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White MC, Fleeman R, Arnold AC. Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 31262355 PMCID: PMC6604144 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that greatly increases risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Sex differences in the obese phenotype are well established in experimental animal models and clinical populations. While having higher adiposity and obesity prevalence, females are generally protected from obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. This protection is, at least in part, attributed to sex differences in metabolic effects of hormonal mediators such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Previous literature has predominantly focused on the vasoconstrictor arm of the RAS and shown that, in contrast to male rodent models of obesity and diabetes, females are protected from metabolic and cardiovascular derangements produced by angiotensinogen, renin, and angiotensin II. A vasodilator arm of the RAS has more recently emerged which includes angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), mas receptors, and alamandine. While accumulating evidence suggests that activation of components of this counter-regulatory axis produces positive effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and energy balance in male animal models, female comparison studies and clinical data related to metabolic outcomes are lacking. This review will summarize current knowledge of sex differences in metabolic effects of the RAS, focusing on interactions with gonadal hormones and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C White
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Fleeman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Yoo KH, Yim HE, Bae ES, Hong YS. Genetic Contributions to Childhood Obesity: Association of Candidate Gene Polymorphisms and Overweight/Obesity in Korean Preschool Children. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:1997-2004. [PMID: 29115082 PMCID: PMC5680499 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.12.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the association of candidate gene polymorphisms and obesity or overweight in young Korean children. A total of 190 Korean preschool children (96 control, 48 overweight, and 46 obese children) were genotyped for the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D), angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) C3123A, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 T869C, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) T460C, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α G308A polymorphisms. No differences were found among the groups with respect to age, sex, birth weight, blood pressure levels, and serum concentrations of glucose and total cholesterol. Obese children showed a higher incidence of ACE DD genotype and D allelic frequency compared to the controls (odds ratio [OR], 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-7.21; OR, 2.5, 95% CI, 1.49-4.19; all P < 0.05). The frequency of TC genotype and C allele in the TGF-β1 T869C polymorphism (OR, 2.08, 95% CI, 1.01-4.27; OR, 1.93, 95% CI, 1.15-3.21) and that in the VEGF T460C polymorphism (OR, 2.5, 95% CI, 1.19-5.28; OR, 2.15, 95% CI, 1.26-3.68) was also higher in obese children than in control subjects (all P < 0.05). Overweight children exhibited a higher frequency of the A allele in the AT2 C3123A polymorphism compared to the controls (OR, 1.72, 95% CI, 1.03-2.88, P < 0.05). There were no differences in the TNF-α G308A polymorphism among the groups. The ACE I/D, AT2 C3123A, TGF-β1 T869C, and VEGF T460C polymorphisms can affect susceptibility to obesity or overweight in Korean children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Hwan Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Yim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea.
| | - Eun Soo Bae
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Young Sook Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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Al-Azzam SI, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Ghanma MW, Alhasan AY. The role of TNF-α G-308A promoter polymorphism in glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:113-8. [PMID: 24497209 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-013-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNF-α polymorphisms were shown to be associated with insulin resistance and diabetes development and complications. AIM To investigate the association between glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes patients and TNF-α G-308A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study, where diabetes patients from both genders (170 male and 185 female) were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: good glycemic control (n = 158) and poor glycemic control (n = 197). Genotyping of TNF-α G-308A SNP was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The results showed that TNF-α G-308A SNP is strongly associated with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Patients with the AA and AG genotypes had better glycemic control than those with GG genotype (P < 0.01). Other parameters that impacted glycemic control include duration of the disease (P < 0.01) and response to insulin therapy (P < 0.01). However, no contribution for gender or statins use to glycemic control was observed (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION TNF-α G-308A SNP might modulate glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Al-Azzam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan,
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Kotani K, Sakane N, Taniguchi N. Association between angiotensin II Type 2 receptor gene A/C3123 polymorphism and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with hypertension in asymptomatic women. Med Princ Pract 2013; 22:65-9. [PMID: 22869520 PMCID: PMC5586706 DOI: 10.1159/000339892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the association between the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) gene adenine/cytosine (A/C)-3123 polymorphism and cardiometabolic variables in subjects with and without hypertension. METHODS Cardiometabolic variables, in addition to genotyping by an allele-specific DNA assay, were measured in 161 asymptomatic community-dwelling Japanese women (age range 30-83 years). They were divided into hypertensive (n = 82, age 50-81 years) and nonhypertensive (n = 79, age 30-83 years) subjects. RESULTS The A-allele carriers (n = 53) showed significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels than the non-A-allele carriers (n = 26) among nonhypertensive subjects (1.45 ± 0.38 vs. 1.66 ± 0.33 mmol/l, p = 0.02). Even when multiple-adjusted analyses were performed, the HDL-C levels continued to differ significantly and independently of other variables, including the body mass index and insulin resistance index, between A-allele and non-A-allele carriers. However, this association was not observed among hypertensive subjects. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that A-allele carriers had significantly lower HDL-C levels than did non-A-allele carries among nonhypertensive women, while this association was not observed among hypertensive women. This indicates that the A/C3124 polymorphism may be a marker associated with HDL metabolism by hypertension. This was a small study, so further research is warranted to confirm the observed association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
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Superko HR, Roberts R, Agatston A, Frohwein S, Reingold JS, White TJ, Sninsky JJ, Margolis B, Momary KM, Garrett BC, King SB. Genetic testing for early detection of individuals at risk of coronary heart disease and monitoring response to therapy: challenges and promises. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:396-404. [PMID: 21830102 PMCID: PMC3165136 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) often presents suddenly with little warning. Traditional risk factors are inadequate to identify the asymptomatic high-risk individuals. Early identification of patients with subclinical coronary artery disease using noninvasive imaging modalities would allow the early adoption of aggressive preventative interventions. Currently, it is impractical to screen the entire population with noninvasive coronary imaging tools. The use of relatively simple and inexpensive genetic markers of increased CHD risk can identify a population subgroup in which benefit of atherosclerotic imaging modalities would be increased despite nominal cost and radiation exposure. Additionally, genetic markers are fixed and need only be measured once in a patient's lifetime, can help guide therapy selection, and may be of utility in family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Robert Superko
- Celera Corporation, 1401 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502 USA
- Saint Joseph’s Hospital of Atlanta, 665 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30342 USA
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341-4415 USA
- Cholesterol, Genetics, and Heart Disease Institute, 40 Bear Paw, Portola Valley, CA 94028 USA
| | - Robert Roberts
- Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - Arthur Agatston
- South Beach Preventive Cardiology, 1691 Michigan Ave, #500, Miami Beach, FL 33139 USA
| | - Stephen Frohwein
- Saint Joseph’s Hospital of Atlanta, 665 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30342 USA
| | - Jason S. Reingold
- Saint Joseph’s Hospital of Atlanta, 665 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30342 USA
| | - Thomas J. White
- Celera Corporation, 1401 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502 USA
| | - John J. Sninsky
- Celera Corporation, 1401 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502 USA
| | - Basil Margolis
- Saint Joseph’s Hospital of Atlanta, 665 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30342 USA
| | - Kathryn M. Momary
- Saint Joseph’s Hospital of Atlanta, 665 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30342 USA
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341-4415 USA
| | - Brenda C. Garrett
- Cholesterol, Genetics, and Heart Disease Institute, 40 Bear Paw, Portola Valley, CA 94028 USA
| | - Spencer B. King
- Saint Joseph’s Hospital of Atlanta, 665 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30342 USA
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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Assali A, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Sahebkar A, Hassani M, Kasaian J, Tatari F, Moohebati M, Paydar R, Oladi M, Esmaeili HA, Tavallaie S, Tehrani SO, Ferns GAA, Behravan J. Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene A1166C polymorphism with the presence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in patients with documented coronary artery disease. Eur J Intern Med 2011; 22:254-61. [PMID: 21570644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are relatively limited data available on the genetic susceptibility to diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in the Iranian population. We have therefore investigated the association between the angiotensin II type I receptor gene polymorphism (AT(1)R/A1166C) and the presence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in a well defined group of patients. METHODS Patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease (CAD) (n=309) were evaluated for the presence of AT(1)R/A1166C polymorphism. These patients were classified into subgroups with (n=164, M/F: 109/55) and without (n=145, M/F: 84/61) diabetes mellitus. The AT(1)R polymorphism was assessed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based method. RESULTS There was a higher frequency of polymorphic genotypes (AC+CC) in the diabetic compared with the non-diabetic group (p=0.01). When determined for each gender separately, this difference remained significant in the males (p=0.04) but not in females (p=0.09). With regard to the allele frequencies, the C allele was significantly higher and the A allele frequency was lower in the diabetic group (p=0.01). This remained significant after gender segregation for males (p=0.01) but not females. In the binary logistic regression analysis, only serum fasting glucose was found as the independent predictor for the presence of diabetes in the CAD patients (β=1.16, p<0.001 for total population and β=1.29, p<0.001 for male subjects). There was no significant difference in genotype or allele frequencies between subgroups with and without metabolic syndrome, this being unaffected by gender or the definition of metabolic syndrome used apart from a significantly lower frequency of C allele in male subjects with metabolic syndrome defined by the NCEP ATP III criteria (p=0.04). CONCLUSION The AT(1)R/A1166C polymorphism may be associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus in male subjects with documented CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Assali
- Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
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Rahimi Z, Felehgari V, Rahimi M, Mozafari H, Yari K, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rezaei M, Malek-Khosravi S, Khazaie H. The frequency of factor V Leiden mutation, ACE gene polymorphism, serum ACE activity and response to ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor antagonist drugs in Iranians type II diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2117-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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