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Wang Y, Yuan T, Lyu T, Zhang L, Wang M, He Z, Wang Y, Li Z. Mechanism of inflammatory response and therapeutic effects of stem cells in ischemic stroke: current evidence and future perspectives. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:67-81. [PMID: 38767477 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.393104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with an increasing trend and tendency for onset at a younger age. China, in particular, bears a high burden of stroke cases. In recent years, the inflammatory response after stroke has become a research hotspot: understanding the role of inflammatory response in tissue damage and repair following ischemic stroke is an important direction for its treatment. This review summarizes several major cells involved in the inflammatory response following ischemic stroke, including microglia, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and astrocytes. Additionally, we have also highlighted the recent progress in various treatments for ischemic stroke, particularly in the field of stem cell therapy. Overall, understanding the complex interactions between inflammation and ischemic stroke can provide valuable insights for developing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. Stem cell therapy may potentially become an important component of ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingli Yuan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjie Lyu
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Digital Healthcare for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiao Li
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Digital Healthcare for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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Battaglini M, Marino A, Montorsi M, Carmignani A, Ceccarelli MC, Ciofani G. Nanomaterials as Microglia Modulators in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304180. [PMID: 38112345 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, acting as housekeepers and defenders of the surrounding environment. These cells can elicit their functions by shifting into two main phenotypes: pro-inflammatory classical phenotype, M1, and anti-inflammatory alternative phenotype, M2. Despite their pivotal role in CNS homeostasis, microglia phenotypes can influence the development and progression of several CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injuries, and even brain cancer. It is thus clear that the possibility of modulating microglia activation has gained attention as a therapeutic tool against many CNS pathologies. Nanomaterials are an unprecedented tool for manipulating microglia responses, in particular, to specifically target microglia and elicit an in situ immunomodulation activity. This review focuses the discussion on two main aspects: analyzing the possibility of using nanomaterials to stimulate a pro-inflammatory response of microglia against brain cancer and introducing nanostructures able to foster an anti-inflammatory response for treating neurodegenerative disorders. The final aim is to stimulate the analysis of the development of new microglia nano-immunomodulators, paving the way for innovative and effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Battaglini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Attilio Marino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Margherita Montorsi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Alessio Carmignani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Ceccarelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The BioRobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
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Zhou P, Yu ZC, Cao C, Cui HR, Ding MC, Yang CX, Liao M. Pyruvate maintains and enhances the pro-inflammatory response of microglia caused by glucose deficiency in early stroke. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30524. [PMID: 38226453 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory microglia mainly rely on glycolysis to maintain cytokine production during ischemia, accompanied by an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). The role of energy metabolism in the pro-inflammatory response of microglia is currently unclear. In this study, we tested the response of microglia in mice after cerebral ischemia and simulated an energy environment in vitro using low glucose culture medium. The research results indicate that the expression levels of iNOS and arginase 1 (ARG1) increase in the ischemic mouse brain, but the upregulation of MCT1 expression is mainly present in iNOS positive microglia. In microglia exposed to low glucose conditions, iNOS and MCT1 levels increased, while ARG1 levels decreased. Under the same conditions, knocking down MCT1 in microglia leads to a decrease in iNOS levels, while overexpression of MCT1 leads to the opposite result. The use of NF-κB inhibitors reduced the expression levels of iNOS and MCT1 in microglia. In summary, our data indicate that pyruvate maintains and enhances the NF-κB regulated pro-inflammatory response of microglia induced by low glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Cheng Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huai-Rui Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mao-Chao Ding
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chao-Xian Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Min Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Li Z, Wu J, Zhao T, Wei Y, Xu Y, Liu Z, Li X, Chen X. Microglial activation in spaceflight and microgravity: potential risk of cognitive dysfunction and poor neural health. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1296205. [PMID: 38425432 PMCID: PMC10902453 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1296205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased crewed spaceflights in recent years, it is vital to understand how the space environment affects human health. A lack of gravitational force is known to risk multiple physiological functions of astronauts, particularly damage to the central nervous system (CNS). As innate immune cells of the CNS, microglia can transition from a quiescent state to a pathological state, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to neuroinflammation. There are reports indicating that microglia can be activated by simulating microgravity or exposure to galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Consequently, microglia may play a role in the development of neuroinflammation during spaceflight. Prolonged spaceflight sessions raise concerns about the chronic activation of microglia, which could give rise to various neurological disorders, posing concealed risks to the neural health of astronauts. This review summarizes the risks associated with neural health owing to microglial activation and explores the stressors that trigger microglial activation in the space environment. These stressors include GCR, microgravity, and exposure to isolation and stress. Of particular focus is the activation of microglia under microgravity conditions, along with the proposal of a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhao
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyun Wei
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Xu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechai Chen
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Kim J, Sim AY, Barua S, Kim JY, Lee JE. Agmatine-IRF2BP2 interaction induces M2 phenotype of microglia by increasing IRF2-KLF4 signaling. Inflamm Res 2023:10.1007/s00011-023-01741-z. [PMID: 37314519 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following central nervous system (CNS) injury, the investigation for neuroinflammation is vital because of its pleiotropic role in both acute injury and long-term recovery. Agmatine (Agm) is well known for its neuroprotective effects and anti-neuroinflammatory properties. However, Agm's mechanism for neuroprotection is still unclear. We screened target proteins that bind to Agm using a protein microarray; the results showed that Agm strongly binds to interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein (IRF2BP2), which partakes in the inflammatory response. Based on these prior data, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism by which the combination of Agm and IRF2BP2 induces a neuroprotective phenotype of microglia. METHODS To confirm the relationship between Agm and IRF2BP2 in neuroinflammation, we used microglia cell-line (BV2) and treated with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS; 20 ng/mL, 24 h) and interleukin (IL)-4 (20 ng/mL, 24 h). Although Agm bound to IRF2BP2, it failed to enhance IRF2BP2 expression in BV2. Therefore, we shifted our focus onto interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2), which is a transcription factor and interacts with IRF2BP2. RESULTS IRF2 was highly expressed in BV2 after LPS treatment but not after IL-4 treatment. When Agm bound to IRF2BP2 following Agm treatment, the free IRF2 translocated to the nucleus of BV2. The translocated IRF2 activated the transcription of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), causing KLF4 to be induced in BV2. The expression of KLF4 increased the CD206-positive cells in BV2. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, unbound IRF2, resulting from the competitive binding of Agm to IRF2BP2, may provide neuroprotection against neuroinflammation via an anti-inflammatory mechanism of microglia involving the expression of KLF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Sim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumit Barua
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zeng F, Cao J, Hong Z, Liu Y, Hao J, Qin Z, Zou X, Tao T. Single-cell analyses reveal the dynamic functions of Itgb2 + microglia subclusters at different stages of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in transient middle cerebral occlusion mice model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114663. [PMID: 37063847 PMCID: PMC10098327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) is intricate, and current studies suggest that neuron, astrocyte, microglia, endothelial cell, and pericyte all have different phenotypic changes of specific cell types after ischemic stroke. And microglia account for the largest proportion after CIRI. Previous transcriptomic studies of ischemic stroke have typically focused on the 24 hours after CIRI, obscuring the dynamics of cellular subclusters throughout the disease process. Therefore, traditional methods for identifying cell types and their subclusters may not be sufficient to fully unveil the complexity of single-cell transcriptional profile dynamics caused by an ischemic stroke. Methods In this study, to explore the dynamic transcriptional profile of single cells after CIRI, we used single-cell State Transition Across-samples of RNA-seq data (scSTAR), a new bioinformatics method, to analyze the single-cell transcriptional profile of day 1, 3, and 7 of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mice. Combining our bulk RNA sequences and proteomics data, we found the importance of the integrin beta 2 (Itgb2) gene in post-modeling. And microglia of Itgb2+ and Itgb2- were clustered by the scSTAR method. Finally, the functions of the subpopulations were defined by Matescape, and three different time points after tMCAO were found to exhibit specific functions. Results Our analysis revealed a dynamic transcriptional profile of single cells in microglia after tMCAO and explored the important role of Itgb2 contributed to microglia by combined transcriptomics and proteomics analysis after modeling. Our further analysis revealed that the Itgb2+ microglia subcluster was mainly involved in energy metabolism, cell cycle, angiogenesis, neuronal myelin formation, and repair at 1, 3, and 7 days after tMCAO, respectively. Discussion Our results suggested that Itgb2+ microglia act as a time-specific multifunctional immunomodulatory subcluster during CIRI, and the underlying mechanisms remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanning Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central People’s Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zexuan Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Center for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaisheng Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Center for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central People’s Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Davis JA, Grau JW. Protecting the injured central nervous system: Do anesthesia or hypothermia ameliorate secondary injury? Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114349. [PMID: 36775099 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and stroke initiate a cascade of processes that expand the area of tissue loss. The current review considers recent studies demonstrating that the induction of an anesthetic state or cooling the affected tissue (hypothermia) soon after injury can have a therapeutic effect. We first provide an overview of the neurobiological processes that fuel tissue loss after traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke. We then examine the rehabilitative effectiveness of therapeutic anesthesia across a variety of drug categories through a systematic review of papers in the PubMed database. We also review the therapeutic benefits hypothermia, another treatment that quells neural activity. We conclude by considering factors related to the safety, efficacy and timing of treatment, as well as the mechanisms of action. Clinical implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Davis
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - James W Grau
- Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Ziqing Z, Yunpeng L, Yiqi L, Yang W. Friends or foes: The mononuclear phagocyte system in ischemic stroke. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13151. [PMID: 36755470 PMCID: PMC10041168 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of disability and death in adults, and the immune response plays an indispensable role in its pathological process. After the onset of IS, an inflammatory storm, with the infiltration and mobilization of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), is triggered in the brain. Microglia are rapidly activated in situ, followed by waves of circulating monocytes into the ischemic area. Activated microglia and monocytes/macrophages are mainly distributed in the peri-infarct area. These cells have similar morphology and functions, such as secreting cytokines and phagocytosis. Previously, the presence of the MPS was considered a marker of an exacerbated inflammatory response that contributes to brain damage. However, recent studies have suggested a rather complicated role of the MPS in IS. Here, we reviewed articles focusing on various functions of the MPS among different phases of IS, including recruitment, polarization, phagocytosis, angiogenesis, and interaction with other types of cells. Moreover, due to the characteristics of the MPS, we also noted clinical research addressing alterations in the MPS as potential biomarkers for IS patients for the purposes of predicting prognosis and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ziqing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yunpeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yiqi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Noll JM, Augello CJ, Kürüm E, Pan L, Pavenko A, Nam A, Ford BD. Spatial Analysis of Neural Cell Proteomic Profiles Following Ischemic Stroke in Mice Using High-Plex Digital Spatial Profiling. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7236-7252. [PMID: 36151369 PMCID: PMC9616789 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is ranked as the fifth leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability in the USA. The progression of neuronal damage after stroke is recognized to be a complex integration of glia, neurons, and the surrounding extracellular matrix, therefore potential treatments must target the detrimental effects created by these interactions. In this study, we examined the spatial cellular and neuroinflammatory mechanisms occurring early after ischemic stroke utilizing Nanostring Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) technology. Male C57bl/6 mice were subjected to photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and sacrificed at 3 days post-ischemia. Spatial distinction of the ipsilateral hemisphere was studied according to the regions of interest: the ischemic core, peri-infarct tissues, and peri-infarct normal tissue (PiNT) in comparison to the contralateral hemisphere. We demonstrated that the ipsilateral hemisphere initiates distinct spatial regulatory proteomic profiles with DSP technology that can be identified consistently with the immunohistochemical markers, FJB, GFAP, and Iba-1. The core border profile demonstrated an induction of neuronal death, apoptosis, autophagy, immunoreactivity, and early degenerative proteins. Most notably, the core border resulted in a decrease of the neuronal proteins Map2 and NeuN; an increase in the autophagy proteins BAG3 and CTSD; an increase in the microglial and peripheral immune invasion proteins Iba1, CD45, CD11b, and CD39; and an increase in the neurodegenerative proteins BACE1, APP, amyloid β 1-42, ApoE, and hyperphosphorylated tau protein S-199. The peri-infarct region demonstrated increased astrocytic, immunoreactivity, apoptotic, and neurodegenerative proteomic profiles, with an increase in BAG3, GFAP, and hyperphosphorylated tau protein S-199. The PiNT region displayed minimal changes compared to the contralateral cortex with only an increase in GFAP. In this study, we showed that mechanisms known to be associated with stroke, such as apoptosis and inflammation, occur in distinct spatial domains of the injured brain following ischemia. We also demonstrated the dysregulation of specific autophagic pathways that may lead to neurodegeneration in peri-infarct brain tissues. Taken together, these data suggest that identifying post-ischemic mechanisms occurring in a spatiotemporal manner may lead to more precise targets for successful therapeutic interventions to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Noll
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Catherine J Augello
- Division of Bioengineering, University of California, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Esra Kürüm
- Department of Statistics, University of California, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Liuliu Pan
- Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Anna Pavenko
- Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Andy Nam
- Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Byron D Ford
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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The Time Course of MHC-I Expression in C57BL/6J and A/J Mice Correlates with the Degree of Retrograde Gliosis in the Spinal Cord following Sciatic Nerve Crush. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233710. [PMID: 36496969 PMCID: PMC9740909 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic role of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) reflects the close association between the nervous and immune systems. In turn, MHC-I upregulation postinjury is associated with a better regenerative outcome in isogenic mice following peripheral nerve damage. In the present work, we compared the time course of neuronal, glial, and sensorimotor recovery (1, 3, 5, 7, and 28 days after lesion—dal) following unilateral sciatic nerve crush in A/J and C57BL/6J mice. The A/J strain showed higher expression of MHC-I (7 dal, ** p < 0.01), Iba-1 (microglial reaction, 7 dal, *** p < 0.001), and GFAP (astrogliosis, 5 dal, * p < 0.05) than the C57BL/6J counterpart. Synaptic coverage (synaptophysin) was equivalent in both strains over time. In addition, mRNA expression of microdissected spinal motoneurons revealed an increase in cytoskeleton-associated molecules (cofilin, shp2, and crmp2, * p < 0.05), but not trkB, in C57BL/6J mice. Gait recovery, studied by the sciatic functional index, was faster in the A/J strain, despite the equivalent results of C57BL/6J at 28 days after injury. A similar recovery was also seen for the nociceptive threshold (von Frey test). Interestingly, when evaluating proprioceptive recovery, C57BL/6J animals showed an enlarged base of support, indicating abnormal ambulation postinjury. Overall, the present results reinforce the role of MHC-I expression in the plasticity of the nervous system following axotomy, which in turn correlates with the variable recovery capacity among strains of mice.
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Zhu Y, Owens SJ, Murphy CE, Ajulu K, Rothmond D, Purves-Tyson T, Middleton F, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Inflammation-related transcripts define "high" and "low" subgroups of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the midbrain. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:149-159. [PMID: 35764269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine dysregulation in schizophrenia may be associated with midbrain inflammation. Previously, we found elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in the post-mortem midbrain of people with schizophrenia (46%) but not from unaffected controls (0%) using a brain cohort from Sydney, Australia. Here, we measured cytokine mRNAs and proteins in the midbrain in the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) array cohort (N = 105). We tested if the proportions of individuals with schizophrenia and with high inflammation can be replicated, and if individuals with bipolar disorder with elevated midbrain cytokines can be identified. mRNA levels of 7 immune transcripts from post-mortem midbrain tissue were measured via RT-PCR and two-step recursive clustering analysis was performed using 4 immune transcripts to define "high and low" inflammatory subgroups. The clustering predictors used were identical to our earlier midbrain study, and included: IL1B, IL6, TNF, and SERPINA3 mRNA levels. 46% of schizophrenia cases (16/35 SCZ), 6% of controls (2/33 CTRL), and 29% of bipolar disorder cases (10/35 BPD) were identified as belonging to the high inflammation (HI) subgroups [χ2 (2) = 13.54, p < 0.001]. When comparing inflammatory subgroups, all four mRNAs were significantly increased in SCZ-HI and BPD-HI compared to low inflammation controls (CTRL-LI) (p < 0.05). Additionally, protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 were elevated in SCZ-HI and BPD-HI compared to all other low inflammatory subgroups (all p < 0.05). Surprisingly, TNF-α protein levels were unchanged according to subgroups. In conclusion, we determined that almost half of the individuals with schizophrenia were defined as having high inflammation in the midbrain, replicating our previous findings. Further, we detected close to one-third of those with bipolar disorder to be classified as having high inflammation. Elevations in some pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs (IL-1β and IL-6) were also found at the protein level, whereas TNF mRNA and protein levels were not concordant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Samantha J Owens
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Caitlin E Murphy
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Kachikwulu Ajulu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Debora Rothmond
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Tertia Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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12
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Shin TH, Lee DY, Jang YE, Kwon DH, Hwang JS, Kim SG, Seo C, Paik MJ, Lee JY, Kim JY, Park S, Choi SE, Basith S, Kim MO, Lee G. Reduction in the Migration Activity of Microglia Treated with Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles and their Recovery Using Citrate. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152393. [PMID: 35954236 PMCID: PMC9368468 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have garnered significant interest in neurological research in recent years owing to their efficient penetration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, significant concerns are associated with their harmful effects, including those related to the immune response mediated by microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, which are exposed to nanoparticles. We analysed the cytotoxic effects of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles containing rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye [MNPs@SiO2(RITC)] in a BV2 microglial cell line using systems toxicological analysis. We performed the invasion assay and the exocytosis assay and transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and integrated triple-omics analysis, generating a single network using a machine learning algorithm. The results highlight alteration in the mechanisms of the nanotoxic effects of nanoparticles using integrated omics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (Y.E.J.); (D.H.K.); (S.-E.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Da Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (Y.E.J.); (D.H.K.); (S.-E.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Yong Eun Jang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (Y.E.J.); (D.H.K.); (S.-E.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Do Hyeon Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (Y.E.J.); (D.H.K.); (S.-E.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Ji Su Hwang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (J.S.H.); (S.G.K.)
| | - Seok Gi Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (J.S.H.); (S.G.K.)
| | - Chan Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (C.S.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Man Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (C.S.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Ju Yeon Lee
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju 28119, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Seokho Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Sung-E Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (Y.E.J.); (D.H.K.); (S.-E.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (Y.E.J.); (D.H.K.); (S.-E.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (T.H.S.); (D.Y.L.); (Y.E.J.); (D.H.K.); (S.-E.C.); (S.B.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea; (J.S.H.); (S.G.K.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Exposure to Cadmium Alters the Population of Glial Cell Types and Disrupts the Regulatory Mechanisms of the HPG Axis in Prepubertal Female Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1029-1042. [PMID: 35639248 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the brain is susceptible to neurotoxicity induced by cadmium (Cd), the effects of Cd on the neuroanatomical development in the hypothalamus and regulatory mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis are not fully understood. To clarify this issue, we investigated the effects of 25 mg/kg BW/day cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on neuroanatomical alterations in the hypothalamus of prepubertal female rats. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 12), and CdCl2 was administered via gavage from postnatal days (PND) 21 to PND35. The results of the stereological analysis demonstrated that prepubertal exposure to Cd reduced the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the arcuate (ARC) and dorsomedial hypothalamus nucleus (DMH) nuclei. In contrast, Cd exposure increased the number of microglial cells in the ARC and DMH nuclei. Cd exposure decreased the mRNA levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and increased the mRNA levels of RFamide-related peptide (RFRP-3), but not kisspeptin (Kiss1) in the hypothalamus. Moreover, hormonal assay showed that Cd exposure caused a reduction in the concentration of gonadotropins: luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in serum. Immunohistochemical expression of RFRP-3 in neuronal cell bodies demonstrated that the mean number of RFRP-3 expressing neurons in the DMH nucleus of cadmium-treated rats was dramatically higher than the vehicle group. Overall, exposure to Cd during the prepubertal period alters the population of neurons and glial cell types in the hypothalamus. Additionally, Cd exposure disrupts the regulatory mechanisms of the HPG axis.
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14
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Tarakcioglu E, Tastan B, Arioz BI, Tufekci KU, Genc S. Melatonin Alters the miRNA Transcriptome of Inflammasome Activation in Murine Microglial Cells. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3202-3211. [PMID: 35842554 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation can have devastating effects on the central nervous system via its resident immune cells, the microglia. One of the primary mediators of this inflammation is inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that trigger a release of inflammatory proteins when activated. Melatonin, a hormone with anti-inflammatory effects, is an attractive candidate for suppressing such inflammation. In this study, we have investigated how melatonin alters the microRNA (miRNA) transcriptome of microglial cells. For that purpose, we have performed RNA sequencing on a lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate (LPS + ATP) induced NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation model in the N9 mouse microglial cell line, with and without melatonin pre-treatment. We have identified 136 differentially expressed miRNAs in cells exposed to LPS + ATP compared to controls and 10 differentially expressed miRNAs in melatonin pre-treated cells compared to the inflammasome group. We have identified miR-155-3p as a miRNA that is upregulated with inflammasome activation and downregulated with melatonin treatment. We further confirmed this pattern of miR-155-3p expression in the brains of mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS. Moreover, an overexpression study with miRNA-155-3p mimic supported the idea that the protective effects of melatonin in NLRP3 inflammasome activation are partly associated with miRNA-155-3p inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Tarakcioglu
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Izmir, Balcova, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bora Tastan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Izmir, Balcova, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burak I Arioz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Izmir, Balcova, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Department of Health Care Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir Democracy University, 35290, Izmir, Turkey.,Center for Brain and Neuroscience Research, Izmir Democracy University, 35290, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Izmir, Balcova, Turkey. .,Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
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15
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Intermittent theta burst stimulation ameliorates cognitive impairment and hippocampal gliosis in the Streptozotocin-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2022; 433:113984. [PMID: 35780960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected streptozotocin (STZ) model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is used to explore the effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on astrocyte and microglia reactivity in selectively vulnerable brain regions and answer the question whether these changes are in the context of cognitive capacity. The iTBS is a non-invasive approach for stimulating neuronal and glial activity with the ability to induce long-term potentiation-like plasticity and represents a promising treatment for different neurological diseases, including AD. Male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups: 1. Control subjected to icv saline solution, 2. STZ subjected to icv-STZ (bilaterally, 3 mg/kg), 3. STZ+iTBS subjected to iTBS therapy after icv-STZ, 4. STZ+iTBS placebo subjected to noise artifact after icv-STZ and 5. Control+iTBS subjected to iTBS therapy after icv- saline solution. The RotaRod result showed that STZ did not alter motor function in rats. Eight arm radial maze test results showed that iTBS significantly improved cognitive impairment induced by STZ intoxication. Reactive gliosis in the hippocampus and periventricular area, manifested through elevated levels of Iba1+ and GFAP+/VIM+ following icv-STZ, was ameliorated after iTBS treatment. Our research identifies iTBS as an effective therapeutic candidate against STZ-induced neurotoxicity and AD-like changes. The beneficial effects of iTBS on cognitive dysfunction might be due to targeting microglia and astrocytes, as they exert a protective role in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. The results could provoke translation into clinical practice as an early/add-on non-invasive therapeutic intervention for cognitive impairment in AD.
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16
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Zemgulyte G, Umbrasas D, Cizas P, Jankeviciute S, Pampuscenko K, Grigaleviciute R, Rastenyte D, Borutaite V. Imeglimin Is Neuroprotective Against Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats-a Study Evaluating Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Functions. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2977-2991. [PMID: 35257284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Imeglimin is a novel oral antidiabetic drug modulating mitochondrial functions. However, neuroprotective effects of this drug have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of imeglimin against ischemia-induced brain damage and neurological deficits and whether it acted via inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and suppression of microglial activation. Ischemia in rats was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) for 48 h. Imeglimin (135 μg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally immediately after pMCAO and repeated after 24 h. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate total numbers of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia as well as interleukin-10 (IL-10) producing cells in brain slices. Respiration of isolated brain mitochondria was assessed using high-resolution respirometry. Assessment of ionomycin-induced mPTP opening in intact cultured primary rat neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial cells was performed using fluorescence microscopy. Treatment with imeglimin significantly decreased infarct size, brain edema, and neurological deficits after pMCAO. Moreover, imeglimin protected against pMCAO-induced neuronal loss as well as microglial proliferation and activation, and increased the number of astrocytes and the number of cells producing anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the ischemic hemisphere. Imeglimin in vitro acutely prevented mPTP opening in cultured neurons and astrocytes but not in microglial cells; however, treatment with imeglimin did not prevent ischemia-induced mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction after pMCAO. This study demonstrates that post-stroke treatment with imeglimin exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing infarct size and neuronal loss possibly via the resolution of neuroinflammation and partly via inhibition of mPTP opening in neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Zemgulyte
- Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Danielius Umbrasas
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50162, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Cizas
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50162, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Silvija Jankeviciute
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50162, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Katryna Pampuscenko
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50162, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ramune Grigaleviciute
- Biological research center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Rastenyte
- Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus str. 9, LT-44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50162, Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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The secretome of microglia induced by IL-4 of IFN-γ differently regulate proliferation, differentiation and survival of adult neural stem/progenitor cell by targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:407-420. [DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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18
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Long-term in vivo imaging of mouse spinal cord through an optically cleared intervertebral window. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1959. [PMID: 35414131 PMCID: PMC9005710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord accounts for the main communication pathway between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. Spinal cord injury is a devastating and largely irreversible neurological trauma, and can result in lifelong disability and paralysis with no available cure. In vivo spinal cord imaging in mouse models without introducing immunological artifacts is critical to understand spinal cord pathology and discover effective treatments. We developed a minimally invasive intervertebral window by retaining the ligamentum flavum to protect the underlying spinal cord. By introducing an optical clearing method, we achieve repeated two-photon fluorescence and stimulated Raman scattering imaging at subcellular resolution with up to 15 imaging sessions over 6-167 days and observe no inflammatory response. Using this optically cleared intervertebral window, we study neuron-glia dynamics following laser axotomy and observe strengthened contact of microglia with the nodes of Ranvier during axonal degeneration. By enabling long-term, repetitive, stable, high-resolution and inflammation-free imaging of mouse spinal cord, our method provides a reliable platform in the research aiming at interpretation of spinal cord physiology and pathology.
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Zhao N, Li Y, Wang C, Xue Y, Peng L, Wang T, Zhao Y, Xu G, Yu S. DJ-1 activates the Atg5-Atg12-Atg16L1 complex via Sirt1 to influence microglial polarization and alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory injury. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Akhmetzyanova ER, Timofeeva AV, Sabirov DK, Kostennikov AA, Rogozhin AA, James V, Arkhipova SS, Rizvanov AA, Mukhamedshina YO. Increasing Severity of Spinal Cord Injury Results in Microglia/Macrophages With Annular-Shaped Morphology and No Change in Expression of CD40 and Tumor Growth Factor-β During the Chronic Post-injury Stage. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:802558. [PMID: 35282656 PMCID: PMC8908449 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.802558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the quantitative composition of phenotypically and morphologically different populations of resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages in spinal cord injury (SCI) of various degrees of severity could lead to much needed novel therapeutic interventions in neurotrauma. In this regard, we investigated the CD40 and TGF-β expressing populations of microglia/macrophages and their morphological states in a rat model of SCI of varying severity. We are the first to describe the annular-shaped microglia/macrophages, the morphology of which was formed due to the spatial orientation of the processes that form round or oval micro-territories, which include disintegrating myelin fibers. This type of cell morphology was found only in the injured spinal cord and mainly in the white matter. At the same time, an assessment of the number of annular-shaped microglia/macrophages and the diameter of micro-territories formed by their processes showed an elevation in these indicators as the severity of SCI increased. While we did not find significant quantitative changes in the populations of Iba1+/CD40+ and Iba1+/TGF-β+ microglia/macrophages with increased severity of SCI in the chronic period (60 dpi), we did determine changes in the expression of cytokines and mRNAs of genes-encoding microglial marker proteins, finding the greatest changes on days 7 and 14 after SCI between experimental groups with varying severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Ruslanovna Akhmetzyanova
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- *Correspondence: Elvira R. Akhmetzyanova,
| | - Anna Viktorovna Timofeeva
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Davran Khudaishukurovich Sabirov
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander Alexandrovich Kostennikov
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander Alexandrovich Rogozhin
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Department of Neurology, Kazan State Medical Academy–Branch Campus of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Father Professional Education, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Russia
| | - Victoria James
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - S. S. Arkhipova
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Anatolevich Rizvanov
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Olegovna Mukhamedshina
- Clinical Research Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
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21
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Otte E, Vlachos A, Asplund M. Engineering strategies towards overcoming bleeding and glial scar formation around neural probes. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 387:461-477. [PMID: 35029757 PMCID: PMC8975777 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural probes are sophisticated electrophysiological tools used for intra-cortical recording and stimulation. These microelectrode arrays, designed to penetrate and interface the brain from within, contribute at the forefront of basic and clinical neuroscience. However, one of the challenges and currently most significant limitations is their ‘seamless’ long-term integration into the surrounding brain tissue. Following implantation, which is typically accompanied by bleeding, the tissue responds with a scarring process, resulting in a gliotic region closest to the probe. This glial scarring is often associated with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and a leaky blood–brain interface (BBI). The engineering progress on minimizing this reaction in the form of improved materials, microfabrication, and surgical techniques is summarized in this review. As research over the past decade has progressed towards a more detailed understanding of the nature of this biological response, it is time to pose the question: Are penetrating probes completely free from glial scarring at all possible?
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22
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Microglia-like Cells Promote Neuronal Functions in Cerebral Organoids. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010124. [PMID: 35011686 PMCID: PMC8750120 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids, derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, offer a unique in vitro research window to the development of the cerebral cortex. However, a key player in the developing brain, the microglia, do not natively emerge in cerebral organoids. Here we show that erythromyeloid progenitors (EMPs), differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells, migrate to cerebral organoids, and mature into microglia-like cells and interact with synaptic material. Patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings show that the microglia-like population supported the emergence of more mature and diversified neuronal phenotypes displaying repetitive firing of action potentials, low-threshold spikes and synaptic activity, while multielectrode array recordings revealed spontaneous bursting activity and increased power of gamma-band oscillations upon pharmacological challenge with NMDA. To conclude, microglia-like cells within the organoids promote neuronal and network maturation and recapitulate some aspects of microglia-neuron co-development in vivo, indicating that cerebral organoids could be a useful biorealistic human in vitro platform for studying microglia-neuron interactions.
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23
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Zhang L, Wei W, Ai X, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Extracellular vesicles from hypoxia-preconditioned microglia promote angiogenesis and repress apoptosis in stroke mice via the TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1068. [PMID: 34753919 PMCID: PMC8578653 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic transplantation of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-preconditioned primary microglia enhances neurological recovery in rodent stroke models, albeit the underlying mechanisms have not been sufficiently addressed. Herein, we analyzed whether or not extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from such microglia are the biological mediators of these observations and which signaling pathways are involved in the process. Exposing bEnd.3 endothelial cells (ECs) and primary cortical neurons to OGD, the impact of EVs from OGD-preconditioned microglia on angiogenesis and neuronal apoptosis by the tube formation assay and TUNEL staining was assessed. Under these conditions, EV treatment stimulated both angiogenesis and tube formation in ECs and repressed neuronal cell injury. Characterizing microglia EVs by means of Western blot analysis and other techniques revealed these EVs to be rich in TGF-β1. The latter turned out to be a key compound for the therapeutic potential of microglia EVs, affecting the Smad2/3 pathway in both ECs and neurons. EV infusion in stroke mice confirmed the aforementioned in vitro results, demonstrating an activation of the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway within the ischemic brain. Furthermore, enriched TGF-β1 in EVs secreted from OGD-preconditioned microglia stimulated M2 polarization of residing microglia within the ischemic cerebral environment, which may contribute to a regulation of an early inflammatory response in postischemic hemispheres. These observations are not only interesting from the mechanistic point of view but have an immediate therapeutic implication as well, since stroke mice treated with such EVs displayed a better functional recovery in the behavioral test analyses. Hence, the present findings suggest a new way of action of EVs derived from OGD-preconditioned microglia by regulating the TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway in order to promote tissue regeneration and neurological recovery in stroke mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Ai
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Chen Y, Cui Y, Singh L, Wulff H. The potassium channel Kv1.3 as a therapeutic target for immunocytoprotection after reperfusion. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2070-2082. [PMID: 34617690 PMCID: PMC8528456 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3, which is expressed on activated, disease-associated microglia and memory T cells, constitutes an attractive target for immunocytoprotection after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Using young male mice and rats we previously demonstrated that the Kv1.3 blocker PAP-1 when started 12 h after reperfusion dose-dependently reduces infarction and improves neurological deficit on day 8. However, these proof-of-concept findings are of limited translational value because the majority of strokes occur in patients over 65 and, when considering overall lifetime risk, in females. Here, we therefore tested whether Kv1.3 deletion or delayed pharmacological therapy would be beneficial in females and aged animals. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, 60 min) was induced in 16-week-old and 80-week-old male and female wild-type C57BL/6J and Kv1.3-/- mice. Stroke outcomes were assessed daily with the 14-score tactile and proprioceptive limp placing test and on day 8 before sacrifice by T2-weighted MRI. Young and old female mice were treated twice daily with 40 mg/kg PAP-1 starting 12 h after reperfusion. Microglia/macrophage activation and T-cell infiltration were evaluated in whole slide scans. RESULTS Kv1.3 deletion provided no significant benefit in young females but improved outcomes in young males, old males, and old females compared with wild-type controls of the same sex. Delayed PAP-1 treatment improved outcomes in both young and old females. In old females, Kv1.3 deletion and PAP-1 treatment significantly reduced Iba-1 and CD3 staining intensity in the ipsilateral hemisphere. INTERPRETATION Our preclinical studies using aged and female mice further validate Kv1.3 inhibitors as potential adjunctive treatments for reperfusion therapy in stroke by providing both genetic and pharmacological verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Je Chen
- Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Animal Models CoreDepartment of PharmacologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Yanjun Cui
- Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Latika Singh
- Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
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Tsai CY, Fang C, Wu JCC, Wu CJ, Dai KY, Chen SM. Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation at Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Underpin Cadmium-Induced Cardiovascular Dysregulation in Rats. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3863-3877. [PMID: 34408468 PMCID: PMC8364915 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s325528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cadmium is a heavy metal and environmental toxicant known to act on the central cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms, and one of its brain targets is the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a brainstem site that maintains blood pressure and sympathetic vasomotor tone. The present study assessed the hypothesis that cadmium elicits cardiovascular dysregulation by inducing neuroinflammation and microglial activation, two potential cellular mechanisms, in RVLM. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for measuring cardiovascular responses after intravenous administration of cadmium. We further conducted real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, in situ determination of mitochondrial superoxide, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression, microglia activation, superoxide production, and necrotic and apoptotic cell death in RVLM. Results We found animals maintained under propofol anesthesia, intravenous administration of cadmium acetate (4 mg/kg) resulted in an increase, followed by a rebound and a secondary decrease in spontaneous baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone, a progressive reduction in mean arterial pressure and heart rate, alongside augmentation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine in RVLM. All those cardiovascular and neuroinflammatory events were reversed by pretreatment with an anti-inflammatory drug, pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg, i.p.). There were also concurrent microglial activation, reactive oxygen species production, hypoxia, reduced blood flow, and necrotic and apoptotic cell death in RVLM. Conclusion Based on these biochemical, pharmacological and morphological observations, we conclude that neuroinflammation and microglial activation at RVLM, and their downstream cellular mechanisms, causally underpin cadmium-induced cardiovascular dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Tsai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi Fang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jacqueline C C Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ju Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Dai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mi Chen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
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Song B, Lee SJ, Kim CH. Roles of Cytokines in the Temporal Changes of Microglial Membrane Currents and Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Efficacy in ATP-Induced Cortical Injury Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136853. [PMID: 34202215 PMCID: PMC8268462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are important neuroinflammatory modulators in neurodegenerative brain disorders including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. However, their temporal effects on the physiological properties of microglia and neurons during the recovery period have been unclear. Here, using an ATP-induced cortical injury model, we characterized selective effects of ATP injection compared to needle-control. In the damaged region, the fluorescent intensity of CX3CR1-GFP (+) cells, as well as the cell density, was increased and the maturation of newborn BrdU (+) cells continued until 28 day-post-injection (dpi) of ATP. The excitability and synaptic E/I balance of neurons and the inward and outward membrane currents of microglia were increased at 3 dpi, when expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10/IL-4 were also enhanced. These changes of both cells at 3 dpi were mostly decayed at 7 dpi and were suppressed by any of IL-10, IL-4, suramin (P2 receptor inhibitor) and 4-AP (K+ channel blocker). Acute ATP application alone induced only small effects from both naïve neurons and microglial cells in brain slice. However, TNF-α alone effectively increased the excitability of naïve neurons, which was blocked by suramin or 4-AP. TNF-α and IL-1β increased and decreased membrane currents of naïve microglia, respectively. Our results suggest that ATP and TNF-α dominantly induce the physiological activities of 3 dpi neurons and microglia, and IL-10 effectively suppresses such changes of both activated cells in K+ channel- and P2 receptor-dependent manner, while IL-4 suppresses neurons preferentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Song
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- Neuroscience Program, Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sung-Joong Lee
- Program in Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Chong-Hyun Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- Neuroscience Program, Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Involvement of Microglia in the Pathophysiology of Intracranial Aneurysms and Vascular Malformations-A Short Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116141. [PMID: 34200256 PMCID: PMC8201350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysms and vascular malformations of the brain represent an important source of intracranial hemorrhage and subsequent mortality and morbidity. We are only beginning to discern the involvement of microglia, the resident immune cell of the central nervous system, in these pathologies and their outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that activated proinflammatory microglia are implicated in the expansion of brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in both the acute and chronic phases, being also a main actor in vasospasm, considerably the most severe complication of SAH. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory microglia may be involved in the resolution of cerebral injury and hemorrhage. These immune cells have also been observed in high numbers in brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) and cerebral cavernomas (CCM), although their roles in these lesions are currently incompletely ascertained. The following review aims to shed a light on the most significant findings related to microglia and their roles in intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations, as well as possibly establish the course for future research.
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Lee E, Eo JC, Lee C, Yu JW. Distinct Features of Brain-Resident Macrophages: Microglia and Non-Parenchymal Brain Macrophages. Mol Cells 2021; 44:281-291. [PMID: 33972475 PMCID: PMC8175151 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and innate immune defense against invading microbial pathogens. Brain-resident macrophages can be classified into microglia in the brain parenchyma and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, also known as central nervous system-associated or border-associated macrophages, in the brain-circulation interface. Microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, including meningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages, are mostly produced during embryonic development, and maintained their population by self-renewal. Microglia have gained much attention for their dual roles in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the induction of neuroinflammation. In particular, diverse phenotypes of microglia have been increasingly identified under pathological conditions. Single-cell phenotypic analysis revealed that microglia are highly heterogenous and plastic, thus it is difficult to define the status of microglia as M1/M2 or resting/activated state due to complex nature of microglia. Meanwhile, physiological function of non-parenchymal brain macrophages remain to be fully demonstrated. In this review, we have summarized the origin and signatures of brain-resident macrophages and discussed the unique features of microglia, particularly, their phenotypic polarization, diversity of subtypes, and inflammasome responses related to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun-Cheol Eo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Changjun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Liu C, Liu S, Xiong L, Zhang L, Li X, Cao X, Xue J, Li L, Huang C, Huang Z. Genistein-3'-sodium sulfonate Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Stroke Rats by Down-Regulating Microglial M1 Polarization through α7nAChR-NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1088-1100. [PMID: 33867831 PMCID: PMC8040300 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial M1 depolarization mediated prolonged inflammation contributing to brain injury in ischemic stroke. Our previous study revealed that Genistein-3'-sodium sulfonate (GSS) exerted neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. This study aimed to explore whether GSS protected against brain injury in ischemic stroke by regulating microglial M1 depolarization and its underlying mechanisms. We established transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (tMCAO) model in rats and used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells as in vitro model. Our results showed that GSS treatment significantly reduced the brain infarcted volume and improved the neurological function in tMCAO rats. Meanwhile, GSS treatment also dramatically reduced microglia M1 depolarization and IL-1β level, reversed α7nAChR expression, and inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling in the ischemic penumbra brain regions. These effects of GSS were further verified in LPS-induced M1 depolarization of BV2 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of α7nAChR inhibitor (α-BTX) significantly restrained the neuroprotective effect of GSS treatment in tMCAO rats. α-BTX also blunted the regulating effects of GSS on neuroinflammation, M1 depolarization and NF-κB signaling activation. This study demonstrates that GSS protects against brain injury in ischemic stroke by reducing microglia M1 depolarization to suppress neuroinflammation in peri-infarcted brain regions through upregulating α7nAChR and thereby inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Our findings uncover a potential molecular mechanism for GSS treatment in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Department of Pathobiology, JiangXi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 344000, China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lijiao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xingling Cao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jinhua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Liangdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Cyrino LAR, Delwing-de Lima D, Ullmann OM, Maia TP. Concepts of Neuroinflammation and Their Relationship With Impaired Mitochondrial Functions in Bipolar Disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:609487. [PMID: 33732117 PMCID: PMC7959852 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.609487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric disease, characterized by frequent behavioral episodes of depression and mania, and neurologically by dysregulated neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, growth factor signaling, and metabolism, as well as oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis, contributing to chronic neuroinflammation. These abnormalities result from complex interactions between multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors such as stress. The neurocellular abnormalities of BD can result in gross morphological changes, such as reduced prefrontal and hippocampal volume, and circuit reorganization resulting in cognitive and emotional deficits. The term "neuroprogression" is used to denote the progressive changes from early to late stages, as BD severity and loss of treatment response correlate with the number of past episodes. In addition to circuit and cellular abnormalities, BD is associated with dysfunctional mitochondria, leading to severe metabolic disruption in high energy-demanding neurons and glia. Indeed, mitochondrial dysfunction involving electron transport chain (ETC) disruption is considered the primary cause of chronic oxidative stress in BD. The ensuing damage to membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA further perpetuates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, creating a perpetuating pathogenic cycle. A deeper understanding of BD pathophysiology and identification of associated biomarkers of neuroinflammation are needed to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Arthur Rangel Cyrino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Práticas Farmacêuticas of Department of Pharmacy, University of Joinville Region—UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, University of Joinville—UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Joinville—UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Daniela Delwing-de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Práticas Farmacêuticas of Department of Pharmacy, University of Joinville Region—UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Joinville—UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University of Joinville—UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
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Song WY, Ding H, Dunn T, Gao JL, Labastida JA, Schlagal C, Ning GZ, Feng SQ, Wu P. Low-dose metformin treatment in the subacute phase improves the locomotor function of a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2234-2242. [PMID: 33818507 PMCID: PMC8354108 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a first-line drug for type-2 diabetes, has been shown to improve locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. However, there are studies reporting no beneficial effect. Recently, we found that high dose of metformin (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and acute phase administration (immediately after injury) led to increased mortality and limited locomotor function recovery. Consequently, we used a lower dose (100 mg/kg, i.p.) metformin in mice, and compared the effect of immediate administration after spinal cord injury (acute phase) with that of administration at 3 days post-injury (subacute phase). Our data showed that metformin treatment starting at the subacute phase significantly improved mouse locomotor function evaluated by Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scoring. Immunohistochemical studies also revealed significant inhibitions of microglia/macrophage activation and astrogliosis at the lesion site. Furthermore, metformin treatment at the subacute phase reduced neutrophil infiltration. These changes were in parallel with the increased survival rate of spinal neurons in animals treated with metformin. These findings suggest that low-dose metformin treatment for subacute spinal cord injury can effectively improve the functional recovery possibly through anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. This study was approved by the Institute Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Texas Medical Branch (approval No. 1008041C) in 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ye Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Ding
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiffany Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jun-Ling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Javier Allende Labastida
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Caitlin Schlagal
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Guang-Zhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Qing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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Zhang W, Tian T, Gong SX, Huang WQ, Zhou QY, Wang AP, Tian Y. Microglia-associated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:6-11. [PMID: 32788440 PMCID: PMC7818879 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-associated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Microglial activation and polarization, and the inflammatory response mediated by these cells play important roles in the development, progression and outcome of brain injury after ischemic stroke. Currently, there is no effective strategy for treating ischemic stroke in clinical practice. Therefore, it is clinically important to study the role and regulation of microglia in stroke. In this review, we discuss the involvement of microglia in the neuroinflammatory process in ischemic stroke, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the relationship between ischemic stroke and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shao-Xin Gong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Qian Huang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qin-Yi Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
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Di Biase MA, Zalesky A, Cetin-Karayumak S, Rathi Y, Lv J, Boerrigter D, North H, Tooney P, Pantelis C, Pasternak O, Shannon Weickert C, Cropley VL. Large-Scale Evidence for an Association Between Peripheral Inflammation and White Matter Free Water in Schizophrenia and Healthy Individuals. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:542-551. [PMID: 33085749 PMCID: PMC7965083 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clarifying the role of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia is subject to its detection in the living brain. Free-water (FW) imaging is an in vivo diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) technique that measures water molecules freely diffusing in the brain and is hypothesized to detect inflammatory processes. Here, we aimed to establish a link between peripheral markers of inflammation and FW in brain white matter. METHODS All data were obtained from the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank (ASRB) across 5 Australian states and territories. We first tested for the presence of peripheral cytokine deregulation in schizophrenia, using a large sample (N = 1143) comprising the ASRB. We next determined the extent to which individual variation in 8 circulating pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines related to FW in brain white matter, imaged in a subset (n = 308) of patients and controls. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia showed reduced interleukin-2 (IL-2) (t = -3.56, P = .0004) and IL-12(p70) (t = -2.84, P = .005) and increased IL-6 (t = 3.56, P = .0004), IL-8 (t = 3.8, P = .0002), and TNFα (t = 4.30, P < .0001). Higher proinflammatory signaling of IL-6 (t = 3.4, P = .0007) and TNFα (t = 2.7, P = .0007) was associated with higher FW levels in white matter. The reciprocal increases in serum cytokines and FW were spatially widespread in patients encompassing most major fibers; conversely, in controls, the relationship was confined to the anterior corpus callosum and thalamic radiations. No relationships were observed with alternative dMRI measures, including the fractional anisotropy and tissue-related FA. CONCLUSIONS We report widespread deregulation of cytokines in schizophrenia and identify inflammation as a putative mechanism underlying increases in brain FW levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Bld. 161 Barry St, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia; tel: +61-3-9035-3404, fax: +61-3-9035-8842, e-mail:
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia,Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Yogesh Rathi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Danny Boerrigter
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayley North
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia,Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Vanessa L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia,Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Clinical Trials of Stem Cell Therapy for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197380. [PMID: 33036265 PMCID: PMC7582939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent developments in innovative treatment strategies, stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Stem cell therapy is currently attracting much attention due to its potential for exerting significant therapeutic effects on stroke patients. Various types of cells, including bone marrow mononuclear cells, bone marrow/adipose-derived stem/stromal cells, umbilical cord blood cells, neural stem cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells have enhanced neurological outcomes in animal stroke models. These stem cells have also been tested via clinical trials involving stroke patients. In this article, the authors review potential molecular mechanisms underlying neural recovery associated with stem cell treatment, as well as recent advances in stem cell therapy, with particular reference to clinical trials and future prospects for such therapy in treating stroke.
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Monaghan KL, Wan ECK, Ren X. Role of B cells and the aging brain in stroke recovery and treatment. GeroScience 2020; 42:1199-1216. [PMID: 32767220 PMCID: PMC7525651 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As mitigation of brain aging continues to be a key public health priority, a wholistic and comprehensive consideration of the aging body has identified immunosenescence as a potential contributor to age-related brain injury and disease. Importantly, the nervous and immune systems engage in bidirectional communication and can exert profound influence on each other. Emerging evidence supports numerous impacts of innate, inflammatory immune responses and adaptive T cell-mediated immunity in neurological function and diseased or injured brain states, such as stroke. Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports key impacts of brain-resident immune cell activation and peripheral immune infiltration in both the post-stroke acute injury phase and the long-term recovery period. As such, modulation of the immune system is an attractive strategy for novel therapeutic interventions for a devastating age-related brain injury for which there are few readily available neuroprotective treatments or neurorestorative approaches. However, the role of B cells in the context of brain function, and specifically in response to stroke, has not been thoroughly elucidated and remains controversial, leaving our understanding of neuroimmune interactions incomplete. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that B cells are not pathogenic contributors to stroke injury, and in fact may facilitate functional recovery, supporting their potential value as novel therapeutic targets. By summarizing the current knowledge of the role of B cells in stroke pathology and recovery and interpreting their role in the context of their interactions with other immune cells as well as the immunosenescence cascades that alter their function in aged populations, this review supports an increased understanding of the complex interplay between the nervous and immune systems in the context of brain aging, injury, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - K. L. Monaghan
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - E. C. K. Wan
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - X. Ren
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
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Afshari K, Dehdashtian A, Haddad NS, Jazaeri SZ, Ursu DC, Khalilzadeh M, Haj-Mirzaian A, Shakiba S, Burns TC, Tavangar SM, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Sumatriptan improves the locomotor activity and neuropathic pain by modulating neuroinflammation in rat model of spinal cord injury. Neurol Res 2020; 43:29-39. [PMID: 32935647 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1819090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the therapeutic effects of sumatriptan in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI) and possible anti-inflammatory and analgesic mechanisms underlying this effect. METHODS Using an aneurysm mini-clip model of contusive SCI, T9-10 laminectomies were performed for 60 male rats. Animals were divided into six experimental groups (n = 10 per group) as follows: a minocycline administered positive control group, a saline-vehicle negative control group, a sham-operated group, and three experimental groups which received separate doses of sumatriptan (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg). Behavioural assessments were used to evaluate locomotor activity and neuropathic pain for 28 days. At the end of the study, spinal cord tissues were collected from sacrificed animals for histopathological analysis. Levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and two pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-1β) were assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Sumatriptan significantly (P < 0.001) improved the locomotor activity in SCI group. Sumatriptan was also more effective than the positive control, i.e. minocycline (0.3 mg/kg). Additionally, sumatriptan and minocycline similarly attenuated the mechanical and thermal allodynia in SCI (P < 0.001). TNF-α, IL-1β and CGRP levels in sumatriptan- and minocycline-treated groups significantly (P < 0.001) decreased compared to controls. Histopathological analysis also revealed a markedly improvement in hemorrhage followed by inflammatory cell invasion, neuronal vacuolation, and cyst formation in both sumatriptan- and minocycline-treated groups compared to control animals. CONCLUSIONS Sumatriptan improves functional recovery from SCI through its anti-inflammatory effects and reducing pro-inflammatory and pain mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Afshari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Dehdashtian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazgol-Sadat Haddad
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Daniel C Ursu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan , USA
| | - Mina Khalilzadeh
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shakiba
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester , USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine , Worcester, MA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Gaire BP, Choi JW. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors in Cerebral Ischemia. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:211-223. [PMID: 32914259 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is an important lipid biomolecule that exerts pleiotropic cellular actions as it binds to and activates its five G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P1-5. Through these receptors, S1P can mediate diverse biological activities in both healthy and diseased conditions. S1P is produced by S1P-producing enzymes, sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2), and is abundantly present in different organs, including the brain. The medically important roles of receptor-mediated S1P signaling are well characterized in multiple sclerosis because FTY720 (Gilenya™, Novartis), a non-selective S1P receptor modulator, is currently used as a treatment for this disease. In cerebral ischemia, its role is also notable because of FTY720's efficacy in both rodent models and human patients with cerebral ischemia. In particular, some of the S1P receptors, including S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3, have been identified as pathogenic players in cerebral ischemia. Other than these receptors, S1P itself and S1P-producing enzymes have been shown to play certain roles in cerebral ischemia. This review aims to compile the current updates and overviews about the roles of S1P signaling, along with a focus on S1P receptors in cerebral ischemia, based on recent studies that used in vivo rodent models of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Inchon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Inchon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Bálentová S, Adamkov M. Pathological changes in the central nervous system following exposure to ionizing radiation. Physiol Res 2020; 69:389-404. [PMID: 32469226 PMCID: PMC8648310 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies in animals provide relevant knowledge about pathogenesis of radiation-induced injury to the central nervous system. Radiation-induced injury can alter neuronal, glial cell population, brain vasculature and may lead to molecular, cellular and functional consequences. Regarding to its fundamental role in the formation of new memories, spatial navigation and adult neurogenesis, the majority of studies have focused on the hippocampus. Most recent findings in cranial radiotherapy revealed that hippocampal avoidance prevents radiation-induced cognitive impairment of patients with brain primary tumors and metastases. However, numerous preclinical studies have shown that this problem is more complex. Regarding the fact, that the radiation-induced cognitive impairment reflects hippocampal and non-hippocampal compartments, it is highly important to investigate molecular, cellular and functional changes in different brain regions and their integration at clinically relevant doses and schedules. Here, we provide a literature review in order support the translation of preclinical findings to clinical practice and improve the physical and mental status of patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bálentová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.
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Tang J, Tang Y, Yi I, Chen DF. The role of commensal microflora-induced T cell responses in glaucoma neurodegeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:79-97. [PMID: 32958216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, new evidence has become increasingly more compelling that commensal microflora profoundly influences the maturation and function of resident immune cells in host physiology. The concept of gut-retina axis is actively being explored. Studies have revealed a critical role of commensal microbes linked with neuronal stress, immune responses, and neurodegeneration in the retina. Microbial dysbiosis changes the blood-retina barrier permeability and modulates T cell-mediated autoimmunity to contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal diseases, such as glaucoma. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are evolutionarily conserved, are thought to function both as neuroprotectant and pathogenic antigens of T cells contributing to cell protection and tissue damage, respectively. Activated microglia recruit and interact with T cells during this process. Glaucoma, characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. With nearly 70 million people suffering glaucoma worldwide, which doubles the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease, it represents the most frequent neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, understanding the mechanism of neurodegeneration in glaucoma and its association with the function of commensal microflora may help unveil the secrets of many neurodegenerative disorders in the CNS and develop novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China; Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yizhen Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Irvin Yi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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40
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Shahbazi S, Zakerali T, Frycz B, Kaur J. Impact of novel N-aryl substituted piperamide on NF-kappa B translocation as a potent anti-neuroinflammatory agent. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110199. [PMID: 32416562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-kB translocation is the key point in the upstream neuroinflammatory pathways. It plays an import role in the pro-inflammatory chemokine, cytokine, and various enzyme expressions, consequently leading to the inflammatory response of the innate immune system. The NF-kB complex consists of structural homolog subunits, including c-Rel, RelB, p52, p65, and p50. Among the p65 subunit has a vital function of NF-kB translocation and DNA binding. NF-kB translocation may occur due to acetylation and phosphorylation LYS 310 and SER311 amino acids in chain A of the p65 subunit in response to IKK-α/β activity. Therefore, there are two ways to inhibit the NF-kB translocation, either directly blocking the active sites of IKK-α/β enzymes or protecting the LYS 310 and SER311 of p65 subunit from acetylation and phosphorylation. NF-kB translocation inhibitors can maintain the NF-kB complex in the inactive form inside the cytosol. In this study, we have designed and developed an NF-kB translocation inhibitor, D4. We have performed various in silico, in vitro and in situ studies on the anti-neuroinflammatory function of D4. It showed the ability to inhibit IKK-α/β in both genome and proteome levels and protect LYS310 of the p65 subunit of NF-kB from the acetylation process. Therefore, we can suggest D4 as the promising anti-neuroinflammatory agent with a function on the upstream process of inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Shahbazi
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Tara Zakerali
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bartosz Frycz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Diazoxide blocks or reduces microgliosis when applied prior or subsequent to motor neuron injury in mice. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146875. [PMID: 32389588 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diazoxide (DZX), an anti-hypertonic and anti-hypoglycemic drug, was shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in several injured cell types outside the central nervous system. In the brain, the neuroprotective potential of DZX is well described, however, its anticipated anti-inflammatory effect after acute injury has not been systematically analyzed. To disclose the anti-inflammatory effect of DZX in the central nervous system, an injury was induced in the hypoglossal and facial nuclei and in the oculomotor nucleus by unilateral axonal transection and unilateral target deprivation (enucleation), respectively. On the fourth day after surgery, microglial analysis was performed on tissue in which microglia were DAB-labeled and motoneurons were labeled with immunofluorescence. DZX treatment was given either prophylactically, starting 7 days prior to the injury and continuing until the animals were sacrificed, or postoperatively only, with daily intraperitoneal injections (1.25 mg/kg; in 10 mg/ml dimethyl sulfoxide in distilled water). Prophylactically + postoperatively applied DZX completely eliminated the microglial reaction in each motor nuclei. If DZX was applied only postoperatively, some microglial activation could be detected, but its magnitude was still significantly smaller than the non-DZX-treated controls. The effect of DZX could also be demonstrated through an extended period, as tested in the hypoglossal nucleus on day 7 after the operation. Neuronal counts, determined at day 4 after the operation in the hypoglossal nucleus, demonstrated no loss of motor neurons, however, an increased Feret's diameter of mitochondria could be measured, suggesting increased oxidative stress in the injured cells. The increase of mitochondrial Feret's diameter could also be prevented with DZX treatment.
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The Role of Osteopontin in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ans.94205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Context: Osteopontin (OPN) is a matrix phosphoprotein expressed by a variety of tissues and cells, including the immune system and the nervous system. Previous studies have shown that OPN may have a role in neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Objectives: The present study aimed to systematically review studies investigating the role of OPN in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients or the disease animal model. Evidence Acquisition: We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to find relevant articles published up to January 20, 2019. Both human and animal model studies of ALS were considered. Results: A total of nine articles (four human studies and five animal model studies) were included. Two of the human studies reported that the CSF levels of OPN were higher among ALS patients compared to controls. The other two human studies found that OPN levels in cortical neurons did not differ significantly between ALS cases and the non-neurological control group. One of the studies found that the expression level of OPN in astrocytes was similar between ALS patients and the control group, but the level of microglial OPN significantly increased in ALS cases. Four of the animal model studies reported that the expression of OPN mRNA in spinal cord microglia significantly increased during the disease progression. The remaining animal model study found that OPN was selectively expressed by fast fatigue-resistant and slow motor neurons (MNs), which are resistant to ALS, and that the OPN expression was low among fast-fatigable MNs. Conclusions: Prompt microglial activation is a hallmark pathology of ALS, and OPN is among the most widely expressed proteins by these activated glial cells. Therefore, OPN might have a role in ALS pathogenesis. The existing evidence is not sufficient to justify whether OPN has a neurotoxic or neuroprotective role in ALS. We encourage researchers to investigate the role of OPN in ALS pathogenesis more extensively.
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Coulibaly AP, Provencio JJ. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: an Overview of Inflammation-Induced Cellular Changes. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:436-445. [PMID: 31907877 PMCID: PMC7283430 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease that leads to poor neurological outcomes and is characterized by both vascular and neural pathologies. Recent evidence demonstrates that inflammation mediates many of the vascular and neural changes observed after SAH. Although most studies focus on inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, the ultimate effectors of inflammation in SAH are parenchymal brain and peripheral immune cells. As such, the present review will summarize our current understanding of the cellular changes of both CNS parenchymal and peripheral immune cells after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Coulibaly
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J J Provencio
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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44
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Liu Y, Wu C, Hou Z, Fu X, Yuan L, Sun S, Zhang H, Yang D, Yao X, Yang J. Pseudoginsenoside-F11 Accelerates Microglial Phagocytosis of Myelin Debris and Attenuates Cerebral Ischemic Injury Through Complement Receptor 3. Neuroscience 2020; 426:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Reale M, Costantini E, Jagarlapoodi S, Khan H, Belwal T, Cichelli A. Relationship of Wine Consumption with Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:E206. [PMID: 31941117 PMCID: PMC7019227 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most threatening neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by the loss of memory and language function, an unbalanced perception of space, and other cognitive and physical manifestations. The pathology of AD is characterized by neuronal loss and the extensive distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The role of environment and the diet in AD is being actively studied, and nutrition is one of the main factors playing a prominent role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the relationship between dementia and wine use/abuse has received increased research interest, with varying and often conflicting results. Scope and Approach: With this review, we aimed to critically summarize the main relevant studies to clarify the relationship between wine drinking and AD, as well as how frequency and/or amount of drinking may influence the effects. Key Findings and Conclusions: Overall, based on the interpretation of various studies, no definitive results highlight if light to moderate alcohol drinking is detrimental to cognition and dementia, or if alcohol intake could reduce risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Reale
- Dept. of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 65100 Chieti, Italy; (E.C.); (S.J.); (A.C.)
| | - Erica Costantini
- Dept. of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 65100 Chieti, Italy; (E.C.); (S.J.); (A.C.)
| | - Srinivas Jagarlapoodi
- Dept. of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 65100 Chieti, Italy; (E.C.); (S.J.); (A.C.)
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Dept. of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 65100 Chieti, Italy; (E.C.); (S.J.); (A.C.)
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COMPARISON OF CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PERIHEMATOMAL BRAIN TISSUE IN HEMORRHAGIC STROKE. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2020-4-74-125-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ma Z, Zhang Z, Bai F, Jiang T, Yan C, Wang Q. Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Alleviates Cerebral Ischemic Injury Through α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Mediated Phenotypic Conversion of Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:537. [PMID: 31866829 PMCID: PMC6908971 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemic injury through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). We attempted to investigate whether the phenotypic conversion of microglia was involved in the therapeutic effect of EA pretreatment in cerebral ischemia through α7nAChR. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) after EA or α7nAChR agonist N-(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl-furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxamide hydrochloride (PHA-543,613 hydrochloride) and antagonist α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT) pretreatment. Primary microglia were subjected to drug pretreatment and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The expressions of the classical activated phenotype (M1) microglia markers induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86); the alternative activated phenotype (M2) microglia markers arginase-1 (Arg-1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206); and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the ischemic penumbra or in the supernatant of primary microglia were analyzed. The infarction volume and neurological scores were assessed 72 h after reperfusion. The cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of neurons co-cultured with microglia were analyzed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and LDH release assays. EA pretreatment decreased the expressions of M1 markers (iNOS, IL-1β, and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), whereas it increased the expressions of M2 markers (Arg-1, TGF-β1, and CD206) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) by activating α7nAChR. EA pretreatment also significantly reduced the infarction volume and improved the neurological deficit. The activation of α7nAChR in microglia relieved the inflammatory response of primary microglia subjected to OGD and attenuated the injury of neurons co-cultured with microglia. In conclusion, EA pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemic injury through α7nAChR-mediated phenotypic conversion of microglia, which may be a new mechanism for the EA pretreatment-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuhai Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoying Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Kumarasamy M, Sosnik A. The Nose-To-Brain Transport of Polymeric Nanoparticles Is Mediated by Immune Sentinels and Not by Olfactory Sensory Neurons. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1900123. [PMID: 32648679 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nose-to-brain (N-to-B) transport mechanism of nanoparticles through the olfactory epithelium (OE) is not fully understood. Most research utilized nasal epithelial cell models completely deprived of olfactory cells. Aiming to shed light into key cellular pathways, in this work, for the first time, the interaction of polymeric nanoparticles in a 17-483 nm size range and with neutral and negatively and positively charged surfaces with primary olfactory sensory neurons, cortical neurons, and microglia isolated from olfactory bulb (OB), OE, and cortex of newborn rats is investigated. After demonstrating the good cell compatibility of the different nanoparticles, the nanoparticle uptake by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy is monitored. Our findings reveal that neither olfactory nor forebrain neurons internalize nanoparticles. Conversely, it is demonstrated that olfactory and cortical microglia phagocytose the nanoparticles independently of their features. Overall, our findings represent the first unambiguous evidence of the possible involvement of microglia in N-to-B nanoparticle transport and the unlikely involvement of neurons. Furthermore, this approach emerges as a completely new experimental tool to screen the biocompatibility, uptake, and transport of nanomaterials by key cellular players of the N-to-B pathway in nanosafety and nanotoxicology and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Kumarasamy
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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Zhou Y, Peng J, Cheng L, Peng Y, Zhang M, Liu M, Avery J, Zhou J, Jiang Y. Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich (SPARC) Regulates the Pathological Response to Ischemic Insults and Represents a Promising Therapeutic Target for Stroke Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryShenzhen People's HospitalJinan University Second Clinical Medical College1st Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518020 China
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University New Haven CT 06511 USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Jing Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem CellsCentral South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Lamei Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem CellsCentral South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Yong Peng
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Jonathan Avery
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
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50
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Baaklini CS, Rawji KS, Duncan GJ, Ho MFS, Plemel JR. Central Nervous System Remyelination: Roles of Glia and Innate Immune Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 31616249 PMCID: PMC6764409 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammation can injure the myelin sheath that surrounds axons, a process known as demyelination. The spontaneous regeneration of myelin, called remyelination, is associated with restoration of function and prevention of axonal degeneration. Boosting remyelination with therapeutic intervention is a promising new approach that is currently being tested in several clinical trials. The endogenous regulation of remyelination is highly dependent on the immune response. In this review article, we highlight the cell biology of remyelination and its regulation by innate immune cells. For the purpose of this review, we discuss the roles of microglia, and also astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) as they are being increasingly recognized to have immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel S Baaklini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madelene F S Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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