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Madera D, Alonso-Gómez A, Delgado MJ, Valenciano AI, Alonso-Gómez ÁL. Gene Characterization of Nocturnin Paralogues in Goldfish: Full Coding Sequences, Structure, Phylogeny and Tissue Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:54. [PMID: 38203224 PMCID: PMC10779419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is the full characterization of all the nocturnin (noc) paralogues expressed in a teleost, the goldfish. An in silico analysis of the evolutive origin of noc in Osteichthyes is performed, including the splicing variants and new paralogues appearing after teleostean 3R genomic duplication and the cyprinine 4Rc. After sequencing the full-length mRNA of goldfish, we obtained two isoforms for noc-a (noc-aa and noc-ab) with two splice variants (I and II), and only one for noc-b (noc-bb) with two transcripts (II and III). Using the splicing variant II, the prediction of the secondary and tertiary structures renders a well-conserved 3D distribution of four α-helices and nine β-sheets in the three noc isoforms. A synteny analysis based on the localization of noc genes in the patrilineal or matrilineal subgenomes and a phylogenetic tree of protein sequences were accomplished to stablish a classification and a long-lasting nomenclature of noc in goldfish, and valid to be extrapolated to allotetraploid Cyprininae. Finally, both goldfish and zebrafish showed a broad tissue expression of all the noc paralogues. Moreover, the enriched expression of specific paralogues in some tissues argues in favour of neo- or subfunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ángel Luis Alonso-Gómez
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.M.); (A.A.-G.); (M.J.D.); (A.I.V.)
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2
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Kulshrestha S, Devkar R. Circadian control of Nocturnin and its regulatory role in health and disease. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:970-981. [PMID: 37400970 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2231081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are generated by intrinsic 24-h oscillations that anticipate the extrinsic changes associated with solar day. A conserved transcriptional-translational feedback loop generates these molecular oscillations of clock genes at the organismal and the cellular levels. One of the recently discovered outputs of circadian clock is Nocturnin (Noct) or Ccrn4l. In mice, Noct mRNA is broadly expressed in cells throughout the body, with a particularly high-amplitude rhythm in liver. NOCT belongs to the EEP family of proteins with the closest similarity to the CCR4 family of deadenylases. Multiple studies have investigated the role of Nocturnin in development, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, osteogenesis, and obesity. Further, mice lacking Noct (Noct KO or Noct-/-) are protected from high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Recent studies had provided new insights by investigating various aspects of Nocturnin, ranging from its sub-cellular localization to identification of its target transcripts. However, a profound understanding of its molecular function remains elusive. This review article seeks to integrate the available literature into our current understanding of the functions of Nocturnin, their regulatory roles in key tissues and to throw light on the existing scientific lacunae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Kulshrestha
- Chronobiology and Molecular Endocrinology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Ranjitsinh Devkar
- Chronobiology and Molecular Endocrinology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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3
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Gong Y, Zhang G, Li B, Cao C, Cao D, Li X, Li H, Ye M, Shen H, Chen G. BMAL1 attenuates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced secondary brain injury in rats by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1617. [PMID: 34926661 PMCID: PMC8640921 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Oxidative stress and inflammation are important pathological mechanisms of secondary brain injury (SBI) after ICH. Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1 (BMAL1), which forms the core component of the circadian clock, was previously shown to be involved in many diseases and to participate in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. However, the role of BMAL1 in SBI following ICH is unknown. In addition, treatments targeting miR-155 and its downstream signaling pathway may exert a beneficial effect on SBI after ICH, while miR-155 may regulate Bmal1 mRNA stability and translation. Nevertheless, researchers have not clearly determined whetheantagomir-155 upregulates BMAL1 expression and subsequently attenuates ICH-induced brain injury in rats. Methods After establishing an ICH rat model by injecting autologous blood, the time course of changes in levels of the BMAL1 protein after ICH was analyzed. Subsequently, this study was designed to investigate the potential role and mechanisms of BMAL1 in SBI following ICH using lentiviral overexpression and antagomir-155 treatments. Results BMAL1 protein levels were significantly decreased in the ICH group compared to the sham group. Genetic overexpression of BMAL1 alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation, brain edema, blood-brain barrier injury, neuronal death, and neurological dysfunction induced by ICH. On the other hand, we observed that inhibiting miRNA-155 using antagomir-155 promoted the expression of BMAL1 and further activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway to attenuate brain injury after ICH. Conclusions These results reveal that BMAL1 serves as a neuroprotective agent in ICH and upregulation of BMAL1 attenuates ICH-induced SBI. Therefore, BMAL1 may be a promising therapeutic target for SBI following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Demao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery& Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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4
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Lee SB, Park J, Kwak Y, Park YU, Nhung TTM, Suh BK, Woo Y, Suh Y, Cho E, Cho S, Park SK. Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 enhances the quality of circadian rhythm by stabilizing BMAL1. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:110. [PMID: 33542182 PMCID: PMC7862247 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a scaffold protein that has been implicated in multiple mental disorders. DISC1 is known to regulate neuronal proliferation, signaling, and intracellular calcium homeostasis, as well as neurodevelopment. Although DISC1 was linked to sleep-associated behaviors, whether DISC1 functions in the circadian rhythm has not been determined yet. In this work, we revealed that Disc1 expression exhibits daily oscillating pattern and is regulated by binding of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) heterodimer to E-box sequences in its promoter. Interestingly, Disc1 deficiency increases the ubiquitination of BMAL1 and de-stabilizes it, thereby reducing its protein levels. DISC1 inhibits the activity of GSK3β, which promotes BMAL1 ubiquitination, suggesting that DISC1 regulates BMAL1 stability by inhibiting its ubiquitination. Moreover, Disc1-deficient cells and mice show reduced expression of other circadian genes. Finally, Disc1-LI (Disc1 knockout) mice exhibit damped circadian physiology and behaviors. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the oscillation of DISC1 expression is under the control of CLOCK and BMAL1, and that DISC1 contributes to the core circadian system by regulating BMAL1 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Been Lee
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdo Kwak
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea ,grid.507563.2Present Address: SK biopharmaceuticals Ltd, Seongnam-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Un Park
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea ,grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Present Address: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Truong Thi My Nhung
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyoung Suh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Woo
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Suh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbyul Cho
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyung Cho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Abshire ET, Hughes KL, Diao R, Pearce S, Gopalakrishna S, Trievel RC, Rorbach J, Freddolino PL, Goldstrohm AC. Differential processing and localization of human Nocturnin controls metabolism of mRNA and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15112-15133. [PMID: 32839274 PMCID: PMC7606674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocturnin (NOCT) is a eukaryotic enzyme that belongs to a superfamily of exoribonucleases, endonucleases, and phosphatases. In this study, we analyze the expression, processing, localization, and cellular functions of human NOCT. We find that NOCT protein is differentially expressed and processed in a cell and tissue type-specific manner to control its localization to the cytoplasm or mitochondrial exterior or interior. The N terminus of NOCT is necessary and sufficient to confer import and processing in the mitochondria. We measured the impact of cytoplasmic NOCT on the transcriptome and observed that it affects mRNA levels of hundreds of genes that are significantly enriched in osteoblast, neuronal, and mitochondrial functions. Recent biochemical data indicate that NOCT dephosphorylates NADP(H) metabolites, and thus we measured the effect of NOCT on these cofactors in cells. We find that NOCT increases NAD(H) and decreases NADP(H) levels in a manner dependent on its intracellular localization. Collectively, our data indicate that NOCT can regulate levels of both mRNAs and NADP(H) cofactors in a manner specified by its location in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Abshire
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kelsey L Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rucheng Diao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah Pearce
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden; Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing - Karolinska Institute Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shreekara Gopalakrishna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Raymond C Trievel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joanna Rorbach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden; Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing - Karolinska Institute Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter L Freddolino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aaron C Goldstrohm
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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6
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Chhunchha B, Kubo E, Singh DP. Clock Protein Bmal1 and Nrf2 Cooperatively Control Aging or Oxidative Response and Redox Homeostasis by Regulating Rhythmic Expression of Prdx6. Cells 2020; 9:E1861. [PMID: 32784474 PMCID: PMC7463585 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many disorders of aging, including blinding-diseases, are associated with deficiency of brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1 (Bmal1) and, thereby, dysregulation of antioxidant-defense pathway. However, knowledge is limited regarding the role of Bmal1 regulation of antioxidant-pathway in the eye lens/lens epithelial cells (LECs) at the molecular level. We found that, in aging human (h)LECs, a progressive decline of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/ARE (antioxidant response element)-mediated antioxidant genes was connected to Bmal1-deficiency, leading to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell-death. Bmal1-depletion disrupted Nrf2 and expression of its target antioxidant genes, like Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6). DNA binding and transcription assays showed that Bmal1 controlled expression by direct binding to E-Box in Prdx6 promoter to regulate its transcription. Mutation at E-Box or ARE reduced promoter activity, while disruption of both sites diminished the activity, suggesting that both sites were required for peak Prdx6-transcription. As in aging hLECs, ROS accumulation was increased in Bmal1-deficient cells and the cells were vulnerable to death. Intriguingly, Bmal1/Nrf2/Prdx6 and PhaseII antioxidants showed rhythmic expression in mouse lenses in vivo and were reciprocally linked to ROS levels. We propose that Bmal1 is pivotal for regulating oxidative responses. Findings also reveal a circadian control of antioxidant-pathway, which is important in combating lens/LECs damage induced by aging or oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Chhunchha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan;
| | - Dhirendra P. Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
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7
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Chang V, Meuti ME. Circadian transcription factors differentially regulate features of the adult overwintering diapause in the Northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 121:103365. [PMID: 32247760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The short days of late summer and early fall are the environmental cues that most temperate insects and other animals use to predict winter's arrival. Although it is still unclear precisely how insects measure daylength, there is mounting evidence that the circadian clock regulates seasonal responses including photoperiodic diapause. Females of the Northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, enter an adult reproductive diapause in response to short daylengths. While in this state, females divert their resources from reproduction to survival, arresting egg follicle development and increasing fat content. Here, we characterized the expression profile of two circadian transcription factors, vrille (vri) and Par domain protein 1 (Pdp1), as well as genes downstream of the clock, takeout (to) and Nocturnin (Noc) and under different seasonal conditions. We saw that while vri mRNA oscillated under both long day and short day conditions, Pdp1 expression oscillated only under long day conditions and was constitutively upregulated in diapausing females. We saw similar expression profiles for to and Noc, suggesting that PDP1 might regulate their expression or that Pdp1, to and Noc might be regulated by the same transcription factor. We suppressed vri and Pdp1 using RNA interference. dsRNA against vri provided inconsistent results, sometimes stimulating autogenous egg follicle development in both long and short day-reared females, and other times had no effect. In contrast, knocking down Pdp1 prevented short day-reared females from accumulating fat reserves, but increased expression of to and Noc. Taken together, these data suggest that the circadian transcription factors Vri and Pdp1 may independently regulate signaling pathways underlying arrested egg follicle development and fat accumulation in diapausing females of Cx. pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Chang
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd., Room 216 Kottman Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Megan E Meuti
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd., Room 216 Kottman Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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8
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Hwang DB, Won DH, Shin YS, Kim SY, Kang BC, Lim KM, Che JH, Nam KT, Yun JW. Ccrn4l as a pre-dose marker for prediction of cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity susceptibility. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 148:128-139. [PMID: 31911150 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical cisplatin use is often limited by its drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Particularly, individual differences in susceptibility to DILI can cause life-threatening medical conditions. This study aimed to uncover the inherent genetic factors determining individual variations in hepatotoxicity susceptibility. Rats were subjected to liver biopsy and a 3-week postoperative recovery period before cisplatin administration. At 2 days post-treatment with cisplatin, the rats exhibited histopathological and serum biochemical alterations in the liver, and changes in hydrogen peroxide and cytochrome P450-2E1 levels. Based on these results of liver-related biochemical markers, 32 rats were grouped into the susceptible (top five) and resistant (bottom five) groups. Using RNA-sequencing, we compared gene expressions in the liver pre-biopsied from these two groups before cisplatin treatment and found 161 differently expressed genes between the Susceptible and Resistant groups. Among them, the clock-controlled Ccrn4l responsible for 'rhythmic process' was identified as a common gene downregulated inherently prior to drug exposure in both cisplatin- and acetaminophen-sensitive animals. Additionally, low Ccrn4l levels before cisplatin treatment in the Susceptible group were maintained even after treatment, with decreased antioxidants, increased nitration, and apoptosis. The relationship of Ccrn4l with catalase and mitochondrial RNAs in the liver was confirmed by correlation of their hepatic levels among individuals and similar patterns of circadian variation in their mRNA expression. Remarkably, Ccrn4l knockdown promoted cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in WB-F344 cells with antioxidant catalase and apoptosis-related Bax changes. Inherent individual hepatic Ccrn4l level might be a novel factor affecting cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity susceptibility, possibly through regulation of mitochondrial and antioxidant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Bin Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Won
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Sub Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Shin-Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea.
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9
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Elkhenany H, AlOkda A, El-Badawy A, El-Badri N. Tissue regeneration: Impact of sleep on stem cell regenerative capacity. Life Sci 2018; 214:51-61. [PMID: 30393021 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm orchestrates many cellular functions, such as cell division, cell migration, metabolism and numerous intracellular biological processes. The physiological changes during sleep are believed to promote a suitable microenvironment for stem cells to proliferate, migrate and differentiate. These effects are mediated either directly by circadian clock genes or indirectly via hormones and cytokines. Hormones, such as melatonin and cortisol, are secreted in response to neural optic signals and act in harmony to regulate many biological functions during sleep. Herein, we correlate the effects of the main circadian genes on the expression of certain stem cell genes responsible for the regeneration of different tissues, including bone, cartilage, skin, and intestine. We also review the effects of different hormones and cytokines on stem cell activation or suppression and their relationship to the day/night cycle. The correlation of circadian rhythm with tissue regeneration could have implications in understanding the biology of sleep and tissue regeneration and in enhancing the efficacy and timing of surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Elkhenany
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12588, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, 22785, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman AlOkda
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12588, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Badawy
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12588, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Badri
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12588, Egypt.
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10
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Hughes KL, Abshire ET, Goldstrohm AC. Regulatory roles of vertebrate Nocturnin: insights and remaining mysteries. RNA Biol 2018; 15:1255-1267. [PMID: 30257600 PMCID: PMC6284557 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1526541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional control of messenger RNA (mRNA) is an important layer of gene regulation that modulates mRNA decay, translation, and localization. Eukaryotic mRNA decay begins with the catalytic removal of the 3' poly-adenosine tail by deadenylase enzymes. Multiple deadenylases have been identified in vertebrates and are known to have distinct biological roles; among these proteins is Nocturnin, which has been linked to circadian biology, adipogenesis, osteogenesis, and obesity. Multiple studies have investigated Nocturnin's involvement in these processes; however, a full understanding of its molecular function remains elusive. Recent studies have provided new insights by identifying putative Nocturnin-regulated mRNAs in mice and by determining the structure and regulatory activities of human Nocturnin. This review seeks to integrate these new discoveries into our understanding of Nocturnin's regulatory functions and highlight the important remaining unanswered questions surrounding its regulation, biochemical activities, protein partners, and target mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Hughes
- a Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Elizabeth T Abshire
- a Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA.,b Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Aaron C Goldstrohm
- a Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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11
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Mermet J, Yeung J, Naef F. Systems Chronobiology: Global Analysis of Gene Regulation in a 24-Hour Periodic World. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028720. [PMID: 27920039 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have evolved an internal timing system, the circadian clock, which synchronizes physiology and behavior to the daily light and dark cycles of the Earth. The master clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, takes fluctuating light input from the retina and synchronizes other tissues to the same internal rhythm. The molecular clocks that drive these circadian rhythms are ticking in nearly all cells in the body. Efforts in systems chronobiology are now being directed at understanding, on a comprehensive scale, how the circadian clock controls different layers of gene regulation to provide robust timing cues at the cellular and tissue level. In this review, we introduce some basic concepts underlying periodicity of gene regulation, and then highlight recent genome-wide investigations on the propagation of rhythms across multiple regulatory layers in mammals, all the way from chromatin conformation to protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mermet
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jake Yeung
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felix Naef
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Abstract
Temporally coordinated resorption and synthesis is the key to maintaining healthy bones. Articular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue within the joints that lines the surface of a long bone. Emerging evidence has suggested a critical role of the circadian system in controlling cartilage and bone biology. Articular cartilage is sparsely populated with chondrocytes, surrounded by abundant extracellular matrices that are synthesized and maintained solely by chondrocytes. Once damaged, the articular cartilage tissue has poor capacity for endogenous repair, leaving the joints prone to osteoarthritis, an age-related painful condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. An important question is how articular cartilage has evolved its remarkable capacity to maintain homeostasis and withstand daily biomechanical challenges associated with resting/activity cycles. Equally important is how this avascular and aneural tissue senses time and uses this information to coordinate daily phases of metabolic activity and tissue remodeling/repair. Bone tissue derived from cartilage has similarly sparse populations of resident cells living in dense and largely mineralized matrices. We discuss recent progress on circadian clocks in these matrix-rich skeletal tissues and highlight avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, UK
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13
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Abstract
The night and day cycle governs the circadian (24 hourly) rhythm of activity and rest in animals and humans. This is reflected in daily changes of the global gene expression pattern and metabolism, but also in the local physiology of various tissues. A central clock in the brain co-ordinates the rhythmic locomotion behaviour, as well as synchronizing various local oscillators, such as those found in the musculoskeletal system. It has become increasingly recognized that the internal molecular clocks in cells allow a tissue to anticipate the rhythmic changes in their local environment and the specific demands of that tissue. Consequently, the majority of the rhythmic clock controlled genes and pathways are tissue specific. The concept of the tissue-specific function of circadian clocks is further supported by the diverse musculoskeletal phenotypes in mice with deletions or mutations of various core clock components, ranging from increased bone mass, dwarfism, arthropathy, reduced muscle strength and tendon calcification. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the circadian clocks in muscle, bone, cartilage and tendon tissues, with particular focus on the evidence of circadian rhythms in tissue physiology, their entrainment mechanisms and disease links, and the tissue-specific clock target genes/pathways. Research in this area holds strong potential to advance our understanding of how circadian rhythms control the health and disease of the musculoskeletal tissues, which has major implications in diseases associated with advancing age. It could also have potential implications in sports performance and sports medicine.
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14
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Hardeland R. Melatonin, noncoding RNAs, messenger RNA stability and epigenetics--evidence, hints, gaps and perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18221-52. [PMID: 25310649 PMCID: PMC4227213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly pleiotropic regulator molecule, which influences numerous functions in almost every organ and, thus, up- or down-regulates many genes, frequently in a circadian manner. Our understanding of the mechanisms controlling gene expression is actually now expanding to a previously unforeseen extent. In addition to classic actions of transcription factors, gene expression is induced, suppressed or modulated by a number of RNAs and proteins, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, piRNAs, antisense transcripts, deadenylases, DNA methyltransferases, histone methylation complexes, histone demethylases, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. Direct or indirect evidence for involvement of melatonin in this network of players has originated in different fields, including studies on central and peripheral circadian oscillators, shift work, cancer, inflammation, oxidative stress, aging, energy expenditure/obesity, diabetes type 2, neuropsychiatric disorders, and neurogenesis. Some of the novel modulators have also been shown to participate in the control of melatonin biosynthesis and melatonin receptor expression. Future work will need to augment the body of evidence on direct epigenetic actions of melatonin and to systematically investigate its role within the network of oscillating epigenetic factors. Moreover, it will be necessary to discriminate between effects observed under conditions of well-operating and deregulated circadian clocks, and to explore the possibilities of correcting epigenetic malprogramming by melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, Göttingen D-37073, Germany.
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15
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Huang G, He Q, Guo J, Cha J, Liu Y. The Ccr4-not protein complex regulates the phase of the Neurospora circadian clock by controlling white collar protein stability and activity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31002-9. [PMID: 24030828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.494120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Neurospora circadian negative feedback loop, white collar 1 (WC-1) and WC-2 form the WC complex that activates frequency (frq) transcription. Here we show that Not1 is a WC-interacting protein and is important for maintaining WC levels. The not1 transcript displays a circadian oscillation with a similar phase as frq. Down-regulation of not1 leads to low levels of WC-1 and WC-2 and a delayed circadian phase as a result of increased protein degradation and increased WC activity. Protein purification of Not1 shows that it is part of the Neurospora Ccr4-Not complex. ccr4 is a clock-controlled gene and is regulated directly by the WC complex. Down-regulation of ccr4 results in a phase delay and period lengthening of the clock. Together, our findings suggest that the Ccr4-Not complex participates in the Neurospora clock function by interacting with and regulating the WC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocun Huang
- From the Center for Circadian Clocks, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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16
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Ribonucleoprotein complexes that control circadian clocks. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9018-36. [PMID: 23698761 PMCID: PMC3676770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are internal molecular time-keeping mechanisms that enable organisms to adjust their physiology and behavior to the daily surroundings. Misalignment of circadian clocks leads to both physiological and health impairment. Post-transcriptional regulation and translational regulation of circadian clocks have been extensively investigated. In addition, accumulating evidence has shed new light on the involvement of ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) in the post-transcriptional regulation of circadian clocks. Numerous RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and RNPs have been implicated in the post-transcriptional modification of circadian clock proteins in different model organisms. Herein, we summarize the advances in the current knowledge on the role of RNP complexes in circadian clock regulation.
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17
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Nocturnin in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: a potential circadian clock protein controlling glycogenin synthesis in sponges. Biochem J 2013; 448:233-42. [PMID: 22928820 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sponges are filter feeders that consume a large amount of energy to allow a controlled filtration of water through their aquiferous canal systems. It has been shown that primmorphs, three-dimensional cell aggregates prepared from the demosponge Suberites domuncula and cultured in vitro, change their morphology depending on the light supply. Upon exposure to light, primmorphs show a faster and stronger increase in DNA, protein and glycogen content compared with primmorphs that remain in the dark. The sponge genome contains nocturnin, a light/dark-controlled clock gene, the protein of which shares a high sequence similarity with the related molecule of higher metazoans. The sponge nocturnin protein was found showing a poly(A)-specific 3'-exoribonuclease activity. In addition, the cDNA of the glycogenin gene was identified for subsequent expression studies. Antibodies against nocturnin were raised and used in parallel with the cDNA to determine the regional expression of nocturnin in intact sponge specimens; the highest expression of nocturnin was seen in the epithelial layer around the aquiferous canals. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed that primmorphs after transfer from light to dark show a 10-fold increased expression in the nocturnin gene. In contrast, the expression level of glycogenin decreases in the dark by 3-4-fold. Exposure of primmorphs to light causes a decrease in nocturnin transcripts and a concurrent increase in glycogenin transcripts. It was concluded that sponges are provided with the molecular circadian clock protein nocturnin that is highly expressed in the dark where it controls the stability of a key metabolic enzyme, glycogenin.
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18
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Godwin AR, Kojima S, Green CB, Wilusz J. Kiss your tail goodbye: the role of PARN, Nocturnin, and Angel deadenylases in mRNA biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1829:571-9. [PMID: 23274303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PARN, Nocturnin and Angel are three of the multiple deadenylases that have been described in eukaryotic cells. While each of these enzymes appear to target poly(A) tails for shortening and influence RNA gene expression levels and quality control, the enzymes differ in terms of enzymatic mechanisms, regulation and biological impact. The goal of this review is to provide an in depth biochemical and biological perspective of the PARN, Nocturnin and Angel deadenylases. Understanding the shared and unique roles of these enzymes in cell biology will provide important insights into numerous aspects of the post-transcriptional control of gene expression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA Decay mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Godwin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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19
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Stubblefield JJ, Terrien J, Green CB. Nocturnin: at the crossroads of clocks and metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:326-33. [PMID: 22608110 PMCID: PMC3389576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of metabolism exhibit daily rhythmicity under the control of endogenous circadian clocks, and disruptions in circadian timing result in dysfunctions associated with the metabolic syndrome. Nocturnin (Noc) is a robustly rhythmic gene that encodes a deadenylase thought to be involved in the removal of polyA tails from mRNAs. Mice lacking the Noc gene display resistance to diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis, due in part to reduced lipid trafficking in the small intestine. In addition, Noc appears to play important roles in other tissues and has been implicated in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, inflammation and osteogenesis. Therefore, Noc is a potential key post-transcriptional mediator in the circadian control of many metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Stubblefield
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, NB4.204G, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
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20
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Gimble JM, Sutton GM, Ptitsyn AA, Floyd ZE, Bunnell BA. Circadian rhythms in adipose tissue: an update. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14:554-61. [PMID: 21986477 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32834ad94b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated from basic science, clinical and epidemiological studies linking circadian mechanisms to adipose tissue biology and its related comorbidities, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity. This review highlights recent in-vitro and in-vivo findings from murine, human and model organism studies. RECENT FINDINGS High-fat diets attenuate circadian mechanisms in murine adipose depots and these effects appear to be due to obesity rather than hyperglycemia. Deletion of circadian regulatory genes such as AMPK1 and nocturnin alter the circadian biology of adipose tissue. Unlike the mouse, circadian gene oscillation in human adipose tissue appears to be independent of BMI and diabetes status, suggesting that circadian mechanistic variation occurs across species. Clues for future directions in this emerging field come from studies of the hibernation and torpor state in mammals and infection models involving the Drosophila metabolic organ or 'fat body'. SUMMARY There is a growing consensus that circadian rhythms and metabolism are tightly regulated in adipose tissue and peripheral metabolic organs. Although central mechanisms are critical, autonomous clocks exist within the adipocytes themselves. Future circadian advances are likely to result from the studies of adipose tissue-specific gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Gimble
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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21
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Zhang L, Weng W, Guo J. Posttranscriptional mechanisms in controlling eukaryotic circadian rhythms. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1400-5. [PMID: 21414314 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is essential in almost all living organisms to synchronise biochemical, metabolic, physiological and behavioural cycles to daily changing environmental factors. In a highly conserved fashion, the circadian clock is primarily controlled by multiple positive and negative molecular circuitries that control gene expression. More recently, research in Neurospora and other eukaryotes has uncovered the involvement of additional regulatory components that operate at the posttranslational level to fine tune the circadian system. Though it remains poorly understood, a growing body of evidence has shown that posttranscriptional regulation controls the expression of both circadian oscillator and output gene transcripts at a number of different steps. This regulation is crucial for driving and maintaining robust circadian rhythms. Here we review recent advances in circadian rhythm research at the RNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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22
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Schneider K, Tippmann S, Spiwoks-Becker I, Holthues H, Wolloscheck T, Spatkowski G, Engel L, Frederiksen U, Spessert R. Unique clockwork in photoreceptor of rat. J Neurochem 2010; 115:585-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Mahoney CE, Brewer D, Costello MK, Brewer JM, Bittman EL. Lateralization of the central circadian pacemaker output: a test of neural control of peripheral oscillator phase. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R751-61. [PMID: 20592176 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00746.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the contribution of neural pathways to the determination of the circadian oscillator phase in peripheral organs, we assessed lateralization of clock gene expression in Syrian hamsters induced to split rhythms of locomotor activity by exposure to constant light. We measured the ratio of haPer1, haPer2, and haBmal1 mRNA on the high vs. low (H/L) side at 3-h intervals prior to the predicted activity onset (pAO). We also calculated expression on the sides ipsilateral vs. contralateral (I/C) to the side of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) expressing higher haPer1. The extent of asymmetry in split hamsters varied between specific genes, phases, and organs. Although the magnitude of asymmetry in peripheral organs was never as great as that in the SCN, we observed significantly greater lateralization of clock gene expression in the adrenal medulla and cortex, lung, and skeletal muscle, but not in liver or kidney, of split hamsters than of unsplit controls. We observed fivefold lateralization of expression of the clock-controlled gene, albumin site D-element binding protein (Dbp), in skeletal muscle (H/L: 10.7 +/- 3.7 at 3 h vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3 at 0 h pAO; P = 0.03). Furthermore, tyrosine hydroxylase expression was asymmetrical in the adrenal medulla of split (H/L: 1.9 +/- 0.5 at 0 h) vs. unsplit hamsters (1.2 +/- 0.04; P < 0.05). Consistent with a model of neurally controlled gene expression, we found significant correlations between the phase angle between morning and evening components (psi(me)) and the level of asymmetry (H/L or I/C). Our results indicate that neural pathways contribute to, but cannot completely account for, SCN regulation of the phase of peripheral oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Mahoney
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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A circadian-regulated gene, Nocturnin, promotes adipogenesis by stimulating PPAR-gamma nuclear translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10508-13. [PMID: 20498072 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000788107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocturnin (NOC) is a circadian-regulated protein related to the yeast family of transcription factors involved in the cellular response to nutrient status. In mammals, NOC functions as a deadenylase but lacks a transcriptional activation domain. It is highly expressed in bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), hepatocytes, and adipocytes. In BMSCs exposed to the PPAR-gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) agonist rosiglitazone, Noc expression was enhanced 30-fold. Previously, we reported that Noc(-/-) mice had low body temperature, were protected from diet-induced obesity, and most importantly exhibited absence of Pparg circadian rhythmicity on a high-fat diet. Consistent with its role in influencing BMSCs allocation, Noc(-/-) mice have reduced bone marrow adiposity and high bone mass. In that same vein, NOC overexpression enhances adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells but negatively regulates osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1 cells. NOC and a mutated form, which lacks deadenylase activity, bind to PPAR-gamma and markedly enhance PPAR-gamma transcriptional activity. Both WT and mutant NOC facilitate nuclear translocation of PPAR-gamma. Importantly, NOC-mediated nuclear translocation of PPAR-gamma is blocked by a short peptide fragment of NOC that inhibits its physical interaction with PPAR-gamma. The inhibitory effect of this NOC-peptide was partially reversed by rosiglitazone, suggesting that effect of NOC on PPAR-gamma nuclear translocation may be independent of ligand-mediated PPAR-gamma activation. In sum, Noc plays a unique role in the regulation of mesenchymal stem-cell lineage allocation by modulating PPAR-gamma activity through nuclear translocation. These data illustrate a unique mechanism whereby a nutrient-responsive gene influences BMSCs differentiation, adipogenesis, and ultimately body composition.
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25
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Kawai M, Green CB, Horowitz M, Ackert-Bicknell C, Lecka-Czernik B, Rosen CJ. Nocturnin: a circadian target of Pparg-induced adipogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1192:131-8. [PMID: 20392228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) control cell fate and regulate tissue function. Some of the NRs are expressed in a circadian and tissue-specific manner. Clock genes are part of the circadian network and fine-tune gene expression in adipose and skeletal tissues. Pparg, a master transcription factor that determines adipogenesis, exhibits a circadian expression pattern in white adipose tissue and liver. Here we report the finding that the message and protein for a peripheral clock gene, nocturnin, is markedly upregulated with Pparg activation in adipocytes and bone marrow stromal cells. Nocturnin is also expressed in relatively high amounts in other tissues that may have physiologic relevance for bone, including the brain and hypothalamus. Of importance, we found polymorphic strain differences in bone marrow nocturnin expression that relate to phenotypic determinants of skeletal acquisition. Defining the function of nocturnin in peripheral tissues should provide new insights into lineage allocation and the intimate relationship between nuclear receptors and physiologic timekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kawai
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
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26
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Bose S, Boockfor FR. Episodes of prolactin gene expression in GH3 cells are dependent on selective promoter binding of multiple circadian elements. Endocrinology 2010; 151:2287-96. [PMID: 20215567 PMCID: PMC2869263 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) gene expression in mammotropes occurs in pulses, but the mechanism(s) underlying this dynamic process remains obscure. Recent findings from our laboratory of an E-box in the rat PRL promoter (E-box133) that can interact with the circadian factors, circadian locomoter output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein (BMAL)-1, and was necessary for pulse activity raised the intriguing possibility that the circadian system may be central to this oscillatory process. In this study, we used serum-shocked GH(3) cells, established previously to synchronize PRL pulses between cells in culture, to reveal that pulses of PRL mRNA are linked temporally to the expression of bmal1, cry1, per1, and per3 mRNA in these cells. Moreover, we found that each of these circadian factors binds to the rat PRL promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Using EMSA analysis, we observed that two sites present in the proximal promoter region, E-box133 and E-box10, bind circadian factors differentially (E-box133 interacted with BMAL1, cryptochrome-1, period (PER)-1, and PER3 but not PER2 and E-box10 bound BMAL1, cryptochrome-1, PER2, PER3 but not PER1). More importantly, down-regulation of any factor binding E-box133 significantly reduced PRL mRNA levels during pulse periods. Our results demonstrate clearly that certain circadian elements binding to the E-box133 site are required for episodes of PRL mRNA expression in serum-shocked GH(3) cultures. Moreover, our findings of binding-related differences between functionally distinct E-boxes demonstrate not only that E-boxes can bind different components but suggest that the number and type of circadian elements that bind to an E-box is central in dictating its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Bose
- Laboratory of Molecular Dynamics, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, MedicalUniversity of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 294251, USA
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Curled encodes the Drosophila homolog of the vertebrate circadian deadenylase Nocturnin. Genetics 2009; 183:219-32. [PMID: 19581445 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster curled, one of the first fly mutants described by T. H. Morgan >90 years ago, is the founding member of a series of curled wing phenotype mutants widely used as markers in fruit fly genetics. The expressivity of the wing phenotype is environmentally modulated, suggesting that the mutation affects the metabolic status of cells rather than a developmental control gene. However, the molecular identity of any of the curled wing marker mutant genes is still unknown. In a screen for starvation-responsive genes, we previously identified the single fly homolog of the vertebrate nocturnin genes, which encode cytoplasmic deadenylases that act in the post-transcriptional control of genes by poly(A) tail removal of target mRNAs prior to their degradation. Here we show that curled encodes Drosophila Nocturnin and that the gene is required at pupal stage for proper wing morphogenesis after eclosion of the fly. Despite the complex ontogenetic expression pattern of the gene, curled is not expressed in the developing wing, and wing-specific curled knockdown mediated by RNAi does not result in the curled wing phenotype, indicating a tissue-nonautonomous, systemic mode of curled gene function. Our study not only presents an entry point into the functional analysis of invertebrate nocturnins but also paves the way for the identification of the still elusive Nocturnin target mRNAs by genetic suppressor screens on the curled wing phenotype.
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