1
|
Grand'Maison V. Resisting invisibility in healthcare responses to gender-based violence: a content analysis. HEALTH SOCIOLOGY REVIEW : THE JOURNAL OF THE HEALTH SECTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38803283 DOI: 10.1080/14461242.2024.2350510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Women and girls with disabilities are located at the intersections of patriarchal, ableist, and other structures of oppression that produce specific and heightened vulnerabilities to gender-based violence (GBV). Public health practitioners widely recognise the role of the healthcare sector in addressing GBV, however the role of the healthcare sector in addressing GBV must be questioned given ongoing barriers to healthcare access for people with disabilities. Grounded in an intersectional framework, I conducted a summative content analysis of GBV healthcare interventions to examine whether and how disability and intersectionality are mobilised in public health understanding of, and strategies to, address GBV. By bringing visibility to the ways in which silences construct and sustain the invisibility of women with disabilities and other social structures, I argue that GBV healthcare responses not only fail to provide care for women with disabilities across social locations, but they also risk reproducing understandings that devalue their lives.
Collapse
|
2
|
Guthrie E, Charon R. Disability and narrative medicine: Challenges and opportunities. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024; 66:149-154. [PMID: 37390126 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of international entreaties for improvement, education about and provision of healthcare for people with disabilities remains harmfully inferior to that of the non-disabled population. Many obstacles confound efforts to ameliorate this inequity, perhaps the most pernicious of which is negative bias on the part of providers. Narrative medicine offers a means to address healthcare attitudes towards people with disabilities, in particular negative attitudes based on 'ableism'. Through absorbing, writing, and sharing of diverse perspectives, narrative medicine kindles imagination and empathy, promoting self-reflection. This approach enriches the students' capacity to absorb what their patients are trying to say, and to appreciate, respect, and hopefully meet the healthcare needs of people with disability. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Narrative medicine is a pedagogical tool to help providers listen and reflect on patients with disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Guthrie
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rita Charon
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chiang JL, Kim D, Siu C, White B, Zhu M, Switzer-McIntyre S, Gibson BE. What is 'disability'? Exploring the conceptions of internationally educated learners in a Canadian physical therapy bridging program. Physiother Theory Pract 2024; 40:276-287. [PMID: 35980247 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiotherapists' understanding of disability has direct relevance for their practices and work with disabled people. PURPOSE To explore how physiotherapists from diverse backgrounds, cultures and social locations conceptualize disability. Understanding their conceptualizations will provide insight to determine future directions regarding disability education, in healthcare education, to optimize the quality of care and life for individuals with disabilities. METHODS Six internationally educated physiotherapists enrolled in a Canadian physical therapy bridging program were interviewed and data were analyzed for themes. RESULTS Participants' conceptualizations of disability were complex and a dynamic process that reflected what was 'thinkable' in relation to experience, such as with social location and in personal, professional and educational domains. This primary theme was reflected in three subthemes: 1) Professional PT acculturation shaped disability conceptualization in particular ways; 2) Medical model as the dominant way of thinking; and 3) Social model thinking was more feasible in resource rich contexts. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the benefits of a wide exposure to different ways of conceptualizing and addressing disability within PT education to counter the dominance of the medical model and reinforce the importance of advocacy and allyship with disabled people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chiang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diane Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carissa Siu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Blaire White
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Zhu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sharon Switzer-McIntyre
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara E Gibson
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bracken RC, Richman KA, Garden R, Fischbein R, Bhambra R, Ragina N, Dawson S, Cascio A. Developing Disability-Focused Pre-Health and Health Professions Curricula. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2023; 44:553-576. [PMID: 38099998 PMCID: PMC10733220 DOI: 10.1007/s10912-023-09828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
People with disabilities (PWD) comprise a significant part of the population yet experience some of the most profound health disparities. Among the greatest barriers to quality care are inadequate health professions education related to caring for PWD. Drawing upon the expertise of health professions educators in medicine, public health, nursing, social work, and physician assistant programs, this forum showcases innovative methods for teaching core disability skills and concepts grounded in disability studies and the health humanities. Each of the essays offers practical guidance for developing curricular interventions appropriate for students at various levels of training and familiarity with disability to be implemented in classroom discussions, case-based learning, lectures, panels, and clinical simulations across the full spectrum of pre-health and health professions education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth A Richman
- Center for Health Humanities, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Fischbein
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Raman Bhambra
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Neli Ragina
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Shay Dawson
- College of Education and Human Services, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Ariel Cascio
- Center for Bioethics and Social Justice, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hunt J. Making space for disability studies within a structurally competent medical curriculum: reflections on long Covid. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2022; 49:medhum-2022-012415. [PMID: 35853689 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2022-012415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While critically informed approaches to medical education are increasingly advocated in literature, discussion of the potential role of disability studies in informing pedagogy and practice is largely lacking. The emergence of long Covid, alongside the strong possibility of a wave of covid-related disability, underlines an urgent need for medicine to develop more contextualised, nuanced and structurally competent understandings of chronic illness and disability. This article argues that the integration of thinking from disability studies into medical curricula offers a pathway to such understanding, informing a more equitable, holistic and patient-centred approach to practice. Further, a structurally competent, antiableist approach positions clinicians and patients as allies, working together within a structural context that constrains both parties. Such positioning may mitigate tensions within the clinical encounter, tensions that are well documented in the realm of marginalised chronic illness and disability. While the possibilities arising from a partnership between disability studies and medicine are numerous, the foci here are the social relational model of disability and the concept of psycho-emotional disablism, within a broader framework of critical disability studies. It is argued that inadequate healthcare provision and policy in the realm of long Covid can be understood as a form of structural and psycho-emotional disablism, arising from and reinforcing an ableist psychosocial imaginary permeated with neoliberal assumptions, and carrying a risk of furthering both disability and impairment. After considering long Covid through these particular lenses, the article concludes with a discussion of how a partnership between disability studies and a structurally competent approach to medical education might translate into practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Hunt
- Independent disabled researcher, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Esparza CJ, Simon M, Bath E, Ko M. Doing the Work—or Not: The Promise and Limitations of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in US Medical Schools and Academic Medical Centers. Front Public Health 2022; 10:900283. [PMID: 35812485 PMCID: PMC9256912 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While the number of positions, committees, and projects described as “Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)” work has grown rapidly in recent years, there has been little attention to the theory, praxis, or lived experience of this work. In this perspective, we briefly summarize the research and concepts put forth by DEI leaders in higher education more broadly, followed by an analysis of the literature's application to academic medicine. We then discuss the ways in which language obscures the nature of DEI and the necessity of scholarship to evaluate the extensive range of practices, policies, statements, and programs the label is given to.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Jade Esparza
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Caitlin Jade Esparza
| | - Mark Simon
- Storywalkers Consulting, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eraka Bath
- The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Ko
- Division of Health Policy and Management, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ayoub MC, Rava J, Lewis Hunter A, Kuo AA. Facilitators and Barriers to Care for Patients with Disabilities in Primary Pediatrics. Pediatr Ann 2022; 51:e243-e253. [PMID: 35667098 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20220407-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 20% of children in the United States have special health care needs, and they often experience disparities in health outcomes. This article reviews barriers to and facilitators of primary pediatric care for children within four defined categories of disability: (1) physical disabilities, both temporary and permanent; (2) chronic conditions requiring accommodations, including mental health conditions; (3) sensory disabilities and conditions; and (4) cognitive, educational, neurodevelopmental, and social disabilities. Primary care facilitators include interventions for both providers and patients that focus on time as a valued resource, provide psychosocial support, coordinate interdisciplinary teams of care, and provide training for providers. Barriers include exclusion of patients with disabilities from research trials and gaps in educational reform regarding ableism and hidden disabilities. Identified facilitators should be implemented on a larger scale, and barriers need to be addressed further so we may better support children with disabilities. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(6):e243-e253.].
Collapse
|
8
|
“Broken”—How Identities as Women, Mothers and Partners Are Intertwined with the Experience of Living with and Seeking Treatment for Pelvic Organ Prolapse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095179. [PMID: 35564573 PMCID: PMC9100064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) occurs when one or more pelvic organs descend into or through the vaginal opening, significantly impacting physical and mental health. POP affects the female reproductive tract and, overwhelmingly, people who identify as women. However, little research has examined the impact of gendered expectations on women’s treatment-seeking for POP and their decision-making around surgery for POP. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 women seeking surgery for POP in Alberta, Canada. Data were analyzed from a gender-based lens, using the Framework Method. Participants reported the need to balance their identities as women, partners, and mothers in their pursuit of treatment and faced many barriers to treatment related to their gendered responsibilities. Findings highlight the gendered experiences of prolapse in the context of healthcare needs and can inform policies and practices which promote more equitable access to prolapse treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yao DPG, Sy MP, Martinez PGV, Laboy EC. Is occupational therapy an ableist health profession? A critical reflection on ableism and occupational therapy. CADERNOS BRASILEIROS DE TERAPIA OCUPACIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/2526-8910.ctore252733032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction There is a need to engage in critical reflection and reflexivity to deconstruct ableist conceptualisations and practices in occupational therapy. Objectives: 1) to discuss ableism as a social construction within a practice system, 2) to deconstruct ableist mechanisms employed within occupational therapy practice, and 3) to propose inclusive and justice-oriented practices that can improve patterns of practices within the occupational therapy profession. Method Online discussions and reflective writing, producing critical reflections, were done to curate our experiences and insights based on our personal and professional experiences, thoughts, and observations as Filipino occupational therapy practitioners. Critical reflexivity was seen both as process and output to address the research objectives. Findings Despite the efforts of scholars, educators, and practitioners in employing inclusive and justice-oriented occupational therapy practices, ableism continues to proliferate through overt and covert mechanisms within professional practices. Conclusion As the occupational therapy profession continues to evolve, practitioners are expected to be critically reflective and reflexive to mitigate discriminatory practices and promote inclusive and participatory practices today and beyond. This article hopes to serve as an eye-opener for occupational therapy practitioners and reconsider their doings, knowings, and sayings in their present and future practice.
Collapse
|
10
|
[Testimonial injustice against people with mental disorders in health care. A conceptual and ethical analysis]. Ethik Med 2021; 34:145-160. [PMID: 34803235 PMCID: PMC8594649 DOI: 10.1007/s00481-021-00666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Menschen mit psychischer Erkrankung sterben statistisch gesehen früher als die Allgemeinbevölkerung. Ein Grund hierfür ist, dass sie eine schlechtere somatische Gesundheitsversorgung erhalten. Wir argumentieren, dass ableistische Netzwerke sozialer Bedeutung zu einer Abwertung der epistemischen Kompetenz von Menschen mit psychischer Erkrankung führen. Diese Abwertung kann mit dem Konzept der testimonialen Ungerechtigkeit erfasst werden. Testimoniale Ungerechtigkeit bezeichnet das ungerechtfertigte Herabstufen der Glaubwürdigkeit einer*s Sprecher*in aufgrund eines Vorurteils gegen ihre*seine soziale Identität. Wir analysieren ethische und epistemische Folgen testimonialer Ungerechtigkeit als wichtige Ursachen der schlechteren Gesundheitsversorgung von Menschen mit psychischer Erkrankung. Testimoniale Ungerechtigkeit kann zu medizinischen Behandlungsfehlern führen und für Betroffene schwerwiegende gesundheitliche Folgen nach sich ziehen. Zudem kann sie zu einem Vertrauensverlust von Menschen mit psychischer Erkrankung in das Gesundheitssystem führen. Daher trägt testimoniale Ungerechtigkeit zur strukturellen Diskriminierung von Menschen mit psychischer Erkrankung bei. Vor diesem Hintergrund diskutieren wir, wie die somatische Gesundheitsversorgung unter ethischen Gesichtspunkten verbessert werden kann.
Collapse
|
11
|
Borowsky H, Morinis L, Garg M. Disability and Ableism in Medicine: A Curriculum for Medical Students. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2021; 17:11073. [PMID: 33511270 PMCID: PMC7830755 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with disabilities (approximately 20% of the population) experience discrimination and health disparities. Medical school must equip students with expertise to care for patients with disabilities and to identify ableism. Yet, few schools provide curricula that offer a sociopolitical lens for understanding this topic. We developed a disability and ableism curriculum to address this gap. METHODS We developed a mandatory 2-hour session for first-year medical students at University of California San Francisco. Activities included: privilege awareness, student-led discussions, and intervention brainstorming for overcoming health care barriers/biases. The session was evaluated through pre/postsurveys, as well as a follow-up survey 1 year later. RESULTS In feedback collected during 2018 and 2019, students described the session as meaningful and relevant. Faculty facilitators reported that the session provoked powerful student-centered learning, leadership, and widespread participation. On average the students rated the session 4.6 on a 5-point scale. Pre- and postsession data analysis indicated significant increases in students' self-reported understanding of ableism (p < .001) and confidence in assessing barriers to care for patients with disability (p < .001). One year later, students reported that the session had influenced their conceptualization of providing care to patients with disabilities. DISCUSSION Through innovative and participatory activities, this small-group session introduced students to important topics such as ableism, the social model of disability, disability history and culture, and health disparities. Our work suggested that creating curricula to equip students with structural frameworks for understanding disability-a topic underrepresented in medical curricula-stimulated student interest and commitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Borowsky
- Fourth-Year Medical Student, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Leora Morinis
- Fourth-Year Medical Student, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Megha Garg
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Associate Chief, Division of Hospital Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Franklin J. When I say… disability. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 54:1098-1099. [PMID: 32789927 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
|
13
|
Trollor JN, Eagleson C, Ruffell B, Tracy J, Torr JJ, Durvasula S, Iacono T, Cvejic RC, Lennox N. Has teaching about intellectual disability healthcare in Australian medical schools improved? A 20-year comparison of curricula audits. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:321. [PMID: 32958040 PMCID: PMC7507627 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) have multiple and complex health needs, more frequent healthcare episodes, and experience poorer health outcomes. Research conducted two decades ago showed that medical professionals were lacking in the knowledge and skills required to address the complex needs of this patient group. The aim of the current study was to determine whether Australian undergraduate medical schools that offer ID health education content had changed the amount and nature of such teaching over this period. METHODS Identical or equivalent questionnaire items were compared across eight Australian medical schools that participated in curricula audits conducted in 1995 (referred to as T1) and 2013/14 (T2). The audits were of the nature of the ID content, methods used to teach it, and who taught it. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the number of hours of compulsory ID content offered to medical students at T2 (total = 158.3 h; median = 2.8 h per ID unit) compared with T1 (total = 171 h; median = 2.5 h). At T2 compared with T1, units with ID content taught in the area of general practice had increased (2 units; 3.6% to 7 units; 16.3%), while decreases were seen in paediatrics (22 units; 40.0% to 10 units; 23.3%) and psychiatry (10 units; 18.2% to 4 units; 9.3%). The number of schools using problem- and/or enquiry-based learning rose to six at T2 from one at T1. Inclusive teaching practices (people with ID develop or deliver content) in compulsory/elective units had increased at T2 (10 units; 23.3%) compared with T1 (6 units; 10.9%), but direct clinical contact with people with ID had decreased (29 units; 52.7% to 11 units; 25.6%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, little progress has been made to address the gaps in ID education for medical students identified from an audit conducted in 1995. Renewal of ID content in medical curricula is indicated as a key element in efforts to improve workforce capacity in this area and reduce barriers to care, with the aim of reversing the poor health outcomes currently seen for this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian N. Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Sydney, 34 Botany Street, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Claire Eagleson
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Sydney, 34 Botany Street, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Beth Ruffell
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Sydney, 34 Botany Street, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jane Tracy
- Centre for Developmental Disability Health Victoria (CDDHV), Monash Health, 122 Thomas Street, Dandenong, VIC 3175 Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Jennifer J. Torr
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Block P, Level 3 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Seeta Durvasula
- Centre for Disability Studies, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Level 1, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Teresa Iacono
- La Trobe Rural Health School & Living with Disability Research Centre, La Trobe University, 102 Arnold Street, Bendigo, VIC 3550 Australia
| | - Rachael C. Cvejic
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Sydney, 34 Botany Street, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nicholas Lennox
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability (QCIDD), Mater Research Institute (MRI-UQ), The University of Queensland, Level 2 Aubigny Place, Mater Hospitals, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wilcox S. Art, Disability, and Pediatrics: Applying a Disability Studies Framework. ART THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2020.1756140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Janz
- John Dossetor Health Ethics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Doebrich A, Quirici M, Lunsford C. COVID-19 and the need for disability conscious medical education, training, and practice. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2020; 13:393-404. [PMID: 33252100 DOI: 10.3233/prm-200763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 era exposes what was already a crisis in the medical profession: structural racism, ageism, sexism, classism, and ableism resulting in healthcare disparities for Persons with Disabilities (PWD). Early research highlights these disparities, but we do not yet know the full impact of this pandemic on PWD. Over the last 20 years, many medical schools have attempted to develop disability competency trainings, but discrimination and inequities remain, resulting in a pervasive distrust of medicine by the disability community at large. In this commentary, we suggest that disability competency is insufficient because the healthcare disparities experienced by PWD are not simply a matter of individual biases, but structural and systemic factors requiring a culture shift in the healthcare professions. Recognizing that disability is a form of diversity that is experienced alongside other systemic disadvantages like social class, race, age, sex, gender identity, and geographic location, we explore the transformative potential of disability conscious medical education, training, and practice that draws on insights from intersectional disability justice activism. Disability conscious medicine is a novel approach, which improves upon competency programs by utilizing disability studies and the principles of disability justice to guide us in the critique of norms, traditions, and institutions to more fully promote the respect, beneficence, and justice that patients deserve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Doebrich
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marion Quirici
- Thompson Writing Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Lunsford
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Trollor JN, Eagleson C, Turner B, Tracy J, Torr JJ, Durvasula S, Iacono T, Cvejic RC, Lennox N. Intellectual disability content within tertiary medical curriculum: how is it taught and by whom? BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 18:182. [PMID: 30071847 PMCID: PMC6090866 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with intellectual disability experience higher rates of physical and mental health conditions compared with the general population, yet have inequitable access to health care services. Improving the workplace capacity of medical professionals to meet the needs of this population is one way to reduce barriers to care and improve health outcomes. Using diverse pedagogy appropriate to learning outcomes to teach medical students about intellectual disability is a necessary step in improving future workplace capacity. However, there is a lack of research into how, and by whom, medical students are taught about intellectual disability. The aim of this study was to investigate this through an audit of Australian medical school curricula. METHODS The Deans of Australian universities that provide accredited medical degrees (n = 20) were invited by email to participate in a two-phase audit of intellectual disability content in the curricula. Phase 1 (n = 14 schools) involved the Dean's delegate completing a telephone interview or questionnaire regarding medical course structure. If intellectual disability content was identified, a unit coordinator was invited to complete a survey regarding how this content was taught and by whom (Phase 2; n = 12 schools). RESULTS There was considerable variability across Australian medical schools regarding methods used to teach content about intellectual disability. Didactic teaching methods were most frequently used (62% of units included some form of lecture), but workshops and tutorials were reasonably well represented (34% of units contained one or both). Thirty-six percent of units included two or more teaching methods. Almost all schools (83%) used some problem- and/or enquiry-based learning. Educator backgrounds included medicine, nursing, and allied health. A majority of schools (n = 9, 75%) involved people with intellectual disability designing and teaching content, but the extent to which this occurred was inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Renewing curricula around intellectual disability across all medical schools by introducing varied teaching methods and the inclusion of people with intellectual disability would assist students to develop knowledge, skills, attitudes, and confidence in intellectual disability health. Such renewal offers the potential to reduce barriers to service this population regularly face, thereby improving their health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian N. Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), 34 Botany Street, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Claire Eagleson
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), 34 Botany Street, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Beth Turner
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), 34 Botany Street, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jane Tracy
- Centre for Developmental Disability Health Victoria (CDDHV), Monash Health, 122 Thomas Street, Dandenong, VIC 3175 Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Jennifer J. Torr
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Block P, Level 3 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Seeta Durvasula
- Centre for Disability Studies, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 1, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Teresa Iacono
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, 102 Arnold Street, Bendigo, VIC 3550 Australia
| | - Rachael C. Cvejic
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), 34 Botany Street, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nicolas Lennox
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability (QCIDD), Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Level 2 Aubigny Place, Mater Hospitals, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mitra M, Smith LD, Smeltzer SC, Long-Bellil LM, Sammet Moring N, Iezzoni LI. Barriers to providing maternity care to women with physical disabilities: Perspectives from health care practitioners. Disabil Health J 2017; 10:445-450. [PMID: 28089188 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with physical disabilities are known to experience disparities in maternity care access and quality, and communication gaps with maternity care providers, however there is little research exploring the maternity care experiences of women with physical disabilities from the perspective of their health care practitioners. OBJECTIVE This study explored health care practitioners' experiences and needs around providing perinatal care to women with physical disabilities in order to identify potential drivers of these disparities. METHODS We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with 14 health care practitioners in the United States who provide maternity care to women with physical disabilities, as identified by affiliation with disability-related organizations, publications and snowball sampling. Descriptive coding and content analysis techniques were used to develop an iterative code book related to barriers to caring for this population. Public health theory regarding levels of barriers was applied to generate broad barrier categories, which were then analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS Participant-reported barriers to providing optimal maternity care to women with physical disabilities were grouped into four levels: practitioner level (e.g., unwillingness to provide care), clinical practice level (e.g., accessible office equipment like adjustable exam tables), system level (e.g., time limits, reimbursement policies), and barriers relating to lack of scientific evidence (e.g., lack of disability-specific clinical data). CONCLUSION Participants endorsed barriers to providing optimal maternity care to women with physical disabilities. Our findings highlight the needs for maternity care practice guidelines for women with physical disabilities, and for training and education regarding the maternity care needs of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mitra
- The Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Brandeis University, USA.
| | - Lauren D Smith
- The Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Brandeis University, USA
| | - Suzanne C Smeltzer
- Center for Nursing Research, Villanova University College of Nursing, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Linda M Long-Bellil
- Center for Health Policy and Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
| | | | - Lisa I Iezzoni
- The Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Trollor JN, Eagleson C, Turner B, Salomon C, Cashin A, Iacono T, Goddard L, Lennox N. Intellectual disability health content within nursing curriculum: An audit of what our future nurses are taught. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2016; 45:72-79. [PMID: 27429409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with intellectual disability experience chronic and complex health issues, but face considerable barriers to healthcare. One such barrier is inadequate education of healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE To establish the quantity and nature of intellectual disability content offered within Australian nursing degree curricula. DESIGN A two-phase national audit of nursing curriculum content was conducted using an interview and online survey. SETTING Australian nursing schools offering pre-registration courses. PARTICIPANTS Pre-registration course coordinators from 31 universities completed the Phase 1 interview on course structure. Unit coordinators and teaching staff from 15 universities in which intellectual disability content was identified completed the Phase 2 online survey. METHODS Quantity of compulsory and elective intellectual disability content offered (units and teaching time) and the nature of the content (broad categories, specific topics, and inclusive teaching) were audited using an online survey. RESULTS Over half (52%) of the schools offered no intellectual disability content. For units of study that contained some auditable intellectual disability content, the area was taught on average for 3.6h per unit of study. Units were evenly distributed across the three years of study. Just three participating schools offered 50% of all units audited. Clinical assessment skills, and ethics and legal issues were most frequently taught, while human rights issues and preventative health were poorly represented. Only one nursing school involved a person with intellectual disability in content development or delivery. CONCLUSION Despite significant unmet health needs of people with intellectual disability, there is considerable variability in the teaching of key intellectual disability content, with many gaps evident. Equipping nursing students with skills in this area is vital to building workforce capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Australia, 34 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Claire Eagleson
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Australia, 34 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Beth Turner
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Australia, 34 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Carmela Salomon
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Australia, 34 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Andrew Cashin
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
| | - Teresa Iacono
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, PO Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia.
| | - Linda Goddard
- Department of Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas Lennox
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute/The University of Queensland, Mater Hospitals, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thompson T, Lamont-Robinson C, Williams V. At sea with disability! Transformative learning in medical undergraduates voyaging with disabled sailors. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 50:866-879. [PMID: 27402046 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Attitudinal objectives are difficult to formulate, teach and assess; yet good attitudes are fundamental to good practice. For instance, studies highlight negative attitudes to disability in the medical student community that contrast with the self-conceptions of disabled persons. This study was designed to better understand attitudinal learning, inadequately addressed by contemporary programmes, through the application of Mezirow's 'transformative learning theory' (TLT) to a novel educational intervention. METHODS Participating students went to sea, for voyages of 5-7 days, in tall ships operated by the Jubilee Sailing Trust. Each student was buddied with another sailor living with disability. Disabilities included cerebral palsy, loss of sight, loss of limbs and paraplegia. Students recorded their experiences using audio diaries, written logs, formal voyage reports and art work and in post-voyage seminars. The data were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis, and the results are considered under five themes suggested by Mezirow. RESULTS Sixteen students were recruited, with four students sailing on each of four separate voyages. Each student recorded audio-diary entries, which had a total duration of between 10 and 212 minutes. For seven of the 16 students, the five key elements of TLT were demonstrable, suggesting that transformative learning, as described by Mezirow, was occurring. Drawing on diverse qualitative data, insights into different aspects of this transformation are provided. CONCLUSIONS TLT can be used to characterise, and thus design, educational interventions to meet attitudinal learning objectives. Students can be helped to discover their less helpful frames of reference. In safe environments these frames can be challenged and subjected to personal and communal reflection. Drawing on audio diaries and other evidence, and in answer to critiques of contemporary medical teaching on disability, we demonstrate such transformation in students 'at sea with disability', highlighting elements that could potentially be transferred to the mainstream curriculum.
Collapse
|
21
|
Trollor JN, Ruffell B, Tracy J, Torr JJ, Durvasula S, Iacono T, Eagleson C, Lennox N. Intellectual disability health content within medical curriculum: an audit of what our future doctors are taught. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 16:105. [PMID: 27066776 PMCID: PMC4827238 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-016-0625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a high burden of unmet health needs for people with intellectual disability. Despite experiencing significantly higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared with the general population, this group faces greater barriers to accessing healthcare. While increasing workplace capacity is one way to reduce this inequitable access, previous research indicates a scarcity of undergraduate teaching in intellectual disability. The aim of the study was to determine the extent and nature of intellectual disability content currently offered within medical degree curricula. METHODS All Australian universities (n = 20) providing accredited medical training were invited to participate in a two-phase audit via an email invitation to the Dean of each medical school. The Dean's delegate from 14 medical schools completed Phase 1, which involved a questionnaire or telephone interview about the overall medical course structure. Unit coordinators and/or teaching staff from 12 medical schools completed Phase 2, which involved an online survey about intellectual disability content within the curriculum. RESULTS In Australia, medical school curricula contain a median of 2.55 h of compulsory intellectual disability content. The majority of universities only offer a small amount of compulsory content. Of compulsory units, intellectual disability teaching is minimal in sexual health and emergency medicine (only one unit offered in one school for each). Topics of key relevance in intellectual disability health such as human rights issues, interdisciplinary team work and preventative health are poorly represented in intellectual disability teaching. Elective content varies markedly across universities (1 to 122 h), but emergency medicine, women's health, men's health and many other specialist medicine areas are not represented. Inclusive practice is inconsistent in degree and nature, but a majority of universities (nine) involve people with intellectual disability in the development or delivery of content. CONCLUSIONS There is a mismatch between the considerable unmet health needs of people with intellectual disability and the inconsistent teaching within medical schools. Future doctors will be better equipped to support the health and wellbeing of people with intellectual disability if curricula are enhanced in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian N. Trollor
- />Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Australia, 34 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Beth Ruffell
- />Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Australia, 34 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jane Tracy
- />Centre for Developmental Disability Health Victoria (CDDHV), Monash Health, 122 Thomas Street, Dandenong, VIC 3175 Australia
- />Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, 3800 Australia
| | - Jennifer J. Torr
- />Centre for Developmental Disability Health Victoria (CDDHV), Monash Health, 122 Thomas Street, Dandenong, VIC 3175 Australia
- />Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, 3800 Australia
| | - Seeta Durvasula
- />Centre for Disability Studies, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 1, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Teresa Iacono
- />La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, PO Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3552 Australia
| | - Claire Eagleson
- />Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), UNSW Australia, 34 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nicolas Lennox
- />Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability (QCIDD), Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Level 2 Aubigny Place, Mater Hospitals, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ryan TA, Scior K. Medical Students' Attitudes Towards Health Care for People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015. [PMID: 26198623 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities experience serious health inequalities (e.g. they die younger than people without intellectual disabilities). Medical students' attitudes towards health care for this population warrant empirical attention because, as tomorrow's doctors, they will affect the health inequalities that people with intellectual disabilities experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study investigated these attitudes by interviewing 17 medical students about medical students' attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities and thematically analysing resultant qualitative data. RESULTS Key themes were identified, such as medical students' worries about working with patients with intellectual disabilities, and their wish for more medical teaching on, and direct experience with, this patient group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that medical schools need to better prepare medical students for their roles as providers of health care to people with intellectual disabilities by, for example, enhancing their attitudes towards health care for people with intellectual disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Ryan
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Katrina Scior
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ohajunwa C, Mckenzie J, Lorenzo T. Enabling disability inclusive practices within the University of Cape Town curriculum: A case study. Afr J Disabil 2015; 4:157. [PMID: 28730025 PMCID: PMC5433473 DOI: 10.4102/ajod.v4i1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disability inclusion in the curricula of higher education institutions contributes to socially responsive graduates with a capacity to address the cross-cutting issue of disability in development. This article discusses a study conducted at the University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa, to explore disability inclusion. Methodology An instrumental case study approach was adopted and a thematic analysis of data was done. Findings Academic staff found a variety of ways to include disability, such as discussions in class, practice and service learning, but mainly as part of disciplinary requirements. Including disability as an issue of social justice stems mostly from the personal interest of staff, and is done in an ad hoc manner. Conclusion Disability should be valued, and integrated into the curriculum in a structured manner as a perspective on diversity with which to interrogate our beliefs about ourselves and society. Theorising on disability is needed, as well as the unique perspectives that emerge across interdisciplinary boundaries, especially within the African context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Ohajunwa
- Disability Studies Programme, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Judith Mckenzie
- Disability Studies Programme, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Theresa Lorenzo
- Disability Studies Programme, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Disability is commonly viewed as a problem that exists in a person's body and requires medical treatment. The social model of disability, by contrast, distinguishes between impairment and disability, identifying the latter as a disadvantage that stems from a lack of fit between a body and its social environment. This paper describes the social model of disability and then considers how it might deal with chronic disease or impairment and why medical professionals should learn about disability perspectives to improve their practice.
Collapse
|
25
|
Decreasing health disparities for people with disabilities through improved communication strategies and awareness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3301-16. [PMID: 25809511 PMCID: PMC4377965 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120303301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Factors influencing access to health care among people with disabilities (PWD) include: attitudes of health care providers and the public, physical barriers, miscommunication, income level, ethnic/minority status, insurance coverage, and lack of information tailored to PWD. Reducing health care disparities in a population with complex needs requires implementation at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. This review article discusses common barriers to health care access from the patient and provider perspective, particularly focusing on communication barriers and how to address and ameliorate them. Articles utilized in this review were published from 2005 to present in MEDLINE and CINAHL and written in English that focused on people with disabilities. Topics searched for in the literature include: disparities and health outcomes, health care dissatisfaction, patient-provider communication and access issues. Ineffective communication has significant impacts for PWD. They frequently believe that providers are not interested in, or sensitive to their particular needs and are less likely to seek care or to follow up with recommendations. Various strategies for successful improvement of health outcomes for PWD were identified including changing the way health care professionals are educated regarding disabilities, improving access to health care services, and enhancing the capacity for patient centered care.
Collapse
|
26
|
Karl R, McGuigan D, Withiam-Leitch ML, Akl EA, Symons AB. Reflective impressions of a precepted clinical experience caring for people with disabilities. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 51:237-245. [PMID: 23909585 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-51.4.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that early and frequent encounters with people with disabilities can improve medical students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes about disability. As part of a 4-year integrated curriculum in caring for patients with disabilities, third-year medical students (n = 144) in a Family Medicine clerkship participated in a day-long precepted clinical experience at a medical facility serving people with disabilities, predominantly developmental disabilities, where they met patients and worked with clinicians. At the conclusion of the program, students completed a reflective survey about their experience. These data were analyzed qualitatively using a constructivist grounded-theory approach. Students' responses indicated that the experience improved their comfort levels in working with people with disabilities and increased their awareness of attitudinal factors that influence patient care. Responses also demonstrated that students achieved an awareness of technical accommodations and organizational adaptations that improve patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee Karl
- University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Family Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
McClimens A, Lewis R, Brewster J. Dr. Tulp attends the soft machine: patient simulators, user involvement and intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2012; 16:173-182. [PMID: 22809842 DOI: 10.1177/1744629512451213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Simulation as a way to teach clinical skills attracts much critical attention. Its benefits, however, might be significantly reduced when the simulation model used relies exclusively on patient simulators. This is particularly true if the intended patient population for students taught is characterized by intellectual disability. Learning to care for people with intellectual disability might be better supplemented when the simulation model used incorporates input from 'real' people. If these people themselves have intellectual disabilities then the verisimilitude of the simulation will be higher and the outcomes for learners and potential patients will also be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex McClimens
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research, 32 Collegiate Crescent, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Minihan PM, Robey KL, Long-Bellil LM, Graham CL, Hahn JE, Woodard L, Eddey GE. Desired educational outcomes of disability-related training for the generalist physician: knowledge, attitudes, and skills. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2011; 86:1171-1178. [PMID: 21785313 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e3182264a25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The problems adults with disabilities face obtaining quality primary care services are persistent and undermine national efforts to improve the health status of this group. Efforts to address this issue by providing disability-related training to physicians are hampered by limited information about what generalist physicians need to know to care for patients with disabilities. The authors consider the desired outcomes of disability-related training for generalists by exploring the contributions of the domains of knowledge, attitudes, and skills to patient-directed behavior and summarizing the empirical data.Because disability reflects a complex interplay among individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and societal factors, generalist physicians can promote and protect the health of adults with disabilities by interventions at multiple levels. Thus, the authors use the social-ecological framework, an approach to health promotion that recognizes the complex relationships between individuals and their environments, to delineate the recommended knowledge, attitudes, and skills in the context of primary care. The importance of role models who demonstrate the three domains, the interactions among them, and issues in evaluation are also discussed. This clear delineation of the recommended educational outcomes of disability-related training in terms of knowledge, attitudes, and skills will support efforts to better prepare generalist physicians-in training and in practice-to care for adults with disabilities and to evaluate these training strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Minihan
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Smith WT, Roth JJ, Okoro O, Kimberlin C, Odedina FT. Disability in cultural competency pharmacy education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2011; 75:26. [PMID: 21519416 PMCID: PMC3073100 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe75226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Improving health care providers' knowledge and ability to provide culturally competent care can limit the health disparities experienced by disadvantaged populations. As racial and ethnic cultures dominate cultural competency topics in education, alternative cultures such as disability have consistently been underrepresented. This article will make the case that persons with disabilities have a unique cultural identity, and should be addressed as an important component of cultural competency education in pharmacy schools. Examples of efforts in pharmacy education to incorporate cultural competency components are highlighted, many of which contain little or no mention of disability issues. Based on initiatives from other health professions, suggestions and considerations for the development of disability education within pharmacy curricula also are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Thomas Smith
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, PO Box 100496, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|