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Wang TS, Jing LJ. Therapeutic effect and psychological impact of aspirin plus edaravone on patients with cerebral infarction. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14:644-652. [PMID: 38808092 PMCID: PMC11129145 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i5.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral infarction (CI) is characterized by a high prevalence, disability, and mortality. Timely or improper treatment greatly affects patient prognosis. AIM To explore the drug efficacy of aspirin plus edaravone and to explore their effect on quality of life (QOL), anxiety and depression in CI patients. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the records of 124 CI patients treated between June 2019 and February 2021 who were assigned to an observation group (OG) (combination therapy of aspirin and edaravone, 65 patients) or a control group (CG) (aspirin monotherapy, 59 patients). The therapeutic effects, pre- and posttreatment National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, activities of daily living, degree of cognitive impairment, protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100B, occurrence of adverse reactions, and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were evaluated, detected and compared between the two groups. Finally, posttreatment QOL, anxiety, and depression were assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study 36- Item Short Form Health Survey Scale, Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively. RESULTS Compared with the CG, the OG had markedly better therapeutic effects, greater improvements in activities of daily living, and better alleviation in cognitive dysfunction after treatment, as well as lower posttreatment NIHSS scores and serum NSE, GFAP, S-100B, hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels; the OG was similar to the CG in terms of adverse reactions but was better than the CG in terms of posttreatment QOL; and the OG also had lower SDS and SAS scores than the CG after treatment. CONCLUSION Aspirin plus edaravone had a good curative effect on CI. It can reverse cranial nerve damage in patients, improve neurological function and prognosis, and alleviate inflammation, anxiety, and depression; thus, it is considered safe and worthy of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Shu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Jing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
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Bindal P, Kumar V, Kapil L, Singh C, Singh A. Therapeutic management of ischemic stroke. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2651-2679. [PMID: 37966570 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of years lost due to disability and the second-largest cause of mortality worldwide. Most occurrences of stroke are brought on by the sudden occlusion of an artery (ischemic stroke), but sometimes they are brought on by bleeding into brain tissue after a blood vessel has ruptured (hemorrhagic stroke). Alteplase is the only therapy the American Food and Drug Administration has approved for ischemic stroke under the thrombolysis category. Current views as well as relevant clinical research on the diagnosis, assessment, and management of stroke are reviewed to suggest appropriate treatment strategies. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for the available therapeutic regimes in the past, present, and future. With the advent of endovascular therapy in 2015 and intravenous thrombolysis in 1995, the therapeutic options for ischemic stroke have expanded significantly. A novel approach such as vagus nerve stimulation could be life-changing for many stroke patients. Therapeutic hypothermia, the process of cooling the body or brain to preserve organ integrity, is one of the most potent neuroprotectants in both clinical and preclinical contexts. The rapid intervention has been linked to more favorable clinical results. This study focuses on the pathogenesis of stroke, as well as its recent advancements, future prospects, and potential therapeutic targets in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bindal
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Lakshay Kapil
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Distt. Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
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Kukaliia ON, Ageev SV, Petrov AV, Kirik OV, Korzhevskii DE, Meshcheriakov AA, Jakovleva AA, Poliakova LS, Novikova TA, Kolpakova ME, Vlasov TD, Molchanov OE, Maistrenko DN, Murin IV, Sharoyko VV, Semenov KN. C 60 adduct with L-arginine as a promising nanomaterial for treating cerebral ischemic stroke. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 53:102698. [PMID: 37507062 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The work aimed to investigate the biocompatibility and biological activity of the water-soluble fullerene adduct C60-Arg. It was found that the material is haemocompatible, is not cyto- and genotoxic, possesses pronounced antioxidant activity. Additionally, this paper outlines the direction of application of water-soluble fullerene adducts in the creation of neuroprotectors. It has been suggested that a putative mechanism of the protective action of the C60-Arg adduct is associated with its antioxidant properties, the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and release nitrogen monoxide as a result of the catabolism of L-arginine residues, which promote vascular relaxation. The action of the C60-Arg adduct was compared with the action of such an antioxidant as Edaravone, which is approved in Japan for the treatment of ischemic and haemorrhagic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olegi N Kukaliia
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Sergei V Ageev
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia; Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Pr., Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Andrey V Petrov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Pr., Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Olga V Kirik
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akademika Pavlova Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Korzhevskii
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akademika Pavlova Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Anatolii A Meshcheriakov
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Jakovleva
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Liudmila S Poliakova
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Novikova
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Maria E Kolpakova
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Timur D Vlasov
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Oleg E Molchanov
- A. M. Granov Russian Research Centre for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 70 Leningradskaia Str., Saint Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Dmitriy N Maistrenko
- A. M. Granov Russian Research Centre for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 70 Leningradskaia Str., Saint Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Igor V Murin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Pr., Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sharoyko
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia; Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Pr., Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia; A. M. Granov Russian Research Centre for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 70 Leningradskaia Str., Saint Petersburg, 197758, Russia.
| | - Konstantin N Semenov
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo Str., Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia; Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Pr., Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia; A. M. Granov Russian Research Centre for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 70 Leningradskaia Str., Saint Petersburg, 197758, Russia.
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4
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Xu S, Yang J, Wan H, Yu L, He Y. Combination of Radix Astragali and Safflower Promotes Angiogenesis in Rats with Ischemic Stroke via Silencing PTGS2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032126. [PMID: 36768450 PMCID: PMC9916507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Promotion of angiogenesis and restoration of the blood flow in the ischemic penumbra is an effective treatment for patients with ischemic stroke (IS). Radix astragali-safflower (AS), a classic herbal pair for accelerating blood circulation and dispersing blood stasis, has been used for thousands of years to treat patients with IS in China. Even so, the mechanism of the treatment of IS by AS is still undecipherable. In the current study, network pharmacology was firstly employed to unveil the mechanism of AS in treating IS, which showed that AS might promote angiogenesis associated with PTGS2 silence. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model rats were then used as the experimental animals to verify the prediction result. The experimental results revealed that treatment with AS improved the cerebral infarct volume, neurological damage, and cerebral histopathological damage; inhibited cell apoptosis; increased the contents of PDGF-BB, EPO, and TGF-β1; and reduced the levels of PF4, Ang-2, and TIMP-1 in serum. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the expression of PTGS2 was dramatically increased in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats with MCAO/R, and this trend was reversed by the treatment of AS. Immunofluorescent staining expressed that AS reversed the down-regulation of VEGF and further promoted the expression of CD31, which indicated that AS promoted angiogenesis in MCAO/R rats. The abnormal protein or mRNA expression of PTGS2, PGI2, bFGF, TSP-1, and VEGF in the penumbra were transposed by AS or Celecoxib (an inhibitor of PTGS2). In conclusion, the protective mechanism of AS for IS promoted angiogenesis and was involved with PTGS2 silence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18858286825; Fax: +86-0571-61768136
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Lao Y, Huang P, Chen J, Wang Y, Su R, Shao W, Hu W, Zhang J. Discovery of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as novel neuroprotectants against cerebral ischemic injury by activating antioxidant response element. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106096. [PMID: 35985158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is an important cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. In this work, we have synthesized a series of derivatives with 3,5‑diaryl substituent triazole scaffolds. The derivatives showed favorable protective effective in SNP-induced oxidative stress model, of which compound 5 was the most active. In vivo experiments showed that compound 5 could ameliorate neurological deficits, attenuate infarction sizes, reduce malonaldehyde (MDA) level and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Preliminary safety evaluation showed that compound 5 exhibited low acute toxicity in BALB/c mice (LD50 greater than 1000 mg/kg). Further investigation indicated that compound 5 was able to scavenge ROS, restore mitochondrial membrane potential and protect PC12 cells from SNP-induced apoptosis. Moreover, compound 5 could initiate transcription of antioxidant response element (ARE) and induced expressions of antioxidative enzymes. Collectively, compound 5 might have the potency of treating acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqiang Lao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Weiyan Shao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Mustafa G, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Sumrra SH, Ashfaq M, Zafar W, Ashfaq M. A critical review on recent trends on pharmacological applications of pyrazolone endowed derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Oxidative Stress in the Brain: Basic Concepts and Treatment Strategies in Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121886. [PMID: 34942989 PMCID: PMC8698986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of free radicals is inevitably associated with metabolism and other enzymatic processes. Under physiological conditions, however, free radicals are effectively eliminated by numerous antioxidant mechanisms. Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between the production and elimination of free radicals under pathological conditions. Oxidative stress is also associated with ageing. The brain is prone to oxidative damage because of its high metabolic activity and high vulnerability to ischemic damage. Oxidative stress, thus, plays a major role in the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic pathologies in the brain, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases. The goal of this article is to summarize the basic concepts of oxidative stress and its significance in brain pathologies, as well as to discuss treatment strategies for dealing with oxidative stress in stroke.
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8
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Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Ayeni G, Ibeji CU, Islam MS. Modulatory effect of ursolic acid on neurodegenerative activities in oxidative brain injury: An ex vivo study. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13597. [PMID: 33368405 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural products-based antioxidants have been well reported for their therapeutic benefits in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroprotective effect of ursolic acid (UA) against oxidative injury was investigated in isolated rat brain. Induction of oxidative injury in isolated rat brains with 0.1 mM FeSO4 led to depleted levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ENTPDase activities, with concomitant exacerbation of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, α-chymotrypsin, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase activities. These levels and activities were significantly reversed following treatment of the brain tissues with UA. Molecular docking studies revealed strong molecular interactions between UA, catalase, and ATPase. Overall, these results indicate the neuroprotective effect of UA against oxidative injury in isolated rat brains as depicted by their ability to mitigate oxidative stress, purinergic, and cholinergic dysfunctions, with concomitant suppression of proteolytic activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Neurodegenerative diseases are among the common diseases associated with aging and has been implicated as oxidative mediated. Natural products have received increasing recognition in their use as treatment remedy for various oxidative-mediated diseases including neurodegeneration. These natural products include plant secondary metabolites commonly known as phytochemicals. Ursolic acid is a phytochemical usually present in leafy vegetables and fruits. The present study describes the possible therapeutic mechanism of ursolic acid in the amelioration of complications linked to neurodegeneration in oxidative-mediated brain injury. These findings thus give insights into the use of natural products of plant origin in treating and managing neurodegenerative diseases, which may have little or no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Veritas University, Bwari, Nigeria
| | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gideon Ayeni
- Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | - Collins U Ibeji
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Alzoubi KH, Aburashed ZO, Mayyas F. Edaravone protects from memory impairment induced by chronic L-methionine administration. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1221-1228. [PMID: 31989235 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a well-known cause of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Increased oxidative stress in the brain has a major possible role in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced pathogenesis. Edaravone is a potent free radical scavenger that has a neuroprotective effect against memory impairment in several experimental models. The current study investigated the possible protective effect of edaravone in L-methionine-induced vascular dementia in a rat model. L-methionine was given (1.7 mg/kg/day) through oral gavage, while edaravone was given (6 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally. The administration of methionine and edaravone started concomitantly and continued for a total of 9 weeks. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the radial arm water maze (RAWM). Changes in the oxidative stress-related biomarkers in the hippocampus were assessed using enzymatic assays. Chronic L-methionine administration resulted in short-term and long-term memory impairment, whereas edaravone prevented such effect. Furthermore, edaravone ameliorated L-methionine induced decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase as well as the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG ratio). Edaravone also prevented increase in the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) secondary to chronic L-methionine administration. In conclusion, the current study suggests that memory impairment and oxidative stress secondary to chronic L-methionine administration can be prevented by edaravone, probably via enhancing antioxidant mechanisms in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Zainah O Aburashed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Fadia Mayyas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Liu Y, Min JW, Feng S, Subedi K, Qiao F, Mammenga E, Callegari E, Wang H. Therapeutic Role of a Cysteine Precursor, OTC, in Ischemic Stroke Is Mediated by Improved Proteostasis in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:147-160. [PMID: 31049841 PMCID: PMC6824933 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress aggravates brain injury following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We previously showed that ubiquilin-1 (Ubqln1), a ubiquitin-like protein, improves proteostasis and protects brains against oxidative stress and I/R-induced brain injury. Here, we demonstrate that a small molecule compound, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC) that functions as a precursor of cysteine, upregulated Ubqln1 and protected cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell death in neuronal cultures. Further, the administration of OTC either at 1 h prior to ischemia or 3 h after the reperfusion significantly reduced brain infarct injury and improved behavioral outcomes in a stroke model. Administration of OTC also increased glutathione (GSH) level and decreased superoxide production, oxidized protein, and neuroinflammation levels in the penumbral cortex after I/R in the stroke mice. Furthermore, I/R reduced both Ubqln1 and the glutathione S-transferase protein levels, whereas OTC treatment restored both protein levels, which was associated with reduced ubiquitin-conjugated protein level. Interestingly, in the Ubqln1 knockout (KO) mice, OTC treatment showed reduced neuroprotection and increased ubiquitin-conjugated protein level when compared to the similarly treated non-KO mice following I/R, suggesting that OTC-medicated neuroprotection is, at least partially, Ubqln1-dependent. Thus, OTC is a potential therapeutic agent for stroke and possibly for other neurological disorders and its neuroprotection involves enhanced proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Liu
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Jia-Wei Min
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, MSE R334, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shelley Feng
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Kalpana Subedi
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Fangfang Qiao
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Emily Mammenga
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Eduardo Callegari
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
| | - Hongmin Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA.
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11
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Li C, Mo Z, Lei J, Li H, Fu R, Huang Y, Luo S, Zhang L. Edaravone attenuates neuronal apoptosis in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage rat model via suppression of TRAIL signaling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:169-177. [PMID: 29635023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Edaravone is a new type of oxygen free radical scavenger and able to attenuate various brain damage including hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). This study was aimed at investigating the neuroprotective mechanism of edaravone in rat hypoxic-ischemic brain damage model and its correlation with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS 75 seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats were equally divided into three groups: sham-operated group (sham), HIBD group and HIBD rats injected with edaravone (HIBD + EDA) group. Neurological severity and space cognitive ability of rats in each group were evaluated using Longa neurological severity score and Morris water maze testing. TUNEL assay and flow cytometry were used to determine brain cell apoptosis. Western blot was used to estimate the expression level of death receptor-5 (DR5), Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), caspase 8, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax). In addition, immunofluorescence was performed to detect caspase 3. RESULTS Edaravone reduced neurofunctional damage caused by HIBD and improved the cognitive capability of rats. The above experiment results suggested that edaravone could down-regulate the expression of active caspase 3 protein, thereby relieving neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION Taken together, edaravone could attenuate neuronal apoptosis in rat hypoxic-ischemic brain damage model via suppression of TRAIL signaling pathway, which also suggested that edaravone might be an effective therapeutic strategy for HIBD clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihuai Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiqing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruying Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxia Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shijian Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Michalski D, Hofmann S, Pitsch R, Grosche J, Härtig W. Neurovascular Specifications in the Alzheimer-Like Brain of Mice Affected by Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Implications for Future Therapies. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:655-674. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Hofmann
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman Pitsch
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Evlice A, Ulusu NN. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase a novel hope on a blood-based diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:229-234. [PMID: 27378307 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder that numerous factors have key properties in the development of this proteopathy. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the most common form of enzymopathy. We have examined G6PD enzyme activity levels in the serum of newly diagnosed AD patients compared with control subjects without dementia from the both sexes. Serum G6PD levels were found to be significantly higher (approximately two times) in AD patients compared to control geriatric subjects in both sexes. We have concluded that G6PD seems to play an integral role in the progress and/or prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Evlice
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Ashafaq M, Tabassum H, Parvez S. Modulation of Behavioral Deficits and Neurodegeneration by Tannic Acid in Experimental Stroke Challenged Wistar Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5941-5951. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Fujiwara N, Som AT, Pham LDD, Lee BJ, Mandeville ET, Lo EH, Arai K. A free radical scavenger edaravone suppresses systemic inflammatory responses in a rat transient focal ischemia model. Neurosci Lett 2016; 633:7-13. [PMID: 27589890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A free radical scavenger edaravone is clinically used in Japan for acute stroke, and several basic researches have carefully examined the mechanisms of edaravone's protective effects. However, its actions on pro-inflammatory responses under stroke are still understudied. In this study, we subjected adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to 90-min middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion followed by reperfusion. Edaravone was treated twice via tail vein; after MCA occlusion and after reperfusion. As expected, edaravone-treated group showed less infarct volume and edema formation compared with control group at 24-h after an ischemic onset. Furthermore, edaravone reduced the levels of plasma interleukin (IL)-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-9 at 3-h after ischemic onset. Several molecules besides IL-1β and MMP-9 are involved in inflammatory responses under stroke conditions. Therefore, we also examined whether edaravone treatment could decrease a wide range of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines by testing rat plasma samples with a rat cytokine array. MCAO rats showed elevations in plasma levels of CINC-1, Fractalkine, IL-1α, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, MIG, MIP-1α, and MIP-3α, and all these increases were reduced by edaravone treatment. These data suggest that free radical scavengers may reduce systemic inflammatory responses under acute stroke conditions, and therefore, oxidative stress can be still a viable target for acute stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Fujiwara
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Angel T Som
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Loc-Duyen D Pham
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Brian J Lee
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Emiri T Mandeville
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA.
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA.
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16
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Ke J, Jing M. Analysis of treatment effect of urinary kallidinogenase combined with edaravone on massive cerebral infarction. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:155-158. [PMID: 27446533 PMCID: PMC4950744 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical effect of urinary kallidinogenase combined with edaravone in the treatment of massive cerebral infarction. A total of 58 patients with massive cerebral infarction were admitted to hospital between January 2013 and January 2014. There were 34 male and 24 female patients. The patients were randomly divided into the observation and control groups (n=29 cases per group). The patients in the control group received edaravone treatment, while patients in the observation group were treated with urinary kallidinogenase and edaravone. The clinical effects of the two groups were then compared. The results showed that the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and serum C-reactive protein level of the patients in the two groups were significantly decreased following treatment. The decreased degree in the observation group was significantly smaller than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant [(11.03±3.75) vs. (16.58±7.43) scores, P<0.05; (9.88±4.82) vs. (11.98±4.69) mmol/l, P<0.05]. The serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly increased in patients of the two groups after treatment. The increased degree in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant [(268.51±77.34) vs. (188.82±57.33) ng/l, P<0.05]. The total effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group and the difference was statistically significant (89.66 vs. 62.07%, P<0.05). In conclusion, urinary kallidinogenase combined with edaravone treatment has a certain clinical curative effect on massive cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ke
- Department of Neurology, East People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Mou Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou City Center Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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17
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Qu J, Zhou Q, Du Y, Zhang W, Bai M, Zhang Z, Xi Y, Li Z, Miao J. Rutin protects against cognitive deficits and brain damage in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3702-15. [PMID: 24758388 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a critical causative factor for the development of cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly, which involves many pathophysiological processes. Consequently, inhibition of several pathophysiological pathways is an attractive therapeutic strategy for this disorder. Rutin, a biologically active flavonoid, protects the brain against several insults through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its effect on cognitive deficits and brain damage caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion remains unknown. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of rutin on cognitive impairments and the potential mechanisms underlying its action in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used Sprague-Dawley rats with permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), a well-established model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. After rutin treatment for 12 weeks, the neuroprotective effect of rutin in rats was evaluated by behavioural tests, biochemical and histopathological analyses. KEY RESULTS BCCAO rats showed marked cognitive deficits, which were improved by rutin treatment. Moreover, BCCAO rats exhibited central cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative damage, inflammatory responses and neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, compared with sham-operated rats. All these effects were significantly alleviated by treatment with rutin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results provide new insights into the pharmacological actions of rutin and suggest that rutin has multi-targeted therapeutical potential on cognitive deficits associated with conditions with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion such as vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qu
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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18
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Zheng J, Chen X. Edaravone offers neuroprotection for acute diabetic stroke patients. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 185:819-824. [PMID: 26597952 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Edaravone, a novel free-radical scavenger, has been shown to alleviate cerebral ischemic injury and protect against vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, the effects of edaravone in acute diabetic stroke patients remain undetermined. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to prospectively evaluate the effects of edaravone on acute diabetic stroke patients admitted to our hospital within 24 h of stroke onset. The edaravone group received edaravone (30 mg twice per day) diluted with 100 ml of saline combined with antiplatelet drug aspirin and atorvastatin for 14 days. The non-edaravone group was treated only with 100 ml of saline twice per day combined with aspirin and atorvastatin. Upon admission, and on days 7, 14 post-stroke onset, neurological deficits and activities of daily living were assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the Barthel Index (BI), respectively. The occurrence of hemorrhage transformation, pulmonary infection, progressive stroke and epilepsy was also evaluated on day 14 post-treatment. RESULTS A total of 65 consecutive acute diabetic stroke patients were enrolled, of whom 35 were allocated to the edaravone group and 30 to the non-edaravone group. There was no significant group difference in baseline clinical characteristics, but mean NIHSS scores were lower (60 %), and BI scores were 1.7-fold higher, in edaravone-treated patients vs. controls on day 14. Furthermore, the incidence of hemorrhage transformation, pulmonary infection, progressive stroke and epilepsy was markedly reduced in the edaravone vs. non-edaravone group. CONCLUSION Edaravone represents a promising neuroprotectant against cerebral ischemic injury in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eighth Hospital, Jiangsu University, 8 Caobao Road, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eighth Hospital, Jiangsu University, 8 Caobao Road, Shanghai, 200235, China.
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19
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LI WEINA, TAN CHANGHONG, LIU YI, LIU XI, WANG XIN, GUI YUEJIANG, QIN LU, DENG FEN, YU ZHEN, HU CHANGLIN, CHEN LIFEN. Resveratrol ameliorates oxidative stress and inhibits aquaporin 4 expression following rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7756-62. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Smith CJ, Denes A, Tyrrell PJ, Di Napoli M. Phase II anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating drugs for acute ischaemic stroke. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:623-43. [PMID: 25727670 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of adult neurological disability. Despite advances in stroke unit care, and increasing use of thrombolysis, there remains an urgent need for safe and effective treatments for acute ischaemic stroke. However, this is against a backdrop of multiple failures in translational drug development. Cerebral ischaemia initiates a complex cascade of immune and inflammatory pathways in the brain microvasculature and periphery, which contribute to the evolution of cerebral injury, resolution and repair. Targeting specific inflammatory or immune pathways, therefore, represents an attractive treatment strategy in acute ischaemic stroke. Although anti-inflammatory drugs have already failed in clinical trial development, several are currently at the Phase II developmental stage. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight several candidate drugs, which modulate a range of inflammatory and immune pathways, and have been investigated in pre-clinical and Phase II studies to date. EXPERT OPINION Drugs targeting inflammatory and immune pathways offer theoretical advantages including potentially longer therapeutic time windows and effects complementary to thrombolysis (ameliorating reperfusion injury). Fundamental changes in the approach to pre-clinical and clinical drug development are required to facilitate successful translation of promising candidate drugs into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Smith
- Greater Manchester Comprehensive Stroke Centre, Department of Medical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Foundation Trust , Salford , UK
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21
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Nakajima N, Watanabe S, Kiyoi T, Tanaka A, Suemaru K, Araki H. Evaluation of edaravone against radiation-induced oral mucositis in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:339-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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22
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Dohare P, Hyzinski-García MC, Vipani A, Bowens NH, Nalwalk JW, Feustel PJ, Keller RW, Jourd'heuil D, Mongin AA. The neuroprotective properties of the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol correlate with its ability to reduce pathological glutamate release in a rodent model of stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:168-82. [PMID: 25224033 PMCID: PMC4258548 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of oxidative stress to ischemic brain damage is well established. Nevertheless, for unknown reasons, several clinically tested antioxidant therapies have failed to show benefits in human stroke. Based on our previous in vitro work, we hypothesized that the neuroprotective potency of antioxidants is related to their ability to limit the release of the excitotoxic amino acids glutamate and aspartate. We explored the effects of two antioxidants, tempol and edaravone, on amino acid release in the brain cortex, in a rat model of transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Amino acid levels were quantified using a microdialysis approach, with the probe positioned in the ischemic penumbra as verified by a laser Doppler technique. Two-hour MCAo triggered a dramatic increase in the levels of glutamate, aspartate, taurine, and alanine. Microdialysate delivery of 10mM tempol reduced the amino acid release by 60-80%, whereas matching levels of edaravone had no effect. In line with these data, an intracerebroventricular injection of tempol but not edaravone (500 nmol each, 15 min before MCAo) reduced infarction volumes by ~50% and improved neurobehavioral outcomes. In vitro assays showed that tempol was superior at removing superoxide anion, whereas edaravone was more potent at scavenging hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite. Overall, our data suggest that the neuroprotective properties of tempol are probably related to its ability to reduce tissue levels of the superoxide anion and pathological glutamate release and, in such a way, limit progression of brain infarction within ischemic penumbra. These new findings may be instrumental in developing new antioxidant therapies for treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dohare
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - María C Hyzinski-García
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Aarshi Vipani
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Nicole H Bowens
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Julia W Nalwalk
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J Feustel
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Richard W Keller
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David Jourd'heuil
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Kwon KJ, Kim MK, Lee EJ, Kim JN, Choi BR, Kim SY, Cho KS, Han JS, Kim HY, Shin CY, Han SH. Effects of donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on neurogenesis in a rat model of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2014; 347:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Shang H, Cui D, Yang D, Liang S, Zhang W, Zhao W. The radical scavenger edaravone improves neurologic function and perihematomal glucose metabolism after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 24:215-22. [PMID: 25440340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative injury caused by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the progression of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that the free radical scavenger edaravone may prevent neuronal injury and brain edema after ICH. However, the influence of edaravone on cerebral metabolism in the early stages after ICH and the underlying mechanism have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of edaravone on perihematomal glucose metabolism using (18)F-fluorordeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Additionally, the neurologic deficits, brain edemas, and cell death that followed ICH were quantitatively analyzed. After blood infusion, the rats treated with edaravone showed significant improvement in both forelimb placing and corner turn tests compared with those treated with vehicle. Moreover, the brain water content of the edaravone-treated group was significantly decreased compared with that of the vehicle group on day 3 after ICH. PET/CT images of ICH rats exhibited obvious decreases in FDG standardized uptake values in perihematomal region on day 3, and the lesion-to-normal ratio of the edaravone-treated ICH rats was significantly increased compared with that of the control rats. Calculation of the brain injury volumes from the PET/CT images revealed that the volumes of the blood-induced injuries were significantly smaller in the edaravone group compared with the vehicle group. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling assays performed 3 days after ICH revealed that the numbers of apoptotic cells in perihematomal region of edaravone-treated ICH rats were decreased relative to the vehicle group. Thus, the present study demonstrates that edaravone has scavenging properties that attenuate neurologic behavioral deficits and brain edema in the early period of ICH. Additionally, edaravone may improve cerebral metabolism around the hematoma by attenuating apoptotic cell death after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Derong Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Micro PET/CT Research Center, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Ren Y, Wei B, Song X, An N, Zhou Y, Jin X, Zhang Y. Edaravone's free radical scavenging mechanisms of neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia: review of the literature. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:555-65. [PMID: 25171224 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.959121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and oxidative stress play key roles in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and represent pharmacological targets for treatment. Edaravone (Edv), one of antioxidant agents that have been used in acute ischemic stroke in both clinical settings and animal experiments, exerts neuroprotective effect on ischemic injured brains. This review is aimed to elaborate the latest molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotection of Edv on cerebral ischemia and provide reasonable evidence in its clinical application. It is found that Edv has neuroprotective influence on cerebral ischemia, which is closely related to the facets of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radical (ċOH) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). And it is a good antioxidant agent that can be safely used in the treatment of cerebral ischemia and chronic neurodegenerative disorders as well as other ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-related diseases. The combination of Edv with thrombolytic therapy also can be applied in clinical settings and will be greatly beneficial to patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Ren
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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26
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Tabassum R, Vaibhav K, Shrivastava P, Khan A, Ahmed ME, Ashafaq M, Khan MB, Islam F, Safhi MM, Islam F. Perillyl alcohol improves functional and histological outcomes against ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuation of oxidative stress and repression of COX-2, NOS-2 and NF-κB in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 747:190-9. [PMID: 25240714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Perillyl alcohol (PA) is a monoterpene found in essential oils of mints, cherries, citreous fruits and lemon grass, reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role of PA in stroke is still illusive. Since oxidative stress and inflammation play a pivotal role in ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, this study was designed to elucidate the potential effects of PA against I-R induced pathology in rat׳s brain. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2h followed by 22h reperfusion in Wistar male rats (250-280g, 14-16 weeks old) induced the behavioral and histological alterations along with exhausted antioxidant status and enhanced inflammatory mediators. However, PA administration (25, 50 and 100mg/kg b.wt orally once daily for 7 days) prior to MCAO significantly attenuated neurological deficits related to flexion test and spontaneous motor activity, improved grip strength and motor coordination in a dose dependent manner. PA treatment also inhibited oxidative stress in MCAO rats as evident from decreased lipid peroxidation and augmented level of reduced glutathione and restored activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase and thus, reduced infarct volume and protected the brain histology after I-R injury. Furthermore, PA markedly suppressed the level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF α and IL-6) and down regulated expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in MCAO group. In conclusion, PA mediates neuroprotection against I-R injury via mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammation and thus, may be a good therapeutic approach in stroke prone patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Tabassum
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP-BSR funded department), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP-BSR funded department), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Pallavi Shrivastava
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP-BSR funded department), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP-BSR funded department), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Ejaz Ahmed
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP-BSR funded department), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Ashafaq
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP-BSR funded department), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M Badruzzaman Khan
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP-BSR funded department), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Farah Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammed M Safhi
- Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology (DST-FIST and UGC-SAP-BSR funded department), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
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27
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Hou X, Yuan Y, Yin J, Yang S, Xie L, Wang S. Fetal umbilical vein transplantation for the repair of middle cerebral artery injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:3249-54. [PMID: 25206646 PMCID: PMC4146187 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.34.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to investigate the longitudinal tensile mechanical characteristics of the middle cerebral artery and the fetal umbilical vein prior to applying fetal umbilical vein transplantation for repair of injured middle cerebral artery. Fifteen fresh fetal umbilical vein specimens and 15 normal human fresh cadaver middle cerebral artery specimens were collected for longitudinal tensile testing at the speed of 0.5 mm/min and at normal human temperature. The results showed that under 16.0 kPa physiological stress, the strain value of fetal umbilical vein specimens was larger, while the maximal stress and elastic modulus values were less than those of middle cerebral artery specimens. Our findings indicate that fetal umbilical vein has good elastic properties and the stress-strain curve of the fetal umbilical vein is similar to that of the middle cerebral artery. Fetal umbilical vein transplantation can, therefore, potentially repair the injured middle cerebral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Hou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Songbai Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lili Xie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shiji Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Wang W, Wu XM, Jiang B, Wang CY, Zhang HN, Shen XM. Influence of edaravone on growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 expression following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.201414b291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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29
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Tang Y, Rong X, Hu W, Li G, Yang X, Yang J, Xu P, Luo J. Effect of edaravone on radiation-induced brain necrosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurooncol 2014; 120:441-7. [PMID: 25142813 PMCID: PMC4220954 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive generation of free radicals plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced brain injury. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, on radiation-induced brain necrosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to the control group and the edaravone group (intravenous 30 mg twice per day for 2 weeks). Both groups received intravenous conventional steroid therapy and were monitored by brain MRI and LENT/SOMA scales prior to the entry of the trial and at 3-months after completing the trial. The primary end point was a 3-month response rate of the proportional changes determined by MRI. The trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01865201. Between 2009 and 2012, we enrolled 154 patients. Of whom 137 were eligible for analysis. The volumes of necrosis estimated on T2-weighted image showed that 55.6 % edaravone-treated patients (40 out of 72) showed edema decreases ≥25 %, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (35.4 %, 23 out of 65, p = 0.025). Forty-four patients treated with edaravone (61.1 %) reported improvement in neurologic symptoms and signs evaluated by LENT/SOMA scales, while the rate was 38.5 % in the control group (p = 0.006). MRI of the edaravone group showed a significant decrease in area of T1-weighted contrast enhancement (1.67 ± 4.69 cm2, p = 0.004) and the T2-weighted edema (5.08 ± 10.32 cm2, p = 0.000). Moreover, compared with those in control group, patients with edaravone exhibited significantly better radiological improvement measured by T2-weighted image (p = 0.042). Administration of edaravone, in adjunct to steroid regimen, might provide a better outcome in patients with radiation-induced brain necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China,
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30
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Li D, Xu D, Li P, Wei J, Yang K, Zhao C. Viscoelastic evaluation of fetal umbilical vein for reconstruction of middle cerebral artery. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3055-62. [PMID: 25206626 PMCID: PMC4146204 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.32.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of artificial blood vessels with < 6 mm inner diameter as substitutes for human arterioles or veins has not achieved satisfactory results. Umbilical vein has been substituted for ar-tery in vascular transplantation, but it remains unclear whether the stress relaxation and creep tween these vessels are consistent. In this study, we used the fetal umbilical vein and middle cere-bral artery from adult male cadavers to make specimens 15 mm in length, 0.196–0.268 mm in nica media thickness, and 2.82–2.96 mm in outer diameter. The results demonstrated that the stress decrease at 7 200 seconds was similar between the middle cerebral artery and fetal umbilical vein specimens, regardless of initial stress of 18.7 kPa or 22.5 kPa. However, the strain increase at 7 200 seconds of fetal umbilical veins was larger than that of middle cerebral arteries. Moreover, the stress relaxation experiment showed that the stress decrease at 7 200 seconds of the fetal umbilical vein and middle cerebral artery specimens under 22.5 kPa initial stress was less than the decrease in these specimens under 18.7 kPa initial stress. These results indicate that the fetal umbilical vein has appropriate stress relaxation and creep properties for transplantation. These properties are advantageous for vascular reconstruction, indicating that the fetal umbilical vein can be transplanted to repair middle cerebral artery injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Donghui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Nanling Branch, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Basic Department, Air Force Aviation University, Changchun 130022, Jilin Province, China
| | - Conghai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
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31
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Cattani D, Goulart PB, Cavalli VLDLO, Winkelmann-Duarte E, Dos Santos AQ, Pierozan P, de Souza DF, Woehl VM, Fernandes MC, Silva FRMB, Gonçalves CA, Pessoa-Pureur R, Zamoner A. Congenital hypothyroidism alters the oxidative status, enzyme activities and morphological parameters in the hippocampus of developing rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 375:14-26. [PMID: 23693027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism is associated with delay in cell migration and proliferation in brain tissue, impairment of synapse formation, misregulation of neurotransmitters, hypomyelination and mental retardation. However, the mechanisms underlying the neuropsychological deficits observed in congenital hypothyroidism are not completely understood. In the present study we proposed a mechanism by which hypothyroidism leads to hippocampal neurotoxicity. Congenital hypothyroidism induces c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway activation leading to hyperphosphorylation of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and neurofilament subunits from hippocampal astrocytes and neurons, respectively. Moreover, hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal proteins was not reversed by T3 and poorly reversed by T4. In addition, congenital hypothyroidism is associated with downregulation of astrocyte glutamate transporters (GLAST and GLT-1) leading to decreased glutamate uptake and subsequent influx of Ca(2+) through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The Na(+)-coupled (14)C-α-methyl-amino-isobutyric acid ((14)C-MeAIB) accumulation into hippocampal cells also might cause an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration by opening voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC). The excessive influx of Ca(2+) through NMDA receptors and VDCCs might lead to an overload of Ca(2+) within the cells, which set off glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. The inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity might also induce Ca(2+) influx. The inhibited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, associated with altered glutamate and neutral amino acids uptake could somehow affect the GSH turnover, the antioxidant defense system, as well as the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Reduced levels of S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) take part of the hypothyroid condition, suggesting a compromised astroglial/neuronal neurometabolic coupling which is probably related to the neurotoxic damage in hypothyroid brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Cattani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Yokoo H, Chiba S, Tomita K, Takashina M, Sagara H, Yagisita S, Takano Y, Hattori Y. Neurodegenerative evidence in mice brains with cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis: preventive effect of the free radical scavenger edaravone. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51539. [PMID: 23236515 PMCID: PMC3517559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major clinical challenge and septic encephalopathy is its nasty complication. The pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of septic encephalopathy are not well understood. This study sought to fully characterize sepsis-associated biochemical and histopathological changes in brains of mice after cecal ligation and puncture, regarded as a highly clinically relevant animal model of polymicrobial sepsis. Real-time PCR analysis showed that gene expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, were significantly up-regulated in brain tissues from septic mice, but to a much lesser extent when compared with those in peripheral tissues such as lungs. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was significantly increased in septic mice, as determined by the measurement of sodium fluorescein and Evans blue content. Sepsis resulted in increases in NADPH oxidase activity and expression of p47phox and p67phox and up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase in brains, indicating that superoxide, produced by NADPH oxidase, reacts with NO to form peroxynitrite, that maybe lead to the loss of BBB integrity. Light and electron microscopic examination of septic mouse brain showed serious neuronal degeneration, as indicated by hyperchromatic, shrunken, pyknotic, and electron-dense neurons. These histopathogical changes were prevented by treatment with the free radical scavenger edaravone. Together, these results suggest that sepsis can lead to rapid neurodegenerative changes in brains via free radical species production and possibly subsequent injury to the BBB. We may also provide a potentially useful therapeutic tool for treating septic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yokoo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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