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Yuan Y, Zhao J, Liu Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Tian X, Qiao W, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Chen L. Human milk sphingomyelin: Function, metabolism, composition and mimicking. Food Chem 2024; 447:138991. [PMID: 38520905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Human milk, which contains various nutrients, is the "gold standard" for infant nutrition. Healthy human milk meets all the nutritional needs of early infant development. Polar lipids mainly exist in the milk fat globule membrane, accounting for approximately 1-2% of human milk lipids; sphingomyelin (SM) accounts for approximately 21-24% of polar lipids. SM plays an important role in promoting the development of the brain and nervous system, regulating intestinal flora, and improving skin barriers. Though SM could be synthesized de novo, SM nutrition from dietary is also important for infants. The content and composition of SM in human milk has been reported, however, the molecular mechanisms of nutritional functions of SM for infants required further research. This review summarizes the functional mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and compositional, influencing factors, and mimicking of SM in human milk, and highlights the challenges of improving maternal and infant early/long-term nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Yanpin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China.
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Gu JY, Li XB, Liao GQ, Wang TC, Wang ZS, Jia Q, Qian YZ, Zhang XL, Qiu J. Comprehensive analysis of phospholipid in milk and their biological roles as nutrients and biomarkers. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38556904 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2330696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PL) have garnered significant attention due to their physiological activities. Milk and other dairy products are important dietary sources for humans and have been extensively used to analyze the presence of PL by various analytical techniques. In this paper, the analysis techniques of PL were reviewed with the eight trigrams of phospholipidomics and a comprehensive fingerprint of 1295 PLs covering 8 subclasses in milk and other dairy products, especially. Technology is the primary productive force. Based on phospholipidomics technology, we further review the relationship between the composition of PL and factors that may be involved in processing and experimental operation, and emphasized the significance of the biological role played by PL in dietary supplements and biomarkers (production, processing and clinical research), and providing the future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Gu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xia-Bing Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Qin Liao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Cai Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Shuang Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Lian Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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Fonseca PAS, Suárez-Vega A, Esteban-Blanco C, Pelayo R, Marina H, Gutiérrez-Gil B, Arranz JJ. Epigenetic regulation of functional candidate genes for milk production traits in dairy sheep subjected to protein restriction in the prepubertal stage. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:511. [PMID: 37658326 PMCID: PMC10472666 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the prepubertal stage is a crucial point for the proper development of the mammary gland and milk production, this study aims to evaluate how protein restriction at this stage can affect methylation marks in milk somatic cells. Here, 28 Assaf ewes were subjected to 42.3% nutritional protein restriction (14 animals, NPR) or fed standard diets (14 animals, C) during the prepubertal stage. During the second lactation, the milk somatic cells of these ewes were sampled, and the extracted DNA was subjected to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS A total of 1154 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified between the NPR and C groups. Indeed, the results of functional enrichment analyses of the genes harboring these DMRs suggested their relevant effects on the development of the mammary gland and lipid metabolism in sheep. The additional analysis of the correlations of the mean methylation levels within these DMRs with fat, protein, and dry extract percentages in the milk and milk somatic cell counts suggested associations between several DMRs and milk production traits. However, there were no phenotypic differences in these traits between the NPR and C groups. CONCLUSION In light of the above, the results obtained in the current study might suggest potential candidate genes for the regulation of milk production traits in the sheep mammary gland. Further studies focusing on elucidating the genetic mechanisms affected by the identified DMRs may help to better understand the biological mechanisms modified in the mammary gland of dairy sheep as a response to nutritional challenges and their potential effects on milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. S. Fonseca
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - A. Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - C. Esteban-Blanco
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - R. Pelayo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - H. Marina
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - B. Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - J. J. Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
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Custódio M, Nunes FD, Altemani A, Passador-Santos F, Rodrigues MFSD, de Sousa SCOM, Sedassari BT. Secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland is rich in lactoferrin: a possible lactational-like differentiation? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023:10.1007/s00405-023-08023-8. [PMID: 37227470 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been hypothesised that secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland (SCsg) might have a lactational-like differentiation. Therefore, we aimed to assess the immunoexpression of breast hormonal receptors and milk-related proteins in cases of SCsg and other salivary gland tumours with prominent secretory activity. METHODS Immunohistochemistry against prolactin and growth hormone receptors, lactoferrin, human milk fat globule 1, MUC 1 and MUC4 was performed in twelve cases of SCsg and 47 other salivary gland tumours. RESULTS Most cases of SCsg were negative for prolactin and growth hormone receptors. All cases of SCsg showed enhanced membranous-cytoplasmic staining for human milk fat globule 1, a pattern seen in other tumour groups. Only SCsg showed widespread strong staining for lactoferrin, concomitantly in the cell compartment and secretion. The other positive tumour types exhibited restricted staining. MUC1 and MUC4 showed no distinct pattern of expression. CONCLUSION Although SCsg failed to demonstrate a complete lactational-like differentiation, lactoferrin showed a distinctive expression pattern in SCsg compared to other tumour types, which makes it a good marker to help in its differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Custódio
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Imperatriz, MA, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Setúbal Destro Rodrigues
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzana C O M de Sousa
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Tavares Sedassari
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wu J, Luo J, He Q, Xia Y, Tian H, Zhu L, Li C, Loor JJ. Docosahexaenoic Acid Alters Lipid Metabolism Processes via H3K9ac Epigenetic Modification in Dairy Goat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37224334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Goat milk is increasingly recognized by consumers due to its high nutritional value, richness in short- and medium-chain fatty acids, and richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Exogenous supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important approach to increasing the content of PUFA in goat milk. Several studies have reported benefits of dietary DHA in terms of human health, including potential against chronic diseases and tumors. However, the mechanisms whereby an increased supply of DHA regulates mammary cell function is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of DHA on lipid metabolism processes in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC) and the function of H3K9ac epigenetic modifications in this process. Supplementation of DHA promoted lipid droplet accumulation increased the DHA content and altered fatty acid composition in GMEC. Lipid metabolism processes were altered by DHA supplementation through transcriptional programs in GMEC. ChIP-seq analysis revealed that DHA induced genome-wide H3K9ac epigenetic changes in GMEC. Multiomics analyses (H3K9ac genome-wide screening and RNA-seq) revealed that DHA-induced expression of lipid metabolism genes (FASN, SCD1, FADS1, FADS2, LPIN1, DGAT1, MBOAT2), which were closely related with changes in lipid metabolism processes and fatty acid profiles, were regulated by modification of H3K9ac. In particular, DHA increased the enrichment of H3K9ac in the promoter region of PDK4 and promoted its transcription, while PDK4 inhibited lipid synthesis and activated AMPK signaling in GMEC. The activation of the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes FASN, FADS2, and SCD1 and their upstream transcription factor SREBP1 by the AMPK inhibitor was attenuated in PDK4-overexpressing GMEC. In conclusion, DHA alters lipid metabolism processes via H3K9ac modifications and the PDK4-AMPK-SREBP1 signaling axis in goat mammary epithelial cells, providing new insights into the mechanism through which DHA affects mammary cell function and regulates milk fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuya He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Huibin Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
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Sun Y, Roos YH, Miao S. Changes in Milk Fat Globules and Membrane Proteins Prepared from pH-Adjusted Bovine Raw Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244107. [PMID: 36553849 PMCID: PMC9778015 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat globules (MFGs) have tri-layer biological membrane structures, and their compositions are gaining more interest for their physiological benefits. In this study, the changes in MFGs and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins after cream separation from different pH bovine raw milk were investigated. Raw milk samples were adjusted to pH 5.30 and 6.30 using citric acid at 25 °C. The effect of pH and centrifugation on the structure of MFGs was evaluated by means of particle size, zeta potential and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to analyze the proteins in the obtained fractions. It was found that both pH and centrifugation could affect the particle size of all samples. As the volume distribution (Dv; Dv (10), Dv(50)and Dv (90)) decreased, the corresponding specific surface area (SSA) increased, and span and uniformity values showed the same trend. The decrease in the zeta potential of MFG correlated with the Dv(50), which was further confirmed by CLSM observation. More butyrophilin (BTN) and periodic acid Schiff 6/7 (PAS 6/7) were lost in cream samples at pH 5.30. The findings could provide valuable knowledge for the application of MFGs ingredient in the food industry since their structures and compositions could affect their potential functional and physiological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, P61C996 Cork, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12R229 Cork, Ireland
| | - Yrjö H. Roos
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12R229 Cork, Ireland
| | - Song Miao
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, P61C996 Cork, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12R229 Cork, Ireland
- China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Sciences and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(25)42468
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Venkat M, Chia LW, Lambers TT. Milk polar lipids composition and functionality: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:31-75. [PMID: 35997253 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids including glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids are important nutrients and milk is a major source, particularly for infants. This systematic review describes the human and bovine milk polar lipid composition, structural organization, sources for formulation, and physiological functionality. A total of 2840 records were retrieved through Scopus, 378 were included. Bovine milk is a good source of polar lipids, where yield and composition are highly dependent on the choice of dairy streams and processing. In milk, polar lipids are organized in the milk fat globule membrane as a tri-layer encapsulating triglyceride. The overall polar lipid concentration in human milk is dependent on many factors including lactational stage and maternal diet. Here, reasonable ranges were determined where possible. Similar for bovine milk, where differences in milk lipid concentration proved the largest factor determining variation. The role of milk polar lipids in human health has been demonstrated in several areas and critical review indicated that brain, immune and effects on lipid metabolism are best substantiated areas. Moreover, insights related to the milk fat globule membrane structure-function relation as well as superior activity of milk derived polar lipid compared to plant-derived sources are emerging areas of interest regarding future research and food innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyya Venkat
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
| | - Loo Wee Chia
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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Donda K, Maheshwari A. Human Milk Lipids Induce Important Metabolic and Epigenetic Changes in Neonates. Clin Perinatol 2022; 49:331-353. [PMID: 35659090 PMCID: PMC9179119 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are a major source of energy during the fetal/neonatal period. Most are received from the mother, transplacentally during the intrauterine period or via maternal milk after birth. However, in addition to the known nutritional roles, lipids are now known to bind a variety of cellular receptors to regulate specific patterns in metabolism and gene expression. The expression of these receptors is regulated by various genetic and environmental stimuli, and ligation can activate positive-feedback loops in the expression and the activity of downstream signaling pathways. The authors summarize the role of lipid ligands, cognate receptors, epigenetic regulation, and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyur Donda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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Ahmed TB, Eggesbø M, Criswell R, Uhl O, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. Total Fatty Acid and Polar Lipid Species Composition of Human Milk. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010158. [PMID: 35011034 PMCID: PMC8747362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk lipids are essential for infant health. However, little is known about the relationship between total milk fatty acid (FA) composition and polar lipid species composition. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the relationship between the FA and polar lipid species composition in human milk, with a focus on differences between milk with higher or lower milk fat content. From the Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS, 2002–2009), a subset of 664 milk samples were analyzed for FA and polar lipid composition. Milk samples did not differ in major FA, phosphatidylcholine, or sphingomyelin species percentages between the highest and lowest quartiles of total FA concentration. However, milk in the highest FA quartile had a lower phospholipid-to-total-FA ratio and a lower sphingomyelin-to-phosphatidylcholine ratio than the lowest quartile. The only FAs associated with total phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin were behenic and tridecanoic acids, respectively. Milk FA and phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin species containing these FAs showed modest correlations. Associations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids with percentages of phosphatidylcholine species carrying these FAs support the conclusion that the availability of these FAs limits the synthesis of phospholipid species containing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Bashir Ahmed
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.B.A.); (O.U.)
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; (M.E.); (R.C.)
| | - Rachel Criswell
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; (M.E.); (R.C.)
| | - Olaf Uhl
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.B.A.); (O.U.)
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.B.A.); (O.U.)
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (B.K.); Tel.: +49-89-4400-53692 (H.D.); +49-89-4400-52826 (B.K.)
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.B.A.); (O.U.)
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (B.K.); Tel.: +49-89-4400-53692 (H.D.); +49-89-4400-52826 (B.K.)
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Ward AV, Anderson SM, Sartorius CA. Advances in Analyzing the Breast Cancer Lipidome and Its Relevance to Disease Progression and Treatment. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:399-417. [PMID: 34914014 PMCID: PMC8883833 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism is common in breast cancer with the three main subtypes, hormone receptor (HR) positive, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) positive, and triple negative, showing common and distinct lipid dependencies. A growing body of studies identify altered lipid metabolism as impacting breast cancer cell growth and survival, plasticity, drug resistance, and metastasis. Lipids are a class of nonpolar or polar (amphipathic) biomolecules that can be produced in cells via de novo synthesis or acquired from the microenvironment. The three main functions of cellular lipids are as essential components of membranes, signaling molecules, and nutrient storage. The use of mass spectrometry-based lipidomics to analyze the global cellular lipidome has become more prevalent in breast cancer research. In this review, we discuss current lipidomic methodologies, highlight recent breast cancer lipidomic studies and how these findings connect to disease progression and therapeutic development, and the potential use of lipidomics as a diagnostic tool in breast cancer. A better understanding of the breast cancer lipidome and how it changes during drug resistance and tumor progression will allow informed development of diagnostics and novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Ward
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carol A Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Hirose Y, Hirai Y. Cooperation of membrane-translocated syntaxin4 and basement membrane for dynamic mammary epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273506. [PMID: 34676419 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelia undergo dramatic morphogenesis after puberty. During pregnancy, luminal epithelial cells in ductal trees are arranged to form well-polarized cystic structures surrounded by a myoepithelial cell layer, an active supplier of the basement membrane (BM). Here, we identified a novel regulatory mechanism involved in this process by using a reconstituted BM-based three-dimensional culture and aggregates of a model mouse cell line, EpH4, that had either been manipulated for inducible expression of the t-SNARE protein syntaxin4 in intact or signal peptide-connected forms, or that were genetically deficient in syntaxin4. We found that cells extruded syntaxin4 upon stimulation with the lactogenic hormone prolactin, which in turn accelerated the turnover of E-cadherin. In response to extracellular expression of syntaxin4, cell populations that were less affected by the BM actively migrated and integrated into the cell layer facing the BM. Concurrently, the BM-facing cells, which were simultaneously stimulated with syntaxin4 and BM, acquired unique epithelial characteristics to undergo dramatic cellular arrangement for cyst formation. These results highlight the importance of the concerted action of extracellular syntaxin4 extruded in response to the lactogenic hormone and BM components in epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuina Hirose
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1, Gakuen, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
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12
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Thum C, Roy NC, Everett DW, McNabb WC. Variation in milk fat globule size and composition: A source of bioactives for human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:87-113. [PMID: 34190660 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1944049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globules (MFGs) are secreted from the mammalian gland and are composed of a triacylglycerol core surrounded by a triple membrane structure, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The MFGM contains complex lipids and proteins reported to have nutritional, immunological, neurological and digestive functions. Human and ruminant milk are shown to share a similar MFG structure but with different size, profile and abundance of protein and polar lipids. This review summarizes the reported data on human, bovine, caprine and ovine MFG composition and concentration of bioactive components in different MFG-size fractions. A comprehensive understanding of compositional variations between milk from different species and MFG size fractions may help promote various milk sources as targeted supplements to improve human development and health. MFG size and MFGM composition are species-specific and affected by lactation, diet and breed (or maternal origin). Purification and enrichment methods for some bioactive proteins and lipids present in the MFGM have yet to be established or are not scaled sufficiently to be used to supplement human diets. To overcome this problem, MFG size selection through fractionation or herd selection may provide a convenient way to pre-enrich the MFG fraction with specific protein and lipid components to fulfill human dietary and health requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David W Everett
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Raza GS, Herzig KH, Leppäluoto J. Invited review: Milk fat globule membrane-A possible panacea for neurodevelopment, infections, cardiometabolic diseases, and frailty. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7345-7363. [PMID: 33896625 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Milk is an evolutionary benefit for humans. For infants, it offers optimal nutrients for normal growth, neural development, and protection from harmful microbes. Humans are the only mammals who drink milk throughout their life. Lipids in colostrum originate mostly from milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) droplets extruded from the mammary gland. The MFGM gained much interest as a potential nutraceutical, due to their high phospholipid (PL), ganglioside (GD), and protein contents. In this review, we focused on health effects of MFGM ingredients and dairy food across the life span, especially on neurodevelopment, cardiometabolic health, and frailty in older adults. The MFGM supplements to infants and children reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections and improved neurodevelopment due to the higher content of protein, PL, and GD in MFGM. The MFGM formulas containing PL and GD improved brain myelination and fastened nerve conduction speed, resulting in improved behavioral developments. Administration of MFGM-rich ingredients improved insulin sensitivity and decreased inflammatory markers, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides by lowering intestinal absorption of cholesterol and increasing its fecal excretion. The MFGM supplements, together with exercise, improved ambulatory activities, leg muscle mass, and muscle fiber velocity in older adults. There are great variations in the composition of lipids and proteins in MFGM products, which make comparisons of the different studies impossible. In addition, investigations of the individual MFGM components are required to evaluate their specific effects and molecular mechanisms. Although we are currently only beginning to understand the possible health effects of MFGM products, the current MFGM supplementation trials as presented in this review have shown significant clinical health benefits across the human life span, which are worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Pediatric Institute, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Juhani Leppäluoto
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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14
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Current knowledge in the stabilization/destabilization of infant formula emulsions during processing as affected by formulations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Chen M, Sagis LM, Sun Q. Emulsification and dilatational surface rheology of ultrasonicated milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) materials. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Han L, Zhang M, Xing Z, Coleman DN, Liang Y, Loor JJ, Yang G. Knockout of butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 ( BTN1A1) alters lipid droplet formation and phospholipid composition in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:72. [PMID: 32637097 PMCID: PMC7333294 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk lipids originate from cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD) that are synthesized and secreted from mammary epithelial cells by a unique membrane-envelopment process. Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) is one of the membrane proteins that surrounds LD, but its role in bovine mammary lipid droplet synthesis and secretion is not well known. Methods The objective was to knockout BTN1A1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) via the CRISPR/Cas9 system and evaluate LD formation, abundance of lipogenic enzymes, and content of cell membrane phospholipid (PL) species. Average LD diameter was determined via Oil Red O staining, and profiling of cell membrane phospholipid species via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Lentivirus-mediated infection of the Cas9/sgRNA expression vector into BMEC resulted in production of a homozygous clone BTN1A1(−/−). The LD size and content decreased following BTN1A1 gene knockout. The mRNA abundance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) was downregulated in the BTN1A1(−/−) clone. Subcellular analyses indicated that BTN1A1 and LD were co-localized in the cytoplasm. BTN1A1 gene knockout increased the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC), which resulted in a lower PC/PE ratio. Conclusions Results suggest that BTN1A1 plays an important role in regulating LD synthesis via a mechanism involving membrane phospholipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Menglu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Zhiyang Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Danielle N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
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17
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Azarcoya-Barrera J, Goruk S, Lewis ED, Pouliot Y, Curtis JM, Steele R, Wadge E, Field CJ, Jacobs RL, Richard C. Feeding Buttermilk-Derived Choline Forms During Gestation and Lactation Modulates Ex Vivo T-Cell Response in Rat Dams. J Nutr 2020; 150:1958-1965. [PMID: 32271922 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buttermilk contains a mixture of choline forms; it is high in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM), which could have an impact on immune system development and function. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the effect of feeding buttermilk-derived choline forms during pregnancy and lactation on maternal immune function. METHODS Sprague Dawley dams (n = 8 per diet) were randomly assigned midway through pregnancy (10 d of gestation) to 1 of 3 experimental diets, containing 1.7 g/kg choline: control [100% free choline (FC)]; buttermilk [37% PC, 34% SM, 17% glycerophosphocholine (GPC), 7% FC, 5% phosphocholine]; or placebo (50% PC, 25% FC, 25% GPC). Dams consumed the same diet until the end of the lactation period (21 d after parturition). Cell phenotypes and cytokine production by mitogen-stimulated splenocytes were measured and compared using 1-factor ANOVA test in order to asses the effect of diet on immune fuction of lactating dams (main outcome). RESULTS After ConA stimulation, splenocytes from dams in the buttermilk group produced more IL-2 (30%), TNF-α (30%), and IFN-γ (42%) compared with both the placebo and control diets. Placebo-fed dams had a higher proportion of CD8+ cells expressing CD152+ (22%) in spleen, and splenocytes from dams that were fed the buttermilk and the placebo diets produced about 50% and 53% more IL-10 after LPS and OVA stimulation, respectively, compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Feeding buttermilk-derived choline forms during pregnancy and lactation had a beneficial impact on the immune system of Sprague Dawley rat dams, especially on T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Azarcoya-Barrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Goruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erin D Lewis
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yves Pouliot
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Reid Steele
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emily Wadge
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Milk-secreting epithelial cells of the mammary gland are functionally specialized for the synthesis and secretion of large quantities of neutral lipids, a major macronutrient in milk from most mammals. Milk lipid synthesis and secretion are hormonally regulated and secretion occurs by a unique apocrine mechanism. Neutral lipids are synthesized and packaged into perilipin-2 (PLIN2) coated cytoplasmic lipid droplets within specialized cisternal domains of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Continued lipid synthesis by ER membrane enzymes and lipid droplet fusion contribute to the large size of these cytoplasmic lipid droplets (5–15 μm in diameter). Lipid droplets are directionally trafficked within the epithelial cell to the apical plasma membrane. Upon contact, a molecular docking complex assembles to tether the droplet to the plasma membrane and facilitate its membrane envelopment. This docking complex consists of the transmembrane protein, butyrophilin, the cytoplasmic housekeeping protein, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidoreductase, the lipid droplet coat proteins, PLIN2, and cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A. Interactions of mitochondria, Golgi, and secretory vesicles with docked lipid droplets have also been reported and may supply membrane phospholipids, energy, or scaffold cytoskeleton for apocrine secretion of the lipid droplet. Final secretion of lipid droplets into the milk occurs in response to oxytocin-stimulated contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround milk-secreting epithelial cells. The mechanistic details of lipid droplet release are unknown at this time. The final secreted milk fat globule consists of a triglyceride core coated with a phospholipid monolayer and various coat proteins, fully encased in a membrane bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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19
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Lipidomic profiling analysis of the phospholipid molecules in SCAP-induced lipid droplet formation in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 149:106420. [PMID: 31953015 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) in the cytoplasm plays an important role in energy balance, membrane synthesis and cell signal transduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the profile of phospholipids after SCAP-induced LD formation in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). A shRNA-SCAP vector and a SCAP/SREBP vector were used to knock down and overexpress the SCAP gene in BMECs prior to evaluating the effects on LDs using Western blotting, real-time PCR, LD staining and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The average LD diameter was determined following oil red O staining. The overexpression of SCAP increased the abundance of SCD, ACACA and FASN genes and nuclear SREBP1a. In contrast, knocking down SCAP decreased the abundance of the nuclear SREBP1a protein and downregulated the abundance of target genes. Lipid droplet staining revealed that knocking down SCAP reduced LD formation and average LD diameter. In contrast, overexpression of SCAP increased the formation and size of the LDs. The results from an analysis of cellular lipids revealed that phospholipids are the predominant species in the profile of cell lipids. phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) are important for determining the size of LDs. The LD formation induced by SCAP gene overexpression and knockdown underscored the role of phospholipids involved in lipid droplet formation and fusion.
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20
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Pekmez CT, Larsson MW, Lind MV, Vazquez Manjarrez N, Yonemitsu C, Larnkjaer A, Bode L, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Dragsted LO. Breastmilk Lipids and Oligosaccharides Influence Branched Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Infants with Excessive Weight Gain. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900977. [PMID: 31801176 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim is to identify breastmilk components associated with fecal concentration of SCFAs and to investigate whether they differ between infants with high weight gain (HW) and normal weight gain (NW). METHODS AND RESULTS Breastmilk and fecal samples are collected from mother-infant dyads with HW (n = 11) and NW (n = 15) at 5 and 9 months of age. Breastmilk is profiled on ultra-performance LC-quadrupole TOF-MS platform. Fecal SCFAs are quantified using an isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are quantified using HPLC after fluorescent derivatization. Lower levels of α-linolenic acid, oleic acid, 3-oxohexadecanoic acid, LPE (P-16:0), LPC (16:0), LPC (18:0), PC (36:2) in breastmilk from mothers from the HW-group at 5 months of age is found. Fecal SCFA concentrations are increased during the transition period from breastfeeding to complementary feeding. Fecal butyrate concentration is higher in the NW-group at 9 months of age. Fecal branched SCFAs are positively associated with breastmilk phospholipid levels, free-fatty acid levels, HMO-diversity, sialylated-HMOs, 6'-sialyllactose, and disialyl-lacto-N-hexaose. CONCLUSION Fecal branched SCFA concentrations seem to be affected by breastmilk lipid and HMO composition. These differences in breastmilk metabolites may partially explain the excessive weight gain in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyda Tugba Pekmez
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Melanie Wange Larsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark.,Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Mads Vendelbo Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Natalia Vazquez Manjarrez
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anni Larnkjaer
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
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21
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Chen M, Sagis LM. The influence of protein/phospholipid ratio on the physicochemical and interfacial properties of biomimetic milk fat globules. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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23
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Ingvordsen Lindahl IE, Artegoitia VM, Downey E, O'Mahony JA, O'Shea CA, Ryan CA, Kelly AL, Bertram HC, Sundekilde UK. Quantification of Human Milk Phospholipids: the Effect of Gestational and Lactational Age on Phospholipid Composition. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020222. [PMID: 30678181 PMCID: PMC6412285 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) provides infants with macro- and micronutrients needed for growth and development. Milk phospholipids are important sources of bioactive components, such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and choline, crucial for neural and visual development. Milk from mothers who have delivered prematurely (<37 weeks) might not meet the nutritional requirements for optimal development and growth. Using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry, 31 phospholipid (PL) species were quantified for colostrum (<5 days postpartum), transitional (≥5 days and ≤2 weeks) and mature milk (>2 weeks and ≤15 weeks) samples from mothers who had delivered preterm (n = 57) and term infants (n = 22), respectively. Both gestational age and age postpartum affected the PL composition of HM. Significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) of phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM) and total PL were found in preterm milk throughout lactation, as well as significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.002) of several phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), PC and SM species. Multivariate analysis revealed that PLs containing LC-PUFA contributed highly to the differences in the PL composition of preterm and term colostrum. Differences related to gestation decreased as the milk matured. Thus, gestational age may impact the PL content of colostrum, however this effect of gestation might subside in mature milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eimear Downey
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - James A O'Mahony
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Carol-Anne O'Shea
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan L Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Hanne C Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 5792 Årslev, Denmark.
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24
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Argov-Argaman N. Symposium review: Milk fat globule size: Practical implications and metabolic regulation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2783-2795. [PMID: 30639008 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule (MFG) size ranges over 3 orders of magnitude, from less than 200 nm to over 15 µm. The significance of MFG size derives from its tight association with its lipidome and proteome. More specifically, small MFG have relatively higher content of membrane compared with large globules, and this membrane exerts diverse positive health effects, as reported in human and animal studies. In addition, MFG size has industrial significance, as it affects the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of dairy products. Studies on the size regulation of MFG are scarce, mainly because various confounders indirectly affect MFG size. Because MFG size is determined before and during its secretion from mammary epithelial cells, studies on the size regulation of its precursors, the intracellular lipid droplets (LD), have been used as a proxy for understanding the mechanisms controlling MFG size. In this review, we provide evidence for 2 distinct mechanisms regulating LD size in mammary epithelial cells: co-regulation of fat content and triglyceride-synthesis capacity of the cells, and fusion between LD. The latter is controlled by the membrane's polar lipid composition and involves mitochondrial enzymes. Accordingly, this review also discusses MFG size regulation in the in vivo metabolic context, as MFG morphometric features are often modulated under conditions that involve animals' altered energy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Science, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, POB 76100.
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25
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Lee H, Padhi E, Hasegawa Y, Larke J, Parenti M, Wang A, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky C. Compositional Dynamics of the Milk Fat Globule and Its Role in Infant Development. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:313. [PMID: 30460213 PMCID: PMC6232911 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is uniquely optimized for the needs of the developing infant. Its composition is complex and dynamic, driven primarily by maternal genetics, and to a lesser extent by diet and environment. One important component that is gaining attention is the milk fat globule (MFG). The MFG is composed of a triglyceride-rich core surrounded by a tri-layer membrane, also known as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) that originates from mammary gland epithelia. The MFGM is enriched with glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins, some of which are glycosylated, and are known to exert numerous biological roles. Mounting evidence suggests that the structure of the MFG and bioactive components of the MFGM may benefit the infant by aiding in the structural and functional maturation of the gut through the provision of essential nutrients and/or regulating various cellular events during infant growth and immune education. Further, antimicrobial peptides and surface carbohydrate moieties surrounding the MFG might have a pivotal role in shaping gut microbial populations, which in turn may promote protection against immune and inflammatory diseases early in life. This review seeks to: (1) understand the components of the MFG, as well as maternal factors including genetic and lifestyle factors that influence its characteristics; (2) examine the potential role of this milk component on the intestinal immune system; and (3) delineate the mechanistic roles of the MFG in infant intestinal maturation and establishment of the microbiota in the alimentary canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily Padhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jules Larke
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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26
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IL-1β directly inhibits milk lipid production in lactating mammary epithelial cells concurrently with enlargement of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:365-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Abstract
Fat is the main energy providing component in human milk and comprising a complex mixture of different lipid species, with quantitative dominance of triglycerides. After elucidating the fatty acid composition, more recent research has looked at influencing factors and the importance of specific lipids. Here we review quantitative aspects of maternal metabolism which contribute to the milk fatty acid composition, especially considering essential fatty acids and their long chain polyunsaturated derivatives. In this context studies with stable isotopes have indicated the importance of maternal body pools for mediating the effects of diet on milk composition. Furthermore, the importance of positioning of palmitic acid at the glycerol backbone of triglycerides is discussed, and the phospholipids of the milk fat globule membrane are described and examples for their potential importance for infant development are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Univ. of Munich Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, München, Germany.
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Univ. of Munich Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, München, Germany.
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28
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Cohen BC, Raz C, Shamay A, Argov-Argaman N. Lipid Droplet Fusion in Mammary Epithelial Cells is Regulated by Phosphatidylethanolamine Metabolism. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:235-249. [PMID: 29188493 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) secrete fat in the form of milk fat globules (MFG) which are found in milk in diverse sizes. MFG originate from intracellular lipid droplets, and the mechanism underlying their size regulation is still elusive. Two main mechanisms have been suggested to control lipid droplet size. The first is a well-documented pathway, which involves regulation of cellular triglyceride content. The second is the fusion pathway, which is less-documented, especially in mammalian cells, and its importance in the regulation of droplet size is still unclear. Using biochemical and molecular inhibitors, we provide evidence that in MEC, lipid droplet size is determined by fusion, independent of cellular triglyceride content. The extent of fusion is determined by the cell membrane's phospholipid composition. In particular, increasing phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content enhances fusion between lipid droplets and hence increases lipid droplet size. We further identified the underlying biochemical mechanism that controls this content as the mitochondrial enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase; siRNA knockdown of this enzyme reduced the number of large lipid droplets threefold. Further, inhibition of phosphatidylserine transfer to the mitochondria, where its conversion to PE occurs, diminished the large lipid droplet phenotype in these cells. These results reveal, for the first time to our knowledge in mammalian cells and specifically in mammary epithelium, the missing biochemical link between the metabolism of cellular complex lipids and lipid-droplet fusion, which ultimately defines lipid droplet size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Chen Cohen
- The Animal Science Department, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Chen Raz
- The Animal Science Department, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avi Shamay
- Department of Ruminant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nurit Argov-Argaman
- The Animal Science Department, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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