality inequalities, we identified phases and potential reversals in long-term trends in educational inequalities in remaining life expectancy at age 30 (e30), and assessed the contributions of mortality changes among the low-educated and the high-educated at different ages. METHODS We used individually linked annual mortality data by educational level (low, middle and high), sex and single age (30+) from 1971/1972 onwards for England and Wales, Finland and Italy (Turin). We applied segmented regression to trends in educational inequalities in e30 (e30 high-educated minus e30 low-educated) and employed a novel demographic decomposition technique. RESULTS We identified several phases and breakpoints in the trends in educational inequalities in e30. The long-term increases (Finnish men, 1982-2008; Finnish women, 1985-2017; and Italian men, 1976-1999) were driven by faster mortality declines among the high-educated aged 65-84, and by mortality increases among the low-educated aged 30-59. The long-term decreases (British men, 1976-2008, and Italian women, 1972-2003) were driven by faster mortality improvements among the low-educated than among the high-educated at age 65+. The recent stagnation of increasing inequality (Italian men, 1999) and reversals from increasing to decreasing inequality (Finnish men, 2008) and from decreasing to increasing inequality (British men, 2008) were driven by mortality trend changes among the low-educated aged 30-54. CONCLUSION Educational inequalities are plastic. Mortality improvements among the low-educated at young ages are imperative for achieving long-term decreases in educational inequalities in e30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Daniel Zazueta-Borboa
- Aging and Longevity, Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute - KNAW/University of groningen, The Hage, The Netherlands
- Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose Manuel Aburto
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Sociology and Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, Southern Denmark University, Odense, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riina Peltonen
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Zengarini
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3 Piedmont Region, Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - Alison Sizer
- Department of Information Studies, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Social Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fanny Janssen
- Aging and Longevity, Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute - KNAW/University of groningen, The Hage, The Netherlands
- Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dudel C, van Raalte AA. Educational inequalities in life expectancy: measures, mapping, meaning. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:417-418. [PMID: 37130752 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dudel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alyson A van Raalte
- Max-Planck-Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Walsh D, Dundas R, McCartney G, Gibson M, Seaman R. Bearing the burden of austerity: how do changing mortality rates in the UK compare between men and women? J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:1027-1033. [PMID: 36195463 PMCID: PMC9664129 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Mortality rates across the UK stopped improving in the early 2010s, largely attributable to UK Government’s ‘austerity’ policies. Such policies are thought to disproportionately affect women in terms of greater financial impact and loss of services. The aim here was to investigate whether the mortality impact of austerity—in terms of when rates changed and the scale of excess deaths—has also been worse for women. Methods All-cause mortality data by sex, age, Great Britain (GB) nation and deprivation quintile were obtained from national agencies. Trends in age-standardised mortality rates were calculated, and segmented regression analyses used to identify break points between 1981 and 2019. Excess deaths were calculated for 2012–2019 based on comparison of observed deaths with numbers predicted by the linear trend for 1981–2011. Results Changes in trends were observed for both men and women, especially for those living in the 20% most deprived areas. In those areas, mortality increased between 2010/2012 and 2017/2019 among women but not men. Break points in trends occurred at similar time points. Approximately 335 000 more deaths occurred between 2012 and 2019 than was expected based on previous trends, with the excess greater among men. Conclusions It remains unclear whether there are sex differences in UK austerity-related health effects. Nonetheless, this study provides further evidence of adverse trends in the UK and the associated scale of excess deaths. There is a clear need for such policies to be reversed, and for policies to be implemented to protect the most vulnerable in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walsh
- Glasgow Centre for Population Health, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruth Dundas
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerry McCartney
- College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Clinical and Protecting Health, Public Health Scotland Glasgow Office, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marcia Gibson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rosie Seaman
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Karlsson O, Dribe M, Subramanian SV. Changing speed of reduction in under-5 mortality rates over the 20th century. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:36-39. [PMID: 32661135 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2019-213045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declines from high levels of under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) first occurred in Western Europe. Knowledge and technologies gained from early mortality reductions could accelerate the U5MR decline for countries that followed. We explored whether average annual reduction (AAR) in U5MR increased between countries over time in the 20th century. METHODS We used U5MR time series from the Human Mortality Database and United Nations for 110 countries experiencing a decline from 100 to 50 under-5 deaths per 1000 live births during the 20th century. RESULTS Between 1907 and 1938, the AAR was 2.61 (95% CI 2.09, 3.13) deaths per 1000 live births per year on average and increased by 0.06 (95% CI 0.02, 0.10) deaths for each year that passed before the decline started. Countries going through the decline in 1938-1968 and 1968-1999 showed an AAR of 3.96 and 3.67 (95% CI 3.37, 4.54 and 3.26, 4.07), respectively, with no increase in AAR. CONCLUSIONS Acceleration in U5MR reduction was apparent in today's high-income countries, indicating that greater similarities and capacity may have facilitated the adaptation of mortality reducing knowledge and technologies. Greater emphasis on simple and individual-level interventions or more difficult circumstances may also explain the lack of acceleration in mortality reduction after 1950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Karlsson
- Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centre for Economic Demography, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Economic History, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Dribe
- Centre for Economic Demography, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Economic History, Lund University School of Economics and Management, Lund, Sweden
| | - S V Subramanian
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Brennan A, Buckley C, Vu TM, Probst C, Nielsen A, Bai H, Broomhead T, Greenfield T, Kerr W, Meier PS, Rehm J, Shuper P, Strong M, Purshouse RC. Introducing CASCADEPOP: an open-source sociodemographic simulation platform for us health policy appraisal. Int J Microsimul 2020; 13:21-60. [PMID: 33884027 DOI: 10.34196/ijm.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Largescale individual-level and agent-based models are gaining importance in health policy appraisal and evaluation. Such models require the accurate depiction of the jurisdiction's population over extended time periods to enable modeling of the development of non-communicable diseases under consideration of historical, sociodemographic developments. We developed CASCADEPOP to provide a readily available sociodemographic micro-synthesis and microsimulation platform for US populations. The micro-synthesis method used iterative proportional fitting to integrate data from the US Census, the American Community Survey, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Multiple Cause of Death Files, and several national surveys to produce a synthetic population aged 12 to 80 years on 01/01/1980 for five states (California, Minnesota, New York, Tennessee, and Texas) and the US. Characteristics include individuals' age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital/employment/parental status, education, income and patterns of alcohol use as an exemplar health behavior. The microsimulation simulates individuals' sociodemographic life trajectories over 35 years to 31/12/2015 accounting for population developments including births, deaths, and migration. Results comparing the 1980 micro-synthesis against observed data shows a successful depiction of state and US population characteristics and of drinking. Comparing the microsimulation over 30 years with Census data also showed the successful simulation of sociodemographic developments. The CASCADEPOP platform enables modelling of health behaviors across individuals' life courses and at a population level. As it contains a large number of relevant sociodemographic characteristics it can be further developed by researchers to build US agent-based models and microsimulations to examine health behaviors, interventions, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield (ScHARR), 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Tuong Manh Vu
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield (ScHARR), 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, On M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Nielsen
- Alcohol Research Group (ARG), Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Thomas Broomhead
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, 19 Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Thomas Greenfield
- Alcohol Research Group (ARG), Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - William Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group (ARG), Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Petra S Meier
- School of Health and Related Research; University of Sheffield (ScHARR), 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - JüRgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Paul Shuper
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Mark Strong
- School of Health and Related Research; University of Sheffield (ScHARR), 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Robin C Purshouse
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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Villanea FA, Kitchen A, Kemp BM. Applications of Bayesian Skyline Plots and Approximate Bayesian Computation for Human Demography. Hum Biol 2020; 91:279-296. [PMID: 32767897 DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.91.4.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bayesian methods have been adopted by anthropologists for their utility in resolving complex questions about human history based on genetic data. The main advantages of Bayesian methods include simple model comparison, presenting results as a summary of probability distributions, and the explicit inclusion of prior information into analyses. In the field of anthropological genetics, for example, implementing Bayesian skyline plots and approximate Bayesian computation is becoming ubiquitous as means to analyze genetic data for the purpose of demographic or historic inference. Correspondingly, there is a critical need for better understanding of the underlying assumptions, proper applications, and limitations of these two methods by the larger anthropological community. Here we review Bayesian skyline plots and approximate Bayesian computation as applied to human demography and provide examples of the application of these methods to anthropological research questions. We also review the two core components of Bayesian demographic analysis: the coalescent and Bayesian inference. Our goal is to describe their basic mechanics in an attempt to demystify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Villanea
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,
| | - Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brian M Kemp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Jonsson M, Ljungman P, Härkönen J, Van Nieuwenhuizen B, Møller S, Ringh M, Nordberg P. Relationship between socioeconomic status and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is dependent on age. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 74:726-731. [PMID: 32385129 PMCID: PMC7577091 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2019-213296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to see if area-level socioeconomic differences, measured in terms of area-level income and education, are associated with the incidence of OHCA, and if this relationship is dependent on age. Methods We included OHCAs that occurred in Stockholm County between the 1st of January 2006 and the 31st of December 2017, the victims being confirmed residents (n=10 574). We linked the home address to a matching neighbourhood (base unit) via available socioeconomic and demographic information. Socioeconomic variables and incidence rates were assessed by using cross-sectional values at the end of each year. We used zero-inflated negative binomial regression to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Results Among 1349 areas with complete SES information, 10 503 OHCAs occurred between 2006 and 2017. The IRR in the highest versus the lowest SES area was 0.61 (0.50–0.75) among persons in the 0–44 age group. Among patients in the 45–64 age group, the corresponding IRR was 0.55 (0.47–0.65). The highest SES areas versus the lowest showed an IRR of 0.59 (0.50–0.70) in the 65–74 age group. In the two highest age groups, no significant association was seen (75–84 age group: 0.93 (0.80–1.08); 85+ age group: 1.05 (0.84–1.23)). Similar crude patterns were seen among both men and women. Conclusions Areas characterised by high SES showed a significantly lower incidence of OHCA. This relationship was seen up to the age of 75, after which the relationship disappeared, suggesting a levelling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jonsson
- Center for Resusctitation Science, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juho Härkönen
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Florence, Italy.,Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sidsel Møller
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Ringh
- Center for Resusctitation Science, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Nordberg
- Center for Resusctitation Science, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Minton J, Shaw R, Green MA, Vanderbloemen L, Popham F, McCartney G. Visualising and quantifying 'excess deaths' in Scotland compared with the rest of the UK and the rest of Western Europe. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:461-467. [PMID: 28062643 PMCID: PMC5484031 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scotland has higher mortality rates than the rest of Western Europe (rWE), with more cardiovascular disease and cancer among older adults; and alcohol-related and drug-related deaths, suicide and violence among younger adults. METHODS We obtained sex, age-specific and year-specific all-cause mortality rates for Scotland and other populations, and explored differences in mortality both visually and numerically. RESULTS Scotland's age-specific mortality was higher than the rest of the UK (rUK) since 1950, and has increased. Between the 1950s and 2000s, 'excess deaths' by age 80 per 100 000 population associated with living in Scotland grew from 4341 to 7203 compared with rUK, and from 4132 to 8828 compared with rWE. UK-wide mortality risk compared with rWE also increased, from 240 'excess deaths' in the 1950s to 2320 in the 2000s. Cohorts born in the 1940s and 1950s throughout the UK including Scotland had lower mortality risk than comparable rWE populations, especially for males. Mortality rates were higher in Scotland than rUK and rWE among younger adults from the 1990s onwards suggesting an age-period interaction. CONCLUSIONS Worsening mortality among young adults in the past 30 years reversed a relative advantage evident for those born between 1950 and 1960. Compared with rWE, Scotland and rUK have followed similar trends but Scotland has started from a worse position and had worse working age-period effects in the 1990s and 2000s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Minton
- College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Shaw
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark A Green
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Vanderbloemen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Frank Popham
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Lacey RE, Kumari M, Sacker A, McMunn A. Age at first birth and cardiovascular risk factors in the 1958 British birth cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:691-698. [PMID: 28270503 PMCID: PMC5485753 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess relationships between age at first birth and cardiovascular risk factors in a large longitudinal study of men and women. By assessing associations for both genders, we were able to investigate biological versus social and behavioural explanations from early life through to adulthood. METHODS Multiply-imputed data on more than 7600 men and women of a British birth cohort study (National Child Development Study, 1958 British birth cohort) were used. Cardiovascular risk factors at age 44/45 years included body mass index, waist:hip ratio, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), cholesterol (total, low and high-density lipoprotein), triglycerides, glycated haemoglobin, C reactive protein, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen. Age at first birth was categorised as <20 years, 20-24 years, 25-29 years, 30-34 years or >34 years. RESULTS Being younger than 20 years of age at time of first birth was associated with an adverse cardiovascular profile by mid-life. Conversely, older parents had a lower cardiovascular risk as captured by lower body mass index, waist:hip ratio, blood pressure, high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated haemoglobin, C reactive protein and fibrinogen. The relationship between age at first birth and cardiovascular risk factors was graded. Few differences between men and women were observed. Associations were largely unchanged after adjustment for early life factors but were partially mediated through adult social and behavioural factors. CONCLUSIONS Age at first birth is inversely associated with differences in cardiovascular risk factors in mid-life in a large prospective birth cohort. Our results potentially suggest a social and behavioural rather than a biological explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Lacey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Amanda Sacker
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne McMunn
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Parkinson J, Minton J, Lewsey J, Bouttell J, McCartney G. Recent cohort effects in suicide in Scotland: a legacy of the 1980s? J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:194-200. [PMID: 27485053 PMCID: PMC5284470 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality rates are higher in Scotland relative to England and Wales, even after accounting for deprivation. This 'excess' mortality is partly due to higher mortality from alcohol-related and drug-related deaths, violence and suicide (particularly in young adults). This study investigated whether cohort effects from exposure to neoliberal politics from the 1980s might explain the recent trends in suicide in Scotland. METHODS We analysed suicide deaths data from 1974 to 2013 by sex and deprivation using shaded contour plots and intrinsic estimator regression modelling to identify and quantify relative age, period and cohort effects. RESULTS Suicide was most common in young adults (aged around 25-40 years) living in deprived areas, with a younger peak in men. The peak age for suicide fell around 1990, especially for men for whom it dropped quickly from around 50 to 30 years. There was evidence of an increased risk of suicide for the cohort born between 1960 and 1980, especially among men living in the most deprived areas (of around 30%). The cohort at highest risk occurred earlier in the most deprived areas, 1965-1969 compared with 1970-1974. CONCLUSIONS The risk of suicide increased in Scotland for those born between 1960 and 1980, especially for men living in the most deprived areas, which resulted in a rise in age-standardised rates for suicide among young adults during the 1990s. This is consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to neoliberal politics created a delayed negative health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Parkinson
- Public Health Observatory, NHS Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jon Minton
- Urban Studies, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James Lewsey
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Janet Bouttell
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Gellatly C, Petrie M. Prenatal sex selection and female infant mortality are more common in India after firstborn and second-born daughters. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:269-274. [PMID: 27777265 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Indian sex ratio has become highly male-biased in recent decades. This may be attributed to prenatal sex selection (PSS) and excess female infant mortality. However, the question of whether these factors are related has not been adequately studied. Here we examine whether increased use of PSS may offset excess female infant mortality, by reducing the number of 'unwanted' daughters being born. METHODS We analyse the National Family Health Survey (NHFS) data sets for India, which contain nationally representative samples of birth histories for women aged 15-49, interviewed in 1992-1993, 1998-1999 and 2005-2006. We test for missing female births at the second and third birth order, by analysis of the frequencies of sibling sex combinations, and examine the mortality differential between male and female infants, controlling for household wealth and sex(es) of older siblings. RESULTS PSS was used most in wealthier households at the second and third birth order, when the firstborn, or firstborn and second-born, siblings were female. Having preceding female siblings was a significant risk factor for female infant mortality, but was not correlated with household wealth. CONCLUSIONS PSS and female infant mortality increase with the presence of older female siblings, yet we find no evidence that increasing use of PSS prevents female infant mortality, because PSS and the proportion of female infant mortality attributable to having older sisters increased over the study period. Increased pressure on higher birth order females caused by the trend towards smaller family sizes may explain this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corry Gellatly
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marion Petrie
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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14
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Canudas-Romo V, Aburto JM, García-Guerrero VM, Beltrán-Sánchez H. Mexico's epidemic of violence and its public health significance on average length of life. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:188-193. [PMID: 27451436 PMCID: PMC5284477 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-207015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives A disproportionate number of homicides have caused Mexican life expectancy to stagnate during the new millennium. No efforts currently exist to quantify the harm of violent acts on the lives of the general population. We quantified the impact of perceived vulnerability on life expectancy. Methods Three Mexican national surveys on perceptions of public safety, life tables, and crime and vital statistics (2000–2014) were used. Prevalence rates of vulnerability/safety by age and sex were obtained from surveys at 2 different levels: federal state and home. The Sullivan method was used to estimate life expectancy lived with and without vulnerability for Mexican women and men. Results Overall life expectancy at age 20 stagnated between 2005 and 2014 for females and males; yet, there was an increase of 40% and 70% in average number of years lived with vulnerability at the state and home levels, respectively. In 2014, female life expectancy at age 20 was 59.5 years (95% CI 59.0 to 60.1); 71% of these years (42.3 years, 41.6 to 43.0) were spent with perceived vulnerability of violence taking place in the state and 26% at the home (15.3 years, 15 to 15.8). For males, life expectancy at age 20 was 54.5 years (53.7 to 55.1); 64% of these years (34.6 years, 34.0 to 35.4) were lived with perceived vulnerability of violence at the state and 20% at the home (11.1 years, 10.8 to 11.5). Conclusions The number of years lived with perceived vulnerability among Mexicans has increased by 30.5 million person-years over the last 10 years. If perceived vulnerability remains at its 2014 level, the average Mexican adults would be expected to live a large fraction of his/her life with perceived vulnerability of violence. Acts of violence continue to rise in the country and they should be addressed as a major public health issue before they become endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Canudas-Romo
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - José Manuel Aburto
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez
- Department of Community Health Sciences at the Fielding School of Public Health and California Center for Population Research, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Morita T, Leppold C, Tsubokura M, Nemoto T, Kanazawa Y. The increase in long-term care public expenditure following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:738. [PMID: 27288528 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Morita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soma Central Hospital, Soma City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Claire Leppold
- Department of Research, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Minamisoma City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tsubokura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Minamisoma City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Minamisoma City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yukio Kanazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Minamisoma City, Fukushima, Japan
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Vanderbloemen L, Dorling D, Minton J. Visualising variation in mortality rates across the life course and by sex, USA and comparator states, 1933-2010. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:826-31. [PMID: 26933122 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-205226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research showed that younger adult males in the USA have, since the 1950s, died at a faster rate than females of the same age. In this paper, we quantify this difference, and explore possible explanations for the differences at different ages and in different years. METHODS Using data from the Human Mortality Database (HMD), the number of additional male deaths per 10 000 female deaths was calculated for each year from 1933 to 2010, and for each year of age from 0 to 60 years, for the USA, and a number of other countries for comparison. The data were explored visually using shaded contour plots. RESULTS Gender differences in excess mortality have increased. Coming of age (between the ages of 15 and 25 years of age) is especially perilous for men relative to women now compared with the past in the USA; the visualisations highlight this change as important. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in mortality risks at various ages are not static. While women may today have an advantage when it comes to life expectancy, in the USA, this has greatly increased since the 1930s. Just as young adulthood for women has been made safer through safer antenatal and childbirth practices, changes in public policy can make the social environment safer for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vanderbloemen
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Danny Dorling
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Minton
- School of Social and Political Sciences, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Green MA, Subramanian SV, Razak F. Population-level trends in the distribution of body mass index in England, 1992-2013. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:832-5. [PMID: 26884595 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes over time of mean body weight or prevalence of overweight and obesity have been well documented. Less consideration has been given to describing the distribution to these changes particularly by socioeconomic status and sex. METHODS We use data from the Health Survey for England for the years 1992-2013 to calculate the median, 5th and 95th centiles, and SD of body mass index (BMI). We tested differences using analysis of variance and quantile regression. Analyses were stratified by sex and level of education. RESULTS There have been increases in the SD of BMI values over the period. While median BMI has increased, there has been a larger increase of the 95th centile. These trends were consistent by sex and level of education, although significant differences were observed in values. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that changes in median BMI over time do not reflect changes in the distribution of BMI. Failing to understand the distribution of body weight in the population will hamper our projections of future patterns, as well as our ability to design effective public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Green
- Department of Geography & Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S V Subramanian
- School of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan, School of Public Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - F Razak
- Li Na Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan, School of Public Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Cambois E, Solé-Auró A, Brønnum-Hansen H, Egidi V, Jagger C, Jeune B, Nusselder WJ, Van Oyen H, White C, Robine JM. Educational differentials in disability vary across and within welfare regimes: a comparison of 26 European countries in 2009. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 70:331-8. [PMID: 26546286 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-205978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social differentials in disability prevalence exist in all European countries, but their scale varies markedly. To improve understanding of this variation, the article focuses on each end of the social gradient. It compares the extent of the higher disability prevalence in low social groups (referred to as disability disadvantage) and of the lower prevalence in high social groups (disability advantage); country-specific advantages/disadvantages are discussed regarding the possible influence of welfare regimes. METHODS Cross-sectional disability prevalence is measured by longstanding health-related activity limitation (AL) in the 2009 European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) across 26 countries classified into four welfare regime groups. Logistic models adjusted by country, age and sex (in all 30-79 years and in three age-bands) measured the country-specific ORs across education, representing the AL-disadvantage of low-educated and AL-advantage of high-educated groups relative to middle-educated groups. RESULTS The relative AL-disadvantage of the low-educated groups was small in Sweden (eg, 1.2 (1.0-1.4)), Finland, Romania, Bulgaria and Spain (youngest age-band), but was large in the Czech Republic (eg, 1.9 (1.7-2.2)), Denmark, Belgium, Italy and Hungary. The high-educated groups had a small relative AL-advantage in Denmark (eg, 0.9 (0.8-1.1)), but a large AL-advantage in Lithuania (eg, 0.5 (0.4-0.6)), half of the Baltic and Eastern European countries, Norway and Germany (youngest age-band). There were notable differences within welfare regime groups. CONCLUSIONS The country-specific disability advantages/disadvantages across educational groups identified here could help to identify determining factors and the efficiency of national policies implemented to tackle social differentials in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Cambois
- Department of Mortality, Health and Epidemiology, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED), Paris, France
| | - Aïda Solé-Auró
- Department of Political and Social Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Brønnum-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viviana Egidi
- Department of Statistical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Carol Jagger
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing and Institute of Health & Society, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bernard Jeune
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, and Danish Ageing Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wilma J Nusselder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Van Oyen
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris White
- Government Statistical Service, Office for National Statistics, Government Buildings, Newport, UK
| | - Jean-Marie Robine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE) and Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED), Montpellier, France
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Acciai F, Noah AJ, Firebaugh G. Pinpointing the sources of the Asian mortality advantage in the USA. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:1006-11. [PMID: 26034046 PMCID: PMC4567918 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-205623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asian-Americans outlive whites by an average of nearly 8 years. By determining the sources of the Asian mortality advantage, we can pinpoint where there is the greatest potential for raising the life expectancy of whites and other groups in the USA. METHODS Our analyses include all Asian and white deaths in the USA between 2006 and 2010, from the Center for Disease Control. Using the International Classification of Diseases (V.10), we code causes of deaths into 19 categories, based on the most common causes as well as causes particularly relevant to racial differences. We then create life tables and apply a newly-developed demographic method to determine whether Asians have longer life expectancy because they are less likely than whites to die of causes of death that strike at younger ages, or because they tend to outlive whites regardless of cause of death. RESULTS Nearly 90% of the Asian-white life expectancy gap is attributable to the fact that Asians tend to outlive whites regardless of the cause of death. The causes that contribute the most to the gap are heart disease (24%) and cancers (18%). Men contribute somewhat more to the gap than women do (55% vs 45%), primarily because Asian-white differences in mortality are greater among men than among women with respect to suicide, traffic accidents and accidental poisoning. CONCLUSIONS For almost all causes of death, Asian victims tend to be older than white victims. The greatest potential for raising the life expectancy of whites to that of Asians, then, resides in efforts that effectively increase whites' average age at death for the most common causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Acciai
- Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Aggie J. Noah
- Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Glenn Firebaugh
- Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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20
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Stone J, Evandrou M, Falkingham J, Vlachantoni A. Women's economic activity trajectories over the life course: implications for the self-rated health of women aged 64+ in England. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:873-9. [PMID: 25888594 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has highlighted the importance of accumulated life-course labour market status and the balancing of multiple roles for understanding inequalities in health in later life. This may be particularly important for women, who are increasingly required to balance work and family life in liberal welfare contexts, such as in Britain. METHODS This study analyses retrospective life history data for 2160 women aged 64+ years (born 1909-1943) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, collected in 2006-2007 as part of an ongoing panel study. Optimal matching and cluster analyses are used to produce a taxonomy of women's life-course economic activity trajectories based on their experiences between ages 16 and 64 years. This classification is then used in logistic regression analysis to investigate associations with self-rated health in later life. RESULTS A set of five trajectories emerge as the dominant patterns of women's economic activity over the life course for those cohorts of English women born prior to 1943: (1) full-time workers; (2) family carers; (3) full-time returners; (4) part-time returners; (5) atypical/inactive. Regression analyses show that women who experience defined periods of full-time work both before and after focusing on family life appear to have the most favourable later life health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The findings are discussed with reference to the accumulation of social and economic resources over the life course and the balancing of multiple roles in work and family domains. In conclusion, the development of policies that facilitate women, if they wish, to successfully combine paid employment with family life could have a positive impact on their health in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Stone
- ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Maria Evandrou
- ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jane Falkingham
- ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Athina Vlachantoni
- ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
This paper examines the complex relationship between male circumcision and HIV prevalence and incidence in sub-Saharan African countries that have generalised epidemics. In South Africa, the mean yearly HIV incidence and an estimate of the net reproduction rate of the epidemic (R 0) (in this case, the ratio of the number of HIV-infected persons between 1994 and 2004 to the number of persons infected in 1994 from which they were presumed to have become infected) were computed from antenatal clinic data for the period 1994-2004, and then compared, by province, to prevailing levels of male circumcision (high, medium and low). In South Africa, mean yearly HIV incidence and net reproduction rate of the epidemic were not lower in provinces with higher levels of male circumcision. For thirteen other countries where Demographic and Health Survey data were available, male HIV prevalence in circumcised and non-circumcised groups was compared. A meta-analysis of that data, contrasting male HIV seroprevalence according to circumcision status, showed no difference between the two groups (combined risk ratio [RR] = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.94-1.05). Individual case study analysis of eight of those countries showed no significant difference in seroprevalence in circumcised and uncircumcised groups, while two countries (Kenya and Uganda) showed lower HIV prevalence among circumcised groups, and three countries (Cameroon, Lesotho and Malawi) showed higher HIV prevalence among circumcised groups. In most countries with a complex ethnic fabric, the relationship between men's circumcision status and HIV seroprevalence was not straightforward, with the exception of the Luo in Kenya and a few groups in Uganda. These observations put into question the potential long-term effect of voluntary circumcision programmes in countries with generalised HIV epidemics.
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Morris M, Woods LM, Rachet B. A novel ecological methodology for constructing ethnic-majority life tables in the absence of individual ethnicity information. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:361-7. [PMID: 25563743 PMCID: PMC4392229 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deprivation-specific life tables have been in use for some time, but health outcomes are also known to vary by ethnicity over and above deprivation. The mortality experiences of ethnic groups are little studied in the UK, however, because ethnicity is not captured on death certificates. METHODS Population data for all Output Areas (OAs) in England and Wales were stratified by age-group, sex and ethnic proportion, and matched to the deaths counts in that OA from 2000 to 2002. We modelled the relationship between mortality, age, deprivation and ethnic proportion. We predicted mortality rates for an area that contained the maximum proportion of each ethnic group reported in any area in England and Wales, using a generalised linear model with a Poisson distribution adjusted for deprivation. RESULTS After adjustment, Asian and White life expectancies between 1 and 80 years were very similar. Black men and women had lower life expectancies: men by 4 years and women by around 1.5 years. The Asian population had the lowest mortality of all groups over age 45 in women and over 50 in men, whereas the Black population had the highest rates throughout, except in girls under 15. CONCLUSIONS We adopted a novel ecological method of constructing ethnic-majority life tables, adjusted for deprivation. There is still diversity within these three broad ethnic groups, but our data show important residual differences in mortality for Black men and women. These ethnic life tables can be used to inform public health planning and correctly account for background mortality in ethnic subgroups of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Morris
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Laura M Woods
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bernard Rachet
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Canudas-Romo V, García-Guerrero VM, Echarri-Cánovas CJ. The stagnation of the Mexican male life expectancy in the first decade of the 21st century: the impact of homicides and diabetes mellitus. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 69:28-34. [PMID: 25252678 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the first decade of the 21st century, the Mexican life expectancy changed from a long trend of increase to stagnation. These changes concur with an increase in deaths by homicides that the country experienced in that decade, and an obesity epidemic that had developed over the last decades of the 20th century. We quantify the impact of causes of death on life expectancy from 2000 to 2010. METHODS Two approaches to analyse causes of death are used: the number of life years lost due to each of the causes of death in a given year, and cause-decomposition techniques for comparisons of life expectancy from 2000 to 2010. RESULTS The apparent stagnation in life expectancy is the result of an increase in deaths by homicides and diabetes mellitus on the one hand, and the positive improvements observed in other causes of death on the other. The negative impact of homicides is particularly observed for ages 15 and 50, and for that of diabetes mellitus at ages above 45 years. CONCLUSIONS There is little basis for optimism regarding the future scenarios of the health of the Mexican population based on the first decade of the 21st century. Male life expectancy would have increased by 2 years if deaths by homicides and diabetes mellitus had been avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Canudas-Romo
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Grundy E, Kravdal Ø. Do short birth intervals have long-term implications for parental health? Results from analyses of complete cohort Norwegian register data. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 68:958-64. [PMID: 25009153 PMCID: PMC4174138 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short and very long interbirth intervals are associated with worse perinatal, infant and immediate maternal outcomes. Accumulated physiological, mental, social and economic stresses arising from raising children close in age may also mean that interbirth intervals have longer term implications for the health of mothers and fathers, but few previous studies have investigated this. METHODS Discrete-time hazards models were estimated to analyse associations between interbirth intervals and mortality risks for the period 1980-2008 in complete cohorts of Norwegian men and women born during 1935-1968 who had had two to four children. Associations between interbirth intervals and use of medication during 2004-2008 were also analysed using ordinary least-squares regression. Covariates included age, year, education, age at first birth, parity and change in coparent since the previous birth. RESULTS Mothers and fathers of two to three children with intervals between singleton births of less than 18 months, and mothers of twins, had raised mortality risks in midlife and early old age relative to parents with interbirth intervals of 30-41 months. For parents with three or four children, longer average interbirth intervals were associated with lower mortality. Short intervals between first and second births were also positively associated with medication use. Very long intervals were not associated with raised mortality or medication use when change of coparent since the previous birth was controlled. CONCLUSIONS Closely spaced and multiple births may have adverse long-term implications for parental health. Delayed entry to parenthood and increased use of fertility treatments mean that both are increasing, making this a public health issue which needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grundy
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, London, UK
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Abstract
‘The death rate is a fact; anything beyond this is an inference. In deciding whether the mortality is greater than it should b e .. .all the resources of statistical science have to be brought into requisition’ (Farr 1874). Introduction While the question of survival is not always uppermost in our minds it is never far away. The more provident amongst us, at least, are concerned to know their expectations of survival in order to take action both to reduce the chance of dying before their ‘time’ and to guard against the economic effects of this contingency. It is no accident that in this year we have celebrated not only the tercentenary of the publication of Graunt’s
Observations
but also the bicentenary of life assurance in this country. The history of mortality measurement reflects ever more refined approaches to the two objectives: (1) the study of biological and social factors in mortality as a basis for preventive medicine or social policy; (2) the close observation of mortality trends as a basis for economic provision for the future either in individual financial affairs or in social security schemes, or in administrative planning.
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Abstract
SUMMARYThe Indian populations of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, are found in two places, Duque de Caxias and Xapecó. In the former live Aweikoma (possibly a Caingang subgroup), Caingang and Guarani; in the latter, Caingang and Guarani. The Aweikoma intercross freely with the Caingang, and the Aweikoma/Caingang group thus formed can be compared with the Caingang of Xapecó. The Guarani, on the other hand, are reproductively isolated from both populations. The Aweikoma/Caingang of Duque de Caxias and the Caingang of Xapecó differ from each other in characteristics related to racial composition (degree and amount of non-Indian genes), gene flow, average age of mothers and frequency of stillbirths. On the other hand, they show similarities in a series of demographic variables related to fertility, mortality and inbreeding levels. The index of total selection intensity is practically the same in the two localities.
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ORTMEYER CE. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS MARRIED BETWEEN JANUARY 1955 AND JUNE 1958, UNITED STATES. Vital Health Stat 1 1965:1-42. [PMID: 14303190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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GARCIACRUZ M. [THE DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF MEXICO]. Medicina (B Aires) 1965; 45:SUPPL:19-22 F. [PMID: 14306319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
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GARCIACRUZ M. [DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS IN MEXICO]. Medicina (B Aires) 1965; 45:SUPPL:9-14. [PMID: 14265987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
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DROSNESS DL, REED IM, LUBIN JW. THE APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS TO PATIENT ORIGIN STUDY TECHNIQUES. Public Health Rep (1896) 1965; 80:33-40. [PMID: 14255449 PMCID: PMC1919560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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MCDONALD GW, CLEMENCE TG. DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS IN SELECTING A SITE FOR A COMMUNITY EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY. Public Health Rep (1896) 1965; 80:6-10. [PMID: 14255456 PMCID: PMC1919552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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SUCHMAN EA. SOCIAL PATTERNS OF ILLNESS AND MEDICAL CARE. J Health Hum Behav 1965; 6:2-16. [PMID: 14273727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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PRESSAT R. [REMARKS ON THE GROWTH OF THE WORLD POPULATION AND ITS LIMITATIONS]. Concours Med 1964; 86:6527-8. [PMID: 14228324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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ANDERSON DO, RICHES E, LEVSON B. THE PREMEDICAL STUDENT: HIS IDENTITY. CHARACTERISTICS OF A COHORT OF PREMEDICAL STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Can Med Assoc J 1964; 91:1011-8. [PMID: 14222669 PMCID: PMC1928090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A prospective study is currently being conducted of students who were freshmen at the University of British Columbia in 1961-1962. Three cohorts are being followed: 136 premedical students, 107 science students, and 136 persons comprising a sample of general arts students. At registration in 1961, the only demographic difference was that the Premedical cohort had a greater proportion of catholics and persons from upper occupational classes. Premedical students generally performed as well in high school as science students and better than general arts students, though the academic potential of science students as measured by achievement and aptitude tests was superior. Premedical students performed better on freshman examinations than the other cohorts, though a significantly larger proportion of science students (84.4%) actually passed into second year than of premedical students (75.0%). A disturbing observation was that by second year the Science cohort had recruited more than enough students to balance its losses, while the Premedical cohort had lost three times as many students as it recruited. The net effect was not much reduced by students who entered directly from senior matriculation or other universities, since these students were about twice as likely to enter the Science cohort as they were to enter the Premedical cohort.
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SMULEVICH BI. [BOURGEOIS SOCIOLOGY OF MEDICINE AND DEMOGRAPHY IN THE SERVICE OF ANTICOMMUNISM]. Gig Sanit 1964; 29:3-7. [PMID: 14319878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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SEIBEL C. [ARRANGEMENT OF TERRITORY. BRITTANY: DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS]. Concours Med 1964; 86:6013-20. [PMID: 14200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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TENBRINCK MS. BLOOD PRESSURE COMPARISONS IN TROPICAL AFRICANS AND PERUVIANS. N Y State J Med 1964; 64:2584-7. [PMID: 14221330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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TRULSON MF, CLANCY RE, JESSOP WJ, CHILDERS RW, STARE FJ. COMPARISONS OF SIBLINGS IN BOSTON AND IRELAND. J Am Diet Assoc 1964; 45:225-9. [PMID: 14202733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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MUIR CS. DEMOGRAPHY AND AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION OF THE AUTOPSY POPULATIONS OF MULTIRACIAL SINGAPORE. Singapore Med J 1964; 4:96-104. [PMID: 14229234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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GOSSET JR. REPORT ON THE INCREASING WORLD POPULATION. World Med J 1964; 11:291-5. [PMID: 14183000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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PATRICK PR. THE FIRST SIX CASES WERE THOSE OF SCHOOLBOYS. Med J Aust 1964; 2:245-51. [PMID: 14180790 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1964.tb117958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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JACOBSON PH. COHORT SURVIVAL FOR GENERATIONS SINCE 1840. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1964; 42:36-53. [PMID: 14181757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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GOSHEN CE. THE MULTI-FACTORIAL ASPECTS OF POPULATION CONTROL. Med Times 1964; 92:656-63. [PMID: 14181735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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VILLARROEL DA, URBINAGONZALEZ R. [SOME BIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE OF CARABOBO AND OF VALENCIA IN THE DECADE 1951-60]. Rev Venez Sanid Asist Soc 1964; 29:111-44. [PMID: 14307035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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MITCHELL JC. DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY AMONGST URBAN AFRICANS IN NORTHERN RHODESIA. Cent Afr J Med 1964; 10:195-211. [PMID: 14170673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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AUJOULAT LP. [STATISTICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF MANPOWER IMPORTED FROM WARM AND TROPICAL COUNTRIES]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1964; 57:716-37. [PMID: 14279595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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DERIU GC. [FINDINGS ON THE DEMOGRAPHICO-SANITARY SITUATION OF THE COMMUNE OF SASSARI (1953-1963)]. Riv Ital Ig 1964; 24:337-48. [PMID: 14293597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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