1
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The Interaction of Possible Anti-AD ASA-NAP Peptide Conjugate with Tubulin: A Theoretical and Experimental Insight. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Current State of Radiolabeled Heterobivalent Peptidic Ligands in Tumor Imaging and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080173. [PMID: 32751666 PMCID: PMC7465997 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, an approach emerged that combines different receptor-specific peptide radioligands able to bind different target structures on tumor cells concomitantly or separately. The reason for the growing interest in this special field of radiopharmaceutical development is rooted in the fact that bispecific peptide heterodimers can exhibit a strongly increased target cell avidity and specificity compared to their corresponding monospecific counterparts by being able to bind to two different target structures that are overexpressed on the cell surface of several malignancies. This increase of avidity is most pronounced in the case of concomitant binding of both peptides to their respective targets but is also observed in cases of heterogeneously expressed receptors within a tumor entity. Furthermore, the application of a radiolabeled heterobivalent agent can solve the ubiquitous problem of limited tumor visualization sensitivity caused by differential receptor expression on different tumor lesions. In this article, the concept of heterobivalent targeting and the general advantages of using radiolabeled bispecific peptidic ligands for tumor imaging or therapy as well as the influence of molecular design and the receptors on the tumor cell surface are explained, and an overview is given of the radiolabeled heterobivalent peptides described thus far.
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3
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Olson KM, Keresztes A, Tashiro JK, Daconta LV, Hruby VJ, Streicher JM. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Bivalent Selective Antagonist for the Mu-Delta Opioid Receptor Heterodimer that Reduces Morphine Withdrawal in Mice. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6075-6086. [PMID: 29939746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation in the study of the mu-delta opioid receptor heterodimer (MDOR) is that few selective pharmacological tools exist and no heteromer-selective antagonists. We thus designed a series of variable-length (15-41 atoms) bivalent linked peptides with selective but moderate/low-affinity pharmacophores for the mu and delta opioid receptors. We observed a U-shaped MDOR potency/affinity profile in vitro, with the 24-atom spacer length (D24M) producing the highest MDOR potency/affinity (<1 nM) and selectivity (≥89-fold). We further evaluated D24M in mice and observed that D24M dose-dependently antagonized tail flick antinociception produced by the MDOR agonists CYM51010 and Deltorphin-II, without antagonizing the monomer agonists DAMGO and DSLET. We also observed that D24M sharply reduced withdrawal behavior in models of acute and chronic morphine dependence. These findings suggest that D24M is a first-in-class high-potency MDOR-selective antagonist both in vitro and in vivo.
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4
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Lensing CJ, Freeman KT, Schnell SM, Speth RC, Zarth AT, Haskell-Luevano C. Developing a Biased Unmatched Bivalent Ligand (BUmBL) Design Strategy to Target the GPCR Homodimer Allosteric Signaling (cAMP over β-Arrestin 2 Recruitment) Within the Melanocortin Receptors. J Med Chem 2018; 62:144-158. [PMID: 29669202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the functional relevance of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) homodimerization has been limited by the insufficient tools to assess asymmetric signaling occurring within dimers comprised of the same receptor type. We present unmatched bivalent ligands (UmBLs) to study the asymmetric function of melanocortin homodimers. UmBLs contain one agonist and one antagonist pharmacophore designed to target a melanocortin homodimer such that one receptor is occupied by an agonist and the other receptor by an antagonist pharmacophore. First-in-class biased UmBLs (BUmBLs) targeting the human melanocortin-4 receptor (hMC4R) were discovered. The BUmBLs displayed biased agonism by potently stimulating cAMP signaling (EC50 ∼ 2-6 nM) but minimally activating the β-arrestin recruitment pathway (≤55% maximum signal at 10 μM). To our knowledge, we report the first single-compound strategy to pharmacologically target melanocortin receptor allosteric signaling that occurs between homodimers that can be applied straightforwardly in vitro and in vivo to other GPCR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Lensing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Katie T Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Sathya M Schnell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy , Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale , Florida 33328-2018 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Adam T Zarth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States.,Masonic Cancer Center , University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE, 2-210 CCRB , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience , University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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5
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Ericson MD, Lensing CJ, Fleming KA, Schlasner KN, Doering SR, Haskell-Luevano C. Bench-top to clinical therapies: A review of melanocortin ligands from 1954 to 2016. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2414-2435. [PMID: 28363699 PMCID: PMC5600687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the endogenous melanocortin agonists in the 1950s have resulted in sixty years of melanocortin ligand research. Early efforts involved truncations or select modifications of the naturally occurring agonists leading to the development of many potent and selective ligands. With the identification and cloning of the five known melanocortin receptors, many ligands were improved upon through bench-top in vitro assays. Optimization of select properties resulted in ligands adopted as clinical candidates. A summary of every melanocortin ligand is outside the scope of this review. Instead, this review will focus on the following topics: classic melanocortin ligands, selective ligands, small molecule (non-peptide) ligands, ligands with sex-specific effects, bivalent and multivalent ligands, and ligands advanced to clinical trials. Each topic area will be summarized with current references to update the melanocortin field on recent progress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cody J Lensing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katlyn A Fleming
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katherine N Schlasner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Skye R Doering
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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6
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Neuroligin 2 regulates spinal GABAergic plasticity in hyperalgesic priming, a model of the transition from acute to chronic pain. Pain 2017; 157:1314-1324. [PMID: 26859820 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity in inhibitory receptors, neurotransmission, and networks is an important mechanism for nociceptive signal amplification in the spinal dorsal horn. We studied potential changes in GABAergic pharmacology and its underlying mechanisms in hyperalgesic priming, a model of the transition from acute to chronic pain. We find that while GABAA agonists and positive allosteric modulators reduce mechanical hypersensitivity to an acute insult, they fail to do so during the maintenance phase of hyperalgesic priming. In contrast, GABAA antagonism promotes antinociception and a reduction in facial grimacing after the transition to a chronic pain state. During the maintenance phase of hyperalgesic priming, we observed increased neuroligin (nlgn) 2 expression in the spinal dorsal horn. This protein increase was associated with an increase in nlgn2A splice variant mRNA, which promotes inhibitory synaptogenesis. Disruption of nlgn2 function with the peptide inhibitor, neurolide 2, produced mechanical hypersensitivity in naive mice but reversed hyperalgesic priming in mice previously exposed to brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurolide 2 treatment also reverses the change in polarity in GABAergic pharmacology observed in the maintenance of hyperalgesic priming. We propose that increased nlgn2 expression is associated with hyperalgesic priming where it promotes dysregulation of inhibitory networks. Our observations reveal new mechanisms involved in the spinal maintenance of a pain plasticity and further suggest that disinhibitory mechanisms are central features of neuroplasticity in the spinal dorsal horn.
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7
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Sun J, Jiang L, Lin Y, Gerhard EM, Jiang X, Li L, Yang J, Gu Z. Enhanced anticancer efficacy of paclitaxel through multistage tumor-targeting liposomes modified with RGD and KLA peptides. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1517-1537. [PMID: 28280323 PMCID: PMC5338999 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s122859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as both “energy factories” and “suicide weapon stores” of cells. Targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the mitochondria of tumor cells and tumor vascular cells is a promising strategy to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Here, multistage tumor-targeting liposomes containing two targeted peptide-modified lipids, cRGD-PEG2000-DSPE and KLA-PEG2000-DSPE, were developed for encapsulation of the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX, RGD-KLA/PTX-Lips). Compared with Taxol (free PTX), RGD/PTX-Lips and KLA/PTX-Lips, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of RGD-KLA/PTX-Lips in vitro was 1.9-, 36.7- and 22.7-fold lower with 4T1 cells, respectively, because of higher levels of cellular uptake. Similar results were also observed with human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). An apoptosis assay showed that the total apoptotic ratio of RGD-KLA/PTX-Lips was the highest because of the mitochondria-targeted drug delivery and the activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathways, as evidenced by visible mitochondrial localization, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c and increased activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The strongest tumor growth inhibition (TGI; 80.6%) and antiangiogenesis effects without systemic toxicity were also observed in RGD-KLA/PTX-Lip-treated 4T1 tumor xenograft BALB/c mice. In conclusion, these multistage tumor-targeting liposomes represent a promising anticancer drug delivery system (DDS) capable of maximizing anticancer therapeutic efficacy and minimizing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu
| | - Yi Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ethan Michael Gerhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of The Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xuehua Jiang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Li Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of The Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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8
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Sun X, Li Y, Liu T, Li Z, Zhang X, Chen X. Peptide-based imaging agents for cancer detection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 110-111:38-51. [PMID: 27327937 PMCID: PMC5235994 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective receptor-targeting peptide based agents have attracted considerable attention in molecular imaging of tumor cells that overexpress corresponding peptide receptors due to their unique properties such as rapid clearance from circulation as well as high affinities and specificities for their targets. The rapid growth of chemistry modification techniques has enabled the design and development of various peptide-based imaging agents with enhanced metabolic stability, favorable pharmacokinetics, improved binding affinity and selectivity, better imaging ability as well as biosafety. Among them, many radiolabeled peptides have already been translated into the clinic with impressive diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity. This review summarizes the current status in the development of peptide-based imaging agents with an emphasis on the consideration of probe design including the identification of suitable peptides, the chemical modification of probes and the criteria for clinical translation. Specific examples in clinical trials have been provided as well with respect to their diagnostic capability compared with other FDA approved imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Sun
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yesen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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9
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Isolation and identification of some antibacterial peptides in the plasmin-digest of β-casein. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Lensing CJ, Freeman KT, Schnell SM, Adank DN, Speth RC, Haskell-Luevano C. An in Vitro and in Vivo Investigation of Bivalent Ligands That Display Preferential Binding and Functional Activity for Different Melanocortin Receptor Homodimers. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3112-28. [PMID: 26959173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological probes for the melanocortin receptors have been utilized for studying various disease states including cancer, sexual function disorders, Alzheimer's disease, social disorders, cachexia, and obesity. This study focused on the design and synthesis of bivalent ligands to target melanocortin receptor homodimers. Lead ligands increased binding affinity by 14- to 25-fold and increased cAMP signaling potency by 3- to 5-fold compared to their monovalent counterparts. Unexpectedly, different bivalent ligands showed preferences for particular melanocortin receptor subtypes depending on the linker that connected the binding scaffolds, suggesting structural differences between the various dimer subtypes. Homobivalent compound 12 possessed a functional profile that was unique from its monovalent counterpart providing evidence of the discrete effects of bivalent ligands. Lead compound 7 significantly decreased feeding in mice after intracerebroventricular administration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a melanocortin bivalent ligand's in vivo physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Lensing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie T Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sathya M Schnell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Danielle N Adank
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33328-2018, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Fernandes SM, Lee YS, Gillies RJ, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and evaluation of bivalent ligands for binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6360-5. [PMID: 25438759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins, especially G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are interesting and important theragnostic targets since many of them serve in intracellular signaling critical for all aspects of health and disease. The potential utility of designed bivalent ligands as targeting agents for cancer diagnosis and/or therapy can be evaluated by determining their binding to the corresponding receptors. As proof of concept, GPCR cell surface proteins are shown to be targeted specifically using multivalent ligands. We designed, synthesized, and tested a series of bivalent ligands targeting the over-expressed human melanocortin 4 receptor (hMC4R) in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Based on our data suggesting an optimal linker length of 25±10Å inferred from the bivalent melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) agonist, the truncated heptapeptide, referred to as MSH(7): Ac-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2 was used to construct a set of bivalent ligands incorporating a hMC4R antagonist, SHU9119: Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-2'-D-Nal-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 and another set of bivalent ligands containing the SHU9119 antagonist pharmacophore on both side of the optimized linkers. These two binding motifs within the bivalent constructs were conjoined by semi-rigid (Pro-Gly)3 units with or without the flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGO) moieties. Lanthanide-based competitive binding assays showed bivalent ligands binds to the hMC4R with up to 240-fold higher affinity than the corresponding linked monovalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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12
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Abstract
This study investigated the antibacterial properties of plasmin, the plasmin hydrolysis of bovine κ-casein and the fractions (named κC1, κC2, κC3, κC4, and κC5) liberated from it using RP-HPLC. The target bacteria wereEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus(pathogenic),Lactobacillus caseiandLactobacillus acidophilus(probiotic). Three peptides (kC1, kC3, and kC4) were found to have antibacterial activity, with κC3 peptide being the most active. The plasmin digest of bovine κ-casein proved to be stronger than any of its fractions in terms of antibacterial potential. Measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that Gram-positive bacteria are generally more sensitive to antibacterial activity than Gram-negative bacteria. The MIC of nisin, as a bacteriocin peptide, was also measured. The three antibacterial peptides were identified using LC-Mass. The molecular mass of kC1, kC3, and kC4 corresponded to the f(17–21), f(22–24), and f(1–3) of bovine κ-casein, respectively. It was also found that the positive charge and hydrophobicity of a peptide are not key factors in antibacterial activity. On the whole, the present study demonstrated that the plasmin digest of κ-casein has a high antibacterial potential and can be considered as a natural antibacterial agent in the food chain.
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13
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Sedaghati M, Ezzatpanah H, Mashhadiakbar Boojar M, Tajabadi Ebrahimi M, Aminafshar M. Plasmin-digest of β-lactoglobulin with antibacterial properties. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2014.893998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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14
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Chandra D, Sankalia N, Arcibal I, Banta S, Cropek D, Karande P. Design of affinity peptides from natural protein ligands: A study of the cardiac troponin complex. Biopolymers 2014; 102:97-106. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chandra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
| | - Nitesh Sankalia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
| | - Imee Arcibal
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center; Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL); Champaign IL
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Donald Cropek
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center; Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL); Champaign IL
| | - Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
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15
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Hart NJ, Chung WJ, Weber C, Ananthakrishnan K, Anderson M, Patek R, Zhang Z, Limesand SW, Vagner J, Lynch RM. Hetero-bivalent GLP-1/glibenclamide for targeting pancreatic β-cells. Chembiochem 2013; 15:135-45. [PMID: 24259278 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) cell signalling cascades are initiated upon binding of a specific agonist ligand to its cell surface receptor. Linking multiple heterologous ligands that simultaneously bind and potentially link different receptors on the cell surface is a unique approach to modulate cell responses. Moreover, if the target receptors are selected based on analysis of cell-specific expression of a receptor combination, then the linked binding elements might provide enhanced specificity of targeting the cell type of interest, that is, only to cells that express the complementary receptors. Two receptors whose expression is relatively specific (in combination) to insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells are the sulfonylurea-1 (SUR1) and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors. A heterobivalent ligand was assembled from the active fragment of GLP-1 (7-36 GLP-1) and glibenclamide, a small organic ligand for SUR1. The synthetic construct was labelled with Cy5 or europium chelated in DTPA to evaluate binding to β-cells, by using fluorescence microscopy or time-resolved saturation and competition binding assays, respectively. Once the ligand binds to β-cells, it is rapidly capped and presumably removed from the cell surface by endocytosis. The bivalent ligand had an affinity approximately fivefold higher than monomeric europium-labelled GLP-1, likely a result of cooperative binding to the complementary receptors on the βTC3 cells. The high-affinity binding was lost in the presence of either unlabelled monomer, thus demonstrating that interaction with both receptors is required for the enhanced binding at low concentrations. Importantly, bivalent enhancement was accomplished in a cell system with physiological levels of expression of the complementary receptors, thus indicating that this approach might be applicable for β-cell targeting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Hart
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)
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16
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Fischer G, Schirrmacher R, Wängler B, Wängler C. Radiolabeled Heterobivalent Peptidic Ligands: an Approach with High Future Potential for in vivo Imaging and Therapy of Malignant Diseases. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:883-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Jamous M, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Synthesis of peptide radiopharmaceuticals for the therapy and diagnosis of tumor diseases. Molecules 2013; 18:3379-409. [PMID: 23493103 PMCID: PMC6269889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in molecular biology and biochemistry, the prognosis of patients suffering from tumor diseases remains poor. The limited therapeutic success can be explained by the insufficient performance of the common chemotherapeutic drugs that lack the ability to specifically target tumor tissues. Recently peptide radiopharmaceuticals have been developed that enable the concurrent imaging and therapy of tumors expressing a specific target. Here, with a special emphasis on the synthesis of the building blocks required for the complexation of metallic radioisotopes, the requirements to the design and synthesis of radiolabeled peptides for clinical applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter Mier
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-7720; Fax: +49-6221-65-33629
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18
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Flynn AN, Hoffman J, Tillu DV, Sherwood CL, Zhang Z, Patek R, Asiedu MNK, Vagner J, Price TJ, Boitano S. Development of highly potent protease-activated receptor 2 agonists via synthetic lipid tethering. FASEB J 2013; 27:1498-510. [PMID: 23292071 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-217323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR₂) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with a variety of pathologies. However, the therapeutic potential of PAR₂ is limited by a lack of potent and specific ligands. Following proteolytic cleavage, PAR₂ is activated through a tethered ligand. Hence, we reasoned that lipidation of peptidomimetic ligands could promote membrane targeting and thus significantly improve potency and constructed a series of synthetic tethered ligands (STLs). STLs contained a peptidomimetic PAR₂ agonist (2-aminothiazol-4-yl-LIGRL-NH₂) bound to a palmitoyl group (Pam) via polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers. In a high-throughput physiological assay, these STL agonists displayed EC₅₀ values as low as 1.47 nM, representing a ∼200 fold improvement over the untethered parent ligand. Similarly, these STL agonists were potent activators of signaling pathways associated with PAR₂: EC₅₀ for Ca(2+) response as low as 3.95 nM; EC₅₀ for MAPK response as low as 9.49 nM. Moreover, STLs demonstrated significant improvement in potency in vivo, evoking mechanical allodynia with an EC₅₀ of 14.4 pmol. STLs failed to elicit responses in PAR2(-/-) cells at agonist concentrations of >300-fold their EC₅₀ values. Our results demonstrate that the STL approach is a powerful tool for increasing ligand potency at PAR₂ and represent opportunities for drug development at other protease activated receptors and across GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Flynn
- Department of Physiology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724-5030, USA
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Shrivastava A, Wang SH, Raju N, Gierach I, Ding H, Tweedle MF. Heterobivalent dual-target probe for targeting GRP and Y1 receptors on tumor cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:687-92. [PMID: 23265893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor targeting ligands for imaging and/or therapy of cancer are limited by heterogeneity of receptor expression by tumor cells, both inter-patient and intra-patient. It is often more important for imaging agents to identify local and distant spread of disease than it is to identify a specific receptor presence. Two natural hormone peptide receptors, GRPR and Y1, are specifically interesting because expression of GRPR, Y1 or both is up-regulated in most breast cancers. We describe here the design and development of a new heterobivalent peptide ligand, truncated bombesin (t-BBN)/BVD15-DO3A, for dual-targeting of GRPR and Y1, and validation of its dual binding capability. Such a probe should be useful in imaging cells, tissues and tumors that are GRPR and/or Y1 positive and should target radioisotopes, for example, (68)Ga and/or (177)Lu, to more tumors cells than single GRPR or Y1 targeted probes. A GRP targeting ligand, J-G-Abz4-QWAVGHLM-NH(2) (J-G-Abz4-t-BBN), and an Y1 targeting ligand, INP-K[ε-J-(α-DO3A-ε-DGa)-K]-YRLRY-NH(2)([ε-J-(α-DO3A-ε-DGa)-K]-BVD-15), were synthesized and coupled to produce the heterobivalent ligand, t-BBN/BVD15-DO3A. Competitive displacement binding assays using t-BBN/BVD15-DO3A against (125)I-Tyr(4)-BBN yielded an IC(50) value of 18 ± 0.7 nM for GRPR in T-47D cells, a human breast cancer cell line. A similar assay using t-BBN/BVD15-DO3A against porcine (125)I-NPY showed IC(50) values of 80 ± 11 nM for Y1 receptor in MCF7 cells, another human breast cancer cell line. In conclusion, it is possible to construct a single DO3A chelate containing probe that can target both GRPR and Y1 on human tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Shrivastava
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hoffman J, Flynn AN, Tillu DV, Zhang Z, Patek R, Price TJ, Vagner J, Boitano S. Lanthanide labeling of a potent protease activated receptor-2 agonist for time-resolved fluorescence analysis. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2098-104. [PMID: 22994402 DOI: 10.1021/bc300300q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) is one of four G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be activated by exogenous or endogenous proteases, which cleave the extracellular amino-terminus to expose a tethered ligand and subsequent G-protein signaling. Alternatively, PAR(2) can be activated by peptide or peptidomimetic ligands derived from the sequence of the natural tethered ligand. Screening of novel ligands that directly bind to PAR(2) to agonize or antagonize the receptor has been hindered by the lack of a sensitive, high-throughput, affinity binding assay. In this report, we describe the synthesis and use of a modified PAR(2) peptidomimetic agonist, 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-(diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-NH(2) (2-f-LIGRLO-dtpa), designed for lanthanide-based time-resolved fluorescence screening. We first demonstrate that 2-f-LIGRLO-dtpa is a potent and specific PAR(2) agonist across a full spectrum of in vitro assays. We then show that 2-f-LIGRLO-dtpa can be utilized in an affinity binding assay to evaluate the ligand-receptor interactions between known high potency peptidomimetic agonists (2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2), 2-f-LIGRLO; 2-aminothiazol-4-yl-LIGRL-NH(2), 2-at-LIGRL; 6-aminonicotinyl-LIGRL-NH(2), 6-an-LIGRL) and PAR(2). A separate N-terminal peptidomimetic modification (3-indoleacetyl-LIGRL-NH(2), 3-ia-LIGRL) that does not activate PAR(2) signaling was used as a negative control. All three peptidomimetic agonists demonstrated sigmoidal competitive binding curves, with the more potent agonists (2-f-LIGRLO and 2-at-LIGRL) displaying increased competition. In contrast, the control peptide (3-ia-LIGRL) displayed limited competition for PAR(2) binding. In summary, we have developed a europium-containing PAR(2) agonist that can be used in a highly sensitive affinity binding assay to screen novel PAR(2) ligands in a high-throughput format. This ligand can serve as a critical tool in the screening and development of PAR(2) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hoffman
- Department of Physiology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5030, USA
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Barkey NM, Tafreshi NK, Josan JS, De Silva CR, Sill KN, Hruby VJ, Gillies RJ, Morse DL, Vagner J. Development of melanoma-targeted polymer micelles by conjugation of a melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) specific ligand. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8078-84. [PMID: 22011200 DOI: 10.1021/jm201226w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma is rising faster than that of any other cancer in the United States. Because of its high expression on the surface of melanomas, MC1R has been investigated as a target for selective imaging and therapeutic agents against melanoma. Eight ligands were screened against cell lines engineered to overexpress MC1R, MC4R, or MC5R. Of these, compound 1 (4-phenylbutyryl-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH(2)) exhibited high (0.2 nM) binding affinity for MC1R and low (high nanomolar) affinities for MC4R and MC5R. Functionalization of the ligand at the C-terminus with an alkyne for use in Cu-catalyzed click chemistry was shown not to affect the binding affinity. Finally, formation of the targeted polymer, as well as the targeted micelle formulation, also resulted in constructs with low nanomolar binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Barkey
- Department of Imaging, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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Josan JS, Handl HL, Sankaranarayanan R, Xu L, Lynch RM, Vagner J, Mash EA, Hruby VJ, Gillies RJ. Cell-specific targeting by heterobivalent ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1270-8. [PMID: 21639139 DOI: 10.1021/bc1004284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current cancer therapies exploit either differential metabolism or targeting to specific individual gene products that are overexpressed in aberrant cells. The work described herein proposes an alternative approach--to specifically target combinations of cell-surface receptors using heteromultivalent ligands ("receptor combination approach"). As a proof-of-concept that functionally unrelated receptors can be noncovalently cross-linked with high avidity and specificity, a series of heterobivalent ligands (htBVLs) were constructed from analogues of the melanocortin peptide ligand ([Nle(4), dPhe(7)]-α-MSH) and the cholecystokinin peptide ligand (CCK-8). Binding of these ligands to cells expressing the human Melanocortin-4 receptor and the Cholecystokinin-2 receptor was analyzed. The MSH(7) and CCK(6) were tethered with linkers of varying rigidity and length, constructed from natural and/or synthetic building blocks. Modeling data suggest that a linker length of 20-50 Å is needed to simultaneously bind these two different G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). These ligands exhibited up to 24-fold enhancement in binding affinity to cells that expressed both (bivalent binding), compared to cells with only one (monovalent binding) of the cognate receptors. The htBVLs had up to 50-fold higher affinity than that of a monomeric CCK ligand, i.e., Ac-CCK(6)-NH(2). Cell-surface targeting of these two cell types with labeled heteromultivalent ligand demonstrated high avidity and specificity, thereby validating the receptor combination approach. This ability to noncovalently cross-link heterologous receptors and target individual cells using a receptor combination approach opens up new possibilities for specific cell targeting in vivo for therapy or imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder S Josan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Flynn AN, Tillu DV, Asiedu MN, Hoffman J, Vagner J, Price TJ, Boitano S. The protease-activated receptor-2-specific agonists 2-aminothiazol-4-yl-LIGRL-NH2 and 6-aminonicotinyl-LIGRL-NH2 stimulate multiple signaling pathways to induce physiological responses in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19076-88. [PMID: 21467041 PMCID: PMC3099721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.185264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) is one of four protease-activated G-protein-coupled receptors. PAR(2) is expressed on multiple cell types where it contributes to cellular responses to endogenous and exogenous proteases. Proteolytic cleavage of PAR(2) reveals a tethered ligand that activates PAR(2) and two major downstream signaling pathways: mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. Peptides or peptidomimetics can mimic binding of the tethered ligand to stimulate signaling without the nonspecific effects of proteases. The most commonly used peptide activators of PAR(2) (e.g. SLIGRL-NH(2) and SLIGKV-NH(2)) lack potency at the receptor. However, although the potency of 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) (2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2)) underscores the use of peptidomimetic PAR(2) ligands as a mechanism to enhance pharmacological action at PAR(2), 2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2) has not been thoroughly evaluated. We evaluated the known agonist 2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2) and two recently described pentapeptidomimetic PAR(2)-specific agonists, 2-aminothiazol-4-yl-LIGRL-NH(2) (2-at-LIGRL-NH(2)) and 6-aminonicotinyl-LIGRL-NH(2) (6-an-LIGRL-NH(2)). All peptidomimetic agonists stimulated PAR(2)-dependent in vitro physiological responses, MAPK signaling, and Ca(2+) signaling with an overall rank order of potency of 2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2) ≈ 2-at-LIGRL-NH(2) > 6-an-LIGRL-NH(2) ≫ SLIGRL-NH(2). Because PAR(2) plays a major role in pathological pain conditions and to test potency of the peptidomimetic agonists in vivo, we evaluated these agonists in models relevant to nociception. All three agonists activated Ca(2+) signaling in nociceptors in vitro, and both 2-at-LIGRL-NH(2) and 2-f-LIGRLO-NH(2) stimulated PAR(2)-dependent thermal hyperalgesia in vivo. We have characterized three high potency ligands that can be used to explore the physiological role of PAR(2) in a variety of systems and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Flynn
- From the Departments of Physiology and
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, and
- Arizona Respiratory Center, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | | | | | - Justin Hoffman
- From the Departments of Physiology and
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, and
- Arizona Respiratory Center, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | | | | | - Scott Boitano
- From the Departments of Physiology and
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, and
- Arizona Respiratory Center, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724
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Boitano S, Flynn AN, Schulz SM, Hoffman J, Price TJ, Vagner J. Potent agonists of the protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Med Chem 2011; 54:1308-13. [PMID: 21294569 DOI: 10.1021/jm1013049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel peptidomimetic pharmacophores to PAR(2) were designed based on the known activating peptide SLIGRL-NH(2). A set of 15 analogues was evaluated with a model cell line (16HBE14o-) that highly expresses PAR(2). Cells exposed to the PAR(2) activating peptide with N-terminal 2-furoyl modification (2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2)) initiated increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i) EC(50) = 0.84 μM) and in vitro physiological responses as measured by the xCELLigence real time cell analyzer (RTCA EC(50) = 138 nM). We discovered two selective PAR(2) agonists with comparable potency: compound 1 (2-aminothiazol-4-yl; Ca(2+) EC(50) = 1.77 μM, RTCA EC(50) = 142 nM) and compound 2 (6-aminonicotinyl; Ca(2+) EC(50) = 2.60 μM, RTCA EC(50) = 311 nM). Unlike the previously described agonist, these novel agonists are devoid of the metabolically unstable 2-furoyl modification and thus provide potential advantages for PAR(2) peptide design for in vitro and in vivo studies. The novel compounds described herein also serve as a starting point for structure-activity relationship (SAR) design and are, for the first time, evaluated via a unique high throughput in vitro physiological assay. Together these will lead to discovery of more potent agonists and antagonists of PAR(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Boitano
- Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
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Josan JS, De Silva CR, Yoo B, Lynch RM, Pagel MD, Vagner J, Hruby VJ. Fluorescent and lanthanide labeling for ligand screens, assays, and imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 716:89-126. [PMID: 21318902 PMCID: PMC3365840 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-012-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluorescent (or luminescent) and metal contrast agents in high-throughput screens, in vitro assays, and molecular imaging procedures has rapidly expanded in recent years. Here we describe the development and utility of high-affinity ligands for cancer theranostics and other in vitro screening -studies. In this context, we also illustrate the syntheses and use of heteromultivalent ligands as targeted imaging agents.
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Yan Y, Chen X. Peptide heterodimers for molecular imaging. Amino Acids 2010; 41:1081-92. [PMID: 20232091 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One main issue with peptide-based molecular imaging probes is their relatively low tumor affinity and short retention time. To improve peptide binding affinity, multivalency approach has been introduced. Traditionally, this approach involves the use of peptide homodimers or homomultimers in which peptide ligands of the same type are constructed with suitable linkers. Recently, a new approach using peptide heterodimers has emerged as a promising method for targeting multi-receptor over-expressed tumor cells. Significant affinity enhancements have been observed with peptide heterodimers compared with their parent peptide monomers. In a peptide heterodimer, two different peptide ligands capable of targeting two different receptors are covalently linked. The binding modes of peptide heterodimers can be monovalent or bivalent depending on whether simultaneous binding of two ligands can be achieved. Increased local ligand concentration and improved binding kinetics contribute to enhanced binding in both monovalent- and bivalent binding modes, while multivalency effect also plays an important role in bivalent binding mode. As many tumors overexpress multiple receptors, more peptide heterodimer-based molecular imaging probes are expected to be developed in future. This review article will discuss the peptide homodimers and heterodimers for molecular imaging with special emphasis on peptide heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kluza E, van der Schaft DWJ, Hautvast PAI, Mulder WJM, Mayo KH, Griffioen AW, Strijkers GJ, Nicolay K. Synergistic targeting of alphavbeta3 integrin and galectin-1 with heteromultivalent paramagnetic liposomes for combined MR imaging and treatment of angiogenesis. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:52-58. [PMID: 19968235 DOI: 10.1021/nl902659g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Effective and specific targeting of nanoparticles is of paramount importance in the fields of targeted therapeutics and diagnostics. In the current study, we investigated the targeting efficacy of nanoparticles that were functionalized with two angiogenesis-specific targeting ligands, an alpha(v)beta(3) integrin-specific and a galectin-1-specific peptide. We show in vitro, using optical techniques and MRI, that the dual-targeting approach produces synergistic targeting effects, causing a dramatically elevated uptake of nanoparticles as compared to single ligand targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kluza
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
From a scientific perspective, efforts to understand biology including what constitutes health and disease has become a chemical problem. However, chemists and biologists "see" the problems of understanding biology from different perspectives, and this has retarded progress in solving the problems especially as they relate to health and disease. This suggests that close collaboration between chemists and biologists is not only necessary but essential for progress in both the biology and chemistry that will provide solutions to the global questions of biology. This perspective has directed my scientific efforts for the past 45 years, and in this overview I provide my perspective of how the applications of synthetic chemistry, structural design, and numerous other chemical principles have intersected in my collaborations with biologists to provide new tools, new science, and new insights that were only made possible and fruitful by these collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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