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Cannon E, Stevenson K, Little AM, McKenzie D, Hastie C, Calvert A, Poles A, Battle R, McConnell S, Phelan PJ, Turner D. Kidney transplant outcomes in patients with antibodies to human neutrophil antigen 3a. Transpl Immunol 2023; 81:101905. [PMID: 37541630 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody mediated rejection (ABMR) of kidney transplants has been shown to occur in the absence of a known donor specific antibody to human leucocyte antigen (HLA). Antibodies to the human neutrophil antigen (HNA) system have been detected in kidney transplant recipients and linked to ABMR in the absence of an HLA donor specific antibody (DSA), but there remains limited literature regarding this. METHODS Case series analysis was carried out examining three cases of HNA-3a antibody positive flow cytometry cross match (FC-XM) from two transplant centres in Scotland. RESULTS All patients included were female and had been sensitised as a result of pregnancy. One live donor recipient with HNA-3a antibodies identified prior to transplant received ATG induction and has had a good outcome. The remaining two patients received deceased donor transplants. HNA-3a antibodies were indicated following a retrospective flow cytometry crossmatch. Both patients received Basiliximab induction and both have experienced ABMR requiring supplementary immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS The predicted rate of HNA-3a antibodies amongst patients awaiting kidney transplant in the UK is <1%. However, with increasing evidence to support a role for HNA-3a antibodies in the development of ABMR there may be value in screening at risk groups to allow for augmented immunosuppression to be considered at the time of kidney transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cannon
- The Department of Renal Medicine, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Renal Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.
| | - Ann-Margaret Little
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Gartnavel General Hospital, Level 1, Laboratory Medicine Building, 21, Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK.
| | - David McKenzie
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Gartnavel General Hospital, Level 1, Laboratory Medicine Building, 21, Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK.
| | - Catherine Hastie
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Gartnavel General Hospital, Level 1, Laboratory Medicine Building, 21, Shelley Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK.
| | - Anthony Calvert
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, NHSBT, 500 North Bristol Park, Northway, Filton, Bristol BS34 7QH, UK.
| | - Anthony Poles
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, NHSBT, 500 North Bristol Park, Northway, Filton, Bristol BS34 7QH, UK.
| | - Richard Battle
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Sylvia McConnell
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Paul J Phelan
- The Department of Renal Medicine, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - David Turner
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
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2
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Renauer P, Park JJ, Bai M, Acosta A, Lee WH, Lin GH, Zhang Y, Dai X, Wang G, Errami Y, Wu T, Clark P, Ye L, Yang Q, Chen S. Immunogenetic Metabolomics Reveals Key Enzymes That Modulate CAR T-cell Metabolism and Function. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1068-1084. [PMID: 37253111 PMCID: PMC10527769 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune evasion is a critical step of cancer progression that remains a major obstacle for current T cell-based immunotherapies. Hence, we investigated whether it is possible to genetically reprogram T cells to exploit a common tumor-intrinsic evasion mechanism whereby cancer cells suppress T-cell function by generating a metabolically unfavorable tumor microenvironment (TME). In an in silico screen, we identified ADA and PDK1 as metabolic regulators. We then showed that overexpression (OE) of these genes enhanced the cytolysis of CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells against cognate leukemia cells, and conversely, ADA or PDK1 deficiency dampened this effect. ADA-OE in CAR T cells improved cancer cytolysis under high concentrations of adenosine, the ADA substrate, and an immunosuppressive metabolite in the TME. High-throughput transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis of these CAR T cells revealed alterations of global gene expression and metabolic signatures in both ADA- and PDK1-engineered CAR T cells. Functional and immunologic analyses demonstrated that ADA-OE increased proliferation and decreased exhaustion in CD19-specific and HER2-specific CAR T cells. ADA-OE improved tumor infiltration and clearance by HER2-specific CAR T cells in an in vivo colorectal cancer model. Collectively, these data unveil systematic knowledge of metabolic reprogramming directly in CAR T cells and reveal potential targets for improving CAR T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Meizhu Bai
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arianny Acosta
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Won-Ho Lee
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Guang Han Lin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Guangchuan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Present Address: Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Youssef Errami
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Present Address: Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Terence Wu
- West Campus Analytical Core, Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics Facility, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul Clark
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lupeng Ye
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Present Address: Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Present Address: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for RNA Science and Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Wu-Tsai Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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3
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Koehl B, Vrignaud C, Mikdar M, Nair TS, Yang L, Landry S, Laiguillon G, Giroux‐Lathuile C, Anselme‐Martin S, El Kenz H, Hermine O, Mohandas N, Cartron JP, Colin Y, Detante O, Marlu R, Le Van Kim C, Carey TE, Azouzi S, Peyrard T. Lack of the human choline transporter-like protein SLC44A2 causes hearing impairment and a rare red blood phenotype. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16320. [PMID: 36695047 PMCID: PMC9994479 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood phenotypes are defined by the presence or absence of specific blood group antigens at the red blood cell (RBC) surface, due to genetic polymorphisms among individuals. The recent development of genomic and proteomic approaches enabled the characterization of several enigmatic antigens. The choline transporter-like protein CTL2 encoded by the SLC44A2 gene plays an important role in platelet aggregation and neutrophil activation. By investigating alloantibodies to a high-prevalence antigen of unknown specificity, found in patients with a rare blood type, we showed that SLC44A2 is also expressed in RBCs and carries a new blood group system. Furthermore, we identified three siblings homozygous for a large deletion in SLC44A2, resulting in complete SLC44A2 deficiency. Interestingly, the first-ever reported SLC44A2-deficient individuals suffer from progressive hearing impairment, recurrent arterial aneurysms, and epilepsy. Furthermore, SLC44A2null individuals showed no significant platelet aggregation changes and do not suffer from any apparent hematological disorders. Overall, our findings confirm the function of SLC44A2 in hearing preservation and provide new insights into the possible role of this protein in maintaining cerebrovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Koehl
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGRParisFrance
- Department of Child HematologyReference Center for Sickle‐Cell Disease Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Cédric Vrignaud
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGRParisFrance
| | - Mahmoud Mikdar
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGRParisFrance
| | - Thankam S Nair
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Lucy Yang
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Seyve Landry
- Hemostasis LaboratoryGrenoble Alpes University Hospital GrenobleGrenobleFrance
| | - Guy Laiguillon
- Établissement Français de Sang (EFS) Ile‐de‐France, Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes SanguinsParisFrance
| | | | - Sophie Anselme‐Martin
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Immunohematology LaboratoryGrenobleFrance
| | - Hanane El Kenz
- Department of Transfusion, Blood Bank, CHU‐Brugmann and Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine FabiolaUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163ParisFrance
| | - Narla Mohandas
- Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, New York Blood CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Yves Colin
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGRParisFrance
| | - Olivier Detante
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Grenoble Hospital, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Inserm U1216University of Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Raphaël Marlu
- Hemostasis LaboratoryGrenoble Alpes University Hospital GrenobleGrenobleFrance
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5525, TIMCGrenobleFrance
| | | | - Thomas E Carey
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Slim Azouzi
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGRParisFrance
- Établissement Français de Sang (EFS) Ile‐de‐France, Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes SanguinsParisFrance
| | - Thierry Peyrard
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, INSERM, BIGRParisFrance
- Établissement Français de Sang (EFS) Ile‐de‐France, Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes SanguinsParisFrance
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4
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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5
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Tung JP, Chiaretti S, Dean MM, Sultana AJ, Reade MC, Fung YL. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI): Potential pathways of development, strategies for prevention and treatment, and future research directions. Blood Rev 2022; 53:100926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Hu M, Zhao H, Yang B, Yang S, Liu H, Tian H, Shui G, Chen Z, E L, Lai J, Song W. ZmCTLP1 is required for the maintenance of lipid homeostasis and the basal endosperm transfer layer in maize kernels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2384-2399. [PMID: 34559890 PMCID: PMC9292782 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Maize kernel weight is influenced by the unloading of nutrients from the maternal placenta and their passage through the transfer tissue of the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) and the basal intermediate zone (BIZ) to the upper part of the endosperm. Here, we show that Small kernel 10 (Smk10) encodes a choline transporter-like protein 1 (ZmCTLP1) that facilitates choline uptake and is located in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Its loss of function results in reduced choline content, leading to smaller kernels with a lower starch content. Mutation of ZmCTLP1 disrupts membrane lipid homeostasis and the normal development of wall in-growths. Expression levels of Mn1 and ZmSWEET4c, two kernel filling-related genes, are downregulated in the smk10, which is likely to be one of the major causes of incompletely differentiated transfer cells. Mutation of ZmCTLP1 also reduces the number of plasmodesmata (PD) in transfer cells, indicating that the smk10 mutant is impaired in PD formation. Intriguingly, we also observed premature cell death in the BETL and BIZ of the smk10 mutant. Together, our results suggest that ZmCTLP1-mediated choline transport affects kernel development, highlighting its important role in lipid homeostasis, wall in-growth formation and PD development in transfer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Haihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Zongliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Lizhu E
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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7
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Nair TS, Kakaraparthi BN, Yang L, Lu L, Thomas TB, Morris AC, Kommareddi P, Kanicki A, Carey TE. Slc44a2 deletion alters tetraspanin and N-cadherin expression: Reduced adhesion and enhanced proliferation in cultured mesenchymal lung cells. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101599. [PMID: 34371293 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Slc44a2 is reported to interact with tetraspanins CD9 and CD81. To investigate how Slc44a2 affects adhesion protein expression, cells from wild-type (WT) Slc44a2+/+, heterozygous (HET) Slc44a2+/-, and knockout (KO) Slc44a2-/- mice were cultured from lung tissue. The cultured cells expressed vimentin, N-cadherin, p120 catenin, beta-catenin, actin, CD9, and CD81, but not E-cadherin. Vimentin expression with lack of E-cadherin indicated that the cultured cells were of mesenchymal origin. Slc44a2 KO cells and HET cells demonstrated lower adherence and faster proliferation than the WT cells. All three groups displayed dramatically altered intracellular distribution of N-cadherin, CD9, and CD81. The CD9 membrane foci observed in WT cell membranes were less frequent and diminished in size in HET cells and KO cells. N-cadherin was dispersed throughout both the cytoplasm and membrane in WT cells, with similar yet weaker distribution in HET cells; however, in KO cells, N-cadherin was densely aggregated in the perinuclear cytoplasm. CD81 had a distribution pattern in WT, HET, and KO cells similar to that of N-cadherin with dense cytoplasmic clusters in the cells. KO cells also exhibited reduced filamentous actin as compared to WT cells. These results suggest that Slc44a2 is necessary for proper cellular localization of adhesion proteins and growth regulation that may be related to altered adhesion signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankam S Nair
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States
| | - Bala Naveen Kakaraparthi
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States
| | - Lucy Yang
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States
| | - Lillian Lu
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States
| | - Trey B Thomas
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States
| | - Anna C Morris
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States
| | - Pavan Kommareddi
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States
| | - Ariane Kanicki
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, United States.
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8
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Bhat S, El-Kasaby A, Freissmuth M, Sucic S. Functional and Biochemical Consequences of Disease Variants in Neurotransmitter Transporters: A Special Emphasis on Folding and Trafficking Deficits. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107785. [PMID: 33310157 PMCID: PMC7612411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetyl choline, glycine and the monoamines, facilitate the crosstalk within the central nervous system. The designated neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) both release and take up neurotransmitters to and from the synaptic cleft. NTT dysfunction can lead to severe pathophysiological consequences, e.g. epilepsy, intellectual disability, or Parkinson’s disease. Genetic point mutations in NTTs have recently been associated with the onset of various neurological disorders. Some of these mutations trigger folding defects in the NTT proteins. Correct folding is a prerequisite for the export of NTTs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the subsequent trafficking to their pertinent site of action, typically at the plasma membrane. Recent studies have uncovered some of the key features in the molecular machinery responsible for transporter protein folding, e.g., the role of heat shock proteins in fine-tuning the ER quality control mechanisms in cells. The therapeutic significance of understanding these events is apparent from the rising number of reports, which directly link different pathological conditions to NTT misfolding. For instance, folding-deficient variants of the human transporters for dopamine or GABA lead to infantile parkinsonism/dystonia and epilepsy, respectively. From a therapeutic point of view, some folding-deficient NTTs are amenable to functional rescue by small molecules, known as chemical and pharmacological chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali El-Kasaby
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Sucic
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Mo XB, Zhang H, Wang AL, Xu T, Zhang YH. Integrative analysis identifies the association between CASZ1 methylation and ischemic stroke. Neurol Genet 2020; 6:e509. [PMID: 33134510 PMCID: PMC7577558 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective To highlight potential epigenetic risk factors for blood pressure (BP) and ischemic stroke (IS) in loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Methods We detected DNA methylation for BP (317,756 individuals from UK Biobank) and IS (521,612 individuals from MEGASTROKE) in Europeans by using the summary data–based mendelian randomization (SMR) method. We selected the most relevant gene to validate the association in 1,207 patients with hypertensive IS and 1,269 controls from the Chinese populations. Results We first identified 173 CpG sites in 90 genes, 337 CpG sites in 142 genes, and 9 CpG sites in 7 genes that were significantly associated with systolic, diastolic BP, and IS, respectively. The methylation level of cg12760995 in CASZ1 was associated with systolic (PSMR = 1.74 × 10−12), diastolic BP (PSMR = 2.48 × 10−10), and IS (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91–0.94]; PSMR = 2.28 × 10−8) in Europeans. The methylation levels of 17 sites in the promoter of CASZ1 were measured in the Chinese individuals, and 10 of them were significantly associated with IS. The higher methylation level of CASZ1 was associated with a lower risk of IS (adjusted OR = 0.97 [95% CI: 0.96–0.99]). CASZ1 seemed to be hypomethylated in hypertensive cases, and the level was negatively correlated with BP. Systolic and diastolic BP mediated approximately 61.2% (p = 3.49 × 10−6) and 45.0% (p = 0.0029) of the association between CASZ1 methylation and IS, respectively. Conclusions This study identified DNA methylations that were associated with BP and IS. CASZ1 was hypomethylated in Chinese patients with hypertensive IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Bo Mo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y-.H.Z.); Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics (X.-B.M.); and Department of Epidemiology (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y.-H.Z.), School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y-.H.Z.); Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics (X.-B.M.); and Department of Epidemiology (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y.-H.Z.), School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Li Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y-.H.Z.); Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics (X.-B.M.); and Department of Epidemiology (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y.-H.Z.), School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Tan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y-.H.Z.); Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics (X.-B.M.); and Department of Epidemiology (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y.-H.Z.), School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y-.H.Z.); Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics (X.-B.M.); and Department of Epidemiology (X.-B.M., H.Z., A.-L.W., T.X., Y.-H.Z.), School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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10
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Fagerberg CR, Taylor A, Distelmaier F, Schrøder HD, Kibæk M, Wieczorek D, Tarnopolsky M, Brady L, Larsen MJ, Jamra RA, Seibt A, Hejbøl EK, Gade E, Markovic L, Klee D, Nagy P, Rouse N, Agarwal P, Dolinsky VW, Bakovic M. Choline transporter-like 1 deficiency causes a new type of childhood-onset neurodegeneration. Brain 2020; 143:94-111. [PMID: 31855247 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral choline metabolism is crucial for normal brain function, and its homoeostasis depends on carrier-mediated transport. Here, we report on four individuals from three families with neurodegenerative disease and homozygous frameshift mutations (Asp517Metfs*19, Ser126Metfs*8, and Lys90Metfs*18) in the SLC44A1 gene encoding choline transporter-like protein 1. Clinical features included progressive ataxia, tremor, cognitive decline, dysphagia, optic atrophy, dysarthria, as well as urinary and bowel incontinence. Brain MRI demonstrated cerebellar atrophy and leukoencephalopathy. Moreover, low signal intensity in globus pallidus with hyperintensive streaking and low signal intensity in substantia nigra were seen in two individuals. The Asp517Metfs*19 and Ser126Metfs*8 fibroblasts were structurally and functionally indistinguishable. The most prominent ultrastructural changes of the mutant fibroblasts were reduced presence of free ribosomes, the appearance of elongated endoplasmic reticulum and strikingly increased number of mitochondria and small vesicles. When chronically treated with choline, those characteristics disappeared and mutant ultrastructure resembled healthy control cells. Functional analysis revealed diminished choline transport yet the membrane phosphatidylcholine content remained unchanged. As part of the mechanism to preserve choline and phosphatidylcholine, choline transporter deficiency was implicated in impaired membrane homeostasis of other phospholipids. Choline treatments could restore the membrane lipids, repair cellular organelles and protect mutant cells from acute iron overload. In conclusion, we describe a novel childhood-onset neurometabolic disease caused by choline transporter deficiency with autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Taylor
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Maria Kibæk
- Children Hospital of H. C Andersen, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Clinic, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lauren Brady
- Department of Pediatrics, Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Clinic, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Martin J Larsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rami A Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University, Germany and Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annette Seibt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Else Gade
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ljubo Markovic
- Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dirk Klee
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Prasoon Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Canada
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12
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The choline transporter Slc44a2 controls platelet activation and thrombosis by regulating mitochondrial function. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3479. [PMID: 32661250 PMCID: PMC7359028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors contribute to the risk of thrombotic diseases. Recent genome wide association studies have identified genetic loci including SLC44A2 which may regulate thrombosis. Here we show that Slc44a2 controls platelet activation and thrombosis by regulating mitochondrial energetics. We find that Slc44a2 null mice (Slc44a2(KO)) have increased bleeding times and delayed thrombosis compared to wild-type (Slc44a2(WT)) controls. Platelets from Slc44a2(KO) mice have impaired activation in response to thrombin. We discover that Slc44a2 mediates choline transport into mitochondria, where choline metabolism leads to an increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP production. Platelets lacking Slc44a2 contain less ATP at rest, release less ATP when activated, and have an activation defect that can be rescued by exogenous ADP. Taken together, our data suggest that mitochondria require choline for maximum function, demonstrate the importance of mitochondrial metabolism to platelet activation, and reveal a mechanism by which Slc44a2 influences thrombosis. Genetic association studies have identified loci including the choline transporter SLC44A2 as a potential regulator of thrombosis. Here the authors report that loss of SLC44A2 impairs platelet activation and thrombosis in mice via a reduction of mitochondrial ATP production.
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13
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Zhi L, Feng W, Liang J, Zhong Q, Ren L, Ma J, Yao S. The Effect of Common Variants in SLC44A2 on the Contribution to the Risk of Deep Cein Thrombosis after Orthopedic Surgery. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:293-303. [PMID: 32581188 PMCID: PMC8049143 DOI: 10.5551/jat.56333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common complication of orthopedic surgery. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that genetic factors play an important role in the development of DVT following orthopedic surgery (DVTFOS). Recent evidence suggested that the solute carrier family 44 member 2 (SLC44A) gene may contribute to the risk of DVT. In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations of SLC44A2 and DVTFOS in Chinese Han individuals. Methods: In the study, 2,655 subjects, including 689 DVTFOS patients and 1,966 controls, were recruited. Eighteen SNPs were genotyped in the study. Genetic association analyses were performed at both the single marker and haplotype levels. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to predict the functional consequences of significant SNPs. Results: SNP rs2288904 of SLC44A2 was identified as being significantly associated with DVTFOS (P = 0.0003, OR [95%CI]= 1.28[1.12–1.46]). Allelic analyses showed that the G allele of this SNP significantly elevated the risks of DVTFOS, which was replicated in the genotypic association analyses. Moreover, a two-SNP haplotype, including rs2288904, was found to be strongly correlated with the risk of DVTFOS (P = 4.15 × 10−11). Widespread effects in the expression quantitative trait loci were identified for rs2288904 in multiple tissues. Conclusion: In summary, our results provide further supportive evidence of the association of SLC44A2 with the risk of DVTFOS, which also provide clues for understanding the important roles of the SLC44A2 gene in the pathogenesis of DVTFOS and in the development of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Zhi
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital,Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Weilou Feng
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jingqi Liang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital,Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Liaoyuan Ren
- Department of Ultrasonography, Honghui Hospital,Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jianbing Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital,Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Shuxin Yao
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital,Xi'an Jiaotong University
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14
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Kenny M, Schoen I. A handshake between platelets and neutrophils might fuel deep vein thrombosis. Platelets 2020; 31:624-626. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1769053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kenny
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ingmar Schoen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Hedtke V, Bakovic M. Choline transport for phospholipid synthesis: An emerging role of choline transporter-like protein 1. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:655-662. [PMID: 30776907 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219830997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This review will provide a summary of recent advances in choline transport research and highlight important novel areas of focus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hedtke
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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16
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Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) acts as an autocrine growth factor for human lung cancer. Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase). The released ACh binds back to nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic receptors on lung cancer cells to accelerate their proliferation, migration and invasion. Out of all components of the cholinergic pathway, the nAChR-signaling has been studied the most intensely. The reason for this trend is due to genome-wide data studies showing that nicotinic receptor subtypes are involved in lung cancer risk, the relationship between cigarette smoke and lung cancer risk as well as the rising popularity of electronic cigarettes considered by many as a "safe" alternative to smoking. There are a small number of articles which review the contribution of the other cholinergic proteins in the pathophysiology of lung cancer. The primary objective of this review article is to discuss the function of the acetylcholine-signaling proteins in the progression of lung cancer. The investigation of the role of cholinergic network in lung cancer will pave the way to novel molecular targets and drugs in this lethal malignancy.
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17
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Flesch BK, Reil A. Molecular Genetics of the Human Neutrophil Antigens. Transfus Med Hemother 2018; 45:300-309. [PMID: 30498408 PMCID: PMC6257083 DOI: 10.1159/000491031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Antibodies to human neutrophil antigens (HNAs) have been implicated in transfusion-related acute lung injury and allo- and autoimmune neutropenia. To date, five HNA systems are assigned, and during the last decades enormous efforts have been undertaken to identify the underlying genes and to characterize the antigens. This review of the literature will provide the current genetic, molecular and functional information on HNAs. RECENT FINDINGS New information on alleles and antigens has been added to nearly each of the five HNA systems. HNA-1d has been added as the antithetical epitope to HNA-1c that is located on the glycoprotein encoded by FCGR3B*02 but not by FCGR3B. FCGR3B*04 and *05 now are included as new alleles. A CD177*787A>T substitution was demonstrated as the main reason for the HNA-2-negative phenotype on neutrophils. The target glycoprotein of HNA-3 antibodies could be identified as choline transporter-like protein 2 (CTL2) encoded by SLC44A2. The conformation sensitive epitope discriminates between arginine and glutamine at position 152 resulting in HNA-3a and HNA-3b. An additional Leu151Phe substitution can impair HNA-3a antibody binding. Recently an alloantibody against HNA-4b which discriminates from HNA-4a by an Arg61His exchange of the glycoprotein encoded by the ITGAM gene was reported in neonatal alloimmune neutropenia. An update of the current HNA nomenclature based on the new findings was provided in 2016 by the ISBT Granulocyte Immunobiology Working Party nomenclature subcommittee. CONCLUSIONS The molecular basis of each of the five HNA antigen systems has been decoded during the past decades. This enables reliable molecular typing strategies, antibody detection and specification as well as development of new assays based on recombinant antigens. However, research on HNA alleles, antigens, and antibodies is not finally terminated and also in the future will add new findings.
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18
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Nagashima F, Nishiyama R, Iwao B, Kawai Y, Ishii C, Yamanaka T, Uchino H, Inazu M. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Choline Transporter-Like Proteins in Esophageal Cancer Cells and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:399-408. [PMID: 29223141 PMCID: PMC6029686 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the molecular and functional characterization of choline uptake in the human esophageal cancer cells. In addition, we examined the influence of various drugs on the transport of [3H]choline, and explored the possible correlation between the inhibition of choline uptake and apoptotic cell death. We found that both choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNAs and proteins were highly expressed in esophageal cancer cell lines (KYSE series). CTL1 and CTL2 were located in the plasma membrane and mitochondria, respectively. Choline uptake was saturable and mediated by a single transport system, which is both Na+-independent and pH-dependent. Choline uptake and cell viability were inhibited by various cationic drugs. Furthermore, a correlation analysis of the potencies of 47 drugs for the inhibition of choline uptake and cell viability showed a strong correlation. Choline uptake inhibitors and choline deficiency each inhibited cell viability and increased caspase-3/7 activity. We conclude that extracellular choline is mainly transported via a CTL1. The functional inhibition of CTL1 by cationic drugs could promote apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, CTL2 may be involved in choline uptake in mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis and DNA methylation. Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for esophageal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Nagashima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Ryohta Nishiyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Beniko Iwao
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yuiko Kawai
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Chikanao Ishii
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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19
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Ma Z, Xia W, Liu F, Ma J, Sun S, Zhang J, Jiang N, Wang X, Hu J, Ma D. SLC44A4 mutation causes autosomal dominant hereditary postlingual non-syndromic mid-frequency hearing loss. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:383-394. [PMID: 28013291 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical, genetic, and functional investigations were performed to identify the causative mutation in a distinctive Chinese family with postlingual non-syndromic mid-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Whole-exome sequencing revealed SLC44A4, which encodes the choline transport protein, as the pathogenic gene in this family. In the zebrafish model, downregulation of slc44a4 using morpholinos led to significant abnormalities in the zebrafish inner ear and lateral line neuromasts and contributed, to some extent, to disabilities in hearing and balance. SH-SY5Y cells transfected with SLC44A4 showed higher choline uptake and acetylcholine release than that of cells transfected with mutant SLC44A4. We concluded that mutation of SLC44A4 may cause defects in the Choline- acetylcholine system, which is crucial to the efferent innervation of hair cells in the olivocochlear bundle for the maintenance of physiological function of outer hair cells and the protection of hair cells from acoustic injury, leading to hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Xia
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China and
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China and
| | - Shaoyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China and
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China and
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China and
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China and
| | - Jiongjiong Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Duan Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China and.,Children's Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, People's Republic of China
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20
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SLC44A2 single nucleotide polymorphisms, isoforms, and expression: Association with severity of Meniere's disease? Genomics 2016; 108:201-208. [PMID: 27829169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SLC44A2 was discovered as the target of an antibody that causes hearing loss. Knockout mice develop age related hearing loss, loss of sensory cells and spiral ganglion neurons. SLC44A2 has polymorphic sites implicated in human disease. Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) is linked to rs2288904 and genome wide association studies link rs2288904 and rs9797861 to venous thromboembolism (VTE), coronary artery disease and stroke. Here we report linkage disequilibrium of rs2288904 with rs3087969 and the association of these SLC44A2 SNPs with Meniere's disease severity. Tissue-specific isoform expression differences suggest that the N-terminal domain is linked to different functions in different cell types. Heterozygosity at rs2288904 CGA/CAA and rs3087969 GAT/GAC showed a trend for association with intractable Meniere's disease compared to less severe disease and to controls. The association of SLC44A2 SNPs with VTE suggests that thrombi affecting cochlear vessels could be a factor in Meniere's disease.
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21
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Hair Cell Loss, Spiral Ganglion Degeneration, and Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Mice with Targeted Deletion of Slc44a2/Ctl2. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2016; 16:695-712. [PMID: 26463873 PMCID: PMC4636594 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-015-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC44A2 (solute carrier 44a2), also known as CTL2 (choline transporter-like protein 2), is expressed in many supporting cell types in the cochlea and is implicated in hair cell survival and antibody-induced hearing loss. In mice with the mixed C57BL/6-129 background, homozygous deletion of Slc44a2 exons 3–10 (Slc44a2Δ/Δ) resulted in high-frequency hearing loss and hair cell death. To reduce effects associated with age-related hearing loss (ARHL) in these strains, mice carrying the Slc44a2Δ allele were backcrossed to the ARHL-resistant FVB/NJ strain and evaluated after backcross seven (N7) (99 % FVB). Slc44a2Δ/Δ mice produced abnormally spliced Slc44a2 transcripts that contain a frameshift and premature stop codons. Neither full-length SLC44A2 nor a putative truncated protein could be detected in Slc44a2Δ/Δ mice, suggesting a likely null allele. Auditory brain stem responses (ABRs) of mice carrying the Slc44a2Δ allele on an FVB/NJ genetic background were tested longitudinally between the ages of 2 and 10 months. By 6 months of age, Slc44a2Δ/Δ mice exhibited hearing loss at 32 kHz, but at 12 and 24 kHz had sound thresholds similar to those of wild-type Slc44a2+/+ and heterozygous +/Slc44a2Δ mice. After 6 months of age, Slc44a2Δ/Δ mutants exhibited progressive hearing loss at all frequencies and +/Slc44a2Δ mice exhibited moderate threshold elevations at high frequency. Histologic evaluation of Slc44a2Δ/Δ mice revealed extensive hair cell and spiral ganglion cell loss, especially in the basal turn of the cochlea. We conclude that Slc44a2 function is required for long-term hair cell survival and maintenance of hearing.
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Mattie M, Raitano A, Morrison K, Morrison K, An Z, Capo L, Verlinsky A, Leavitt M, Ou J, Nadell R, Aviña H, Guevara C, Malik F, Moser R, Duniho S, Coleman J, Li Y, Pereira DS, Doñate F, Joseph IBJ, Challita-Eid P, Benjamin D, Stover DR. The Discovery and Preclinical Development of ASG-5ME, an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting SLC44A4-Positive Epithelial Tumors Including Pancreatic and Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2679-2687. [PMID: 27550944 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the development of an antibody-drug conjugate, ASG-5ME, which targets the solute carrier receptor SLC44A4. SLC44A4 is a member of a family of putative choline transporters that we show to be markedly upregulated in a variety of epithelial tumors, most notably prostate and pancreatic cancer. SLC44A4 is normally expressed on the apical surface of secretory epithelial cells, but in cancer we show expression is not restricted to the luminal surface in advanced and undifferentiated tumors. ASG-5ME consists of a human IgG2 anti-SLC44A4 antibody conjugated through a cleavable linker to the microtubule-disrupting agent monomethylauristatin E. It has potent antitumor activity in both cell line - and patient-derived xenograft models of pancreatic and prostate cancers. Combination studies with ASG-5ME and nab-paclitaxel demonstrated combination effect in both pancreatic and prostate tumor models. Altogether, the data presented here suggest that ASG-5ME may have the potential to offer a new therapeutic option for the treatment of pancreatic and prostate cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2679-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mattie
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California.
| | - Arthur Raitano
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Kendall Morrison
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Karen Morrison
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Zili An
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Linnette Capo
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Alla Verlinsky
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Monica Leavitt
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Jimmy Ou
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Rossana Nadell
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Hector Aviña
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Claudia Guevara
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Faisal Malik
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Ruth Moser
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Jeffrey Coleman
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Ying Li
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Daniel S Pereira
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Fernando Doñate
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Ingrid B J Joseph
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Pia Challita-Eid
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | | | - David R Stover
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
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Nishiyama R, Nagashima F, Iwao B, Kawai Y, Inoue K, Midori A, Yamanaka T, Uchino H, Inazu M. Identification and functional analysis of choline transporter in tongue cancer: A novel molecular target for tongue cancer therapy. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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24
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Wu Z, Liang R, Ohnesorg T, Cho V, Lam W, Abhayaratna WP, Gatenby PA, Perera C, Zhang Y, Whittle B, Sinclair A, Goodnow CC, Field M, Andrews TD, Cook MC. Heterogeneity of Human Neutrophil CD177 Expression Results from CD177P1 Pseudogene Conversion. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006067. [PMID: 27227454 PMCID: PMC4882059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most humans harbor both CD177neg and CD177pos neutrophils but 1-10% of people are CD177null, placing them at risk for formation of anti-neutrophil antibodies that can cause transfusion-related acute lung injury and neonatal alloimmune neutropenia. By deep sequencing the CD177 locus, we catalogued CD177 single nucleotide variants and identified a novel stop codon in CD177null individuals arising from a single base substitution in exon 7. This is not a mutation in CD177 itself, rather the CD177null phenotype arises when exon 7 of CD177 is supplied entirely by the CD177 pseudogene (CD177P1), which appears to have resulted from allelic gene conversion. In CD177 expressing individuals the CD177 locus contains both CD177P1 and CD177 sequences. The proportion of CD177hi neutrophils in the blood is a heritable trait. Abundance of CD177hi neutrophils correlates with homozygosity for CD177 reference allele, while heterozygosity for ectopic CD177P1 gene conversion correlates with increased CD177neg neutrophils, in which both CD177P1 partially incorporated allele and paired intact CD177 allele are transcribed. Human neutrophil heterogeneity for CD177 expression arises by ectopic allelic conversion. Resolution of the genetic basis of CD177null phenotype identifies a method for screening for individuals at risk of CD177 isoimmunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Wu
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Clinical Trials Unit, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rong Liang
- Australian Phenomics Facility, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas Ohnesorg
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicky Cho
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wesley Lam
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Walter P. Abhayaratna
- Clinical Trials Unit, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Paul A. Gatenby
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Chandima Perera
- Department of Rheumatology, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Australian Phenomics Facility, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Australian Phenomics Facility, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matthew Field
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - T. Daniel Andrews
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Cook
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
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25
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Heestermans M, Cunha MLR, Reitsma PH, Zeerleder SS, Middeldorp S, van Vlijmen BJM. Circulating nucleosomes and elastase α1-antitrypsin complexes and the novel thrombosis susceptibility locus SLC44A2. Thromb Res 2016; 142:8-10. [PMID: 27093231 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Heestermans
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa L R Cunha
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H Reitsma
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha S Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin-Amsterdam Medical Center Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J M van Vlijmen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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26
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Peng GZ, Ye QF, Wang R, Li MX, Yang ZX. Knockdown by shRNA identifies SLC44A5 as a potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4845-52. [PMID: 27082540 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been ranked the second leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in China and the third leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality worldwide. A number of previous studies investigating SLC44A5 have revealed important biological insight and disease‑specific functions. Therefore, the present study investigated the expression of SLC44A5 in HCC tissues and cell lines, and assessed the effect of SLC44A5 on the viability, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion of HCC cell lines. The mRNA expression of SLC44A5 in 35 HCC tissues was significantly higher compared with that in 35 normal tissues. The protein expression of SLC44A5 was notably high in MHCC‑97H and SMMC‑7721 cells compared with that in four other HCC cell lines. Knockdown of SLC44A5 using short hairpin RNA inhibited cell viability and arrested the cells in G1 of the cell cycle by reducing the expression of cell cycle markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin‑dependent kinase 2 in MHCC‑97H and SMMC‑7721 cells. Furthermore, SLC44A5 knockdown cells also exhibited cell apoptosis by reducing the expression levels of apoptosis markers, caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 in MHCC‑97H and SMMC‑7721 cells, and suppressed invasion. The present results suggested that SLC44A5 is involved in HCC carcinogenesis and progression in HCC, indicating that SLC44A5 may be a molecular target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhu Peng
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Fa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ren Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xia Li
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Xuan Yang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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27
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Chen Q, Srivastava K, Ardinski SC, Lam K, Huvard MJ, Schmid P, Flegel WA. Full-length nucleotide sequences of 30 common SLC44A2 alleles encoding human neutrophil antigen-3. Transfusion 2016; 56:729-36. [PMID: 26437811 PMCID: PMC4783217 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human neutrophil antigen-3a (HNA-3a) alloantibodies can cause severe transfusion-related acute lung injury. The frequencies of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicative of the two clinically relevant HNA-3a/b antigens are known in many populations. In this study, we determined the full-length nucleotide sequence of common SLC44A2 alleles encoding the choline transporter-like protein-2 that harbors HNA-3a/b antigens. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A method was devised to determine the full-length coding sequence (CDS) and adjacent intron sequences from genomic DNA by eight polymerase chain reaction amplifications covering all 22 SLC44A2 exons. Samples from 200 African American, 96 Caucasian, two Hispanic, and four Asian blood donors were analyzed. We developed a decision tree to determine alleles (confirmed haplotypes) from the genotype data. RESULTS A total of 10 SNPs were detected in the SLC44A2 CDS. The noncoding sequences harbored an additional 28 SNPs (one in the 5'-untranslated region [UTR]; 23 in the introns; and four in the 3'-UTR). No SNP indicative of a nonfunctional allele was detected. The nucleotide sequences for 30 SLC44A2 alleles (haplotypes) were confirmed. There may be 66 haplotypes among the 604 chromosomes screened. CONCLUSIONS We found 38 SNPs, including one novel SNP, in 8192 nucleotides covering the CDS of the SLC44A2 gene among 302 blood donors. Population frequencies of these SNPs were established for African Americans and Caucasians. Because alleles encoding HNA-3b are more common than non-functional SLC44A2 alleles, we confirmed our previous postulate that African American donors are less likely to form HNA-3a antibodies compared to Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kshitij Srivastava
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefanie C Ardinski
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael J Huvard
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pirmin Schmid
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Willy A Flegel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Baumgartner HK, Trinder KM, Galimanis CE, Post A, Phang T, Ross RG, Winn VD. Characterization of choline transporters in the human placenta over gestation. Placenta 2015; 36:1362-9. [PMID: 26601765 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The developing fetus relies on the maternal blood supply to provide the choline it requires for making membrane lipids, synthesizing acetylcholine, and performing important methylation reactions. It is vital, therefore, that the placenta is efficient at transporting choline from the maternal to the fetal circulation. Although choline transporters have been found in term placenta samples, little is known about what cell types express specific choline transporters and how expression of the transporters may change over gestation. The objective of this study was to characterize choline transporter expression levels and localization in the human placenta throughout placental development. METHODS We analyzed CTL1 and -2 expression over gestation in human placental biopsies from 6 to 40 weeks gestation (n = 6-10 per gestational window) by immunoblot analysis. To determine the cellular expression pattern of the choline transporters throughout gestation, immunofluorescence analysis was then performed. RESULTS Both CTL1 and CTL2 were expressed in the chorionic villi from 6 weeks gestation to term. Labor did not alter expression levels of either transporter. CTL1 localized to the syncytial trophoblasts and the endothelium of the fetal vasculature within the chorionic villous structure. CTL2 localized mainly to the stroma early in gestation and by the second trimester co-localized with CTL1 at the fetal vasculature. DISCUSSION The differential expression pattern of CTL1 and CTL2 suggests that CTL1 is the key transporter involved in choline transport from maternal circulation and both transporters are likely involved in stromal and endothelial cell choline transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K Baumgartner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kinsey M Trinder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Carly E Galimanis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Annalisa Post
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Tzu Phang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Randal G Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Virginia D Winn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Flesch BK. Human neutrophil antigens: a nomenclature update based on new alleles and new antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. K. Flesch
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics/HLA; German Red Cross Blood Service West; Bad Kreuznach Germany
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Yara M, Iwao B, Hara N, Yamanaka T, Uchino H, Inazu M. Molecular and functional characterization of choline transporter in the human trophoblastic cell line JEG-3 cells. Placenta 2015; 36:631-7. [PMID: 25896522 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Choline is essential for the synthesis of the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), the methyl donor betaine and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), which is involved in several vital biological functions that play key roles in fetal development. In this study, we examined the molecular and functional characteristics of choline uptake in the human trophoblastic cell line JEG-3. METHODS We examined [(3)H]choline uptake in the human trophoblastic cell line JEG-3. The expression of CTL1 and CTL2 was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS We demonstrated that JEG-3 cells take up [(3)H] choline by a saturable process that is mediated by a Na(+)-independent and pH-dependent transport system. The cells have two different [(3)H] choline transport systems, high- and low-affinity, with Km values of 28.4 ± 5.0 μM and 210.6 ± 55.1 μM, respectively. Cationic compounds and hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) inhibited choline uptake. Choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in JEG-3 cells and were localized to the plasma membrane. DISCUSSION The present results suggest that choline is mainly transported via a high-affinity choline transport system (CTL1) and a low-affinity choline transport system (CTL2) in human trophoblastic JEG-3 cells. These transporters play an important role in the growth of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - B Iwao
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - N Hara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - T Yamanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - H Uchino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - M Inazu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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Beckmann J, Schubert J, Morhenn HG, Grau V, Schnettler R, Lips KS. Expression of choline and acetylcholine transporters in synovial tissue and cartilage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 359:465-477. [PMID: 25418136 PMCID: PMC4320306 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence is showing that the non-neuronal cholinergic system plays an important role in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Choline transport into the cell is the rate-limiting step for the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh), which can be released directly or in vesicles from the cell. However, in the human joint little is known about choline import or the release of ACh from the cell. Thus, we analyze the expression of members of the organic cation transporter (OCT), of the newly discovered choline transporter-like (CTL) family and of classical neuronal components such as the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) and the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) in the synovium and cartilage of the human hip joint from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and RA. OCT1, OCT3 and OCTN1 and all members of the CTL family were expressed in synovial and cartilage samples. The expression of CTL1 and CTL2 was localized in synovial macrophages and fibroblasts. CHT1 mRNA expression was detectable only in the synovium, whereas VAChT was completely absent in all samples. Therefore, in the human joint, choline transport into the cell and the release of ACh seems to be mediated mainly by members of the OCT and CTL family. Expression of transporters appears not to be influenced by the pathological state, as no differences have been detected between joints from OA or RA patients. Importantly, however, all necessary components for choline import and the release of non-neuronal ACh are present in the human joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Beckmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jan Schubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Morhenn
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Veronika Grau
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, German
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Giessen, German
| | - Katrin Susanne Lips
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
Human neutrophil antigen-3a (HNA-3a) antibodies contained in donor plasma can result in severe, sometimes fatal transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Recent developments in TRALI secondary to antibodies to HNA-3a antigen span diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention resulting in improved understanding, potential treatments, and mitigation strategies. First, on the molecular level, characterization of HNA-3 antigen has allowed for genotyping methods that clarify population prevalence. Related work has led to generation of multiple antibody detection assays. These assays aid in determining potential populations at risk and potential mitigation strategies. Second, the development of TRALI requires a hit from the patient and from the product. Anti-HNA-3a is one of the product-derived factors and appears to result in TRALI by binding directly to pulmonary endothelium as well as to neutrophils expressing the corresponding antigen. Finally, potential mitigation strategies include red blood cell product filtration to remove anti-HNA-3a as well as other antibodies.
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Dettmer J, Ursache R, Campilho A, Miyashima S, Belevich I, O'Regan S, Mullendore DL, Yadav SR, Lanz C, Beverina L, Papagni A, Schneeberger K, Weigel D, Stierhof YD, Moritz T, Knoblauch M, Jokitalo E, Helariutta Y. CHOLINE TRANSPORTER-LIKE1 is required for sieve plate development to mediate long-distance cell-to-cell communication. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4276. [PMID: 25008948 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloem, a plant tissue responsible for long-distance molecular transport, harbours specific junctions, sieve areas, between the conducting cells. To date, little is known about the molecular framework related to the biogenesis of these sieve areas. Here we identify mutations at the CHER1/AtCTL1 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. The mutations cause several phenotypic abnormalities, including reduced pore density and altered pore structure in the sieve areas associated with impaired phloem function. CHER1 encodes a member of a poorly characterized choline transporter-like protein family in plants and animals. We show that CHER1 facilitates choline transport, localizes to the trans-Golgi network, and during cytokinesis is associated with the phragmoplast. Consistent with its function in the elaboration of the sieve areas, CHER1 has a sustained, polar localization in the forming sieve plates. Our results indicate that the regulation of choline levels is crucial for phloem development and conductivity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dettmer
- 1] Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany [2]
| | - Robertas Ursache
- 1] Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland [2]
| | - Ana Campilho
- 1] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal [2]
| | - Shunsuke Miyashima
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Seana O'Regan
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS/Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Leroy Mullendore
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Christa Lanz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Papagni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department for Plant Developmental Biology, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- ZMBP, Mikroskopie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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Bougie DW, Peterson JA, Kanack AJ, Curtis BR, Aster RH. Transfusion-related acute lung injury-associated HNA-3a antibodies recognize complex determinants on choline transporter-like protein 2. Transfusion 2014; 54:3208-15. [PMID: 24846273 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HNA-3a-specific antibodies can cause severe, sometimes fatal, transfusion-related acute lung injury when present in transfused blood. The HNA3-a/b antigens are determined by an R154Q polymorphism in the first of five extracellular (EC) loops of the 10-membrane-spanning choline transporter-like protein 2 (CTL2) expressed on neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other tissues. Approximately 50% of HNA-3a antibodies (Type 1) can be detected using CTL2 Loop 1 peptides containing R154; the remaining 50% (Type 2) fail to recognize this target. Understanding the basis for this difference could guide efforts to develop practical assays to screen blood donors for HNA-3 antibodies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Reactions of HNA-3a antibodies against recombinant versions of human, mouse, and human/mouse (chimeric) CTL2 were characterized using flow cytometry and various solid-phase assays. RESULTS The findings show that, for binding to CTL2, Type 2 HNA-3a antibodies require nonpolymorphic amino acid residues in the third, and possibly the second, EC loops of CTL2 to be in a configuration comparable to that found naturally in the cell membrane. In contrast, Type 1 antibodies require only peptides from the first EC loop that contain R154 for recognition. CONCLUSION Although Type 1 HNA-3a antibodies can readily be detected in solid-phase assays that use a CTL2 peptide containing R154 as a target, development of a practical test to screen blood donors for Type 2 antibodies will pose a serious technical challenge because of the complex nature of the epitope(s) recognized by this antibody subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bougie
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Inazu M. Choline transporter-like proteins CTLs/SLC44 family as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:431-49. [PMID: 24532461 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Choline is essential for the synthesis of the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), the methyl donor betaine and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Elevated levels of choline and up-regulated choline kinase activity have been detected in various cancers. Thus, the intracellular accumulation of choline through choline transporters is the rate-limiting step in phospholipid metabolism and a prerequisite for cancer cell proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated abnormalities in choline uptake and choline phospholipid metabolism in cancer cells using the imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The aberrant choline metabolism in cancer cells is strongly correlated with their malignant progression. Using quantitative real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of choline transporters was measured, and it was found that choline transporter-like proteins CTLs/SLC44 family are highly expressed in various cancer cell lines. Choline uptake through CTLs is associated with cell viability, and the functional inhibition of CTLs could promote apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, non-neuronal cholinergic systems that include CTLs-mediated choline transport are associated with cell proliferation and their inhibition promotes apoptotic cell death in colon cancer, small cell lung cancer and human leukemic T-cells. The identification of this new CTLs-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Taguchi C, Inazu M, Saiki I, Yara M, Hara N, Yamanaka T, Uchino H. Functional analysis of [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake in glioblastoma cells: Influence of anti-cancer and central nervous system drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:303-12. [PMID: 24530235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/computed tomography (PET-CT) studies with (11)C- or (18)F-labeled choline derivatives are used for PET imaging in glioblastoma patients. However, the nature of the choline transport system in glioblastoma is poorly understood. In this study, we performed a functional characterization of [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake and sought to identify the transporters that mediate choline uptake in the human glioblastoma cell lines A-172 and U-251MG. In addition, we examined the influence of anti-cancer drugs and central nervous system drugs on the transport of [methyl-(3)H]choline. High- and low-affinity choline transport systems were present in A-172 cells, U-251MG cells and astrocytes, and these were Na(+)-independent and pH-dependent. Cell viability in A-172 cells was not affected by choline deficiency. However, cell viability in U-251MG cells was significantly inhibited by choline deficiency. Both A-172 and U-251MG cells have two different choline transporters, choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2. In A-172 cells, CTL1 is predominantly expressed, whereas in U-251MG cells, CTL2 is predominantly expressed. Treatment with anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin, etoposide and vincristine influenced [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake in U-251MG cells, but not A-172 cells. Central nervous system drugs such as imipramine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, reboxetine, citalopram and donepezil did not affect cell viability or [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake. The data presented here suggest that CTL1 and CTL2 are functionally expressed in A-172 and U-251MG cells and are responsible for [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake that relies on a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force. Furthermore, while anti-cancer drugs altered [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake, central nervous system drugs did not affect [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Taguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Iwao Saiki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Miki Yara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Naomi Hara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: transporters. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1706-96. [PMID: 24528242 PMCID: PMC3892292 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Functional expression of choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) in small cell lung carcinoma cells: A target molecule for lung cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:119-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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The choline transporter-like family SLC44: properties and roles in human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:646-54. [PMID: 23506897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+)-independent, high affinity choline carrier system proposed to supply choline for the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids was recently associated with SLC44 family members (SLC44A1-5) also called choline-like transporter family. SLC44A1 is widely expressed throughout the nervous system in both neurons and oligodendrocytes, while SLC44A2-4 are mainly detected in peripheral tissues. The subcellular localization of the proteins was mainly addressed for SLC44A1 through the development of specific antibodies. SLC44A1 is detected in both the plasma and mitochondrial membranes where the protein is able to transport choline at high affinity and in a Na(+)-independent manner. The physiological relevance of SLC44A1 as a choline carrier is indicated by its likely involvement in membrane synthesis for cell growth or repair, and also by its role in phospholipid production for the generation of lung surfactant. Moreover, an autoimmune disease has been related to the blockade of SLC44A2 function, which results in the alteration of hair cells in the inner ear and leads to autoimmune hearing loss. In the alloimmune syndrome called transfusion-related acute lung injury, antibodies to SLC44A2 cause a deleterious aggregation of granulocytes. Therefore transporters of the SLC44 family represent attractive and promising targets for therapeutic and diagnostic applications regarding both immune and degenerative diseases.
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Bayat B, Tjahjono Y, Sydykov A, Werth S, Hippenstiel S, Weissmann N, Sachs UJ, Santoso S. Anti-human neutrophil antigen-3a induced transfusion-related acute lung injury in mice by direct disturbance of lung endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2538-48. [PMID: 24008160 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibodies against human neutrophil antigen-3a (HNA-3a) located on choline transporter-like protein 2 induce severe transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). This study aims to identify the mechanism implicated in anti-HNA-3a-mediated TRALI. APPROACH AND RESULTS Our analysis shows that anti-HNA-3a recognizes 2 choline transporter-like protein 2 isoforms (P1 and P2) on human microvascular endothelial cells from lung blood vessels but reacts only with the P1 isoform on neutrophils. Direct treatment of HNA-3a-positive endothelial cells with anti-HNA-3a, but not with anti-HNA-3b, leads to reactive oxygen species production, increased albumin influx, and decreased endothelial resistance associated with the formation of actin stress filaments and loosening of junctional vascular endothelium-cadherin. In a novel in vivo mouse model, TRALI was documented by significant increase in lung water content, albumin concentration, and neutrophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage on injection of human anti-HNA-3a in lipopolysaccharides-treated, as well as nontreated mice. Interestingly, although neutrophil depletion alleviated severity of lung injury, it failed to prevent TRALI in this model. Infusion of anti-HNA-3a F(ab')2 fragments caused moderate TRALI. Finally, mice lacking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX2(y/-)) were protected from anti-HNA-3a-mediated TRALI. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the initiation of endothelial barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo by direct binding of anti-HNA-3a on endothelial cells. It seems, however, that the presence of neutrophils aggravates barrier dysfunction. This novel mechanism of TRALI primarily mediated by endothelial cell dysfunction via choline transporter-like protein 2 may help to define new treatment strategies to decrease TRALI-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Bayat
- From the Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (B.B., Y.T., S.W., U.J.S., S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine II/V, ECCPS, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany (A.S., N.W.); and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine of the Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.H.)
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Flesch BK, Wesche J, Berthold T, Goldmann T, Hundt M, Greinacher A, Bux J. Expression of the CTL2 transcript variants in human peripheral blood cells and human tissues. Transfusion 2013; 53:3217-23. [PMID: 23480595 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte K. Flesch
- German Red Cross Blood Service West; Bad Kreuznach and Hagen Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence: Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE)
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology; Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Borstel Germany
| | - Jan Wesche
- German Red Cross Blood Service West; Bad Kreuznach and Hagen Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence: Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE)
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology; Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Borstel Germany
| | - Tom Berthold
- German Red Cross Blood Service West; Bad Kreuznach and Hagen Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence: Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE)
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology; Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Borstel Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- German Red Cross Blood Service West; Bad Kreuznach and Hagen Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence: Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE)
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology; Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Borstel Germany
| | - Matthias Hundt
- German Red Cross Blood Service West; Bad Kreuznach and Hagen Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence: Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE)
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology; Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Borstel Germany
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- German Red Cross Blood Service West; Bad Kreuznach and Hagen Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence: Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE)
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology; Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Borstel Germany
| | - Jürgen Bux
- German Red Cross Blood Service West; Bad Kreuznach and Hagen Germany
- Center for Innovation Competence: Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE)
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology; Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Borstel Germany
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Bowens KL, Sullivan MJ, Curtis BR. Determination of neutrophil antigen HNA-3a and HNA-3b genotype frequencies in six racial groups by high-throughput 5' exonuclease assay. Transfusion 2012; 52:2368-74. [PMID: 22414054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with the human neutrophil antigen (HNA)-3b/3b type can make HNA-3a antibodies, which have been reported to cause immune neutropenia disorders and are especially prone to cause severe cases of transfusion-related acute lung injury. However, knowledge of HNA-3 allele frequencies outside Caucasian populations is limited. We developed a high-throughput genotyping assay and determined the HNA-3a/3b genotype frequencies in six different racial and ethnic groups. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Genotyping utilized TaqMan 5' exonuclease chemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. A total of 742 DNA samples from six different racial and ethnic groups were genotyped for HNA-3a and HNA-3b. RESULTS The genotyping assay showed 100% sensitivity and specificity compared to sequencing and phenotyping and had high throughput. A significant percentage of Caucasians (6.5%), Han Chinese (16%), and Asian Indians (6%) typed HNA-3b/3b, but only a small percentage of Hispanics (1%) and no African or Native Americans. CONCLUSIONS The HNA-3 genotyping assay had high sensitivity, specificity, and sample throughput. HNA-3b/b genotype results determined for 742 individuals representing six different racial and ethnic groups showed that there could be a significant risk of producing anti-HNA-3a in Chinese, as well as in Caucasian and Asian Indian blood donor populations, but a very low risk in Hispanic, African, or Native American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Bowens
- Platelet & Neutrophil Immunology Laboratory, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-2178, USA
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Woźniak MJ, Bowring C, Lucas G, Ridgwell K. Detection of HNA-3a and -3b antibodies using transfected cell lines and recombinant proteins. Transfusion 2011; 52:1458-67. [PMID: 22211383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HNA-3 is a diallellic system located on choline transporter-like protein 2 (CTL2), defined by a polymorphism at Amino Acid 154. HNA-3a antibodies are of clinical importance in transfusion-related acute lung injury but antibody detection requires labor-intensive granulocyte isolation from HNA-typed donors and the use of techniques such as the granulocyte agglutination test or granulocyte immunofluorescence test. Also, there is no commercial test for detection of HNA-3 antibodies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS HEK293 cells were transfected to generate stable cell lines expressing CTL2 fragments (Amino Acids 55-230) and full-length membrane bound CTL2 with HNA-3a and -3b epitopes. Soluble fragments were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect HNA-3 antibodies. The cell lines expressing full-length proteins were trypsin treated to remove HLA antigens and frozen at -80°C. Thawed cells were then used to detect HNA-3 antibodies by flow cytometry. RESULTS Glycosylated and soluble CTL2 fragments were correctly recognized by 15 of 31 anti-HNA-3a sera and by both available anti-HNA-3b sera. Twenty-one anti-HLA sera reacted variably with untreated cell lines expressing full-length CTL2. After trypsin treatment of the cell lines, reactivity with HLA antisera was abrogated and all 31 anti-HNA-3a and two anti-HNA-3b sera bound to the corresponding cell line. CONCLUSION Whereas soluble, glycosylated CTL2 fragments cannot be used for the detection of HNA-3 antibodies, the HEK293 cells expressing full-length CTL2 proteins were useful in the detection of HNA-3 antibodies even in the presence of HLA antibodies. Moreover, the cell lines can be stored for at least 6 months before use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin J Woźniak
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences and Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, NHSBT, Filton, Bristol, UK.
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Developments in the definition and clinical impact of human neutrophil antigens. Curr Opin Hematol 2011; 18:452-60. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e32834babdd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kanack AJ, Peterson JA, Sullivan MJ, Bougie DW, Curtis BR, Aster RH. Full-length recombinant choline transporter-like protein 2 containing arginine 154 reconstitutes the epitope recognized by HNA-3a antibodies. Transfusion 2011; 52:1112-6. [PMID: 22032286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have shown that the HNA-3a leukocyte antigen, a target for antibodies that cause severe transfusion-related acute lung injury, correlates with an arginine 154 (rather than glutamine) polymorphism in choline transporter-like protein 2 (CTL2) but did not show directly that R154 determines HNA-3a. CTL2 peptides containing R154 are recognized by only half of HNA-3a antibodies studied to date. Constructs that react with all HNA-3a antibodies are needed to fully define the HNA-3a epitope. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS HEK293 cells were transfected with cDNA encoding full-length CTL2 linked to green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transfectants were selected for GFP expression and tested with antibodies specific for HNA-3a and -3b. RESULTS Each of 20 HNA-3a antibodies reacted preferentially with HEK293 cells expressing the R154 CTL2 construct. An HNA-3b antibody reacted only with CTL2 (Q154). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide direct evidence that R154 in the context of full-length CTL2 is both necessary and sufficient to create the HNA-3a epitope but suggest that posttranslational modifications of the protein, for example, S-S bonds or addition of glycans, are necessary for recognition of HNA-3a by many antibodies. This could complicate development of an assay for large-scale screening of blood donors to detect anti-HNA-3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kanack
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226-3548, USA
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Beyer LA, Galano MM, Nair TS, Kommareddi PK, Sha SH, Raphael Y, Carey TE. Age-related changes in expression of CTL2/SLC44A2 and its isoforms in the mouse inner ear. Hear Res 2011; 282:63-8. [PMID: 21986210 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The membrane glycoprotein CTL2/SLC44A2 is expressed by supporting cells in the inner ear and has been identified as a target of antibodies that may induce auto-immune hearing loss. To determine if CTL2/SLC44A2 also has roles in inner ear development and to distinguish between isoform-specific roles, we assessed age-related changes in expression of CTL2/SLC44A2 isoforms and protein in the developing murine inner ear. We determined that both isoform p1 and isoform p2 (named for the upstream p1 and proximal p2 promoters that control alternate exons 1a and 1b) were robustly expressed as early as E14 and persisted during embryonic development, but after birth the p1 isoform fell to barely detectable levels while isoform p2 levels were maintained. This trend continued and became even more apparent later in post-natal development and remained in mature ears until at least 6 weeks of age. In aged (18 mo old) mice, the level of isoform p1 transcripts rose again to levels similar to the p2 isoform like that seen early in development. At the earliest stage examined, CTL2/SLC44A2 protein was expressed in both immature supporting cells and immature sensory cells, but after birth expression in the sensory cells declined in both the utricle and cochlea and by day P1 expression of CTL2/SLC44A2 was restricted to supporting cells. The changes we observed in isoform distribution are indicative of differential developmental roles and age related changes between the two isoforms of CTL2/SLC44A2 in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Beyer
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Bayat B, Tjahjono Y, Werth S, Berghöfer H, Reil A, Kroll H, Sachs UJ, Santoso S. Implication of transfected cell lines for the detection of alloantibodies against human neutrophil antigen-3. Transfusion 2011; 52:613-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against the human neutrophil alloantigen-3a (HNA-3a) play an important role in transfusion-related acute lung injury. The HNA-3a and -3b alloantigens result from a single-nucleotide exchange in the choline transporter-like protein 2 gene (CTL2). We sought for additional polymorphisms that might impair antibody binding to or genotyping of the HNA-3a or -3b antigens. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS CTL2-specific complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments were generated from 67 unrelated blood donors followed by DNA sequencing. Polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) was used to test a higher number of donors for relevant new single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The granulocyte agglutination test recommended for HNA-3a antibody detection was performed to check HNA-3a antibody binding to the products of the CTL-2 gene variants. RESULTS Two new missense mutations were demonstrated in the CTL2 cDNA: a 537C>T* exchange leading to a Leu153Phe amino acid substitution and 988C>T variation predicting Thr301Met change. The inherited 537T variant is located in HNA-3a allele results impaired granulocyte agglutination by four of 14 antibodies tested while 988T remains nearly unaffected. CONCLUSIONS The Leu153Phe exchange next to the HNA-3a/b defining amino acid position can impede the binding of HNA-3a alloantibodies. The HNA-3a genotyping by PCR-SSP might produce misleading results in HNA-3ab heterozygous individuals with the additional CTL2-537T variation of the HNA-3a antigen. These findings must account for the development of new screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte K Flesch
- German Red Cross Blood Donation Service West, Bad Kreuznach, Germany.
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Castorino JJ, Deborde S, Deora A, Schreiner R, Gallagher-Colombo SM, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Philp NJ. Basolateral sorting signals regulating tissue-specific polarity of heteromeric monocarboxylate transporters in epithelia. Traffic 2011; 12:483-98. [PMID: 21199217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many solute transporters are heterodimers composed of non-glycosylated catalytic and glycosylated accessory subunits. These transporters are specifically polarized to the apical or basolateral membranes of epithelia, but this polarity may vary to fulfill tissue-specific functions. To date, the mechanisms regulating the tissue-specific polarity of heteromeric transporters remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the sorting signals that determine the polarity of three members of the proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family, MCT1, MCT3 and MCT4, and their accessory subunit CD147. We show that MCT3 and MCT4 harbor strong redundant basolateral sorting signals (BLSS) in their C-terminal cytoplasmic tails that can direct fusion proteins with the apical marker p75 to the basolateral membrane. In contrast, MCT1 lacks a BLSS and its polarity is dictated by CD147, which contains a weak BLSS that can direct Tac, but not p75 to the basolateral membrane. Knockdown experiments in MDCK cells indicated that basolateral sorting of MCTs was clathrin-dependent but clathrin adaptor AP1B-independent. Our results explain the consistently basolateral localization of MCT3 and MCT4 and the variable localization of MCT1 in different epithelia. They introduce a new paradigm for the sorting of heterodimeric transporters in which a hierarchy of apical and BLSS in the catalytic and/or accessory subunits regulates their tissue-specific polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Castorino
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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