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Feng Z, Gao L, Lu Y, He X, Xie J. The potential contribution of aberrant cathepsin K expression to gastric cancer pathogenesis. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:218. [PMID: 38856944 PMCID: PMC11164852 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of cathepsin K (CTSK) expression in the pathogenesis and progression of gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to elucidate the precise expression and biological role of CTSK in GC by employing a combination of bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments. Our findings indicated a significant upregulation of CTSK in GC. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that GC patients with a high level of CTSK expression exhibited enrichment of hallmark gene sets associated with angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammatory response, KRAS signaling up, TNFα signaling via KFκB, IL2-STAT5 signaling, and IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling. Additionally, these patients demonstrated elevated levels of M2-macrophage infiltration, which was also correlated with a poorer prognosis. The results of in vitro experiments provided confirmation that the over-expression of CTSK leads to an increase in the proliferative and invasive abilities of GC cells. However, further evaluation was necessary to determine the impact of CTSK on the migration capability of these cells. Our findings suggested that CTSK has the potential to facilitate the initiation and progression of GC by augmenting the invasive capacity of GC cells, engaging in tumor-associated EMT, and fostering the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Feng
- Jiangmen Central Hospital, No. 23, Haibang Street, Pengjiang District, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lina Gao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Jianqin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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2
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Hosseini SA, Ghatrehsamani M, Yaghoobi H, Elahian F, Mirzaei SA. Epigenetic disruption of histone deacetylase-2 accelerated apoptotic signaling and retarded malignancy in gastric cells. Epigenomics 2024; 16:277-292. [PMID: 38356395 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The objective of this research was to determine whether HDAC2 function is associated with gastric cancer progression. Methods: HDAC2 was knocked out in EPG85.257 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 and tumorigenesis pathways were evaluated. Results: Cell proliferation, colony formation, wound healing and transwell invasion were inhibited in ΔHDAC2:EPG85.257 cells. Quantitative analyses revealed a significant downregulation of MMP1, p53, Bax, MAPK1, MAPK3, pro-Caspase3, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, AKT1/2/3, p-AKT1/2/3, p-NF-κB (p65), Twist, Snail and p-FAK transcripts/proteins, while SIRT1, PTEN, p21 and Caspase3 were upregulated in ΔHDAC2:EPG85.257 cells. Conclusion: These results indicated that HDAC2 enhanced migration, colony formation and transmigration ability. HDAC2 inhibition may improve gastric cancer chemotherapy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayedeh Azimeh Hosseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghatrehsamani
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hajar Yaghoobi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Elahian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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3
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Sahib AS, Fawzi A, Zabibah RS, Koka NA, Khudair SA, Muhammad FA, Hamad DA. miRNA/epithelial-mesenchymal axis (EMT) axis as a key player in cancer progression and metastasis: A focus on gastric and bladder cancers. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110881. [PMID: 37666286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis a major hallmark of tumors that its significant is not only related to the basic research, but clinical investigations have revealed that majority of cancer deaths are due to the metastasis. The metastasis of tumor cells is significantly increased due to EMT mechanism and therefore, inhibition of EMT can reduce biological behaviors of tumor cells and improve the survival rate of patients. One of the gaps related to cancer metastasis is lack of specific focus on the EMT regulation in certain types of tumor cells. The gastric and bladder cancers are considered as two main reasons of death among patients in clinical level. Herein, the role of EMT in regulation of their progression is evaluated with a focus on the function of miRNAs. The inhibition/induction of EMT in these cancers and their ability in modulation of EMT-related factors including ZEB1/2 proteins, TGF-β, Snail and cadherin proteins are discussed. Moreover, lncRNAs and circRNAs in crosstalk of miRNA/EMT regulation in these tumors are discussed and final impact on cancer metastasis and response of tumor cells to the chemotherapy is evaluated. Moreover, the impact of miRNAs transferred by exosomes in regulation of EMT in these cancers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer S Sahib
- Department of Pharmacy, Al- Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Hilla, Iraq
| | - Amjid Fawzi
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Nisar Ahmad Koka
- Department of English, Faculty of Languages and Translation, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Doaa A Hamad
- Nursing Department, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq
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4
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Ferris WF. The Role and Interactions of Programmed Cell Death 4 and its Regulation by microRNA in Transformed Cells of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Oncol 2022; 12:903374. [PMID: 35847932 PMCID: PMC9277020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates that there were 19.3 million new cases of cancer and 10.0 million cancer-related deaths in 2020 and that this is predicted to increase by 47% in 2040. The combined burden of cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including oesophageal-, gastric- and colorectal cancers, resulted in 22.6% of the cancer-related deaths in 2020 and 18.7% of new diagnosed cases. Understanding the aetiology of GI tract cancers should have a major impact on future therapies and lessen this substantial burden of disease. Many cancers of the GI tract have suppression of the tumour suppressor Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and this has been linked to the expression of microRNAs which bind to the untranslated region of PDCD4 mRNA and either inhibit translation or target the mRNA for degradation. This review highlights the properties of PDCD4 and documents the evidence for the regulation of PDCD4 expression by microRNAs in cancers of the GI tract.
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5
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Qian Y, Wang R, Wei W, Wang M, Wang S. Resveratrol reverses the cadmium-promoted migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition procession by regulating the expression of ZEB1. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S331-S338. [PMID: 34488496 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211041678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol has been reported as an ideal medicine in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Meanwhile, cadmium could affect the occurrence and development of tumors in various ways. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a major progress regulated with colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to determine the effect and mechanism of resveratrol on the Cd-promoted EMT in CRC cells. First, we investigated the migration and invasion of CRC cells with or without the treatment of different concentrations of Cd in vitro by the transwell assay. Second, Western blot and RT-qPCR assay were used to detect the expressions of EMT-related markers (ZEB1, vimentin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin) in Cd-exposed CRC cells. Subsequently, after treating with different concentrations of resveratrol, the migration and invasion of Cd-exposed CRC cells were detected again, as well as the expressions of EMT-related markers. Moreover, m6A-related RNAs in Cd-exposed CRC cells after treating with resveratrol were immunoprecipitated and validated by Me-RIP and RT-qPCR. These indicated that Cd promoted the migration and invasion of CRC cells. In addition, Cd up-regulated the expressions of N-cadherin, vimentin, and ZEB1, while it down-regulated that of E-cadherin in CRC cells. Resveratrol could reverse the Cd-promoted migration, invasion, and EMT procession by regulating the expression of ZEB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qian
- Department of Physiology, 562291Anqing Medical College, Anqing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Physiology, 562291Anqing Medical College, Anqing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Physiology, 562291Anqing Medical College, Anqing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Physiology, 562291Anqing Medical College, Anqing, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Experimental Teaching and Learning Center, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Ma Y, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Wang X, Miao Q, Lyu X, Cui B, Ma H. Dihydroartemisinin suppresses proliferation, migration, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and EMT via TNKS in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:688. [PMID: 34457043 PMCID: PMC8358739 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this malignancy remain unclear and there are a lack of effective drugs. The present study aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) or inhibition of Tankyrases (TNKS), and determine the underlying molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to detect the expression levels of TNKS, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to assess the viability of HGC-27 and AGS cells following treatment with different concentrations of HLY78 (a Wnt activator) or DHA. Following treatment with HLY78, DHA or small interfering (si)-TNKS1/si-TNKS2, colony formation and migratory abilities were assessed via the colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assays. Furthermore, western blot and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to detect the expression levels of TNKS, EMT- and Wnt/β-catenin-related proteins. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of TNKS, AXI2, β-catenin, N-cadherin and Vimentin were upregulated, whereas E-cadherin expression was downregulated in gastric cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. Furthermore, HLY78 and DHA suppressed the viability of HGC-27 and AGS cells, in a concentration-independent manner. Notably, TNKS knockdown or treatment with DHA suppressed colony formation, migration, TNKS expression, EMT and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Opposing effects were observed following treatment with HLY78, which were ameliorated following co-treatment with DHA. Taken together, these results suggest that DHA or inhibition of TNKS can suppress the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells, which is partly associated with inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Ma
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Pathology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Lyu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Cui
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
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7
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Bali P, Lozano-Pope I, Pachow C, Obonyo M. Early detection of tumor cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood in a fast‑progressing gastric cancer model. Int J Oncol 2021; 58:388-396. [PMID: 33469673 PMCID: PMC7864146 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. The authors previously demonstrated that in mice deficient in myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88−/−), infection with Helicobacter felis (H. felis) a close relative of H. pylori, subsequently rapidly progressed to neoplasia. The present study examined circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by measuring the expression of cytokeratins, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers and cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in bone marrow and peripheral blood from Myd88−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. Cytokeratins CK8/18 were detected as early as 4 months post-infection in Myd88−/− mice. By contrast, cytokeratins were not detected in WT mice even after 7 months post-infection. The expression of Mucin-1 (MUC1) was observed in both bone marrow and peripheral blood at different time points, suggesting its role in gastric cancer metastasis. Snail, Twist and ZEB were expressed at different levels in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The expression of these EMT-related markers suggests the manifestation of cancer metastasis in the early stages of disease development. LGR5, CD44 and CD133 were the most prominent CSC markers detected. The detection of CSC and EMT markers along with cytokeratins does reinforce their use as biomarkers for gastric cancer metastasis. This early detection of markers suggests that CTCs leave primary site even before cancer is well established. Thus, cytokeratins, EMT, and CSCs could be used as biomarkers to detect aggressive forms of gastric cancers. This information may prove to be of significance in stratifying patients for treatment prior to the onset of severe disease-related characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Bali
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Ivonne Lozano-Pope
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
| | - Marygorret Obonyo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‑0640, USA
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8
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Baj J, Brzozowska K, Forma A, Maani A, Sitarz E, Portincasa P. Immunological Aspects of the Tumor Microenvironment and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2544. [PMID: 32268527 PMCID: PMC7177728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative, microaerophilic pathogen often results in gastric cancer in a subset of affected individuals. This explains why H. pylori is the only bacterium classified as a class I carcinogen by the World Health Organization. Several studies have pinpointed mechanisms by which H. pylori alters signaling pathways in the host cell to cause diseases. In this article, the authors have reviewed 234 studies conducted over a span of 18 years (2002-2020). The studies investigated the various mechanisms associated with gastric cancer induction. For the past 1.5 years, researchers have discovered new mechanisms contributing to gastric cancer linked to H. pylori etiology. Alongside alteration of the host signaling pathways using oncogenic CagA pathways, H. pylori induce DNA damage in the host and alter the methylation of DNA as a means of perturbing downstream signaling. Also, with H. pylori, several pathways in the host cell are activated, resulting in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with the induction of cell proliferation and survival. Studies have shown that H. pylori enhances gastric carcinogenesis via a multifactorial approach. What is intriguing is that most of the targeted mechanisms and pathways appear common with various forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Karolina Brzozowska
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Amr Maani
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Sitarz
- Chair and 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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9
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Su M, Xiao Y, Ma J, Tang Y, Tian B, Zhang Y, Li X, Wu Z, Yang D, Zhou Y, Wang H, Liao Q, Wang W. Circular RNAs in Cancer: emerging functions in hallmarks, stemness, resistance and roles as potential biomarkers. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:90. [PMID: 30999909 PMCID: PMC6471953 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules with closed loops and high stability. CircRNAs are abundantly expressed in eukaryotic organisms and exhibit both location- and step-specificity. In recent years, circRNAs are attracting considerable research attention attributed to their possible contributions to gene regulation through a variety of actions, including sponging microRNAs, interacting with RNA-binding proteins, regulating transcription and splicing, and protein translation. Growing evidence has revealed that circRNAs play critical roles in the development and progression of diseases, especially in cancers. Without doubt, expanding our understanding of circRNAs will enrich knowledge of cancer and provide new opportunities for cancer therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the characteristics, functions and functional mechanisms of circRNAs. In particular, we summarize current knowledge regarding the functions of circRNAs in the hallmarks, stemness, resistance of cancer, as well as the possibility of circRNAs as biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su
- Department of the 2nd Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of the Central Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Ma
- Department of the 2nd Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of the 2nd Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of the 2nd Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhining Wu
- Department of the 2nd Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Desong Yang
- Department of the 2nd Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of the 2nd Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Department of the Central Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Department of the 2nd Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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10
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Plastin3 is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:2393-2399. [PMID: 30675305 PMCID: PMC6341793 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The plastin3 (PLS3) gene, which encodes an actin bundling protein known to inhibit cofilin-mediated depolymerization of actin fiber, has been previously reported to serve an important role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of PLS3 and its role in regulating EMT, as well as in promoting cell invasion and migration in gastric cancer. The expression of plastin3 mRNA was measured in 163 resected gastric cancer specimens, in order to determine the clinicopathological significance. Furthermore, in vitro invasion and migration assays were performed on gastric cancer cells, which revealed that PLS3 expression was suppressed. The high PLS3 expression group had a higher incidence of advanced tumour stage, cancer differentiation, tumour invasion depth and distant metastases compared with the low PLS3 expression group (P<0.05). In addition, the high PLS3 expression group had a significantly poorer prognosis than the low expression group (P=0.012). Multivariate analysis indicated that high PLS3 expression was an independent prognostic factor for survival. The present study also identified that suppression of PLS3 in gastric cancer cells was associated with decreased cell invasion and migration. The findings from the present study indicate that high expression of PLS3 in gastric cancer is independently associated with a poor prognosis, and that PL3 serves an important role in EMT.
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11
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Ye D, Ma W, Xu J, Zhu G, Liu D, Liu C, Ding Y, Zhang Q. WTX inhibits gastric cancer migration through the reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4970-4976. [PMID: 30250562 PMCID: PMC6144879 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the expression of Wilms' tumor gene on X chromosome (WTX) affected the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and migration of gastric cancer cells. Stable WTX-overexpressing AGS cells (AGS.W) were established and analyzed by flow cytometry. The efficiency of the overexpression was verified by fluorescence microscopy, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. To analyze the expression of EMT-associated proteins, western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were performed. The migratory capability of the cells was detected by Transwell wound-healing assays, respectively. Compared with that of the control cells (AGS.veh), WTX expression was notably increased at mRNA (P<0.05) and protein levels (P<0.05) in the AGS.W gastric cancer cells. Morphological observations indicated that AGS.W cells transformed into spindle shapes, compared to AGS.veh cells, which maintained round or oval shapes. Furthermore, western blotting and immunofluorescence validated that the expression level of the epithelial marker epithelial-cadherin was significantly increased, whereas the expression levels of the mesenchymal markers neural-cadherin, β-catenin and vimentin were significantly decreased in the AGS.W cells compared with those in the AGS.veh cells. In addition, the overexpression of WTX decreased the migratory ability of AGS.W cells compared with AGS.veh cells. Exogenous expression of WTX inhibited gastric cancer cell migration by reversing EMT. The results of the present study describe a molecular feature that may be a promising target for future gastric cancer therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danli Ye
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wenxia Ma
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guifang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Deying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital/First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital/First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
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12
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Molaei F, Forghanifard MM, Fahim Y, Abbaszadegan MR. Molecular Signaling in Tumorigenesis of Gastric Cancer. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018; 22:217-30. [PMID: 29706061 PMCID: PMC5949124 DOI: 10.22034/ibj.22.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is regarded as the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Mechanism of GC pathogenesis is still unclear and relies on multiple factors, including environmental and genetic characteristics. One of the most important environmental factors of GC occurrence is infection with Helicobacter pylori that is classified as class one carcinogens. Dysregulation of several genes and pathways play an essential role during gastric carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of developmental pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Hedgehog signaling, Hippo pathway, Notch signaling, nuclear factor-kB, and epidermal growth factor receptor have been found in GC. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as an important process during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis, is supposed to play a role in initiation, invasion, metastasis, and progression of GC. Although surgery is the main therapeutic modality of the disease, the understanding of biological processes of cell signaling pathways may help to develop new therapeutic targets for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Molaei
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Fahim
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Asparaginyl endopeptidase promotes the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer through modulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and analysis of their phosphorylation signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34356-70. [PMID: 27102302 PMCID: PMC5085161 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) is a lysosomal protease often overexpressed in gastric cancer. AEP was expressed higher in peritoneal metastatic loci than in primary gastric cancer. Then we overexpressed AEP or knocked it down with a lentiviral vector in gastric cancer cell lines and detected the cell cycle arrest and the changes of the invasive and metastatic ability in vitro and in vivo. When AEP was knocked-down, the proliferative, invasive and metastatic capacity of gastric cancer cells were inhibited, and the population of sub-G1 cells increased. AEP knockdown led to significant decrease of expression of transcription factor Twist and the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, ß-catenin and Vimentin and to increased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. These results showed that AEP could promote invasion and metastasis by modulating EMT. We used phosphorylation-specific antibody microarrays to investigate the mechanism how AEP promotes gastric cancer invasion and metastasis, and found that the phosphorylation level of AKT and MAPK signaling pathways was decreased significantly if AEP was knocked-down. Therefore, AKT and MAPK signaling pathways took part in the modulation.
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14
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Gao Y, Li W, Liu R, Guo Q, Li J, Bao Y, Zheng H, Jiang S, Hua B. Norcantharidin inhibits IL-6-induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition via the JAK2/STAT3/TWIST signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1224-1232. [PMID: 28677802 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), plays a vital role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and metastasis. Norcantharidin (NCTD; 7-oxabicyclo (2.2.1) heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride) plays anticancer roles in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. However, the molecular mechanism of HCC EMT and the effects of NCTD in the HCC EMT process have been either poorly elucidated or not studied. In this study, HCC EMT was induced by the treatment of IL-6 and various concentrations of NCTD (0, 30, 60 and 120 µM) were treated with HCC cell lines, HCCLM3 and SMMC-7721. We investigated the effect of NCTD on the invasion of HCC cells by using Transwell assay. Immunofluorescence staining, western blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR were performed to evaluate the protein and mRNA expression levels of HCC cells. Here, using cell line models, our data demonstrated that interleukin 6 (IL-6) induced EMT through the JAK/STAT3/TWIST pathway in HCC. Moreover, our studies revealed that NCTD markedly inhibited IL-6-induced EMT and cell invasiveness. Signaling studies revealed that NCTD sufficiently suppressed JAK/STAT3/TWIST signaling to reverse the IL-6-promoting effects. Collectively, these data provide evidence for the use of NCTD as a potential anticancer drug in HCC metastatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebo Gao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Qiujun Guo
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Oncology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Shulong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
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15
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Xia P, Xu XY. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition and gastric cancer stem cell. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698373. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a big health problem in China. Gastric cancer cells contain a small subpopulation of cells that exhibit capabilities of differentiation and tumorigenicity. A putative explanation for ineffective therapy is the presence of cancer stem-like cells. Side population cells, which have cancer stem-like cells’ property, are characterized by the high efflux ability of Hoechst 33342 dye. Side population cells have been isolated from gastric cancer cell lines in previous studies. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition is very important in the invasion and metastasis of epithelial-derived cancers. More and more studies showed that gastric cancer stem-like cells possess high invasive ability and epithelial–mesenchymal transition property. A brief overview of the recent advancements in gastric cancer stem-like cells and epithelial–mesenchymal transition will be helpful for providing novel insight into gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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16
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Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered to be one of the critical steps in gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis. SAM- and SH3-domain containing 1 (SASH1), a member of the SLY family of signal adapter proteins, is a candidate for tumor suppression in several cancers. However, the biological role of SASH1 in gastric cancer remains largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of SASH1 on the biological behavior of gastric cancer cells treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. In the current study, we provide evidence that SASH1 was lowly expressed in human gastric cancer cells, and TGF-β1 also inhibited the expression of SASH1 in TSGH cells. We found that SASH1 inhibited TGF-β1-mediated EMT in TSGH cells, as well as cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, SASH1 obviously inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt in TGF-β1-stimulated TSGH cells. In summary, our study is the first to show that overexpression of SASH1 inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT in gastric cancer cells through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These results suggest that SASH1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Hu X, Zhang Z, Liang Z, Xie D, Zhang T, Yu D, Zhong C. Downregulation of feline sarcoma-related protein inhibits cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the ERK/AP-1 pathway in bladder urothelial cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:686-694. [PMID: 28356947 PMCID: PMC5351348 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline sarcoma-related protein (Fer) is a nuclear and cytoplasmic non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase and Fer overexpression is associated with various biological processes. However, the clinicopathological characteristics and molecular mechanisms of Fer expression in bladder urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) have yet to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that Fer was significantly upregulated in bladder UCC tissues and cell lines. A clinicopathological analysis suggested that Fer expression was significantly associated with tumor stage, histological grade and lymph node status, and Fer expression was a prognostic factor for overall survival in a multivariate analysis. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence the expression of the Fer gene in human bladder UCC T24 cells, and was shown to significantly reduce the migration and invasion of the cells. It was also observed that Fer-siRNA caused the T24 cells to acquire an epithelial cobblestone phenotype, and was able to reverse the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the cells. Subsequently, Fer-knockdown was shown to deactivate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/activator protein-1 signaling pathway in T24 cells. These results indicated, for the first time, that Fer has a critical role in bladder UCC progression and may be a potential therapeutic target for bladder UCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Hu
- Department of Urology, Anqing First People's Hospital, Anqing, Anhui 246000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Xie
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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18
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Liu HT, Gao P. The roles of microRNAs related with progression and metastasis in human cancers. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5436-9. [PMID: 27714675 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is an important factor in predicting the prognosis of the patients with cancers and contributes to high cancer-related mortality. Recent studies indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) played a functional role in the initiation and progression of human malignancies. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs of about 22 nucleotides in length that can induce messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation or repress mRNA translation by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of their target genes. Overwhelming reports indicated that miRNAs could regulate cancer invasion and metastasis via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related and/or non-EMT-related mechanisms. In this review, we concentrate on the underlying mechanisms of miRNAs in regulating cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Eivazy P, Atyabi F, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Aghebati Maleki L, Miahipour A, Abdolalizadeh J, Yousefi M. The impact of the codelivery of drug-siRNA by trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on the efficacy of chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:889-896. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1185727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Eivazy
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Novel Drug Delivery System Laboratory, Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Abolfazl Miahipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Wu C, Zhuang Y, Jiang S, Liu S, Zhou J, Wu J, Teng Y, Xia B, Wang R, Zou X. Interaction between Wnt/β-catenin pathway and microRNAs regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2236-46. [PMID: 27082441 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third primary cause of cancer-related mortality and one of the most common type of malignant diseases worldwide. Despite remarkable progress in multimodality therapy, advanced GC with high aggressiveness always ends in treatment failure. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been widely recognized to be a key process associating with GC evolution, during which cancer cells go through phenotypic variations and acquire the capability of migration and invasion. Wnt/β-catenin pathway has established itself as an EMT regulative signaling due to its maintenance of epithelial integrity as well as tight adherens junctions while mutations of its components will lead to GC initiation and diffusion. The E-cadherin/β-catenin complex plays an important role in stabilizing β-catenin at cell membrane while disruption of this compound gives rise to nuclear translocation of β-catenin, which accounts for upregulation of EMT biomarkers and unfavorable prognosis. Additionally, several microRNAs positively or negatively modify EMT by reciprocally acting with certain target genes of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in GC. Thus, this review centers on the strong associations between Wnt/β-catenin pathway and microRNAs during alteration of EMT in GC, which may induce advantageous therapeutic strategies for human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunen Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Shenlin Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jinyong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Teng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Baomei Xia
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ruiping Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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21
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Park HS, Hong NR, Ahn TS, Kim H, Jung MH, Kim BJ. Apoptosis of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells by methanolic extract of Dictamnus. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S329-36. [PMID: 26664023 PMCID: PMC4653345 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.165994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz has traditionally been used in East Asia to treat skin diseases such as eczema, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. However, it has also been reported to exhibit an anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells. OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-cancer effects of a methanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus root bark (MEDD) on AGS cells (a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell-line). MATERIALS AND METHODS An 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium assay, a caspase activity assay, cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) measurements, and western blotting were used to investigate the anti-cancer effects of MEDD on AGS cells. RESULTS Treatment with MEDD significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited AGS cell growth. MEDD treatment in AGS cells led to increased accumulation of apoptotic sub-G1 phase cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, MEDD reduced the expressions of pro-caspase-3, -8 and -9, and increased the active form of caspase-3. Furthermore, subsequent Western blotting revealed elevated levels of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase protein. MEDD treatment reduced levels of MMP and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins. Pretreatment with SB203580 (a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases), SP600125 (a potent inhibitor of C-Jun N-terminal kinases), or PD98059 (a potent inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases) did not modify the effects of MEDD treatment. However, pretreatment with LY294002 (a specific inhibitor of Akt) significantly enhanced MEDD-induced cell death. CONCLUSION These results suggest that MEDD-mediated cell death is associated with the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and that inhibition of Akt signaling contributes to apoptosis induction by MEDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Park
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Ri Hong
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Seok Ahn
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Ho Jung
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
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22
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Xiao P, Ling H, Lan G, Liu J, Hu H, Yang R. Trefoil factors: Gastrointestinal-specific proteins associated with gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:127-34. [PMID: 26265233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family (TFF), composed of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3, is a cluster of secreted peptides characterized by trefoil domain (s) and C-terminal dimerization domain. TFF1, a gastric tumor suppressor, is a single trefoil peptide originally detected in breast cancer cell lines but expressed mainly in the stomach; TFF2, a candidate of gastric cancer suppressor with two trefoil domains, is abundant in the stomach and duodenal Brunner's glands; and TFF3 is another single trefoil peptide expressed throughout the intestine which can promote the development of gastric carcinoma. According to multiple studies, TFFs play a regulatory function in the mammals' digestive system, namely in mucosal protection and epithelial cell reconstruction, tumor suppression or promotion, signal transduction and the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. Action mechanisms of TFFs remain unresolved, but the recent demonstration of a GKN (gastrokine) 2-TFF1 heterodimer implicates structural and functional interplay with gastrokines. This review aims to encapsulate the structural and biological characteristics of TFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Gang Lan
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Haobin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
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23
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Hong NR, Park HS, Ahn TS, Jung MH, Kim BJ. Association of a Methanol Extract of Rheum undulatum L. Mediated Cell Death in AGS Cells with an Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway. J Pharmacopuncture 2015; 18:26-32. [PMID: 26120485 PMCID: PMC4481396 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2015.18.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rheum undulatum L. has traditionally been used for the treatment of many diseases in Asia. However, its anti-proliferative activity in cancer has still not been studied. In the present study, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of methanol extract of Rheum undulatum L. (MERL) on human adenocarcinoma gastric cell lines (AGS). METHODS To investigate the anti-cancer effect of MERL on AGS cells, we treated the AGS cells with varying con¬centrations of MERL and performed 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Cell cycle analyses, measurements of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase activity assays and Western blots were conducted to determine whether AGS cell death occurred by apoptosis. RESULTS Treatment with MERL significantly inhibited growth of AGS cells in a concentration dependent manner. MERL treatment in AGS cells leaded to increased accumulation of apoptotic sub G1 phase cells in a concentration dependent manner. In control cultures, 5.38% of the cells were in the sub G1 phase. In MERL treated cells, however, this percentage was significantly increased (9.95% at 70 μg/mL, 15.94% at 140 μg/mL, 26.56% at 210 μg/mL and 38.08% at 280 μg/mL). MERL treatment induced the decreased expression of pro-caspase-8 and -9 in a concentration dependent manner, whereas the expression of the active form of caspase-3 was increased. A subsequent Western blot analysis revealed increased cleaved levels of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Also, treatment with MERL increased the activities of caspase-3 and -9 compared with the control. MERL treatment increased the levels of the pro-apoptotic truncated Bid (tBid) and Bcl2 Antagonist X (Bax) proteins and decreased the levels of the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein, whose is the stabilization of mitochondria. However, inhibitions of p38, extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs) and C-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) by MERL treatment did not affect cell death. CONCLUSION These results suggest that MERL mediated cell death is associated with an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noo Ri Hong
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae Seok Ahn
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Myeong Ho Jung
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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24
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Zhu J, Liu F, Wu Q, Liu X. Activin A regulates proliferation, invasion and migration in osteosarcoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4501-7. [PMID: 25634369 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A is a member of the TGF‑β superfamily. Previous studies have demonstrated that activin A exhibited pluripotent effects in several tumours. However, the roles of activin A signaling in osteosarcoma pathogenesis have not been previously investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of activin A on osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Firstly, the expression of activin A in osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63, SaOS‑2 and U2OS) and a human osteoblastic cell line (hFOB1.19) was detected using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Activin A was upregulated in osteosarcoma cell lines compared with hFOB1.19 cells. To investigate the effects of activin A on osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration, MG63 cells were generated in which activin A was either overexpressed or depleted. MTT staining, propidium iodide staining and a Transwell assay were used to analyze the cell cycle, proliferation, invasion and migration of MG63 cells, respectively. The results of the present study revealed that the abilities of proliferation, invasion and migration were suppressed in MG63 cells in which activin A was depleted, while they were enhanced in activin A-overexpressing cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that activin A may facilitate proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells, and it may therefore be a potential target for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Quanming Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xiancheng Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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Cho HJ, Park SM, Kim IK, Nam IK, Baek KE, Im MJ, Yoo JM, Park SH, Ryu KJ, Han HT, Kim HJ, Hong SC, Kim KD, Pak Y, Kim JW, Lee CW, Yoo J. RhoGDI2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition via induction of Snail in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1554-64. [PMID: 24721928 PMCID: PMC4039231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) expression correlates with tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance in gastric cancer. Here, we show that RhoGDI2 functions in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is responsible for invasiveness during tumor progression. This tumorigenic activity is associated with repression of E-cadherin by RhoGDI2 via upregulation of Snail. Overexpression of RhoGDI2 induced phenotypic changes consistent with EMT in gastric cancer cells, including abnormal epithelial cell morphology, fibroblast-like properties, and reduced intercellular adhesion. RhoGDI2 overexpression also resulted in decreased expression of the epithelial markers E-cadherin and β-catenin and increased expression of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin. Importantly, RhoGDI2 overexpression also stimulated the expression of Snail, a repressor of E-cadherin and inducer of EMT, but not other family members such as Slug or Twist. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Snail expression suppressed RhoGDI2-induced EMT and invasion, confirming that the effect was Snail-specific. These results indicate that RhoGDI2 plays a critical role in tumor progression in gastric cancer through induction of EMT. Targeting RhoGDI2 may thus be a useful strategy to inhibit gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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26
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Xia YY, Yin L, Tian H, Guo WJ, Jiang N, Jiang XS, Wu J, Chen M, Wu JZ, He X. HMGA2 is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and can predict poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:169-76. [PMID: 25653540 PMCID: PMC4303461 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s74397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective High-mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins play key roles in cancer progression and metastasis. However, the clinical significance of HMGA2 and its relationship with EMT markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is unclear. This study aimed to assess the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of HMGA2, E-cadherin, and vimentin in NPC. Methods Using immunohistochemistry, HMGA2, E-cadherin, and vimentin expression levels were evaluated in NPC (n=124) and non-tumoral inflammatory nasopharynx (n=20) tissues. The association of HMGA2 and EMT markers with clinicopathological characteristics and relationships between the protein levels and overall survival were analyzed. Results Compared with non-tumorous tissues, HMGA2 and vimentin levels were markedly increased in NPC tissues, whereas decreased E-cadherin levels were observed (P<0.001). Moreover, HMGA2 expression was positively correlated with vimentin levels (r=0.431, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with E-cadherin amounts (r=−0.413, P<0.001) in NPC tissues. The expression of all three proteins correlated significantly with tumor N stage, TNM stage, and 2-year metastasis. Furthermore, significant correlations were found for T stage, N stage, TNM stage, HMGA2, E-cadherin, and vimentin (all P<0.013) with poor prognosis (univariate analysis). However, multivariate analyses showed that only HMGA2 (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.683, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.185–6.077, P=0.018) and N stage (HR: 7.892, 95% CI: 2.731–22.807, P<0.001) were independent predictors of poor prognosis. Conclusion These results demonstrated that HMGA2, an independent prognostic factor, may promote NPC progression and metastasis, and is significantly associated with EMT proteins. Therefore, HMGA2 may be considered a potential therapeutic target in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-You Xia
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangsu Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tian
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangsu Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangsu Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Song Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangsu Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Chen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wu
- Research Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangsu Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangsu Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Ribeiro AS, Paredes J. P-Cadherin Linking Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Invasion: A Promising Marker to Identify an "Intermediate/Metastable" EMT State. Front Oncol 2015; 4:371. [PMID: 25601904 PMCID: PMC4283504 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (also known as EMT) is a fundamental mechanism occurring during embryonic development and tissue differentiation, being also crucial for cancer progression. Actually, the EMT program contributes to the dissemination of cancer cells from solid tumors and to the formation of micro-metastasis that subsequently develop into clinically detectable metastases. Besides being a process that is defined by the progressive loss of epithelial cell characteristics and the acquisition of mesenchymal features, EMT has also been implicated in therapy resistance, immune escape, and maintenance of cancer stem cell properties, such as self-renewal capacity. However, the majority of the studies usually neglect the progressive alterations occurring during intermediate EMT states, which imply a range of phenotypic cellular heterogeneity that can potentially generate more metastable and plastic tumor cells. In fact, few studies have tried to identify these transitory states, partly due to the current lack of a detailed understanding of EMT, as well as of reliable readouts for its progression. Herein, a brief review of evidences is presented, showing that P-cadherin expression, which has been already identified as a breast cancer stem cell marker and invasive promoter, is probably able to identify an intermediate EMT state associated with a metastable phenotype. This hypothesis is based on our own work, as well as on the results described by others, which suggest the use of P-cadherin as a promising EMT marker, clearly functioning as an important clinical prognostic factor and putative therapeutic target in breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Ribeiro
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal
| | - Joana Paredes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP) , Porto , Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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28
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ZHANG MINGDI, GONG WEI, ZHANG YONG, YANG YONG, ZHOU DI, WENG MINGZHE, QIN YIYU, JIANG ALEX, MA FEI, QUAN ZHIWEI. Expression of interleukin-6 is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and survival rates in gallbladder cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3539-46. [PMID: 25573292 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Bitting RL, Schaeffer D, Somarelli JA, Garcia-Blanco MA, Armstrong AJ. The role of epithelial plasticity in prostate cancer dissemination and treatment resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:441-68. [PMID: 24414193 PMCID: PMC4230790 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 30,000 men die annually in the USA of prostate cancer, nearly uniformly from metastatic dissemination. Despite recent advances in hormonal, immunologic, bone-targeted, and cytotoxic chemotherapies, treatment resistance and further dissemination are inevitable in men with metastatic disease. Emerging data suggests that the phenomenon of epithelial plasticity, encompassing both reversible mesenchymal transitions and acquisition of stemness traits, may underlie this lethal biology of dissemination and treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of this cellular plasticity from preclinical models of prostate cancer and from biomarker studies of human metastatic prostate cancer has provided clues to novel therapeutic approaches that may delay or prevent metastatic disease and lethality over time. This review will discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in this rapidly changing field and relate this to clinical phenotype and resistance in prostate cancer while suggesting novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L. Bitting
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, DUMC Box 102002, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daneen Schaeffer
- Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason A. Somarelli
- Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, DUMC Box 102002, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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30
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Yamada S, Okumura N, Wei L, Fuchs BC, Fujii T, Sugimoto H, Nomoto S, Takeda S, Tanabe KK, Kodera Y. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is associated with shorter disease-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3882-90. [PMID: 24833103 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in cancer cell invasion and metastasis as well as chemoresistance. Elucidation of EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) might contribute to deeper understanding of its biology. METHODS Overall, 100 patients with HCC, who underwent resection, were analyzed. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the mesenchymal marker Vimentin were measured, and the EMT status of each patient was determined as follows: Vimentin/E-cadherin <2 = Epithelial (E), Vimentin/E-cadherin ≥2 = Mesenchymal (M). The correlation between these values and clinicopathological factors and prognosis were analyzed statistically. Moreover, the expression of transcription factors involved in EMT (Twist-1, Snail, Slug, Zeb-1, and Zeb-2) were measured and the role of interleukin (IL)-6 in inducing EMT and chemoresistance was examined. RESULTS Patients with a mesenchymal tumor were more prone to have an earlier recurrence than those with an epithelial tumor. EMT-inducing transcription factors were more highly expressed in mesenchymal tumors than in epithelial tumors, and Twist-1 and Zeb-2 were significantly overexpressed. α-Fetoprotein (AFP) values were significantly higher in patients with epithelial tumors, and AFP-expressing HCC cell lines were more responsive to sorafenib. IL-6 expression was significantly higher in mesenchymal tumors, and knockdown of IL-6 in mesenchymal HCC cell lines increased E-cadherin expression and sensitivity to sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of surgically resected tumors suggests that EMT is involved in early disease recurrence in HCC. Twist-1 and Zeb-2 might be important for inducing EMT, and IL-6 might be a potential therapeutic target for alleviating the chemoresistance of mesenchymal HCC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan,
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31
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Li C, Tian ZN, Cai JP, Chen KX, Zhang B, Feng MY, Shi QT, Li R, Qin Y, Geng JS. Panax ginseng polysaccharide induces apoptosis by targeting Twist/AKR1C2/NF-1 pathway in human gastric cancer. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 102:103-9. [PMID: 24507261 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we isolated and screened an antitumor polysaccharide (PGP2a) from the roots of Panax ginseng. Chemical composition analysis indicated PGP2a was an acidic protein-polysaccharide. The average molecular weight was estimated to be 3.2 × 10(4)Da. According to gas chromatography (GC) result, PGP2a consisted of galactose, arabinose, glucose and galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 3.7:1.6:0.5:5.4, respectively. MTT assay showed that PGP2a had a potent inhibitory effect on the growth of HGC-27 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the number of HGC-27 cells arrested in G2/M phase, and the percentage of apoptotic cells were increased in response to PGP2a treatment along with concentration increasing. Moreover, western blotting analysis showed that protein expressions of Twist and AKR1C2 were suppressed by PGP2a, whereas an increase of NF1 was observed at protein level. Taken together, these findings suggested that PGP2a could be developed as a novel antitumor agent acting on Twist related gene for human gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated (Tumour) Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Tian
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated (Tumour) Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated (Tumour) Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ke-Xin Chen
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated (Tumour) Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Urological Surgery, Aerospace Central Hospital (Aerospace Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Peking University), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei-Yan Feng
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated (Tumour) Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qing-Tao Shi
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated (Tumour) Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Urological Surgery, Aerospace Central Hospital (Aerospace Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Peking University), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated (Tumour) Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jing-Shu Geng
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated (Tumour) Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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Zhuang MK, Chen FL. Biomarkers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3204-3210. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i30.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In gastric cancer, metastases are the major cause of death. Understanding the mechanism by which tumor cells invade and metastasize is essential to develop novel treatments for gastric cancer (GC). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a multistage process in which epithelial cells develop into mesenchymal-like cells with a large number of distinct genetic and epigenetic alterations. EMT also occurs in cancer, which endows invasive and metastatic properties upon cancer cells that favor successful colonization of distal target organs. Here, we summarize studies of known EMT biomarkers in the context of GC progression. The biomarkers discussed include cell-surface proteins (E-cadherin and N-cadherin), cytoskeletal proteins (β-catenin and Vimentin), and transcription factors (Snail, Twist, ZEB1 and ZEB2).
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33
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Zheng Q, Gao J, Li H, Guo W, Mao Q, Gao E, Zhu YQ. Trefoil factor 3 peptide regulates migration via a Twist-dependent pathway in gastric cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:6-12. [PMID: 23845905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is a member of the TFF-domain peptide family and essential in regulating cell migration and maintaining mucosal integrity in gastrointestinal tract. However, the role of TFF3 and its downstream regulating mechanisms in cancer cell migration remain unclear. We previously reported that TFF3 prolonged the up-regulation of Twist protein to modulate IL-8 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the role of Twist protein in TFF3-induced migration of SGC7901 cells. While Twist was activated by TFF3, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Twist abolished TFF3-induced cell migration. Furthermore, the migration related marker CK-8 as well as ZO-1 and MMP-9 was also regulated by TFF3 via a Twist-dependent mechanism. Our study suggests that Twist, as an important potential downstream effector, plays a key role in TFF3-modulated metastasis in gastric cancer and can be a promising therapeutic target against intestinal-type gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Division of Cell Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, China
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Zhu Z, Zhu Z, Pang Z, Xing Y, Wan F, Lan D, Wang H. Short hairpin RNA targeting FOXQ1 inhibits invasion and metastasis via the reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1271-8. [PMID: 23403865 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes cancer invasion and metastasis, however, the integrative mechanisms that coordinate the process are incompletely understood. In this study, we defined a pivotal functional role for the Forkhead transcription factor FOXQ1 in regulating EMT in bladder cancer. We initially investigated the expression of FOXQ1, TGF-β1 and EMT biomarkers E-cadherin, Vimentin in 65 cases of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) specimens by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Search results indicated that FOXQ1 expression was inversely correlated to E-cadherin, but positively to TGF-β1 and Vimentin in patients with BTCC (P<0.05). Furthermore, we aimed to construct short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmids against the FOXQ1 gene and transfect shRNAs into high metastatic potential human bladder cancer T24 cells with Lipofectamine 2000. RNAi-mediated suppression of FOXQ1 expression reversed the EMT process accompanied by upregulation of E-cadherin, as well as a loss expression of Vimentin in highly invasive T24 cells (P<0.05). The inhibition of FOXQ1 expression with shRNA vector also led T24 cells to acquire an epithelial cobblestone phenotype, significantly reduced motility and subsequent invasiveness of bladder cancer cells (P<0.05). In conclusion that FOXQ1 may be a novel EMT-inducing transcription factor through controlling the expression of E-cadherin and aggressiveness of cancer cells and targeting the transcription factor FOXQ1 could hence serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P.R. China
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