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Köksal M, Hoppe C, Schröder AK, Scafa D, Koch D, Sarria GR, Leitzen C, Abramian A, Kaiser C, Faridi A, Henkenberens C, Schmeel LC, Giordano FA. Decision regret in breast cancer patients after adjuvant radiotherapy. Breast 2023; 68:133-141. [PMID: 36758448 PMCID: PMC9939714 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer patients often engage in shared decision-making to select an individualized treatment regimen from multiple options. However, dissatisfaction with treatment outcomes can lead to decision regret. We evaluated decision regret and physical and psychological well-being among breast cancer patients who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy and explored their associations with patient, tumor, treatment, and symptom characteristics. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved retrospectively obtaining clinical data and data collected through interviews carried out as part of regular long-term medical aftercare. Decision regret regarding the radiotherapy was assessed using the Ottawa Decision Regret Scale, physical and psychological well-being were assessed using the PROMIS Global Health-10 questionnaire, and patients were asked about their treatment outcomes and symptoms. The questionnaire was administered 14 months to 4 years after completion of radiotherapy. RESULTS Of the 172 included breast cancer patients, only 13.9% expressed high decision regret, with most patients expressing little or no decision regret. More decision regret was associated with volumetric modulated arc therapy, chest wall irradiation, use of docetaxel as a chemotherapy agent, lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, new heart disease after radiotherapy, and lower psychological well-being. CONCLUSION Although most patients reported little or no decision regret, we identified several patient, treatment, and symptom characteristics associated with more decision regret. Our findings suggest that psychological well-being influences patients' satisfaction with therapy decisions, implying that practitioners should pay special attention to maintaining psychological well-being during shared decision-making and ensuring that psychological assessment and treatment is provided after cancer therapy to deal with long-term effects of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümtaz Köksal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Clara Hoppe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Davide Scafa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - David Koch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gustavo R Sarria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Leitzen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Alina Abramian
- Department of Senology and Breast Center, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Kaiser
- Department of Senology and Breast Center, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Andree Faridi
- Department of Senology and Breast Center, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Henkenberens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harzklinikum Dorothea Christiane Erxleben, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Leonard C Schmeel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim (UMM), Mannheim, Germany
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Veseth M, Ese M, Binder PE, Moltu C. ‘Holding on to regret as a kind of enrichment’ – a qualitative exploration of the role that work-related regrets play in therapists’ clinical practice. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2023.2191310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Veseth
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, District General Hospital of Førde, Førde, Norway
| | - Mari Ese
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Moltu
- Department of Psychiatry, District General Hospital of Førde, Førde, Norway
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Dillard AJ, Meier BP. Getting COVID-19: Anticipated negative emotions are worse than experienced negative emotions. Soc Sci Med 2023; 320:115723. [PMID: 36716694 PMCID: PMC9873369 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE When people think about negative events that may occur in the future, they tend to overestimate their emotional reactions, and these "affective forecasts" can influence their present behavior (Wilson and Gilbert, 2003). The present research examined affective forecasting for COVID-19 infection including the associations between emotions and preventive intentions and behavior. METHODS In two studies, we compared individuals' anticipated emotions and recalled emotions for COVID-19 infection. Study 1 asked college students (N = 219) and Study 2 asked general adults (N = 401) to either predict their emotions in response to a future COVID-19 infection or to recall their emotions associated with a previous infection. RESULTS In both studies, reliable differences in negative emotions emerged. Those who were predicting their feelings associated with a future infection anticipated more negative emotion than those who were recalling their feelings associated with a past infection reported. Greater negative emotion in both studies was significantly associated with being more likely to have been vaccinated as well as higher intentions to get the booster vaccine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that compared to those who have had a COVID-19 infection, those who have not yet experienced infection anticipate they will experience greater negative emotion, and this may have implications for preventive behaviors. In general, these findings suggest that people may have an impact bias for COVID-19 infection.
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Gautam S, Suddendorf T, Redshaw J. Counterfactual thinking elicits emotional change in young children. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210346. [PMID: 36314147 PMCID: PMC9620755 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adults often reason about what might have happened had they chosen an alternative course of action in the past, which can elicit the counterfactual emotion of regret. It is unclear whether young children's emotions are similarly impacted by counterfactual thinking about past possibilities. In this study, 4- to 9-year-old children (N = 160) opened one of two boxes, which concealed small and large prizes, respectively. Some children had the means to open either box, whereas other children only had the means to open one box. After seeing that the prize they did not obtain was larger than the one they did obtain, children were significantly more likely to report a negative change in emotion when the non-obtained prize had been a straightforward counterfactual possibility than when it had not. This shows that even young children experience counterfactual emotions following choices, which may ultimately drive them to make better choices in the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Gautam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Thomas Suddendorf
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan Redshaw
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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5
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Fitzgibbon L, Murayama K. Counterfactual curiosity: motivated thinking about what might have been. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210340. [PMID: 36314158 PMCID: PMC9620751 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Counterfactual information, information about what might have been, forms the content of counterfactual thoughts and emotions like regret and relief. Recent research suggests that human adults and children, as well as rhesus monkeys, demonstrate 'counterfactual curiosity': they are motivated to seek out counterfactual information after making decisions. Based on contemporary theories of curiosity and information seeking and a broad range of empirical literature, we suggest multiple heterogeneous psychological processes that contribute to people's motivation for counterfactual information. This includes processes that are identified in the curiosity literature more generally-the potential use of counterfactual information for adaptive decision making (its long-term instrumental value) and the drive to reduce uncertainty. Additionally, we suggest that counterfactual information may be particularly alluring because of its role in causal reasoning; its relationship with prediction and decision making; and its potential to fulfil emotion regulation and self-serving goals. Some future directions have been suggested, including investigating the role of individual differences in counterfactual curiosity on learning and wellbeing. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Fitzgibbon
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Kou Murayama
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
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6
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Binder PE. The call of the unlived life: On the psychology of existential guilt. Front Psychol 2022; 13:991325. [PMID: 36248539 PMCID: PMC9557285 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.991325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines the psychology of existential guilt with Martin Heidegger and Rollo May’s conceptualizations as the point of departure. The concept of existential guilt describes preconditions for responsibility and accountability in life choices and the relationship to the potential given in the life of a human. It might also be used as a starting point to examine an individual’s relationship to the potential offered in their life and life context and, in this way, the hitherto unlived life of an individual. The following questions are discussed in contexts of identity development, perfectionism, and current cultural shifts in conceptualizations of selfhood: How can humans relate to the fact that only limited parts of who they might be can ever be actualized? Moreover, how can they relate to the fundamental ambiguity and “groundlessness” in the contexts of life where choices are made? There are striking parallels between the role of exploration in the Eriksonian approaches to healthy identity development and the ontological groundlessness that stands out as a premise for existential guilt. There are also parallels between identity fore-closure and normative identity styles and “falling” into das Man in the existential framework. Perfectionistic ideals easily become an objectivization – and closure – of possible alternatives and choices. In contemporary theories of constructions of selfhood, the dangers of alienation from the community on the one hand and escape into what might become totalitarian collectivism on the other is pointed out. The contextualization of personal responsibility offered through the concept of existential guilt might address both dangers. It provides a perspective on how personal responsibility is embedded in contexts of human relationships, relationships to nature, and the finitude, freedom, uncertainties, and suffering that is given through human existence. Existential guilt can wake sorrow and regret over opportunities overlooked and lost. However, most of all, it can be seen as a drive toward repair in the relationship toward both oneself and the other. It takes the form of receptivity, an openness to a life not yet lived, and creative use of imagination.
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“I am regretful but I would not change my decision”: the dissociation between emotional regret and behavioural regret in children. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lognon T, Gogovor A, Plourde KV, Holyoke P, Lai C, Aubin E, Kastner K, Canfield C, Beleno R, Stacey D, Rivest LP, Légaré F. Predictors of Decision Regret among Caregivers of Older Canadians Receiving Home Care: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey. MDM Policy Pract 2022; 7:23814683221116304. [PMID: 35983319 PMCID: PMC9380233 DOI: 10.1177/23814683221116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In Canada, caregivers of older adults receiving home
care face difficult decisions that may lead to decision regret. We assessed
difficult decisions and decision regret among caregivers of older adults
receiving home care services and factors associated with decision regret.
Methods. From March 13 to 30, 2020, at the outbreak of the
COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted an online survey with caregivers of older adults
receiving home care in the 10 Canadian provinces. We distributed a
self-administered questionnaire through Canada’s largest and most representative
private online panel. We identified types of difficult health-related decisions
faced in the past year and their frequency and evaluated decision regret using
the Decision Regret Scale (DRS), scored from 0 to 100. We performed descriptive
statistics as well as bivariable and multivariable linear regression to identify
factors predicting decision regret. Results. Among 932
participants, the mean age was 42.2 y (SD = 15.6 y), and 58.4% were male. The
most frequently reported difficult decisions were regarding housing and safety
(75.1%). The mean DRS score was 28.8/100 (SD = 8.6). Factors associated with
less decision regret included higher caregiver age, involvement of other family
members in the decision-making process, wanting to receive information about the
options, and considering organizations interested in the decision topic and
health care professionals as trustworthy sources of information (all
P < 0.001). Factors associated with more decision regret
included mismatch between the caregiver’s preferred option and the decision
made, the involvement of spouses in the decision-making process, higher
decisional conflict, and higher burden of care (all P <
0.001). Discussion. Decisions about housing and safety were the
difficult decisions most frequently encountered by caregivers of older adults in
this survey. Our results will inform future decision support interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Lognon
- VITAM – Centre de recherche en santé durable, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Research Center CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Amédé Gogovor
- VITAM – Centre de recherche en santé durable, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Research Center CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Health and Social Services Systems, Knowledge Translation and Implementation component of the Quebec SPOR-SUPPORT Unit, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Karine V. Plourde
- VITAM – Centre de recherche en santé durable, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Research Center CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Holyoke
- SE Research Centre, SE Health, Markham, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Lai
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Carolyn Canfield
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Caregiver Partner, Canada
| | | | - Dawn Stacey
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Patient Decision Aids Research Group, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Louis-Paul Rivest
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Statistical Sampling and Data Analysis, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - France Légaré
- VITAM – Centre de recherche en santé durable, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Shared Decision Making and Knowledge Translation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Research Center CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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9
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Kim HM, Kim EA, Murphy S. Testing the Effectiveness of Message Framing and Episodic Future Thinking in Promoting HPV Vaccination via Anticipated Regret. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 37:525-534. [PMID: 33289424 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1855744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in health communication is to persuade people to enact behavior whose consequences lie in the distant future. Could the persuasiveness of a health message be increased by highlighting future regret that one may experience? Using a 2 (framing: gain vs. loss) x 3 (temporal thinking: future-thinking vs. past-thinking vs. no-thinking) factorial design, this study tested the relative effectiveness of message framing and temporal thinking before exposure to a message promoting HPV vaccination. Results showed that having an opportunity to think about one's future and reading loss-framed message were both effective in producing stronger anticipated regret of not taking HPV vaccination. Anticipated regret, in turn, led to more favorable attitudes and greater intentions to take HPV vaccination. Interaction effects were observed such that gain-framed message combined with future-thinking produced the most favorable attitudes toward HPV vaccination. Potential explanations for these findings are offered, and their implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Kim
- Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California
| | - Eunjin Anna Kim
- Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California
| | - Sheila Murphy
- Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California
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10
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Lu T, Liang D, Hong M, Sun J. Regret Now, Compensate It Later: The Benefits of Experienced Regret on Future Altruism. Front Psychol 2022; 13:840809. [PMID: 35465568 PMCID: PMC9021411 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores how experienced regret and relief evoked in a risky gambling task influence subsequent intertemporal pro-social behavior. We apply a dictator game experiment with delayed rewards to investigate the effect on donating behavior by simultaneously the time delay when the recipient accepts the donation and the emotions experienced by the participant. We examine this effect using a choice titration procedure. The results reveal that independent of the prior experienced emotions, participants’ donations decrease as the time delay rises; the hyperbolic model provides a better explanation of this finding. Significantly, experienced regret impacts the shape of the social discount function with delayed rewards, which is reflected in notably different discount rates. Participants who experienced regret exhibit a lower discount rate than those in the relief condition. Note that this distinct type of generosity differs significantly at the 14-day delay but not at the shortest and longest. It follows that regret can promote future altruism and intertemporal pro-social behavior, depending on the delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Lu
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Mei Hong
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayin Sun
- School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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11
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Ogbanufe O, Pavur R. Going through the emotions of regret and fear: Revisiting protection motivation for identity theft protection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Regret is more than just an individual cognitive and emotional phenomenon, and it can, and should, be seen as social and cultural as well. Because of this, regret can tell us a lot, both about someone’s biography, and about the society and culture that shape it. In this brief reflection, the aim is to look at regret as a phenomenon worthy of sociological focus. We focus on three main ways in which regret can be understood as a sociological object: regret as a part of someone’s biography, regret as something that is culturally shaped, and regret as a part of collective memory. We also explore the potentialities of using an intersectional framework to analyze regret in its different forms.
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13
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Johnson NL, Corbett-Hone M, Gutekunst MHC, Wolf JA. The grey zone of collegiate sexual regret: questionable consent and sexual victimisation. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2021; 23:159-175. [PMID: 32141796 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2019.1696985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research identifies sexual regret as the most common source of regret in the USA; however, few studies have explored this phenomenon. This study utilised a mixed-methods approach to explore sexual regret in a sample of 189 US college students. Quantitative analyses assessing who is most likely to experience sexual regret revealed no significant differences in experiences of sexual regret based on most demographics; however, individuals involved in fraternity and sorority life and/or college athletics were significantly more likely to report experiences of sexual regret. Additionally, students who reported experiences of sexual victimisation were more likely to report experiences of sexual regret. Qualitative analyses attempting to determine students' reasoning for experiencing sexual regret revealed five distinct content areas: 1) altered judgement, 2) motivations, 3) partner characteristics, 4) social judgement, and 5) unsatisfying or unpleasant sexual experiences. Results from both quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrate significant overlap between experiences of sexual regret and sexual victimisation, highlighting the importance of future research and programming regarding sexual regret to increase understanding of the complex relationships between sexual consent and sexual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Johnson
- Department of Education and Human Services, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Marli Corbett-Hone
- Department of Education and Human Services, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Jake A Wolf
- Department of Education and Human Services, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
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14
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Dillard AJ, Dean KK, Gilbert H, Lipkus IM. You won't regret it (or love it) as much as you think: impact biases for everyday health behavior outcomes. Psychol Health 2020; 36:761-786. [PMID: 32698620 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1795171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When predicting the future, people tend to overestimate the intensity of their emotions, a phenomenon known as the impact bias. Design: In two studies, we examined the impact bias for health outcomes. In Study 1, participants were randomized to think about a negative health outcome in the future or one in the past. In Study 2, participants came to the laboratory and were asked to predict and report their emotions surrounding an actual health outcome (consuming an unhealthy food). Results: In both studies, an impact bias emerged. In Study 1, participants thinking about an outcome in the future estimated more negative emotion than those thinking about an outcome in the past. In Study 2, when facing an actual health outcome, participants anticipated more negative and positive emotion than they experienced. Impact biases were also associated with behavioral motivation - desire to change the outcome (Study 1) and increased preventive intentions (Study 2). Additional analyses revealed that regret was a particularly important emotion. Conclusion: Although research has highlighted an impact bias for severe health outcomes like disease, these studies provide evidence of an impact bias for health outcomes generally. They also suggest that the bias may have implications for behavior intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Dillard
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Kristy K Dean
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - HanaLi Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
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15
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Sim CW, Heuse S, Weigel D, Kendel F. If only I could turn back time-Regret in bereaved parents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28265. [PMID: 32196890 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regret about loss is one of the most intense types of regret experienced in life. Little is known about the bereavement regret of parents whose child has died of cancer. Although knowledge about parents' experiences after their child's death is vital for supporting these families, parents' regret is mostly hidden from the treating clinical staff. This study aimed to explore these parents' regret themes and their impact on their future lives. METHODS An explorative questionnaire was sent to bereaved parents who lost a child to cancer. A total of 26 parents responded to the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. RESULTS Regret experiences were shared by almost all participants. The focus of regret issues include parenting and interaction with the child, reflection on existing values, dealing with the disease, and neglecting the remaining siblings. The regret experience had an impact on prioritizing values, future lifestyle and contacts. CONCLUSIONS Regret seems to be a general phenomenon among bereaved parents and strongly influences the grieving process, in the sense of reflecting on past experiences to reorient for future actions. As this study was explorative, it is significant toward deepening the understanding of bereavement regret in future. These insights are crucial when working with affected families to help them decide important issues they can care about now and will not regret later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Won Sim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Silke Heuse
- Department Business & Psychology, University of Applied Sciences Europe - Campus Berlin, Dessauer Str. 3-5, Berlin, Berlin, 10963, Germany
| | - Dorothée Weigel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Friederike Kendel
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany
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Oishi S, Choi H, Koo M, Galinha I, Ishii K, Komiya A, Luhmann M, Scollon C, Shin JE, Lee H, Suh EM, Vittersø J, Heintzelman SJ, Kushlev K, Westgate EC, Buttrick N, Tucker J, Ebersole CR, Axt J, Gilbert E, Ng BW, Kurtz J, Besser LL. Happiness, Meaning, and Psychological Richness. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2020; 1:107-115. [PMID: 36042966 PMCID: PMC9383031 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-020-00011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
What kind of life do people want? In psychology, a good life has typically been conceptualized in terms of either hedonic or eudaimonic well-being. We propose that psychological richness is another neglected aspect of what people consider a good life. In study 1 (9-nation cross-cultural study), we asked participants whether they ideally wanted a happy, a meaningful, or a psychologically rich life. Roughly 7 to 17% of participants chose the psychologically rich life. In study 2, we asked 1611 Americans and 680 Koreans what they regret most in their lives; then, if they could undo or reverse the regretful event, whether their lives would have been happier, more meaningful, or psychologically richer as a result. Roughly 28% of Americans and 35% of Koreans reported their lives would have been psychologically richer. Together, this work provides a foundation for the study of psychological richness as another dimension of a good life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Oishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 10027 Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Hyewon Choi
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Minkyung Koo
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji-eun Shin
- Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaime Kurtz
- James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA USA
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Konheim-Kalkstein YL, Miron-Shatz T. "If only I had . . .": Regrets from women with an unplanned cesarean delivery. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:1939-1950. [PMID: 31793798 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319891543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred twenty-seven women with an unplanned cesarean delivery as their only birth were surveyed on their regrets during childbirth, their personality, childbirth preparation, labor and delivery support, and birth satisfaction. Seventy-three percent of women reported regret which mostly centered on inaction, particularly not advocating for the self. Those with regrets reported lower birth satisfaction (t(220) = 4.84, p < .001). Only emotional support was associated with lower likelihood of experiencing regret (p < .001). Our results suggest the role of support in ameliorating regret and illustrate a need for further study on the role of advocacy in regret and in birth.
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Igou ER, van Tilburg WAP, Kinsella EL, Buckley LK. On the Existential Road From Regret to Heroism: Searching for Meaning in Life. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2375. [PMID: 30559695 PMCID: PMC6286989 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether regret predicted the motivation to act heroically. In a series of studies, we examined the relationship between regret, search for meaning in life, and heroism motivation. First, Study 1 (a and b) investigated the association between regret and search for meaning in life, considering regret as a whole, action regret, and inaction regret. As expected, regret correlated positively with search for meaning in life. In two additional studies (Study 2 and 3), we examined whether regret predicted heroism motivation and whether this effect was mediated through search for meaning in life. Study 2 confirmed this hypothesis for individual differences in regret, using a correlational design. Study 3 confirmed the hypothesis for temporary experiences of regret, using an experimental design. In addition, in Study 3 we found that heroism motivation was stronger for people with high self-enhancement needs than for those with lower self-enhancement needs. We discuss the relationship between regret and heroism in light of these results and explore their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Igou
- Advancing Social Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Elaine L. Kinsella
- RISE Lab, Department of Psychology, Centre for Social Issues Research Institute, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Laura K. Buckley
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Yakushko O, Blodgett E. Negative Reflections About Positive Psychology: On Constraining the Field to a Focus on Happiness and Personal Achievement. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167818794551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
“Positive” psychology has gained a dominant voice within and outside the field of psychology. Although critiques of this perspective have been rendered, including by humanistic psychologists, psychology scholars have offered minimum space for critical reflections of this movement in contrast to its critiques existing inside and outside the academia in other fields. Therefore, this contribution seeks to explicate emerging systematic critiques of positive psychology by scholars and practitioners from within mental health fields as well as from philosophy, medicine, education, business, and cultural studies and to highlight sociocultural discussions of positive movement by the culture critics. Last, we offer reflections on positive psychology as immigrant professionals from non-Western backgrounds with an emphasis on existential and humanities-based perspectives. We also highlight that the tenets and experiments based on “positive” psychological practices may have especially detrimental effect on marginalized individuals and communities. This contribution seeks to invite a critical dialogue in the field regarding positive psychology within and outside humanistic psychology and psychology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Blodgett
- Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA, USA
- Rose City Center, Pasadena, CA, USA
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20
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Cheval B, Mongin D, Cullati S, Winz C, von Arx M, Schmidt RE, Agoritsas T, Chopard P, Courvoisier DS. Reciprocal relations between care-related emotional burden and sleep problems in healthcare professionals: a multicentre international cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:647-653. [PMID: 30026283 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there are reciprocal relations between care-related regret and insomnia severity among healthcare professionals, and whether the use of different coping strategies influences these associations. METHODS This is a multicentre international cohort study of 151 healthcare professionals working in acute care hospitals and clinics (87.4% female; mean age=30.4±8.0 years, 27.2% physicians, 48.3% nurses and 24.5% other professions) between 2014 and 2017. Weekly measures of regret intensity, number of regrets, and use of coping strategies (Regret Coping Scale) and sleep problems (Insomnia Severity Index) were assessed using a web survey. RESULTS The associations between regret and insomnia severity were bidirectional. In a given week, regret intensity (bregret intensity→sleep=0.26, 95% credible interval (CI) (0.14 to 0.40)) and number of regrets (bnumber of regrets→sleep=0.43, 95% CI (0.07 to 0.53)) were significantly associated with increased insomnia severity the following week. Conversely, insomnia severity in a given week was significantly associated with higher regret intensity (bsleep→regret intensity=0.14, 95% CI (0.11 to 0.30)) and more regrets (bsleep→number of regrets=0.04, 95% CI (0.02 to 0.06)) the week after. The effects of regret on insomnia severity were much stronger than those in the opposite direction. The use of coping strategies, especially if they were maladaptive, modified the strength of these cross-lagged associations. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that care-related regret and sleep problems are closely intertwined among healthcare professionals. Given the high prevalence of these issues, our findings call for the implementation of interventions that are specifically designed to help healthcare professionals to reduce their use of maladaptive coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Cheval
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss NCCR 'LIVES: Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives', University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Mongin
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Cullati
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss NCCR 'LIVES: Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives', University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Sociological Research, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carole Winz
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina von Arx
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss NCCR 'LIVES: Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives', University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Agoritsas
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Chopard
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Sophie Courvoisier
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lomas T. The quiet virtues of sadness: A selective theoretical and interpretative appreciation of its potential contribution to wellbeing. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Cheval B, Cullati S, Pihl-Thingvad J, Mongin D, Von Arx M, Chopard P, Courvoisier DS. Impact of CAre-related Regret Upon Sleep (ICARUS) cohort study: protocol of a 3-year multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of novice healthcare professionals. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022172. [PMID: 29588326 PMCID: PMC5875595 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare professionals are particularly at risk of developing numerous physical and psychological health problems. The experiences of emotional burden associated with providing healthcare, notably care-related regret, have been associated with these health problems, but only using cross-sectional data so far. Evidence of a causal impact of regret has not been assessed. The Impact of CAre-related Regret Upon Sleep (ICARUS) study is the first prospective and international cohort study established to examine how newly practising healthcare professionals adapt to their challenging job by assessing the impact of care-related regret on sleep and job quitting. METHOD AND ANALYSIS The ICARUS cohort study will include newly practising healthcare professionals working in acute care hospitals and clinics recruited between May 2017 and November 2019. Data collection, which will begin as soon as the participant starts working with patients, will consist of a 1-year weekly assessment using a secure web survey. Follow-up data will be collected at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the end of the first year. We will collect detailed information on the experience of care-related regret (ie, highest regret intensity, accumulation of regrets and coping strategies related to regrets), sleep problems and job quitting. Moreover, quality of life, health status and burnout will be assessed during the follow-up. Several confounders factors, including sociodemographic characteristics, personality, night shifts and work environment characteristics, will be assessed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Geneva Canton, Switzerland (CCER2016-02041), the Ethics Committee of London South Bank University (HSCSEP/17/06) and the University Research Ethics Committee of Bedfordshire (UREC106). Other study centres deemed local ethical approval unnecessary since the main ethics committee (Geneva) had already accepted the project. Results will be published in relevant scientific journals and be disseminated in international conferences. Fully anonymised data and questionnaires will be freely accessible to everyone (scientists and general public).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Cheval
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Cullati
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss NCCR “Lives: Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives”, University of Geneva, Geneva, Denmark
| | - Jesper Pihl-Thingvad
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- National Center of Psychotraumatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Denis Mongin
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Von Arx
- Swiss NCCR “Lives: Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives”, University of Geneva, Geneva, Denmark
- Institute of Demography and Socioeconomics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Chopard
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphine S Courvoisier
- Quality of Care Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Zurriaga R, González-Navarro P, Buunk AP, Dijkstra P. Jealousy at work: The role of rivals' characteristics. Scand J Psychol 2018; 59:443-450. [PMID: 29582443 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined rival characteristics that may evoke jealousy in the workplace, differences between men and women in this regard, and the relationship between jealousy responses and intrasexual competitiveness and social comparison orientation. Participants were 426 male and female employees. By means of a questionnaire, participants were presented with a jealousy-evoking scenario after which jealousy responses to 24 rival characteristics were assessed. Findings showed that a rival's social communal attributes evoked highest levels of jealousy, and that, compared to men, women reported more jealousy in response to a rival's physical attractiveness. Overall, as individuals had higher scores on intrasexual competitiveness and social comparison orientation, they also experienced more jealousy in response to their rival, regardless of his or her characteristics. These findings suggest that those characteristics that are highly valued in employees may backfire when employees perceive co-workers as rivals.
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van der Swaluw K, Lambooij MS, Mathijssen JJP, Zeelenberg M, Polder JJ, Prast HM. Emotional responses to behavioral economic incentives for health behavior change. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2018; 23:996-1005. [PMID: 29504814 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2018.1446098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Many people aim to change their lifestyle, but have trouble acting on their intentions. Behavioral economic incentives and related emotions can support commitment to personal health goals, but the related emotions remain unexplored. In a regret lottery, winners who do not attain their health goals do not get their prize but receive feedback on what their forgone earnings would have been. This counterfactual feedback should provoke anticipated regret and increase commitment to health goals. We explored which emotions were actually expected upon missing out on a prize due to unsuccessful weight loss and which incentive-characteristics influence their likelihood and intensity. Participants reported their expected emotional response after missing out on a prize in one of 12 randomly presented incentive-scenarios, which varied in incentive type, incentive size and deadline distance. Participants primarily reported feeling disappointment, followed by regret. Regret was expected most when losing a lottery prize (vs. a fixed incentive) and intensified with prize size. Multiple features of the participant and the lottery incentive increase the occurrence and intensity of regret. As such, our findings can be helpful in designing behavioral economic incentives that leverage emotions to support health behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen van der Swaluw
- a Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs S Lambooij
- b Department of Quality of Care and Health Economics, Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services , National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda J P Mathijssen
- a Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Zeelenberg
- c Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands.,d Department of Marketing, School of Business and Economics , VU Amsterdam , HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Johan J Polder
- a Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands.,b Department of Quality of Care and Health Economics, Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services , National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte M Prast
- e Department of Finance, Tilburg School of Economics and Management , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands
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Ellis EM, Elwyn G, Nelson WL, Scalia P, Kobrin SC, Ferrer RA. Interventions to Engage Affective Forecasting in Health-Related Decision Making: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Behav Med 2018; 52:157-174. [PMID: 29538630 PMCID: PMC7189982 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People often use affective forecasts, or predictions about how a decision will make them feel, to guide medical and health decision making. However, these forecasts are susceptible to biases and inaccuracies that can have consequential effects on decision making and health. Purpose A meta-analysis was performed to determine the effectiveness of intervening to address affective forecasting as a means of helping patients make better health-related choices. Methods We included between-subjects experimental and intervention studies that targeted variables related to affective forecasting (e.g., anticipated regret, anticipated affect) as a means of changing health behaviors or decisions. We determined the overall effect of these interventions on targeted affective constructs and behavioral outcomes, and whether conceptual and methodological factors moderated these effects. Results A total of 133 independent effect sizes were identified from 37 publications (N = 72,020). Overall, affective forecasting interventions changed anticipated regret, d = 0.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.15, 0.32), p < .001, behavior, d = 0.29, 95% CI (0.13, 0.45), p < .001, and behavioral intentions, d = 0.19, 95% CI (0.11, 0.28), p < .001, all measured immediately postintervention. Interventions did not change anticipated positive and negative affect, and effects on intentions and regret did not extend to follow-up time points, ps > .05. Generally, effects were not moderated by conceptual model, intervention intensity, or behavioral context. Conclusions Affective forecasting interventions had a small consistent effect on behavioral outcomes regardless of intervention intensity and conceptual framework, suggesting such constructs are promising intervention targets across several health domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Ellis
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Glyn Elwyn
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Wendy L Nelson
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Peter Scalia
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sarah C Kobrin
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ferrer
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Broomhall AG, Phillips WJ. Self-referent upward counterfactuals and depression: Examining regret as a mediator. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1416884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gene Broomhall
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences of University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351 Australia
| | - Wendy J. Phillips
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences of University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351 Australia
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Emotions Know Best: The Advantage of Emotional versus Cognitive Responses to Failure. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Broomhall AG, Phillips WJ, Hine DW, Loi NM. Upward counterfactual thinking and depression: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 55:56-73. [PMID: 28501706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the strength of association between upward counterfactual thinking and depressive symptoms. Forty-two effect sizes from a pooled sample of 13,168 respondents produced a weighted average effect size of r=.26, p<.001. Moderator analyses using an expanded set of 96 effect sizes indicated that upward counterfactuals and regret produced significant positive effects that were similar in strength. Effects also did not vary as a function of the theme of the counterfactual-inducing situation or study design (cross-sectional versus longitudinal). Significant effect size heterogeneity was observed across sample types, methods of assessing upward counterfactual thinking, and types of depression scale. Significant positive effects were found in studies that employed samples of bereaved individuals, older adults, terminally ill patients, or university students, but not adolescent mothers or mixed samples. Both number-based and Likert-based upward counterfactual thinking assessments produced significant positive effects, with the latter generating a larger effect. All depression scales produced significant positive effects, except for the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview. Research and theoretical implications are discussed in relation to cognitive theories of depression and the functional theory of upward counterfactual thinking, and important gaps in the extant research literature are identified.
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The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking: New Evidence, New Challenges, New Insights. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Risk beliefs are central to most theories of health behavior, yet many unanswered questions remain about an increasingly studied risk construct, anticipated regret. The authors sought to better understand anticipated regret's role in motivating health behaviors. METHOD The authors systematically searched electronic databases for studies of anticipated regret and behavioral intentions or health behavior. They used random effects meta-analysis to synthesize effect sizes from 81 studies (n = 45,618). RESULTS Anticipated regret was associated with both intentions (r+ = .50, p < .001) and health behavior (r+ = .29, p < .001). Greater anticipated regret from engaging in a behavior (i.e., action regret) predicted weaker intentions and behavior, whereas greater anticipated regret from not engaging in a behavior (i.e., inaction regret) predicted stronger intentions and behavior. Anticipated action regret had smaller associations with behavioral intentions related to less severe and more distal hazards, but these moderation findings were not present for inaction regret. Anticipated regret generally was a stronger predictor of intentions and behavior than other anticipated negative emotions and risk appraisals. CONCLUSIONS Anticipated inaction regret has a stronger and more stable association with health behavior than previously thought. The field should give greater attention to understanding how anticipated regret differs from similar constructs, its role in health behavior theory, and its potential use in health behavior interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Zhang JW, Chen S. Self-Compassion Promotes Personal Improvement From Regret Experiences via Acceptance. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:244-58. [PMID: 26791595 DOI: 10.1177/0146167215623271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Why do some people report more personal improvement from their regret experiences than others? Three studies examined whether self-compassion promotes personal improvement derived from recalled regret experiences. In Study 1, we coded anonymous regret descriptions posted on a blog website. People who spontaneously described their regret with greater self-compassion were also judged as having expressed more personal improvement. In Study 2, higher trait self-compassion predicted greater self-reported and observer-rated personal improvement derived from recalled regret experiences. In Study 3, people induced to take a self-compassionate perspective toward a recalled regret experience reported greater acceptance, forgiveness, and personal improvement. A multiple mediation analysis comparing acceptance and forgiveness showed self-compassion led to greater personal improvement, in part, through heightened acceptance. Furthermore, self-compassion's effects on personal improvement were distinct from self-esteem and were not explained by adaptive emotional responses. Overall, the results suggest that self-compassion spurs positive adjustment in the face of regrets.
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Park J, Hill WT, Bonds-Raacke J. Exploring the relationship between cognitive effort exertion and regret in online vs. offline shopping. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marcatto F, Cosulich A, Ferrante D. Once bitten, twice shy: experienced regret and non-adaptive choice switching. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1035. [PMID: 26157618 PMCID: PMC4476096 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When a good decision leads to a bad outcome, the experience of regret can bias subsequent choices: people are less likely to select the regret-producing alternative a second time, even when it is still objectively the best alternative (non-adaptive choice switching). The first study presented herein showed that nearly half of participants experiencing regret rejected a previous alternative they had recognized as the best one, and chose a non-optimal alternative instead. The second study investigated the mechanism underlying this bias, and results supported the hypothesis that this non-adaptive choice switching is caused by inhibition of the previous decision (direct effect of experienced regret), rather than by increased sensitivity to anticipated regret in subsequent choices (indirect effect of experienced regret mediated by anticipated regret).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Cosulich
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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Rudert SC, Reutner L, Walker M, Greifeneder R. An unscathed past in the face of death: Mortality salience reduces individuals' regrets. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
It has been argued that memories that are inconsistent with one's self would differ from those that are consistent with the self. The present study addresses retrieval, phenomenology, rehearsal and narrative characteristics of autobiographical memories that are consistent versus discrepant with one's self. One hundred participants were asked to recall one self-consistent and one self-discrepant memory as well as an episode of telling these memories to others. They also filled out the Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire and the Centrality of Event Scale for each memory. Results showed no difference between self-consistent and self-discrepant memories in retrieval time, specificity or phenomenology. However, self-discrepant memory narratives contained more meaning-making statements and less autonomy than self-consistent memories. Compared to self-consistent memories, self-discrepant memories were told to fewer people, and listener responses were more negative when they were told. Results are discussed in relation to the functions these memories serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Mutlutürk
- a Department of Psychology , Boğaziçi University , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Ali I Tekcan
- a Department of Psychology , Boğaziçi University , İstanbul , Turkey
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The price of gaining: maximization in decision-making, regret and life satisfaction. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500006859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMaximizers attempt to find the best solution in decision-making, while satisficers feel comfortable with a good enough solution. Recent results pointed out some critical aspects of this decision-making approach and some concerns about its measurement and dimensional structure. In addition to the analysis of these aspects, we tested the possible mediational role of regret in this psychological process. The Maximization Inventory (MI; satisficing, decision difficulty, and alternative search), regret, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were translated and adapted to Spanish in order to answer these issues with a Chilean sample. Validity and reliability analysis of the MI reports that only two dimensions of the MI have enough dimensional support (decision difficulty, alternative search). The tested structural model shows good fit of partial mediation effect of regret between decision difficulty and SWLS. At the same time, alternative search has a positive relation with SWLS. These results suggest that Regret becomes crucial for prescribing behavior to decision makers.
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Cunningham K, German NM, Mattson RE. Regretful liaisons: exploring the role of partner regret in the association between sexual and relationship satisfaction. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2014; 41:325-338. [PMID: 24766490 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2014.915901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Regrets over partner selection can negatively influence romantic relationship functioning. It may even undermine stability in otherwise satisfied unions. The present study extends research on partner regret by exploring its several possible links with sexual satisfaction and satisfaction with the relationship as a whole. The authors analyzed data provided by 351 individuals using path analysis. Primary findings indicate that partner regret reduces sexual satisfaction by first depreciating satisfaction with the relationship as a whole. This effect was especially pronounced for parents and women. Implications for assessment and targeted interventions for partner regret are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene Cunningham
- a Department of Psychology, Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama , USA , and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
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Gao H, Zhang Y, Wang F, Xu Y, Hong YY, Jiang J. Regret causes ego-depletion and finding benefits in the regrettable events alleviates ego-depletion. The Journal of General Psychology 2014; 141:169-206. [PMID: 24940811 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2014.884053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that experiencing regret would result in ego-depletion, while finding benefits (i.e., "silver linings") in the regret-eliciting events counteracted the ego-depletion effect. Using a modified gambling paradigm (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) and a retrospective method (Experiments 3 and 5), five experiments were conducted to induce regret. Results revealed that experiencing regret undermined performance on subsequent tasks, including a paper-and-pencil calculation task (Experiment 1), a Stroop task (Experiment 2), and a mental arithmetic task (Experiment 3). Furthermore, finding benefits in the regret-eliciting events improved subsequent performance (Experiments 4 and 5), and this improvement was mediated by participants' perceived vitality (Experiment 4). This study extended the depletion model of self-regulation by considering emotions with self-conscious components (in our case, regret). Moreover, it provided a comprehensive understanding of how people felt and performed after experiencing regret and after finding benefits in the events that caused the regret.
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Summerville A, Buchanan J. Functions of Personal Experience and of Expression of Regret. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2013; 40:463-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167213515026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although learning and preparing for future behavior are well-established functions of regret, social functions have been largely ignored. We suggest a new model of the functions of regret, the Privately Experienced Versus Expressed Regret model, in which private experience and public expression differentially serve these functions. The current research examined this model using both naturalistic and experimental approaches. In Study 1, we coded tweets about regret posted on social media to examine whether this content emphasized social relationships versus learning and preparation. Study 2 experimentally examined the hypothesized social closeness function for expression of regrets. Study 3 further examined how privately experienced and publicly expressed regrets differ on the social closeness and learning and preparatory functions. Studies 4 and 5 confirmed the specific social closeness function rather than global social benefits. This research suggests that the social expression of regret differs from private experience in both form and function.
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Leder S, Florack A, Keller J. Thoughts About Possible Failure: Regulatory Focus and the Anticipation of Regret. SOCIAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2013.31.3.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Leder S, Florack A, Keller J. Thoughts About Possible Failure: Regulatory Focus and the Anticipation of Regret. SOCIAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/soco_2013_1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bjälkebring P, Västfjäll D, Johansson B. Regulation of Experienced and Anticipated Regret for Daily Decisions in Younger and Older Adults in a Swedish One-Week Diary Study. GEROPSYCH-THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY AND GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regret and regret regulation were studied using a weeklong web-based diary method. 108 participants aged 19 to 89 years reported regret for a decision made and a decision to be made. They also reported the extent to which they used strategies to prevent or regulate decision regret. Older adults reported both less experienced and anticipated regret compared to younger adults. The lower level of experienced regret in older adults was mediated by reappraisal of the decision. The lower level of anticipated regret was mediated by delaying the decision, and expecting regret in older adults. It is suggested that the lower level of regret observed in older adults is partly explained by regret prevention and regulation strategies.
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Coats S, Harrington JT, Beaubouef M, Locke H. Sex differences in relationship regret: the role of perceived mate characteristics. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 10:422-42. [PMID: 22947670 PMCID: PMC10481072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current set of studies examined regret involving action and inaction in the realm of romantic relationships by testing whether such regret is associated with the characteristics of one's mate. In study 1, 394 participants reported on a previous casual sexual encounter, and in study 2, 358 participants reported on a previous romantic relationship. In both, instances of actual engagement and instances of passing up opportunities were studied. Study 3 was experimental and elicited reactions to hypothetical scenarios from 201 participants. Regret reported by men in both study 1 and study 2 varied as a function of the perceived attractiveness of the participants' actual and potential mate. Regret reported by women in study 2 varied as a function of the perceived stinginess of the participant's mate and perceived wealth of the participants' potential mate. Study 3 found that sex differences in type of regret (with men regretting inaction more than women) occurred only when the mate presented in the scenario was described in ways consistent with mate preferences. Together these findings suggest that regret differs between the sexes in ways consistent with sex differences in mate preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Coats
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, USA.
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Coats S, Harrington JT, Beaubouef M, Locke H. Sex Differences in Relationship Regret: The Role of Perceived Mate Characteristics. Evol Psychol 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/147470491201000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current set of studies examined regret involving action and inaction in the realm of romantic relationships by testing whether such regret is associated with the characteristics of one's mate. In study 1, 394 participants reported on a previous casual sexual encounter, and in study 2, 358 participants reported on a previous romantic relationship. In both, instances of actual engagement and instances of passing up opportunities were studied. Study 3 was experimental and elicited reactions to hypothetical scenarios from 201 participants. Regret reported by men in both study 1 and study 2 varied as a function of the perceived attractiveness of the participants' actual and potential mate. Regret reported by women in study 2 varied as a function of the perceived stinginess of the participant's mate and perceived wealth of the participants' potential mate. Study 3 found that sex differences in type of regret (with men regretting inaction more than women) occurred only when the mate presented in the scenario was described in ways consistent with mate preferences. Together these findings suggest that regret differs between the sexes in ways consistent with sex differences in mate preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Coats
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, United States
| | - Jamie T. Harrington
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, United States
| | - Monica Beaubouef
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, United States
| | - Hannah Locke
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, United States
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Morrison M, Epstude K, Roese NJ. Life Regrets and the Need to Belong. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550611435137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present research documents a link between regret and the need to belong. Across five studies, using diverse methods and samples, the authors established that regrets involving primarily social relationships (e.g., romance and family) are felt more intensely than less socially based regrets (e.g., work and education). The authors ruled out alternative explanations for this pattern and found that it is best explained by the extent to which regrets are judged to constitute threats to belonging. Threats to belonging at the regret level and the need to belong at the individual level were strong predictors of regret intensity across multiple regret domains. These findings highlight the central role social connectedness plays in what people regret most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Morrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Kai Epstude
- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Neal J. Roese
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Abstract
Decision makers faced with an opportunity to learn the outcome of a foregone alternative must balance anticipated regret, should that information be unfavorable, with the potential benefits of this information in reducing experienced regret. Counterfactual seeking, the choice to learn more about foregone alternatives, may be a functional, regret-regulating strategy for individuals already experiencing regret. Counterfactual seeking increases in response to dissatisfying outcomes (Studies 1 and 2). Counterfactual seeking is generally able to reduce dissatisfaction (Study 2), regardless of whether individuals personally chose to view this information or were randomly assigned to do so (Study 3). Moreover, both imaginative (vs. factual) thoughts about the foregone option and upward (vs. downward) counterfactual thoughts play a role in this improvement in satisfaction (Study 4). Regret thus has a complex influence in how individuals engage with counterfactual information.
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Valenti G, Libby LK, Eibach RP. Looking back with regret: Visual perspective in memory images differentially affects regret for actions and inactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
In this study of regret among a representative sample of Americans, the authors examined hypotheses derived from regret regulation theory, which asserts that regrets motivate a range of ameliorative cognitive consequences. Using a random-digit telephone survey, respondents reported a salient regret, then answered questions about that regret. Results showed inaction regrets lasted longer than action regrets, and that greater loss severity corresponded to more inaction regrets. Regrets more often focused on nonfixable than fixable situations. Women more than men reported love rather than work regrets and, overall, regrets more often focused on romance than on other life domains. Objective life circumstances (referenced by demographic variables) predicted regret in patterns consistent with regret regulation theory. These results complement laboratory findings while suggesting new refinements to existing theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Morrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Neal J. Roese
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Joseph-Williams N, Edwards A, Elwyn G. The importance and complexity of regret in the measurement of 'good' decisions: a systematic review and a content analysis of existing assessment instruments. Health Expect 2011; 14:59-83. [PMID: 20860776 PMCID: PMC5060557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2010.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND OR CONTEXT: Regret is a common consequence of decisions, including those decisions related to individuals' health. Several assessment instruments have been developed that attempt to measure decision regret. However, recent research has highlighted the complexity of regret. Given its relevance to shared decision making, it is important to understand its conceptualization and the instruments used to measure it. OBJECTIVES To review current conceptions of regret. To systematically identify instruments used to measure decision regret and assess whether they capture recent conceptualizations of regret. SEARCH STRATEGY Five electronic databases were searched in 2008. Search strategies used a combination of MeSH terms (or database equivalent) and free text searching under the following key headings: 'Decision' and 'regret' and 'measurement'. Follow-up manual searches were also performed. INCLUSION CRITERIA Articles were included if they reported the development and psychometric testing of an instrument designed to measure decision regret, or the use of a previously developed and tested instrument. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-two articles were included: 10 report the development and validation of an instrument that measures decision regret and 22 report the use of a previously developed and tested instrument. Content analysis found that existing instruments for the measurement of regret do not capture current conceptualizations of regret and they do not enable the construct of regret to be measured comprehensively. CONCLUSIONS Existing instrumentation requires further development. There is also a need to clarify the purpose for using regret assessment instruments as this will, and should, focus their future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Joseph-Williams
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cardiff, UK.
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