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Gupta AK, Wang T, Mann A, Polla Ravi S, Talukder M, Lincoln SA, Foreman HC, Kaplan B, Galili E, Piguet V, Shemer A, Bakotic WL. Antifungal resistance in dermatophytes - review of the epidemiology, diagnostic challenges and treatment strategies for managing Trichophyton indotineae infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39114868 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2390629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increasing number of reports of Trichophyton indotineae infections. This species is usually poorly responsive to terbinafine. AREAS COVERED A literature search was conducted in May 2024. T.indotineae infections detected outside the Indian subcontinent are generally associated with international travel. Reports of local spread are mounting.As a newly identified dermatophyte species closely related to the T. mentagrophytes complex with limited genetic and phenotypic differences, there is an unmet need to develop molecular diagnosis for T. indotineae. Terbinafine has become less effective as a first-line agent attributed to mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene (Leu393Phe, Phe397Leu). Alternative therapies include itraconazole for a longer time-period or a higher dose (200 mg/day or higher). Generally, fluconazole and griseofulvin are not effective. In some cases, especially when the area of involvement is relatively small, topical non-allylamine antifungals may be an option either as monotherapy or in combination with oral therapy. In instances when the patient relapses after apparent clinical cure then itraconazole may be considered. Good antifungal stewardship should be considered at all times. EXPERT OPINION When both terbinafine and itraconazole are ineffective, options include off-label triazoles (voriconazole and posaconazole). We present four patients responding to these newer triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, ON, Canada
| | - Tong Wang
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Mesbah Talukder
- Mediprobe Research Inc., London, ON, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Baruch Kaplan
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Eran Galili
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Avner Shemer
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Yang H, Chen Y, Wang L, Gan B, Yu L, Ren R, Kwok HF, Wu Y, Cao Z. The Fungal Secretory Peptide Micasin Induces Itch by Activating MRGPRX1/C11/A1 on Peripheral Neurons. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01871-2. [PMID: 38945438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Pruritus is the leading symptom of dermatophytosis. Microsporium canis is one of the predominant dermatophytes causing dermatophytosis. However, the pruritogenic agents and the related molecular mechanisms of the dermatophyte M canis remain poorly understood. In this study, the secretion of the dermatophyte M canis was found to dose-dependently evoke itch in mice. The fungal peptide micasin secreted from M canis was then identified to elicit mouse significant scratching and itching responses. The peptide micasin was further revealed to directly activate mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons to mediate the nonhistaminergic itch. Knockout and antagonistic experiments demonstrated that MRGPRX1/C11/A1 rather than MRGPRX2/b2 activated by micasin contributed to pruritus. The chimeras and single-amino acid variants of MRGPRX1 showed that 3 domains (extracellular loop 3, transmembrane helical domain 3, and transmembrane helical domain 6) and 4 hydrophobic residues (Y99, F237, L240, and W241) of MRGPRX1 played the key role in micasin-triggered MRGPRX1 activation. Our study sheds light on the dermatophytosis-associated pruritus and may provide potential therapeutic targets and strategies against pruritus caused by dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Shenzhen Research Institute, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Shenzhen Research Institute, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Shenzhen Research Institute, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Gan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiye Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruobing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Shenzhen Research Institute, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Spergser J, Neuhuber T, Haupt H, Kaltenegger G, Wittek T. Agreement between Clinical Assessment and Laboratory Diagnosis of Ringworm in Calves at Auction Markets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:390. [PMID: 38338033 PMCID: PMC10854766 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To limit the spread of bovine ringworm, control measures such as movement restrictions are highly recommended. In this context, calves at auction markets in Styria, Austria, displaying skin lesions characteristic for bovine ringworm, are excluded from the auctions. To investigate whether these clinical assessments correspond to laboratory diagnosis, a total of 166 samples taken from skin lesions assigned to the three clinical categories 'ringworm very likely (v), likely (l) or unlikely (u)' were mycologically examined using microscopy, culture, and nested PCR followed by amplicon sequencing. Further, the relationships of isolated dermatophytes were determined through multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Overall, a high agreement between clinical assessment and laboratory results were observed with microscopy and nested PCR, providing more consistent results and molecular detection possessing an analytical sensitivity superior to that of cultural isolation (culture 21.7% vs. nested PCR 48.2%). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that most of the isolated dermatophytes belong to a unique Trichophyton verrucosum MLST genotype. In conclusion, clinical assessments were largely confirmed through laboratory diagnosis with nested PCR and sequencing, providing rapid, sensitive, and species-specific detection of dermatophytes in calves at auction markets displaying skin lesions typical for ringworm; this seems to be predominantly caused by a single Trichophyton verrucosum strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thiemo Neuhuber
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (T.W.)
| | - Herfried Haupt
- Bezirkshauptmannschaft Hartberg-Fürstenfeld, Veterinärreferat, Rochusplatz 2, 8230 Hartberg, Austria
| | - Gerd Kaltenegger
- Bezirkshauptmannschaft Leoben, Veterinärreferat, Peter-Tunner-Straße 6, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (T.W.)
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Kabtani J, Ranque S. A Comparative Description of Dermatophyte Genomes: A State-of-the-Art Review. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:1007-1025. [PMID: 37812320 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The nomenclature and phylogeny of dermatophytes is currently based on the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of a few genomic regions. However, the limitations of this multilocus sequence-based approach makes dermatophyte species identification difficult. Variation and adaptation are key to the persistence of species. Nevertheless, this heterogeneity poses a genuine problem for the classification and nomenclature of dermatophytes. The relatively high intra-species and low inter-species polymorphisms of this keratinophilic group of fungi hampers both species delineation and identification. Establishing the taxonomic boundaries of dermatophyte species complexes remains controversial. Furthermore, until recently, knowledge of molecular biology, genetics and genomics remained limited. This systematic review highlights the added value of whole genome sequencing and analysis data in dermatophyte classification that might enhance identification and, consequently, the diagnosis and management of dermatophytoses. Our approach consisted in describing and comparing the dermatophyte mitochondrial genomes, secretomes (Adhesins, LysM domains, proteases) and metabolic pathways, with the aim to provide new insights and a better understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kabtani
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - S Ranque
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.
- AP-HM, IRD, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Bescrovaine JDO, Warth JFG, de Souza C, Benoni VW, Baja F, Schneider GX, Vicente VA, de Hoog GS, Queiroz-Telles F. Nannizzia species causing dermatophytosis in cats and dogs: First report of Nannizzia incurvata as an etiological agent in Brazil. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad105. [PMID: 37804177 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a superficial cutaneous infection, most commonly caused by fungal species such as Microsporum canis, Nannizzia gypsea (Microsporum gypseum), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in dogs and cats. The zoonotic potential of these species is concerning, as companion animals are increasingly close to their owners. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the current prevalence of Nannizzia-causing canine and feline dermatophytosis in Curitiba and Metropolitan Region, as well as perform phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations of these isolates. Thus, 241 skin and fur samples from 163 dogs and 78 cats were analyzed from 2020 to 2021. The samples were obtained from animals of three sources: Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, animal shelters, and private clinics. The diagnosis was performed through phenotypic characterization and sequencing ITS rDNA region. Among 97 positive samples for dermatophytes, Nannizzia was identified in 14 (14.4%) samples, while other dermatophyte genera were found in the remaining 83 (85.6%) samples. Among the canine samples, nine (90%) were N. gypsea, and one (10%) was N. incurvata. Whereas in feline samples, three (75%) were N. gypsea, and one (25%) was N. incurvata. It was concluded that among 97 animals infected with dermatophytes, dogs (24.4%; 10/41) were significantly more affected by Nannizzia than cats (7.1%; 4/56) (P < .05). According to molecular analyses, the ITS rDNA region provided satisfactory results for species-level identification of Nannizzia, confirming the first report of N. incurvata as an etiological agent of canine and feline dermatophytosis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica de Oliveira Bescrovaine
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immuno-Microbiological Diagnosis of the Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - José Francisco Ghignatti Warth
- Laboratory of Immuno-Microbiological Diagnosis of the Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cybelle de Souza
- Laboratory of Immuno-Microbiological Diagnosis of the Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele Baja
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Xavier Schneider
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vania Aparecida Vicente
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gerrits Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Zhou X, Ahmed SA, Tang C, Grisolia ME, Warth JFG, Webster K, Peano A, Uhrlass S, Cafarchia C, Hayette MP, Sacheli R, Matos T, Kang Y, de Hoog GS, Feng P. Human adaptation and diversification in the Microsporum canis complex. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:14. [PMID: 37488659 PMCID: PMC10367411 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Microsporum canis complex consists of one zoophilic species, M. canis, and two anthropophilic species, M. audouinii and M. ferrugineum. These species are the most widespread zoonotic pathogens causing dermatophytosis in cats and humans worldwide. To clarify the evolutionary relationship between the three species and explore the potential host shift process, this study used phylogenetic analysis, population structure analysis, multispecies coalescent analyses, determination of MAT idiomorph distribution, sexual crosses, and macromorphology and physicochemical features to address the above questions. The complex of Microsporum canis, M. audouinii and M. ferrugineum comprises 12 genotypes. MAT1-1 was present only in M. canis, while the anthropophilic entities contained MAT1-2. The pseudocleistothecia were yielded by the mating behaviour of M. canis and M. audouinii. Growth rates and lipase, keratinolysis and urea hydrolytic capacities of zoophilic M. canis isolates were all higher than those of anthropophilic strains; DNase activity of M. ferrugineum exceeded that of M. canis. The optimum growth temperature was 28 °C, but 22 °C favoured the development of macroconidia. Molecular data, physicochemical properties and phenotypes suggest the adaptation of zoophilic M. canis to anthropophilic M. ferrugineum, with M. audouinii in an intermediate position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-senen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sarah A Ahmed
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Tang
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Eduarda Grisolia
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Kristen Webster
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, USA
| | - Andrea Peano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silke Uhrlass
- Labor für Medizinische Mikrobiologie Nenoff / Krüger, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marie Pierre Hayette
- Belgian National Reference Center, Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Rosalie Sacheli
- Belgian National Reference Center, Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tadeja Matos
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yingqian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Guizhou Talent Base for Microbiology and Human Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
- Guizhou Provincial Academician Workstation of Microbiology and Health, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, China.
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, The Netherlands.
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Guizhou Talent Base for Microbiology and Human Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Peiying Feng
- Department of Dermatology, 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-senen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Sylvén KR, Bergefur AL, Jacobson M, Wallgren P, Selling LE. Dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton mentagrophytes complex in organic pigs. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:32. [PMID: 37434217 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis (ringworm) caused by members of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex is rarely diagnosed in pigs but has been recognized as an increasingly common infection in humans. Further, resistance to antifungal drugs have been reported both in Asia and in Europe. This is the first scientific report of infection by the T. mentagrophytes complex in pigs in the Nordic countries. CASE PRESENTATION Skin lesions developed in grower pigs in an organic fattening pig farm with outdoor production and following laboratory analyses, dermatophytosis caused by members of the T. mentagrophytes complex was diagnosed. Infection was linked to poor hygiene, high humidity, and moderate outdoor temperatures, in combination with high pig density. A farm worker developed a skin lesion after close contact with affected pigs, which highlighted the zoonotic potential of porcine dermatophytosis. The dermatophytes may have originated from the herd supplying the growers where similar lesions occurred in pigs. Further, pigs from another organic fattening herd that received growers from the same supplier herd also developed dermatophytosis. The lesions healed without treatment as the housing conditions were improved. Isolation of affected pigs prevented spread to other pigs CONCLUSION: Members of the T. mentagrophytes complex can cause ringworm in pigs. The fungi probably persist in the haircoat and may cause overt disease when environmental conditions promote growth of mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Ryytty Sylvén
- Farm & Animal Health Sweden, Gård och Djurhälsan AB, Uppsala, Kungsängens gård, 731 43, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Louise Bergefur
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Per Wallgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson Selling
- Farm & Animal Health Sweden, Gård och Djurhälsan AB, Uppsala, Kungsängens gård, 731 43, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
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Kasmaei A, Salimi A, Helan JA, Asl SAS, Katiraee F. Molecular study of feline dermatophytosis and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 gene expression in their lesions. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1036-1042. [PMID: 36913145 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the recognition of pathogenic fungal structures induce the secretion of cytokines by immune systems. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 are the main PRRs that recognize fungal components. AIM The present study aimed to assess the presence of dermatophyte species in symptomatic cats in a region of Iran and to investigate the expression of TLR-2 and 4 in cat lesions with dermatophytosis. METHODS A total of 105 cats suspected of dermatophytosis with skin lesions were examined. Samples were analysed by direct microscopy using potassium hydroxide (20%) and culture on Mycobiotic agar. Dermatophytes strains were confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and then sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer rDNA region. Also, for pathology and real-time PCR studies, skin biopsies were taken by sterile single-use biopsy punch from active ringworm lesions. RESULTS Dermatophytes were found in 41 felines. Based on the sequencing of all strains, Microsporum canis (80.48%, p < 0.05), Microsporum gypseum (17.07%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2.43%) were the dermatophytes isolated from cultures. Cats under 1 year (78.04%) revealed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of infection (p < 0.05). Gene expression by real-time PCR revealed the increased TLR-2 and 4 mRNA levels in skin biopsies of cats with dermatophytosis. CONCLUSIONS M. canis is the most prevalent dermatophyte species isolated from feline dermatophytosis lesions. Increased expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNAs in cat skin biopsies suggests that these receptors are involved in the immune response by recognizing dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Kasmaei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Salimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ashrafi Helan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farzad Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Nair SS, Abhishek, Saini S, M S C, Sharun K, V A, Thomas P, Kumar B, Chaturvedi VK. Dermatophytosis caused by Nannizzia nana (Microsporum nanum): a comprehensive review on a novel pathogen. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:509-521. [PMID: 36437438 PMCID: PMC9943922 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinophilic fungi are mostly soil-inhabiting organisms with occasional infections in humans and animals. Even though most dermatophytes are host-adapted, cross-species infections are common by zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes. N. nana is considered an etiological agent of ringworm in pigs but has also been isolated from other animals, including humans. However, it also possesses many characteristics of geophilic dermatophytes including the ability to grow in soil. N. nana produces characteristic pear-shaped macroconidia and usually exhibits an ectothrix pattern of hair infection. It has been isolated from dermatitis lesions as well as from soil. N. nana infections in pigs are not of much concern as far as economy or health is concerned. But it has been associated with onychomycosis and gonathritis in humans, which are significant in human medicine. The shift in the predominance of dermatophytes in humans and the ability to evolve into a potential tinea pathogen necessitates more understanding of the physiology and genetics of N. nana. In this review, we have attempted a detailed analysis of the studies about N. nana, emphasizing growth and cultural characters, physiology, isolation, infection in humans and animals, molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu S Nair
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India.
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India.
| | - Shubham Saini
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Chandana M S
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Athira V
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Prasad Thomas
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Bablu Kumar
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - V K Chaturvedi
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
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Fratti M, Bontems O, Salamin K, Guenova E, Monod M. Survey on Dermatophytes Isolated from Animals in Switzerland in the Context of the Prevention of Zoonotic Dermatophytosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020253. [PMID: 36836366 PMCID: PMC9967568 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Most inflammatory dermatophytoses in humans are caused by zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes. Knowledge of the epidemiology of these fungi in animals facilitates the prevention of dermatophytosis of animal origin in humans. We studied the prevalence of dermatophyte species in domestic animals in Switzerland and examined the effectiveness of direct mycological examination (DME) for their detection compared to mycological cultures. In total, 3515 hair and skin samples, collected between 2008 and 2022 by practicing veterinarians, were subjected to direct fluorescence microscopy and fungal culture. Overall, 611 dermatophytes were isolated, of which 547 (89.5%) were from DME-positive samples. Cats and dogs were the main reservoirs of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis, whereas Trichophyton benhamiae was predominantly found in guinea pigs. Cultures with M. canis significantly (p < 0.001) outnumbered those with T. mentagrophytes in DME-negative samples (19.3% versus 6.8%), possibly because M. canis can be asymptomatic in cats and dogs, unlike T. mentagrophytes, which is always infectious. Our data confirm DME as a reliable, quick, and easy method to identify the presence of dermatophytes in animals. A positive DME in an animal hair or skin sample should alert people in contact with the animal to the risk of contracting dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fratti
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olympia Bontems
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karine Salamin
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Monod
- Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-21-314-0376; Fax: +41-21-314-0378
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11
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Spanamberg A, Ravazzolo AP, Araujo R, Franceschi N, Ferreiro L. Bovine ringworm - Detection of Trichophyton verrucosum by SYBR-Green real-time PCR. Med Mycol Case Rep 2023; 39:34-37. [PMID: 36865767 PMCID: PMC9971031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton verrucosum is the most commonly dermatophyte involved in cattle ringworm. This work reported a case of bovine dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton verrucosum detected from the clinical sample by SYBR-Green real-time PCR. The strategy was based on the DNA extraction directly from the infected hair followed by real-time PCR and melting-point analysis. A faster and differential diagnosis was observed when compared to the conventional mycological methodology for detection and identification of Trichophyton verrucosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Spanamberg
- Setor de Micologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Corresponding author. Setor de Micologia, FaVet - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves n. 9090. Bairro Agronomia, CEP, 91540-000. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Ravazzolo
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Araujo
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal,INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Franceschi
- Setor de Micologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laerte Ferreiro
- Setor de Micologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Rambozzi L, Meneguz PG, Molinar Min AR, Pasquetti M, Peano A. Concurrent Chorioptic Mange and Dermatophytosis in Dairy Goats: A Case Report. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120677. [PMID: 36548838 PMCID: PMC9782473 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A concurrent chorioptic mange and dermatophytosis outbreak occurred in a goat flock in northwestern Italy. Sanitation of the flock was obtained following pour-on eprinomectin application at a dose of 1 mg/kg; enilconazole was used for environmental disinfection against dermatophyte spores.
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13
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Kottferová L, Molnár L, Čonková E, Major P, Sesztáková E, Szarková A, Slivková M, Kottferová J. Fungal Flora in Asymptomatic Pet Guinea Pigs and Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182387. [PMID: 36139247 PMCID: PMC9495200 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small mammals hider a wide number of saprophytic fungi associated with dermatophytosis in young or immunocompromised humans. This raises the possibility of potential zoonotic transmission of dermatophytes in animals from pet shops. Therefore, it is recommended that routine fungal diagnostic testing in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) be carried out, to detect potential zoonotic fungi. The almost complete lack of cutaneous lesions in many cases associated with the presence of such a dermatophyte on healthy mammals may increase the risk of zoonotic transmission. This study identifies the most common fungal species that occur on the skin in guinea pigs and rabbits and determines the rate of asymptomatic carriers in healthy pet animals. Abstract Fungal skin diseases are well-recognized diseases with public health implications. The study provides a comprehensive overview and aims to determine the rate of positive fungal cultures to identify the most common fungal species in guinea pigs and rabbits and to determine the rate of asymptomatic carriers in healthy pet animals. This knowledge is essential for understanding disease transmission dynamics and epidemiological situation problems. A total of 167 animals (64 rabbits and 103 guinea pigs) were investigated in this study. The fungi of the genus Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor, Cladosporium, and Aspergillus were the most common in the examined animals, and they were isolated from 162 (97%) of the animals enrolled. No fungal growth was observed in 5 animals. In 15 cases (8.98%), we found pathogenic zoonotic dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes), which caused several health problems in two humans in contact with affected animals. This study presents the prevalence of fungal flora in pet guinea pigs and rabbits in Slovakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kottferová
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Molnár
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-908477082
| | - Eva Čonková
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Major
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Edina Sesztáková
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Szarková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Monika Slivková
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Kottferová
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
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14
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Abstract
Annular configuration is conspicuous in the clinical manifestation of many skin diseases and can be helpful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Variations may include arciform, ring-form, annular, circinate, serpiginous, gyrated, polycyclic, targeted or figurate forms, in different colors, sizes, and numbers, with various textures and surfaces. In infectious dermatoses, the annular reactions can be specific or nonspecific, while the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the specific reactions caused by direct invasion of the pathogens, the contest between the centrifugal outspread of the infectious agents and the centripetal impedance of the host immune response is supposed to determine the final conformation. Examples include erythema infectiosum, orf, erythema multiforme, and pityriasis rosea of viral origin. Bacterial infections that may display annular lesions include erythrasma, erythema (chronicum) migrans of Lyme borreliosis, secondary syphilis, cutaneous tuberculosis, and leprosy. Superficial mycosis, such as dermatophytosis, candida intertrigo, tinea imbricata, and subcutaneous mycosis, such as chromoblastomycosis, and algae infection protothecosis, are characterized by annular progression of the skin lesions. The creeping serpiginous extension is an alarming sign for the diagnosis of cutaneous larva migrans. A better understanding of the virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogens and the way and type of immune response will help to clarify the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kusmarinah Bramono
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Ezmerli
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chao-Chun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - WenChieh Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Müs Tak HK, Ünal G, Müs Tak INBA. Detection of Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods. Vet Dermatol 2022; 33:516-522. [PMID: 36000592 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are infectious zoonotic fungal agents that are common in animals worldwide. A new loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and quantitative (q)PCR can be used for identifying these agents. Both methods have high specificity and sensitivity, and are simple and quick to use. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To develop a LAMP and a rapid multiplex qPCR method for detecting Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, which are the most common fungal species isolated from cats and dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Both methods targeted the CHS-1 gene. Their specificity and sensitivity were tested using 64 M. canis and 44 T. mentagrophytes field strains. The validation of the methods was performed using 250 clinical fungal-positive hair samples. RESULTS The specificity value was 100% for both methods. For LAMP, the sensitivity value was 96.9% for M. canis and 93.2% for T. mentagrophytes. For qPCR, the sensitivity values were 98.4% for M. canis and 97.7% for T. mentagrophytes. Similar specificity and sensitivity results were obtained from the validation study using 250 clinical hair samples. LAMP and multiplex qPCR took 30 and 45 min (respectively) for both targets. The limit of detection (LOD) assays for both targets were 10 and 1 spore/mL for LAMP and multiplex qPCR, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the LAMP and multiplex qPCR methods targeting CHS-1 gene developed in this study can be used both for point-of-care testing and in the laboratory for detecting M. canis and T. mentagrophytes with high specificity and sensitivity with an internal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Kaan Müs Tak
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gültekin Ünal
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - I Nci Bas Ak Müs Tak
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Moskaluk AE, VandeWoude S. Current Topics in Dermatophyte Classification and Clinical Diagnosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090957. [PMID: 36145389 PMCID: PMC9502385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are highly infectious fungi that cause superficial infections in keratinized tissues in humans and animals. This group of fungi is defined by their ability to digest keratin and encompasses a wide range of species. Classification of many of these species has recently changed due to genetic analysis, potentially affecting clinical diagnosis and disease management. In this review, we discuss dermatophyte classification including name changes for medically important species, current and potential diagnostic techniques for detecting dermatophytes, and an in-depth review of Microsporum canis, a prevalent zoonotic dermatophyte. Fungal culture is still considered the “gold standard” for diagnosing dermatophytosis; however, modern molecular assays have overcome the main disadvantages of culture, allowing for tandem use with cultures. Further investigation into novel molecular assays for dermatophytosis is critical, especially for high-density populations where rapid diagnosis is essential for outbreak prevention. A frequently encountered dermatophyte in clinical settings is M. canis, which causes dermatophytosis in humans and cats. M. canis is adapting to its primary host (cats) as one of its mating types (MAT1-2) appears to be going extinct, leading to a loss of sexual reproduction. Investigating M. canis strains around the world can help elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of this fungi.
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17
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Zoonotic Dermatophyte Infection in Pet Rabbits in Northern Taiwan. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060627. [PMID: 35736110 PMCID: PMC9224643 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the group of keratinophilic fungi that cause superficial cutaneous infection, which traditionally belong to the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Dermatophyte infection is not only a threat to the health of small animals, but also an important zoonotic and public health issue because of the potential transmission from animals to humans. Rabbit dermatophytosis is often clinically identified; however, limited information was found in Asia. The aims of this study are to investigate the prevalence and to evaluate the risk factors of dermatophytosis in pet rabbits in Northern Taiwan. Between March 2016 and October 2018, dander samples of pet rabbits were collected for fungal infection examination by Wood’s lamp, microscopic examination (KOH preparation), fungal culture, and PCR assay (molecular identification). Z test and Fisher’s exact test were performed to evaluate the potential risk factors, and logistic regression analysis was then performed to build the model of risk factors related to dermatophyte infection. Of the collected 250 dander samples of pet rabbits, 29 (11.6%) samples were positive for dermatophytes by molecular identification. In those samples, 28 samples were identified as the T. mentagrophytes complex and 1 sample was identified as M. canis. Based on the results of the Firth’s bias reduction logistic analyses, animal source (rabbits purchased from pet shops) and number of rearing rabbits (three rabbits or more) were shown as the main risks for dermatophyte infection in the pet rabbits in Taiwan. The results of the present study elucidate the prevalence of rabbit dermatophyte infection, pathogens, and risk factors in Taiwan, and provide an important reference for the prevention and control of rabbit dermatophytosis.
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18
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Pir M, Budak F, Metiner K. In vitro antifungal activity of heterocyclic organoboron compounds against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis obtained from clinical isolates. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1297-1303. [PMID: 35697970 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of thirty-eight heterocyclic organoboron compounds (1a-o, 2a-j, 3a-m) against clinically isolated dermatophytes Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of compounds (1a-o, 2a-j, 3a-m) were determined according to published protocol Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 broth microdilution method. The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) for both T. mentagrophytes and M. canis were found by subculturing each fungal suspension on potato dextrose agar. According to the results, heterocyclic organoboron compounds (1a-o, 2a-j, 3a-m) were found to be more effective against dermatophyte M. canis (MIC = 3.12-25 µg/ml) than T. mentagrophytes (MIC = 12.5-100 µg/ml). Our findings showed that 7-membered heterocyclic organoboron compounds (3a-m) (MIC = 12.5-50 µg/ml) have stronger in vitro antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes than 5-membered heterocyclic organoboron compounds (1a-o, 2a-j) (MIC = 25-100 µg/ml). The MFC values for all compounds ranged from 6.25 to 200 µg/ml. The limited number of systemic antifungal agents used in the treatment of dermatophyte infections and the presence of side effects have led to the search for new treatment resources in recent years. Therefore, investigation of the effect of heterocyclic organoboron compounds against dermatophytes will be promising for the discovery of new antifungal compounds that have gained great importance today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Pir
- Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology, Kocaeli Vocational School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Budak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Kemal Metiner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Peano A, Hubka V, Cavana P, Ottino C, Blandolino M, Molinar Min AR, Pasquetti M. Cases of dermatophytosis caused by
Trichophyton benhamiae
var.
luteum
and
T. europaeum
, newly described dermatophytes within the
T. benhamiae
complex. Vet Dermatol 2022; 33:440-445. [PMID: 35635276 PMCID: PMC9545641 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Turin Grugliasco, Torino Italy
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Paola Cavana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Turin Grugliasco, Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Ottino
- Non‐Conventional Animal Unit Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Turin Grugliasco, Torino Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Pasquetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Turin Grugliasco, Torino Italy
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20
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Emam M, Soliman MMH, Eisa WH, Hasanin M. Solid and Liquid Green Ag NPs based on Banana Peel Extract as an eco‐friendly remedy for Ringworm in pets. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Emam
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics department, National Research Centre Dokki Cairo Egypt
| | - Mona M. H. Soliman
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, National Research Centre Dokki Cairo Egypt
| | - Wael H. Eisa
- Spectroscopy Dept., Physics Division, National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hasanin
- Cellulose & Paper Dept., National Research Centre Dokki Egypt
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21
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Re-discovery of Trichophyton bullosum in North Africa as a cause of severe dermatophytosis in donkeys. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:265-275. [PMID: 34761341 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the first verified cases of infection by Trichophyton bullosum in Africa since the description of the fungus, isolated in 1933 from the coat of horses in Tunisia and Mali. We found the fungus in cutaneous samples obtained from donkeys suffering from severe dermatitis with areas of alopecia and scaling in the surroundings of Cairo (Egypt). Fungal elements (arthroconidia and hyphae) were seen at the microscopy of material collected by skin scraping and digested in NaOH. Fungal colonies grown on various culture media were identified through PCR and sequencing of the ITS rDNA region. Since the original report in Africa and the Middle East, only a few cases have been reported thus far in humans in France and two cases in horses in the Czech Republic and Japan. Trichophyton bullosum seems thus an infrequent cause of dermatophytosis. However, the actual prevalence of this pathogen may be underestimated due to the similarity with T. verrucosum, a predominant cause of infection in cattle, occasionally found on horses and donkeys. Indeed, the two fungi can be distinguished only via molecular methods, which are poorly employed in epidemiological studies on equine and bovine dermatophytosis. The present study results add to our knowledge on the ecology of this poorly explored dermatophyte, supporting the concept that equines are the primary hosts of T. bullosum and confirming the presence of this pathogen in Africa. At the same time, these are the first unequivocally documented infections in donkeys due to T. bullosum.
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22
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Brescini L, Fioriti S, Morroni G, Barchiesi F. Antifungal Combinations in Dermatophytes. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090727. [PMID: 34575765 PMCID: PMC8469868 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide, affecting millions of people annually. The emergence of resistance among dermatophytes along with the availability of antifungal susceptibility procedures suitable for testing antifungal agents against this group of fungi make the combinatorial approach particularly interesting to be investigated. Therefore, we reviewed the scientific literature concerning the antifungal combinations against dermatophytes. A literature search on the subject performed in PubMed yielded 68 publications: 37 articles referring to in vitro studies and 31 articles referring to case reports or clinical studies. In vitro studies involved over 400 clinical isolates of dermatophytes (69% Trichophyton spp., 29% Microsporum spp., and 2% Epidermophyton floccosum). Combinations included two antifungal agents or an antifungal agent plus another chemical compound including plant extracts or essential oils, calcineurin inhibitors, peptides, disinfectant agents, and others. In general, drug combinations yielded variable results spanning from synergism to indifference. Antagonism was rarely seen. In over 700 patients with documented dermatophyte infections, an antifungal combination approach could be evaluated. The most frequent combination included a systemic antifungal agent administered orally (i.e., terbinafine, griseofulvin, or azole-mainly itraconazole) plus a topical medication (i.e., azole, terbinafine, ciclopirox, amorolfine) for several weeks. Clinical results indicate that association of antifungal agents is effective, and it might be useful to accelerate the clinical and microbiological healing of a superficial infection. Antifungal combinations in dermatophytes have gained considerable scientific interest over the years and, in consideration of the interesting results available so far, it is desirable to continue the research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Brescini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (L.B.); (S.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Simona Fioriti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (L.B.); (S.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (L.B.); (S.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Francesco Barchiesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (L.B.); (S.F.); (G.M.)
- Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-721-36-5505
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23
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Lindenhahn J, Bartosch T, Baumbach CM, Suchowski M, Kacza J, Schrödl W, Michler JK. Detection of subtilisin 3 and 6 in skin biopsies of cattle with clinically manifested bovine ringworm. Med Mycol 2021; 59:305-308. [PMID: 33085766 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton (T.) verrucosum is a highly pathogenic dermatophyte causing zoonotic bovine ringworm that is transmissible to humans. The virulence factors subtilisin (Sub)3 and Sub6 are discussed to contribute to disease manifestation but no protein expression study is available for T. verrucosum. We used customized antibodies (against Trichophyton-species, Sub3 and Sub6) to examine skin biopsies of infected cattle via immunofluorescence stainings. Both virulence factors Sub3 and 6 were solely expressed by conidia and not only found in epidermal but also in dermal and hair structures. The anti-T-antibody reliably detected the fungus and proved more sensitive compared to histological stains. LAY SUMMARY We examined the zoonotic dermatophyte Trichophyton (T.) verrucosum in bovine skin and studied two important virulence factors called subtilisin (Sub)3 and Sub6 that T. verrucosum produces and secretes using immunolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lindenhahn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theresa Bartosch
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcel Suchowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Bioimaging Core Facility, Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jule K Michler
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Lopes AI, Tavaria FK, Pintado ME. Conventional and natural compounds for the treatment of dermatophytosis. Med Mycol 2021; 58:707-720. [PMID: 31773153 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are a group of pathogenic fungi that exclusively infect the stratum corneum of the skin, nails, and hair, causing dermatophytosis. Superficial skin infections caused by dermatophytes have increased in the last decades. There are conventional antifungals that treat these infections, such as terbinafine, fluconazole, and others. However, the limitations of these treatments (resistance, side effects and toxicity) along with the increasing over-prescription, the misuse of these antifungals and the high treatment costs led to the search for new, alternative, natural-based antifungal drugs. These have multiple mechanisms of action, which works to their advantage, making it difficult for a fungus to create resistance mechanisms against all of them at the same time. The main objective of this work is to provide a state-of-the-art review on dermatophytes, dermatophytosis, and the existing treatments, both conventional and natural, such as chitosan and essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Lopes
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Freni K Tavaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Pintado
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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Baumbach CM, Müller S, Reuschel M, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P, Baums CG, Schrödl W. Identification of Zoophilic Dermatophytes Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:631681. [PMID: 33996620 PMCID: PMC8113951 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.631681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses represent a major health burden in animals and man. Zoophilic dermatophytes usually show a high specificity to their original animal host but a zoonotic transmission is increasingly recorded. In humans, these infections elicit highly inflammatory skin lesions requiring prolonged therapy even in the immunocompetent patient. The correct identification of the causative agent is often crucial to initiate a targeted and effective therapy. To that end, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) represents a promising tool. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of species identification of zoophilic dermatophytes using MALDI-TOF MS. The investigation of isolates from veterinary clinical samples suspicious of dermatophytoses suggests a good MALDI-TOF MS based identification of the most common zoophilic dermatophyte Microsporum canis. Trichophyton (T.) spp. usually achieved scores only around the cutoff value for secure species identification because of a small number of reference spectra. Moreover, these results need to be interpreted with caution due to the close taxonomic relationship of dermatophytes being reflected in very similar spectra. In our study, the analysis of 50 clinical samples of hedgehogs revealed no correct identification using the provided databases, nor for zoophilic neither for geophilic causative agents. After DNA sequencing, adaptation of sample processing and an individual extension of the in-house database, acceptable identification scores were achieved (T. erinacei and Arthroderma spp., respectively). A score-oriented distance dendrogram revealed clustering of geophilic isolates of four different species of the genus Arthroderma and underlined the close relationship of the important zoophilic agents T. erinacei, T. verrucosum and T. benhamiae by forming a subclade within a larger cluster including different dermatophytes. Taken together, MALDI-TOF MS proofed suitable for the identification of zoophilic dermatophytes provided fresh cultures are used and the reference library was previously extended with spectra of laboratory-relevant species. Performing independent molecular methods, such as sequencing, is strongly recommended to substantiate the findings from morphologic and MALDI-TOF MS analyses, especially for uncommon causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Marie Baumbach
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Müller
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reuschel
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Dermatophytes Isolated from Companion Animals with Clinical Symptoms of Dermatophytosis. J Vet Res 2021; 65:175-182. [PMID: 34250302 PMCID: PMC8256462 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dermatophytosis is a common skin disease in cats and dogs caused by Microsporum and Trichophyton fungi. Species identification and knowledge of their antifungal susceptibility are therapeutically and epidemiologically important. This study assessed the prevalence of feline and canine dermatophytosis in Iran, identified the aetiological agents molecularly and tested their antifungal susceptibility. Material and Methods A total of 308 companion animals (134 dogs and 174 cats) with skin lesions were examined from March 2015 to March 2018. Hair and skin samples were examined by microscopy with 20% KOH and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol. Fungal isolates were confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) r-DNA region. The antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes was tested by broth microdilution assay using standard drugs. Results Dermatophytes were found in 130 (42.2%) samples, 62 of them feline and 68 canine. Based on sequencing of all strains, M. canis (78.5%, P<0.05), M. gypseum (10.7%), and T. mentagrophytes (10.7%) were the dermatophytes isolated. The non-dermatophyte species Nannizziopsis vriesii was also isolated from two feline dermatomycosis cases. Dogs and cats younger than one year (61.5%) showed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of infection (P<0.05). Caspofungin produced the lowest geometric mean MIC at 0.0018 μg/mL, followed by ketoconazole, terbinafine, itraconazole, miconazole, griseofulvin, clotrimazole and fluconazole, in a 0.038–1.53 μg/mL range. Conclusion This is the first molecular study to identify the causes of pet dermatophytosis in north-western Iran. ITS-PCR was shown to be a useful and reliable method for the identification of closely related species of dermatophytes in clinical and epidemiological settings. The lowest MIC of caspofungin indicated that this drug was the most potent in vitro.
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da Costa B, Pippi B, Berlitz SJ, Carvalho AR, Teixeira ML, Külkamp-Guerreiro IC, Andrade SF, Fuentefria AM. Evaluation of activity and toxicity of combining clioquinol with ciclopirox and terbinafine in alternative models of dermatophytosis. Mycoses 2021; 64:727-733. [PMID: 33772895 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection that affects humans and is very common in small animals. The treatment using the most commonly used antifungals is failing, and new therapeutic alternatives are required to combat the resistance of these fungal infections. Previous studies by the group have shown that clioquinol is an important therapeutic alternative in the treatment of dermatophytosis. The object was to conduct studies of antidermatophytic activity and the irritant potential from the double and triple combinations of clioquinol, terbinafine and ciclopirox in ex vivo and in vivo alternative models. To evaluate the irritant potential of antifungal combinations, the alternative HET-CAM method (chicken egg test chorioallantoic membrane) was used. Ex vivo models were used to assess the effectiveness of antifungal combinations, using pig hooves and veterinary fur. Any possible tissue damage was to assess through in histopathology of swine ears. HET-CAM results showed that all combinations can be classified as non-irritating, corroborated by the results of the histopathological evaluation of the pig's ear skin. Only the double combinations managed to remove 100% of the colony-forming units (CFU) formed on the pig's hooves. The clioquinol + terbinafine combination and the triple combination were more effective than clioquinol + ciclopirox in eradicating the preformed biofilm in fur of veterinary origin. These results show the potential of formulations of clioquinol in combination with antifungals for use in humans and in the veterinary field to combat dermatophytosis, as an important alternative therapy, for use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pippi
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Simone Jacobus Berlitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ramos Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mario Lettieri Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Concórdia, Concórdia, Brazil
| | - Irene Clemes Külkamp-Guerreiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo F Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Sharma B, Nonzom S. Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario-an updated analysis. Mycoses 2021; 64:890-908. [PMID: 33665915 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Superficial mycoses of skin, nails and hair are among the common fungal infections. They are caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds, yeasts and yeast-like fungi. Such fungal infections are widespread all over the world and are predominant in tropical as well as subtropical regions. Environmental factors, such as warm, humid and pitiable hygienic conditions, are conducive for their growth and proliferation. Although it does not cause mortality, it is known to be associated with excessive morbidity which may be psychological or physical. This affects the quality of life of the infected individuals which leads to a negative impact on their occupational, emotional and social status. Such infections are increasing on a global scale and, therefore, are of serious concern worldwide. This review article covers the global and Indian scenario of superficial mycoses taking into account the historical background, aetiological agents, prevalence, cultural and environmental factors, risk factors, pathogenesis and hygienic practices for the prevention of superficial mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Skarma Nonzom
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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KARACAN SEVER N, ÜSTÜN T, OMEROVİC M, ÖNOL M, ZAHİRİ AK, DOĞAN B. Prevalence of dermatophytes isolated from domestic animals in Ankara within a three-year period (2014-2017). MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.844656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Use of Essential Oils in Veterinary Medicine to Combat Bacterial and Fungal Infections. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E193. [PMID: 33266079 PMCID: PMC7712454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites of plants employed in folk medicine for a long time thanks to their multiple properties. In the last years, their use has been introduced in veterinary medicine, too. The study of the antibacterial properties of EOs is of increasing interest, because therapies with alternative drugs are welcome to combat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Other issues could be resolved by EOs employment, such as the presence of antibiotic residues in food of animal origin and in environment. Although the in vitro antimicrobial activity of EOs has been frequently demonstrated in studies carried out on bacterial and fungal strains of different origins, there is a lack of information about their effectiveness in treating infections in animals. The scientific literature reports some studies about in vitro EOs' activity against animal clinical bacterial and fungal isolates, but in vivo studies are very scanty. The use of EOs in therapy of companion and farm animals should follow careful studies on the toxicity of these natural products in relation to animal species and route of administration. Moreover, considering the different behavior of EOs in relation to both species and strain pathogen, before starting a therapy, an aromatogram should be executed to choose the oil with the best antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Čmoková A, Kolařík M, Dobiáš R, Hoyer LL, Janouškovcová H, Kano R, Kuklová I, Lysková P, Machová L, Maier T, Mallátová N, Man M, Mencl K, Nenoff P, Peano A, Prausová H, Stubbe D, Uhrlaß S, Větrovský T, Wiegand C, Hubka V. Resolving the taxonomy of emerging zoonotic pathogens in the Trichophyton benhamiae complex. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tartor YH, El-Neshwy WM, Merwad AMA, Abo El-Maati MF, Mohamed RE, Dahshan HM, Mahmoud HI. Ringworm in calves: risk factors, improved molecular diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy of an Aloe vera gel extract. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:421. [PMID: 33148275 PMCID: PMC7640396 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dermatophytosis in calves is a major public and veterinary health concern worldwide because of its zoonotic potential and associated economic losses in cattle farms. However, this condition has lacked adequate attention; thus, to develop effective control measures, we determined ringworm prevalence, risk factors, and the direct-sample nested PCR diagnostic indices compared with the conventional methods of dermatophytes identification. Moreover, the phenolic composition of an Aloe vera gel extract (AGE) and its in vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activity were evaluated and compared with those of antifungal drugs. Results Of the 760 calves examined, 55.79% (424/760) showed ringworm lesions; 84.91% (360/424) were positive for fungal elements in direct-microscopy, and 79.72% (338/424) were positive in culture. Trichophyton verrucosum was the most frequently identified dermatophyte (90.24%). The risk of dermatophytosis was higher in 4–6-month-old vs. 1-month-old calves (60% vs. 41%), and in summer and winter compared with spring and autumn seasons (66 and 54% vs. 48%). Poor hygienic conditions, intensive breeding systems, animal raising for meat production, parasitic infestation, crossbreeding, and newly purchased animals were statistically significant risk factors for dermatophytosis. One-step PCR targeting the conserved regions of the 18S and 28S genes achieved unequivocal identification of T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes in hair samples. Nested-PCR exhibited an excellent performance in all tested diagnostic indices and increased the species-specific detection of dermatophytes by 20% compared with culture. Terbinafine and miconazole were the most active antifungal agents for dermatophytes. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, aloe-Emodin, quercetin, and rutin were the major phenolic compounds of AGE, as assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These compounds increased and synergized the antidermatophytic activity of AGE. The treated groups showed significantly lower clinical scores vs. the control group (P < 0.05). The calves were successfully treated with topical AGE (500 ppm), resulting in clinical and mycological cure within 14–28 days of the experiment; however, the recovery was achieved earlier in the topical miconazole 2% and AGE plus oral terbinafine groups. Conclusions The nested PCR assay provided a rapid diagnostic tool for dermatophytosis and complemented the conventional methods for initiating targeted treatments for ringworm in calves. The recognized antidermatophytic potential of AGE is an advantageous addition to the therapeutic outcomes of commercial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine H Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa M El-Neshwy
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M A Merwad
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Abo El-Maati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Rehab E Mohamed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Hesham M Dahshan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Hala I Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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Occurrence of Trichophyton verrucosum in cattle in the Ningxia Hui autonomous region, China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:187. [PMID: 32522200 PMCID: PMC7288468 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is an important cattle breeding area in China, and cattle breeding bases are located in this area. In Ningxia, dermatophytes have not been paid attention to, so dermatophytosis is becoming more and more serious. For effective control measures, it is important to determine the disease prevalence and isolate and identify the pathogenic microorganism. Results The study showed the prevalence of dermatophytes was 15.35% (74/482). The prevalence in calf was higher than adult cattle (p < 0.05). The morbidity was the highest in winter compared with autumn (p < 0.0001), summer (p < 0.05) and spring (p < 0.0001). The prevalence in Guyuan was the highest compared with Yinchuan (p < 0.05) and Shizuishan (p < 0.05). The incidence of lesions on the face, head, neck, trunk and whole body was 20.43, 38.71, 20.43, 10.75 and 9.68%, respectively. From all samples, the isolation rate of Trichophyton was highest (61.1%). The phylogenetic tree constructed showed that the 11 pathogenic fungi were on the same branch as Trichophyton verrucosum. Conclusions This study reports, for the first time, the presence of Trichophyton verrucosum in cattle in Ningxia and showed that the incidence of dermatophytosis is related to different regions, ages and seasons. A better knowledge of the prevalence of dermatophytosis of cattle may allow the adoption of more efficient control measures and prophylaxis.
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Häfliger IM, Sickinger M, Holsteg M, Raeder LM, Henrich M, Marquardt S, Drögemüller C, Lühken G. An IL17RA frameshift variant in a Holstein cattle family with psoriasis-like skin alterations and immunodeficiency. BMC Genet 2020; 21:55. [PMID: 32448141 PMCID: PMC7247147 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin lesions and dermatoses in cattle are often associated with infections due to bacteria, fungi or environmental risk factors. Dermatoses with genetic etiology have been described in cattle. Among these rare disorders, there are primary congenital dermatoses that are associated with inherited nutritional deficiencies, such as bovine hereditary zinc deficiency or zinc deficiency-like syndrome. This study presents three cases of Holstein cattle with congenital skin lesions observed on a single farm that resemble zinc deficiency-like syndrome. Close clinical and pathological examinations took place in two cases. Pedigree analysis indicated autosomal recessive inheritance and whole-genome sequencing of both affected calves was performed. RESULTS The two calves showed retarded growth and suffered from severe ulcerative dermatitis with hyperkeratosis, alopecia furunculosis and subcutaneous abscess formation. Blood analysis showed correspondent leukocytosis with neutrophilia whereas minerals, macro- and micronutrients were within the reference ranges. Variant calling and filtering against the 1000 Bull Genomes variant catalogue resulted in the detection of a single homozygous protein-changing variant exclusively present in both sequenced genomes. This single-nucleotide deletion in exon 3 of IL17RA on bovine chromosome 5 was predicted to have a deleterious impact on the encoded protein due to a frameshift leading to a truncated gene product. Genotyping of the affected cattle family confirmed recessive inheritance. CONCLUSIONS A loss-of-function mutation of the IL17RA transmembrane protein could be identified as most likely pathogenic variant for the psoriasis-like skin alterations observed in the two affected Holstein calves. In man, rare recessive diseases associated with IL17RA include immunodeficiency 51 and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. This supports the observed immunodeficiency of the presented cases. This study reports the first naturally occurring IL17RA-associated animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Häfliger
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Sickinger
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with Ambulatory Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mark Holsteg
- Bovine Health Service, Chamber of Agriculture of North Rhine-Westphalia, 59505, Bad Sassendorf, Germany
| | - Leif M Raeder
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Henrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Marquardt
- Veterinary Sharing Practice, Dr. Siegfried Marquardt and Peter Walter, 47574, Goch, Germany
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gesine Lühken
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
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Dalla Lana DF, Batista BG, da Rosa Machado G, Teixeira ML, de Oliveira LFS, Machado MM, de Andrade SF, Lopes W, Vainstein MH, de Abreu Lima AP, Pandolfi E, Silva EE, Fuentefria AM, Silveira GP. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 2-substituted 1,4-benzenediol library as antimicrobial agents against clinically relevant pathogens. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:1064-1074. [PMID: 31885466 PMCID: PMC6921195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new antimicrobial agents, capable of combating resistant and multidrug-resistant fungal and bacterial clinical strains, is necessary. This study presents the synthesis and antimicrobial screening of 42 2-substituted-1,4-benzenediols, being 10 novel compounds. In total, 23 compounds showed activity against fungi and/or bacteria. Benzenediol compounds 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, and 12 demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial actions, including resistant and multidrug-resistant species of dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes), Candida spp. and the ESKAPE panel of bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of these compounds for fungi and bacterial strains ranged from 25 to 50 µg/ml and 8-128 µg/ml, respectively. The antifungal mechanism of action is related to the fungal cell wall of dermatophytes and membrane disruption to dermatophytes and yeasts, in the presence of compound 8. Specific structural changes, such as widespread thinning along the hyphae and yeast lysis, were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of compound 8 on cell viability are dose-dependent; however they did not cause genotoxicity and mutagenicity in human leukocyte cells nor haemolysis. Moreover, the compounds were identified as nonirritant by the ex-vivo Hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). The furan-1,4-benzenediol compound 5 showed in vivo efficacy to combat S. aureus infection using embryonated chicken eggs. Therefore, the compounds 8, and 5 are promising as hits for the development of new antimicrobial drugs with reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Flores Dalla Lana
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gerardon Batista
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriella da Rosa Machado
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mário Lettieri Teixeira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Concordia, SC, Brazil
| | - Luís Flávio Souza de Oliveira
- Center for Studies in Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Michel Mansur Machado
- Center for Studies in Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
- Department of Raw Materials Production, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - William Lopes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marilene Henning Vainstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Peixoto de Abreu Lima
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, CP11800, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Enrique Pandolfi
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, CP11800, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Edilma Elayne Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Pozza Silveira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abastabar M, Jedi A, Guillot J, Ilkit M, Eidi S, Hedayati MT, Shokohi T, Daie Ghazvini R, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Katiraee F, Javidnia J, Ahmadi B, Badali H. In vitro activities of 15 antifungal drugs against a large collection of clinical isolates of Microsporum canis. Mycoses 2019; 62:1069-1078. [PMID: 31408550 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporum canis is a zoophilic species, found to be the most frequently isolated species in animals. M. canis causes sporadic outbreaks of infections in humans, such as the one that occurred in Canada, where more than 1000 human cases were detected over an 8-year period. Despite the medical importance of M. canis infections, there are limited in vitro data on the antifungal susceptibility to antifungal drugs, including new generation triazoles and imidazoles. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to comprehensively evaluate the in vitro activity of new azoles and comparator drugs against a large panel of M. canis isolates using a microdilution assay. METHODS The in vitro susceptibility to novel triazoles and imidazoles was compared to that of other antifungal drugs using a large collection of M. canis clinical isolates (n = 208) obtained from patients and animals with dermatophytosis in Iran, France and Turkey. RESULTS All isolates exhibited high susceptibility to the majority of the tested antifungal agents. However, luliconazole, lanoconazole and efinaconazole, as well as econazole, demonstrated superior activity against all strains in comparis on with the other drugs. CONCLUSION FDA-approved antifungal drugs, that is luliconazole, efinaconazole and lanoconazole, showed the highest antifungal activity and should be promising candidates for the treatment of dermatophytosis caused by M canis. However, their therapeutic effectiveness remains to be determined in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Ali Jedi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology, Dermatology, EA Dynamyc, UPEC, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova
| | - Samaneh Eidi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
| | - Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Roshanak Daie Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine/Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
| | - Farzad Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
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Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum) from the Northeastern United States 2010-2017. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040171. [PMID: 31575004 PMCID: PMC6963859 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve wild North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) out of a total of 44 of this species examined in an 8-year period were diagnosed with dermatopathies while being cared for at two wildlife rehabilitation clinics. Biopsy and necropsy were performed on seven and five animals, respectively. Atypical dermatophytosis was diagnosed in all cases. Lesions consisted of diffuse severe epidermal hyperkeratosis and mild hyperplasia with mild lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis and no folliculitis. Dermatophytes were noted histologically as hyphae and spores in hair shafts, and follicular and epidermal keratin. Trichophyton sp. was grown in 5/6 animals where culture was performed, with a molecular diagnosis of Arthroderma benhamiae/Trichophyton mentagrophytes in these five cases. Metagenomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from three cases identified fungi from 17 orders in phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Alteration of therapy from ketaconazole, which was unsuccessful in four out of five early cases, to terbinafine or nitraconazole led to the resolution of disease and recovery to release in four subsequent animals. In all, six animals were euthanized or died due to dermatopathy, no cases resolved spontaneously, and six cases were resolved with therapy. The work we present demonstrates an atypical lesion and anatomical distribution due to dermatophytosis in a series of free-ranging wild porcupines and the successful development of novel techniques for extracting and sequencing nucleic acids from fungus in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded animal tissue.
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P. In search of the source of dermatophytosis: Epidemiological analysis of Trichophyton verrucosum infection in llamas and the breeder (case report). Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:982-989. [PMID: 31538413 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the number of cases of Trichophyton verrucosum isolation from humans suffering from mycoses has been constantly increasing, which is correlated with the presence of an increasing number of outdoor breeding farms. Farmers and their families as well as veterinarians and technicians involved in handling the animals are at a higher risk of infection. One of the most important aims of mycological diagnostics is epidemiological analysis. Typically, the history of the disease is not sufficient to indicate reliably and eliminate the outbreak of infection. PCR fingerprinting methods are a useful tool in this type of analysis, which is presented in this study. The main aim is to present diagnostic and epidemiological analyses of dermatophyte isolates from llamas and their breeder. In two llamas, round alopecia sites or ca. 2-cm excoriations covered with thickened scaling epidermis were noticed at the border of the head and neck with a distinct tendency towards hair loss. Tinea unguium was noticed in a nail of the breeder's right hand. Direct analysis of the material from the clinical lesions revealed the presence of arthrospores. The macro- and micromorphology of the isolates were homogeneous and characteristic for T. verrucosum. The identification analysis based on the ITS sequences confirmed the previous morphological diagnostic examination. The MP-PCR and MSP-PCR analysis indicated high invariability of the genomes of the strains isolated from the human and animals. The epidemiological research has indicated an identical source of dermatophyte infection in the breeder and the lamas. To sum up, the number of pets and farm animals is increasing and dermatologists should always be informed about possible dermatophyte transmission sources. The possibility of transmission of zoophilic dermatophytes from humans to animals is a suggestion for further analysis; therefore, this type of transmission should be considered in dermatological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Łagowski
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Roberts-Steel S, Oxley JA, Carroll A, Wills AP. Frequency of Owner-Reported Bacterial Infections in Pet Guinea Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090649. [PMID: 31487781 PMCID: PMC6770499 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic guinea pigs suffer morbidity and mortality due to a range of bacterial infections amongst other causes. Microorganisms such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus pneumoniae are commonly implicated in respiratory disease; however, there is a lack of research surrounding the prevalence of these bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency with which owners reported bacterial infections in pet guinea pigs and to assess owner knowledge of correct husbandry practices to inform prevention of the development of bacterial infections. An online questionnaire, consisting of 30 questions was promoted to guinea pig owners. Of all respondents (n = 524), 39.39% reported that their guinea pig(s) had been clinically diagnosed with a bacterial infection, with upper respiratory tract infections the most commonly reported (46.95%), followed by urinary tract (15.49%) and then gastrointestinal infections (11.73%). Owners demonstrated knowledge of correct husbandry practices and there was no significant effect (p = 0.475) of owner knowledge on having owned a guinea pig with a bacterial infection. Bacterial infections may be more common in guinea pigs than was previously thought. Further research is required to understand why bacterial infections are common in pet guinea pigs and to help owners to prevent and recognize these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Roberts-Steel
- Animal Welfare Research Arena, Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - James A Oxley
- Independent Researcher, Measham, Swadlincote DE12 7LQ, UK.
| | - Aisling Carroll
- Animal Welfare Research Arena, Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - Alison P Wills
- Animal Welfare Research Arena, Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK.
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41
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Answer to July 2019 Photo Quiz. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:57/7/e00801-18. [PMID: 31239403 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00801-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Verrier J, Jeanneau-Imparato L, Guillet C, Bourdeau P, Bouchara JP. PCR-terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism for direct detection and identification of dermatophytes in veterinary mycology. Med Mycol 2019; 57:447-456. [PMID: 30085212 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological diagnosis of dermatophytosis in veterinary medicine usually relies on direct microscopic examination and inoculation of the samples on appropriate culture media. However, identification of dermatophytes needs expertise, and cultures which require from days to weeks to be conclusive, may lack of sensitivity because of the quite common overgrowth of contaminants. Here we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP), which may improve sensitivity of the biological diagnosis and reduce the delay for initiation of treatment. This study was first conducted on pure cultures of various dermatophytes (27 species), yeasts (14 species) and moulds (45 species). After DNA extraction, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-28S region of ribosomal DNA was amplified with primers targeting specifically pathogenic dermatophytes, and species of interest were identified by TRFLP with appropriate restriction enzymes. After validation, this assay was applied to veterinary samples and results were compared to those obtained by direct microscopic examination and cultures. All target species were correctly identified, and none of the yeast or mould species was amplified, demonstrating specificity of the assay. Regarding clinical samples, the causative agent was detected by PCR-TRFLP from 97.1% of the samples with both positive direct microscopic examination and cultures. No dermatophytes were detected when both conventional tests were negative. PCR-TRFLP developed here demonstrated to be highly sensitive and specific, allowing rapid detection and direct identification of dermatophytes in veterinary practice. Therefore, this assay is especially suitable for the biological diagnosis of dermatophytosis in different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Verrier
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - L Jeanneau-Imparato
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France.,Laboratoire de Dermatologie-Parasitologie-Mycologie, Oniris - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Nantes, France.,Unité de Nutrition, PhysioPathologie et Pharmacologie (NP3), Oniris - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Nantes, France
| | - C Guillet
- Plateforme d'Analyse Cellulaire et Moléculaire (PACeM, SFR ICAT 4208), UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France
| | - P Bourdeau
- Laboratoire de Dermatologie-Parasitologie-Mycologie, Oniris - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Nantes, France.,Unité de Nutrition, PhysioPathologie et Pharmacologie (NP3), Oniris - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Nantes, France
| | - J P Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
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Sparber F, LeibundGut-Landmann S. IL-17 Takes Center Stage in Dermatophytosis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 138:1691-1693. [PMID: 30032786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-17 plays a critical role in host defense against fungal infections. So far, clinical relevance for IL-17 antifungal activity focused on mucocutaneous candidiasis. Burstein and colleagues now provide evidence that type 17 immunity is also essential for defense against dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sparber
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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da Cunha MM, Capote-Bonato F, Capoci IRG, Bonato DV, Ghizzi LG, Paiva-Lima P, Baeza LC, Svidzinski TIE. Epidemiological investigation and molecular typing of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in dogs and cats. Prev Vet Med 2019; 167:39-45. [PMID: 31027719 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was investigate the prevalence of dermatophytes in dogs, cats and environment floor through molecular epidemiology tools to identify the genetic profile of these infectious agents. This was an observational study with cross-sectional surveys design. Sample were collected from the hair and skin of 52 dogs and cats with the clinical suspicion of dermatophytosis, over a period of one year in Maringá, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Household samples (carpets and floor), were collected from animals that were positive for dermatophytosis by morphological colonies characteristics, and samples of dogs or cats living in the same household as with the positive animals were also collected. After mycological confirmation, molecular typing was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Microsporum canis was the unic dermatophyto isolated whose prevalence was 26.9% (14/52) in animals with the clinical suspicion of dermatophytosis and four other animals that lived with positive animals. As some animals had more than one lesion site, there were 22 total positive cultures from samples from animals and another ten from abiotic sources. The majority of the animals that provided positive cultures for M. canis were aged up to five months (77.8%) and were female (66.7%). Molecular typing using the P1 primer revealed genetically distinct profiles in the symptomatic, asymptomatic and environmental animal samples, or the same animal, furthermore, showed that M. canis could have microevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Milano da Cunha
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Francieli Capote-Bonato
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Isis Regina Grenier Capoci
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Denis Vinicius Bonato
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Ghedin Ghizzi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Paiva-Lima
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Union of Southwest Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, 85605-040, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR, 85819-110, Brazil.
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The frequency of fungi isolated from the skin and hair of asymptomatic cats in rural area of Meshkin-shahr-Iran. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:14-18. [PMID: 30765158 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is a frequent cutaneous infection affecting the keratinized tissues of humans, pets and livestock. Animals can carry dermatophytic elements asymptomatically and are considered to play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. As exposure to any infected lesion free animals, especially cats, may lead to the development of infection in humans. OBJECTIVES This study was done to determine the frequency of fungal agents isolated from skin and hair of cats living in rural areas of Meshkin-shahr, Iran. ANIMALS A total of 103 asymptomatic cats living in rural areas of the region were studied. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in Medical Mycology Laboratory, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences from February 2015 to July 2016. A total of 103 asymptomatic cats were studied. Mycological analysis including direct examination and culture on SC, SCC and DTM of the collected samples were conducted. For molecular confirmation when needed, panfungal PCR targeting the ITS1 region of the rDNA gene cluster using primers ITS1 and ITS4 were performed. Gender and age were also recorded. RESULTS None of the 103 cats examined were positive for fungal elements on direct examination. However, 15 (14.5%) cases showed dermatophytes growth. T. verrucosum was the most common etiologic agents of dermatophytosis. Although the gender of the cats had not significant association with dermatophytosis prevalence, age was a significant influential risk factor (P=0.019). Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Rhizopus spp., Penicillium spp.and paecilomyces spp. in descending frequency were the most predominantly identified saprophytic fungi. CONCLUSION Our findings clearly highlighted the epidemiological role of asymptomatic cats in spreading dermatophytosis to humans and other animals.
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Di Mattia D, Fondati A, Monaco M, Pasquetti M, Peano A. Comparison of two inoculation methods for Microsporum canis culture using the toothbrush sampling technique. Vet Dermatol 2018; 30:60-e17. [PMID: 30537254 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal culture toothbrush method is a common method for obtaining material for fungal cultures to diagnose dermatophytosis. The optimal technique for inoculation onto the agar surface has not been studied. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare two inoculation techniques; the first involved pressing the toothbrush onto the plate surface (Procedure A) and the second involved pressing the toothbrush onto the agar, as well as transferring hairs and scales entrapped in the bristles. (Procedure B). The hypothesis was that transferring hairs onto the plate would increase the likelihood of obtaining positive cultures. ANIMALS Twenty-six cattery-housed cats were sampled using the toothbrush technique. Two toothbrush samples were obtained from each cat. METHODS AND MATERIALS The two toothbrush samples from each cat were randomized to Procedure A or B, and the investigator was blinded to inoculation technique. Cultures were performed on a medium specific for dermatophytes. The number of positive plates, and the presence and abundance of colonies of dermatophytes and contaminant moulds were compared between the two techniques. RESULTS Twenty-one cats were culture-positive for Microsporum canis. Procedure A resulted in a significantly higher number (P < 0.01) of positive plates (20 of 21; 95%) compared with Procedure B (seven of 21; 33%). These results were due mainly to higher plate invasion by contaminant moulds, using Procedure B. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Based upon the findings of this study, the optimum inoculation technique is to press toothbrush bristles onto agar plates to maximize growth of M. canis and minimize introduction of contaminant inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Di Mattia
- Praxis Veterinary Clinic, Via Nazionale 68, 83013, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Moira Monaco
- Veterinaria Cetego, Via M.C. Cetego 20, 00177, Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Pasquetti
- Dipartimento Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Largo Palo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Peano
- Dipartimento Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Largo Palo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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Seyedmousavi S, Bosco SDMG, de Hoog S, Ebel F, Elad D, Gomes RR, Jacobsen ID, Jensen HE, Martel A, Mignon B, Pasmans F, Piecková E, Rodrigues AM, Singh K, Vicente VA, Wibbelt G, Wiederhold NP, Guillot J. Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538732 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fungal infections in both human and animals has increased over the last decades. This article represents an overview of the different categories of fungal infections that can be encountered in animals originating from environmental sources without transmission to humans. In addition, the endemic infections with indirect transmission from the environment, the zoophilic fungal pathogens with near-direct transmission, the zoonotic fungi that can be directly transmitted from animals to humans, mycotoxicoses and antifungal resistance in animals will also be discussed. Opportunistic mycoses are responsible for a wide range of diseases from localized infections to fatal disseminated diseases, such as aspergillosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and infections caused by melanized fungi. The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis and the Bat White-nose syndrome are due to obligatory fungal pathogens. Zoonotic agents are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa. The list of zoonotic fungal agents is limited but some species, like Microsporum canis and Sporothrix brasiliensis from cats, have a strong public health impact. Mycotoxins are defined as the chemicals of fungal origin being toxic for warm-blooded vertebrates. Intoxications by aflatoxins and ochratoxins represent a threat for both human and animal health. Resistance to antifungals can occur in different animal species that receive these drugs, although the true epidemiology of resistance in animals is unknown, and options to treat infections caused by resistant infections are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology (LCMI), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra de M G Bosco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences-UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, and Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Ebel
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Elad
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Renata R Gomes
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Curitiba Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elena Piecková
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karuna Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vania A Vicente
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, EA Dynamyc UPEC, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Neves J, Paulino A, Vieira R, Nishida E, Coutinho S. The presence of dermatophytes in infected pets and their household environment. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to diagnose dermatophytosis in pets and investigate the presence of dermatophytes in their home environment. Samples from hair coat were collected from 70 pets: 47 dogs, 19 cats, three guinea pigs and one rabbit. After mycological culture, 188 samples were collected from the household environments in 26 homes: 78 from places were of predominantly used by the tutors, 66 from places used by the animals, 44 from flooring, and 24 samples from contactees. Samples were seeded on Mycosel agar, incubated at 25°C, and the colonies were identified by their macro-and-microscopic characteristics. Dermatophytes were found in 37.1% of the samples originating from the sick animals. Microsporum canis was the most prevalent species, isolated in 12 dogs and eight cats; Trichophyton quinckeanum in three guinea pigs, Microsporum gypseum in two dogs and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in one cat. Dermatophytes were found in 69.2% of the surveyed homes; 29.5% of the places/objects predominantly used by the tutors, 42.4% mainly used by the animals, 31.8% from floors, and 50% from contactees. The meeting of dermatophytes in animals and in the household environment confirms the possibility of transmission by direct or indirect contact and their importance in public health.
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Melo P, Lança A, Mané BA, Regalla A, Ferreira da Silva MJ, Tavares L, Bernardo F, Oliveira M. Tinea corporis by Microsporum audouinii in a female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) from Guinea-Bissau: A case report. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:419-422. [PMID: 30142242 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a Microsporum audouinii infection in a female juvenile chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) presenting generalized dermatitis compatible with dermatophytosis. Dermatophyte was identified by macro- and microscopic characterization of skin and scales cultures in Mycosel Agar. The topical treatment applied was effective, having the potential for dermatophytosis treatment in immunocompetent primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabela Lança
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Braima Amadeu Mané
- Serviço de Laboratório Nacional Veterinária-Bissau, Direcção Geral da Pecuária, Bissau, Guiné-Bissau
| | - Aissa Regalla
- Departamento de Seguimento de Espécies e Habitats, Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Áreas Protegidas, Bissau, Guiné-Bissau
| | - Maria Joana Ferreira da Silva
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.,CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,CAPP, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis Tavares
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Bernardo
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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50
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Nweze EI, Eke IE. Dermatophytes and dermatophytosis in the eastern and southern parts of Africa. Med Mycol 2018; 56:13-28. [PMID: 28419352 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is currently a disease of global importance and a public health burden. It is caused by dermatophytes, which attack and grow on dead animal keratin. Dermatophytes belong to three genera, namely, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. The predominant clinical forms and causative agents vary from one region of the world to another. Poor socioeconomic status, high population densities, and poor sanitary conditions are some of the factors responsible for the high prevalence of dermatophytosis in many developing countries, which include countries in southern and eastern Africa, the focus of this review. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no review article on published findings on dermatophytosis in the eastern and southern parts of Africa. This information will be of interest to the medical and research community since the world has become a global village. This review covers published research findings in eastern and southern regions of Africa until this date. The countries covered in the current review include Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. T. violaceum is the most common human etiological agent in all the countries under review with prevalence ranging from 56.7% to 95%, except for Madagascar (M. langeronii, reclassified as M. audouinii), Uganda (M. gypseum) and Malawi (M. audouinii). Tinea capitis was the most clinical type, followed by tinea corporis. Etiological agents of animal dermatophytoses were variable in the countries where they were reported. Major risk factors for dermatophytoses are age, climatic, and socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Nweze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - I E Eke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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