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Mathias LDSFR, Carvalho CEG, Baptistiolli L, Cleveland HPK, Ullmann LS, Galhardo JA. First detection of feline sporotrichosis (Sporothrix brasiliensis) at the zoonoses control service in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do sul, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01403-0. [PMID: 38829481 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a traumatic mycosis affecting the skin or subcutaneous tissues caused by Sporothrix dimorphic fungus. The fungal complex includes several pathogenic species, out of which S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii are predominant in Brazil. In Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) state, the first human and animal cases were reported in 2016 in Corumbá and Ladário cities. Accordingly, we present the first occurrences of feline sporotrichosis detected in the state capital Campo Grande, MS, by the Zoonoses Control Service (ZCS) of the Municipal Public Health Department. The study included four allochthonous cases of feline sporotrichosis originating from Corumbá, MS, attended by the ZCS. All four cats presented classical clinical signs of sporotrichosis, as ulcerative nodular cutaneous lesions. Three slides tested positive by direct microscopy and PCR, followed by Sanger sequencing confirmed Sporothrix brasiliensis in two samples. The initial suspicion and diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis at the ZCS highlights the importance of accurate surveillance of sporotrichosis in non-endemic areas to enhance the capacity to prevent, detect and respond to emerging diseases in Campo Grande.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herbert Patric Kellermann Cleveland
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Arena Galhardo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Santos AF, Azevedo MI, Amaral CI, Grom NA, Marinho F, de Oliveira CSF, de M Soares DF, Morais MHF, Brandão ST, Menezes RC, Ecco R. Feline sporotrichosis: Characterization of cutaneous and extracutaneous lesions using different diagnostic methods. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:221-231. [PMID: 37515437 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231189448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a mycotic infection of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues caused by Sporothrix spp. that can also cause extracutaneous manifestations. This study aimed to characterize cutaneous and extracutaneous sporotrichosis lesions in cats. Over 1 year, 102 cats rescued by the Zoonoses Control Center of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, euthanized with clinical suspicion of feline sporotrichosis were evaluated. After euthanasia, the animals were evaluated by macroscopic, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) examinations; fungal culture; and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sporothrix infection was identified by at least one diagnostic technique in all cats (n = 102) evaluated by postmortem examination, including 26/28 cases (93%) evaluated by IHC, 66/90 cases (73%) evaluated by cytology, 70/102 cases (68.6%) evaluated by histopathology, and 62/74 cases (84%) evaluated by fungal culture. Two cats had positive results only by fungal culture. Cytology and histopathology examinations were effective in diagnosing sporotrichosis, although IHC was needed to confirm the diagnosis in cats with low fungal loads. Sporothrix brasiliensis was confirmed by the sequencing of 3 samples. Skin lesions were characterized mainly by pyogranulomatous to granulomatous dermatitis (frequently with subcutaneous inflammation) with different intensities of Sporothrix spp. yeast. Extracutaneous findings associated with sporotrichosis included rhinitis or rhinosinusitis, lymphadenitis, pneumonia, meningitis, periorchitis, conjunctivitis, and glossitis. Extracutaneous infections were observed in 74/102 cases, and a possible association between the chronicity of the disease and the higher pathogenicity of this fungal species in cats requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agna F Santos
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria I Azevedo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila I Amaral
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nikollye A Grom
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Marinho
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila S F de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danielle F de M Soares
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria H F Morais
- Diretoria de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal da Saúde, Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvana T Brandão
- Diretoria de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal da Saúde, Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Garoussi MT, Sharifzadeh A, Khodabakhsh M, Malmasi AA. Isolation and investigation of external reproduction tract mycoflora in healthy male cats. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e31351. [PMID: 38227711 PMCID: PMC10790507 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various infectious agents can infect the male reproductive system. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to provide current data on fungal and yeast flora of the external organs of reproductive system of male short hair cats including penis and prepuce. METHODS In total 28 samples were taken from external genital system of male stray cats using sterilised cotton swabs. Samples were taken based on the absence of any reproductive complications using physical examinations. The samples were transferred to sterilised Stuart transport media and were then incubated in the Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol at 32°C for 48 h. The identification of fungi and yeasts was confirmed by germ tube formation test, CHROM agar, urease testing and Corn meal agar medium with Tween 80. RESULTS Fungal agents were isolated from 7 (25%) out of 28 male stray cats. Fungal isolates were obtained from the penis and prepuce of 4 (36%) and 7 (100%) male cats, respectively. The most commonly recovered species samples were Candida krusei (3.75%) and Penicillum spp. (6.86%) from the penis and prepuce of the cats, respectively. The external organs of male reproduction of cats were infected with 2-4 different fungal agents. Only 5 (45%) cats were infected with one fungus; however, in 6 (55%) cats, mixed fungal infections were isolated. Cats 3-4 years old had the highest fungal contamination in the prepuce region (4/7), while the penis at this age had the least contamination (1/4). CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the external reproduction organs of male cats could be infected by different fungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMycology Research CentreUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Mahssa Khodabakhsh
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Abdol Ali Malmasi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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Xavier MO, Poester VR, Trápaga MR, Stevens DA. Sporothrix brasiliensis: Epidemiology, Therapy, and Recent Developments. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:921. [PMID: 37755029 PMCID: PMC10532502 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is an emergent mycosis that is now a worldwide concern. One important step to sporotrichosis control is its correct treatment. However, limitations abound; thus, new antifungals, mainly focused on S. brasiliensis, are urgently needed. We performed a systematic review (following the PRISMA guideline) focused on (1) the global distribution of human and animal sporotrichosis by S. brasiliensis, especially outside of Brazil; (2) appraising therapies tested against this pathogen. We identified sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis reported in five countries (Paraguay, Chile, Argentina, the United Kingdom, and the United States) in addition to Brazil, occurring on three continents, highlighting the epidemiological scenario in Argentina with an important increase in reported cases in recent years. Regarding the antifungal activity of drugs, 25 articles described the in vitro action of 20 unique chemicals and eight repurposed drugs against S. brasiliensis. Only five studies reported in vivo activity against S. brasiliensis (five drugs) using invertebrate and vertebrate models. Sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis has a global impact and it is no longer specifically a Brazilian problem. We review the need for understanding the disease epidemiology, education of clinicians and of the populace, organization of health care delivery to respond to a spreading epidemic, and research on therapy for sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil; (M.O.X.); (V.R.P.); (M.R.T.)
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil; (M.O.X.); (V.R.P.); (M.R.T.)
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rodrigues Trápaga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil; (M.O.X.); (V.R.P.); (M.R.T.)
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil
| | - David A. Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Mora-Montes HM. Current Progress in Sporothrix brasiliensis Basic Aspects. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050533. [PMID: 37233242 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is known as a subacute or chronic infection, which is caused by thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. It is a cosmopolitan infection, which is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and can affect both humans and other mammals. The main etiological agents causing this disease are Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa, which have been recognized as members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade. Within this clade, S. brasiliensis is considered the most virulent species and represents an important pathogen due to its distribution and prevalence in different regions of South America, such as Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay, and Central American countries, such as Panama. In Brazil, S. brasiliensis has been of great concern due to the number of zoonotic cases that have been reported over the years. In this paper, a detailed review of the current literature on this pathogen and its different aspects will be carried out, including its genome, pathogen-host interaction, resistance mechanisms to antifungal drugs, and the caused zoonosis. Furthermore, we provide the prediction of some putative virulence factors encoded by the genome of this fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
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Alvarez CM, Oliveira MME, Pires RH. Sporotrichosis: A Review of a Neglected Disease in the Last 50 Years in Brazil. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2152. [PMID: 36363744 PMCID: PMC9695284 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix, which saprophytically are found in plants and organic matter. However, cats are highly susceptible to contamination with fungal spores and, when they become sick, they can transmit it to other animals and to man. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on the emergency, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, therapeutics, and control of zoonotic sporotrichosis. Published data covering the last 50 years using a combination of keywords were selected to answer the question: Why has the zoonotic sporotrichosis been a neglected disease up to now? A total of 135 studies were included in this review. The studies emphasize that in recent decades, Brazil has experienced an unprecedented zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis. Advances on the genus Sporothrix allowed one to associate thermotolerance, capacity for melanin synthesis, potential for adhesion to tissue macromolecules, ergosterol peroxide production, and expression of virulence proteins as tools for infection and invasion in S. brasiliensis, the main species involved, although cases with S. schenckii or S. lurei were also reported. Correct diagnosis, early treatment, basic educational measures that emphasize responsible ownership of animals and reproductive control programs for felines can contribute to the control of zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Magaly Alvarez
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil 090104, Ecuador
| | | | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
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Rodrigues AM, Gonçalves SS, de Carvalho JA, Borba-Santos LP, Rozental S, de Camargo ZP. Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080776. [PMID: 35893145 PMCID: PMC9331723 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a human and animal disease caused by Sporothrix species, is the most important implantation mycosis worldwide. Sporothrix taxonomy has improved in recent years, allowing important advances in diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. Molecular epidemiology reveals that S. brasiliensis remains highly prevalent during the cat-transmitted sporotrichosis outbreaks in South America and that the spread of S. brasiliensis occurs through founder effects. Sporothrix globosa and S. schenckii are cosmopolitan on the move, causing major sapronoses in Asia and the Americas, respectively. In this emerging scenario, one-health approaches are required to develop a creative, effective, and sustainable response to tackle the spread of sporotrichosis. In the 21st century, it has become vital to speciate Sporothrix, and PCR is the main pillar of molecular diagnosis, aiming at the detection of the pathogen DNA from clinical samples through multiplex assays, whose sensitivity reaches remarkably three copies of the target. The treatment of sporotrichosis can be challenging, especially after the emergence of resistance to azoles and polyenes. Alternative drugs arising from discoveries or repositioning have entered the radar of basic research over the last decade and point to several molecules with antifungal potential, especially the hydrazone derivatives with great in vitro and in vivo activities. There are many promising developments for the near future, and in this review, we discuss how these trends can be applied to the Sporothrix-sporotrichosis system to mitigate the advance of an emerging and re-emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1155764551 (ext. 1540)
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil;
| | - Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
| | - Luana P. Borba-Santos
- Cell Biology and Parasitology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Cell Biology and Parasitology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
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Sporothrix brasiliensis and Feline Sporotrichosis in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1998–2018). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070749. [PMID: 35887504 PMCID: PMC9325134 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline sporotrichosis is enzootic in different regions of Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro. This study compared the genotype profiles of Sporothrix sp. isolated from cats in Rio de Janeiro between 1998 and 2018 and evaluated their association with clinical and epidemiological characteristics. One hundred nineteen Sporothrix sp. isolates from a cohort of cats with sporotrichosis seen at INI/Fiocruz were included. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from the medical records of the animals. T3B PCR fingerprinting was used for molecular identification of the Sporothrix species. All isolates were characterized as Sporothrix brasiliensis, with the observation of low intraspecific variation in 31 isolates (31.3%). The interval between lesion onset and first medical visit at INI/Fiocruz, as well as treatment duration until clinical cure, was longer in cats from the first decade of the epizootic. In addition, the frequency of the variables “good general status” and “presence of lymphadenomegaly” was higher among cats whose strains did not exhibit intraspecific variation. So far, S. brasiliensis has been the only species identified in feline cases of sporotrichosis since the beginning of the epizootic in Rio de Janeiro at INI/Fiocruz.
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Munhoz LS, Poester VR, Severo CB, Trápaga MR, Madrid IM, Benelli JL, Stevens DA, Xavier MO. Update of the Epidemiology of the Sporotrichosis Epidemic in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mycoses 2022; 65:1112-1118. [PMID: 35833311 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis is a disease not requiring jurisdictional notification, and consequently is underreported in Brazil. Therefore, the epidemiological picture even in hyperendemic states is unknown. Thus we evaluated the occurrence of sporotrichosis throughout the territory of the southern state of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). METHODS We update the epidemiological situation of sporotrichosis in the southern region of this state and describe the emergence of this disease in the Metropolitan region. We engaged professionals from RS enrolled in animal health care in answering a questionnaire regarding sporotrichosis. RESULTS The occurrence of local cases of feline sporotrichosis was reported by 83% of the participants from 40 cities, distributed through the seven health districts of RS. Human sporotrichosis cases, transmitted by cats, were also reported by professionals from four regions of the state. The frequency of the disease in both the South and Metropolitan regions showed a marked increase in recent years. CONCLUSION Feline and cat-transmitted human sporotrichosis is an underreported mycosis in RS, widely distributed in the territory of this state and increasing. Aggressive public health policies are urgently necessary to control the geographical expansion of this spreading mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Silveira Munhoz
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FAMED-FURG), RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Rodrigues Trápaga
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FAMED-FURG), RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Louise Benelli
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Jr. (HU-FURG), vinculado à Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH)
| | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FAMED-FURG), RS, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Jr. (HU-FURG), vinculado à Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH)
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10
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Bernardes-Engemann AR, Almeida MDA, Bison I, Rabello VBDS, Ramos MLM, Pereira SA, Almeida-Paes R, de Lima Brasil AW, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Anti-Sporothrix Antibody Detection in Domestic Cats as an Indicator of a Possible New Occurrence Area for Sporotrichosis in North Brazil. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:375-384. [PMID: 35778635 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Feline sporotrichosis has emerged as an important public health issue in some countries, especially Brazil. Currently, zoonotic transmission of Sporothrix brasiliensis by domestic cats is the major sporotrichosis spread form throughout this country. Sporotrichosis in Brazil is a good model for the One Health concept application, which connects the environment, human and animal health. Under this thinking, the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of sporotrichosis in cats from Rolim de Moura, Rondônia, Brazil, using antibody detection by an ELISA test previously validated for human diagnosis. For the standardization of this test, 30 serum samples from cats with proven sporotrichosis and 11 sera from healthy cats were used. The assay showed 87% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis. After the standardization, 202 serum samples from distinct cats from Rolim de Moura were evaluated. The test was positive in 63 (31.19%) cats from the studied area. A multivariate analysis revealed that living far from forest or agricultural areas as well as pure breed animals had higher odds ratios (3.157 and 2.281, respectively) for the presence of detectable levels of anti-Sporothrix antibodies. These results show the applicability of this assay in the detection of anti-Sporothrix antibodies in feline serum samples and point to a putative new occurrence area of urban sporotrichosis dispersing to the North region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Reis Bernardes-Engemann
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcos de Abreu Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ividy Bison
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lucy Mesquita Ramos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas,, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arthur Willian de Lima Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Legabão BC, Fernandes JA, de Oliveira Barbosa GF, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TI. The zoonosis sporotrichosis can be successfully treated by photodynamic therapy: A scoping review. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106341. [PMID: 35131203 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide zoonosis, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in human and feline cases reported in Brazil. Despite this, the antifungal treatment for sporotrichosis is still limited, and thus, research into new therapeutic modalities must be encouraged. Recently, photodynamic therapy has been introduced as a treatment for sporotrichosis. This work presents an overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies that have used photodynamic therapy in the context of photoinactivation of Sporothrix species. Until now, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first scope review specifically on photodynamic therapy for the treatment of sporotrichosis. A systematic electronic search was conducted in two databases: Web of Science and PubMed. Seven original articles published from 2010 to July 2021 were selected, six of which met the proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria and were considered in this scoping review. Concerning the photoinactivation of Sporothrix spp. the results have been promising as studies, in both animals and humans, have reported significant clinical and mycological effects. The most used photosensitizers were methylene blue and its derivatives, and aminolevulinic acid and its methyl derivative, methyl aminolevulinic acid. In conclusion, photodynamic therapy has great potential in treatment of sporotrichosis, as its fungicidal effect both in vitro and in vivo has clearly been demonstrated. Photodynamic therapy could be used in conjunction with classic antifungal agents to optimize treatment outcomes.
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12
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Rediguieri BC, da Cruz Bahiense I, de Carvalho JA, Leite GR, Falqueto A, Rodrigues AM, Gonçalves SS. Clinical, Epidemiological, and Epizootic Features of Sporothrix brasiliensis in Espírito Santo, Brazil. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:124-134. [PMID: 35187612 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We verified the clinical-epidemiological, microbiological, and molecular aspects of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo, Brazil, as well as demonstrated the degree of reliability of the cytopathological examination in diagnosis, when compared to fungal culture. From March 2019 to April 2020, 154 suspicious cats were evaluated by collecting data and biological samples. The Cohen's kappa coefficient and the Chi-square independence defined the degree of agreement and the accuracy parameters, respectively. The interobserver agreement was high (Kappa coefficient = 0.96). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive (positive and negative), and accuracy values were 95.0, 97.0, 99.1, 84.2, and 95.5%, respectively. All isolates evaluated were identified as Sporothrix brasiliensis by species-specific PCR. A digital image bank (Padlet) was created with different types of clinical forms and positive slide profiles. We concluded that the cytopathological technique used demonstrated a high degree of reliability. We report an overwhelming occurrence of S. brasiliensis during epizooties in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carneiro Rediguieri
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Isabela da Cruz Bahiense
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP 04.023-062, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Leite
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Aloísio Falqueto
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP 04.023-062, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil.
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13
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Schechtman RC, Falcão EMM, Carard M, García MSC, Mercado DS, Hay RJ. Sporotrichosis: hyperendemic by zoonotic transmission, with atypical presentations, hypersensitivity reactions and greater severity. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:1-13. [PMID: 34893422 PMCID: PMC8799859 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, an alarming increase in the number of sporotrichosis cases has been reported in southern and southeastern Brazil, especially in the state of Rio de Janeiro, has been considered a long-term hyperendemic condition associated with feline transmission. According to phenotypic classifications, the Sporothrix species recovered from cats were classified as S. brasiliensis in 96.5% of the studied cases. This finding has also been demonstrated in humans, which confirms the zoonotic transmission associated with this predominant species in Brazil. The zoonotic transmission of the fungus and its important virulence in the context of the hyperendemic situation in Rio de Janeiro have changed the approach to the disease, which in its classic form was restricted to certain professional groups and very specific regions in the Brazilian territory, into a public health challenge of scientific interest. Its atypical manifestations and hypersensitivity reactions are increasingly frequent, constituting a new sporotrichosis aspect, which deserves attention from the medical community, as well as from other health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Casz Schechtman
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Marciela Carard
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Salomé Cajas García
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diana Stohmann Mercado
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roderick James Hay
- International Foundation of Dermatology, University of London, London, UK
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14
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Poester VR, Stevens DA, Basso RP, Munhoz LS, Zanchi M, Benelli JL, Klafke GB, Cardone S, Xavier MO. CATastrophe: response to the challenges of zoonotic sporotrichosis in southern Brazil. Mycoses 2021; 65:30-34. [PMID: 34390588 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, zoonotic sporotrichosis became a national public health problem, with thousands of cases in the last decade in several regions of the country. In this context, health education activities are critical, especially in promoting early diagnosis and access to proper health care in sporotrichosis hyperendemic areas. Therefore, we report the implementation of a public specialized reference service (SRS) for diagnosis and treatment of sporotrichosis in southern Brazil We evaluated the impact of the SRS on diagnostic confirmation and speed of diagnosis. METHODS The SRS was implemented in Rio Grande city. We implemented a public service to promote the correct diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of human sporotrichosis cases. To study the impact of implementing SRS, the annual number of cases, and the period between the appearance of lesions until diagnosis were compared, using prior data and that post-implementation. RESULTS The implementation of the SRS directly benefited almost 50 patients in only four years, with the collaboration of almost 50% of the local health groups, together with an increase of more than 200% in diagnosis confirmation and speed of diagnosis, showing the reach, impact and importance of the SRS. CONCLUSION The impact on the individual and collective health of the local population highlights the value of this public health approach in facing the epidemiological threat of zoonotic sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), FURG, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), RS, Brazil
| | - David A Stevens
- Div. of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Rossana Patricia Basso
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), FURG, RS, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Jr. - HU-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG/Empresa brasileira de serviços hospitalares - EBSERH, Brazil
| | - Lívia Silveira Munhoz
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), FURG, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), RS, Brazil
| | - Mariza Zanchi
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Jr. - HU-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG/Empresa brasileira de serviços hospitalares - EBSERH, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Louise Benelli
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), FURG, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), RS, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Jr. - HU-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG/Empresa brasileira de serviços hospitalares - EBSERH, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Baracy Klafke
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), RS, Brazil
| | | | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), FURG, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), RS, Brazil
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15
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Zambrano AI, Church EC, McKay KM, Carnes SK, Morse RJ, Leveque TK, Roxby AC. A Disfiguring Rash. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab332. [PMID: 34322567 PMCID: PMC8313513 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with rheumatologic conditions can have complex dermatologic manifestations. In addition, immunosuppressing treatment for autoimmune disorders can also increase incidence of infectious complications. Skin conditions in rheumatologic patients present particular challenges and this case highlights a rare infectious complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Zambrano
- Department of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Correspondence: Andrea Zambrano, MD, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356423, Seattle, WA 98195, USA ()
| | - Elizabeth C Church
- Department of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kenneth M McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie K Carnes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan J Morse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thellea K Leveque
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alison C Roxby
- Department of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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16
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Clinical and epidemiological aspects of feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis and in vitro antifungal susceptibility. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:171-179. [PMID: 34129207 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis resulting from the traumatic implantation of pathogenic Sporothrix species. In Brazil, zoonotic transmission plays an important role in the epidemiology of the disease, involving especially cats. The objective of this study was to isolate Sporothrix spp. from cats with signs of sporotrichosis, determining the causative species, clinical and epidemiological aspects, and the in vitro susceptibility profile of the isolates against antifungal drugs. From September 2017 to February 2019, 245 samples of lesions were collected from symptomatic cats in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. Identification of the isolates was performed by morphophysiological parameters and species-specific polymerase chain reaction. The susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined for five drugs (amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole, potassium iodide and terbinafine), using the broth microdilution method. Clinical and epidemiological aspects were analyzed based on data contained on investigation forms filled by the veterinarians at moment of collection. Sporothrix spp. were isolated in 189 (77.2%) of the samples. Phenotypic and molecular analyses revealed S. brasiliensis as the only causative agent. In vitro susceptibility testing showed lower MIC values for terbinafine (MIC = 0.03-2 μg/ml), ketoconazole (MIC = 0.03-2 μg/ml), and itraconazole (MIC = 0.03-4 μg/ml). Most of the animals were male (73.5%), adults (96.3%), stray (53.5%), and uncastrated (69.8%). Our results show the expansion of the S. brasiliensis epidemic to an area nearly 840 km apart from the epicenter of the long-lasting outbreak of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro.
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17
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Gremião IDF, Martins da Silva da Rocha E, Montenegro H, Carneiro AJB, Xavier MO, de Farias MR, Monti F, Mansho W, de Macedo Assunção Pereira RH, Pereira SA, Lopes-Bezerra LM. Guideline for the management of feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis and literature revision. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:107-124. [PMID: 32990922 PMCID: PMC7966609 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein present a Brazilian guideline for the management of feline sporotrichosis, a mycosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis. This guideline is an effort of a national technical group organized by the Working Group on Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). This publication intends to provide information on clinical-epidemiological aspects of this zoonosis, as well as a literature revision. Moreover, it gives some practical information on diagnosis and treatment of feline sporotrichosis. It also contains information that can be helpful for the prevention and control of S. brasiliensis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro. Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Hildebrando Montenegro
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Zoonoses, Divisão de Vigilância de Zoonoses (COVISA/SMS/PMSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aroldo José Borges Carneiro
- Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Salvador (SMS), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva (ISC), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Monti
- Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wilson Mansho
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro. Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- BIDiagnostics, Centro de Inovação, Empreendedorismo e Tecnologia (CIETEC)/Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Rossow JA, Queiroz-Telles F, Caceres DH, Beer KD, Jackson BR, Pereira JG, Ferreira Gremião ID, Pereira SA. A One Health Approach to Combatting Sporothrix brasiliensis: Narrative Review of an Emerging Zoonotic Fungal Pathogen in South America. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E247. [PMID: 33114609 PMCID: PMC7712324 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has become a major public health concern and presents a distinct divergence from the traditional epidemiology of sporotrichosis. This emerging fungal pathogen spreads readily among cat populations, and human infections occur exclusively via zoonotic transmission. While sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis that typically manifests as cutaneous lesions in humans and cats, severe extracutaneous manifestations are more common with S. brasiliensis than other Sporothrix species infections. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment regimens are critical for successful clinical resolution of sporotrichosis in both cats and humans. Species-level identification of Sporothrix is possible with molecular diagnostics and necessary for tracking the geographic expansion of S. brasiliensis and better understanding its epidemiology. Combatting cat-transmitted sporotrichosis requires a One Health approach to successfully implement public health control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Rossow
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Department of Public Health, Hospital de Cíinicas, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 82015-154, Brazil;
| | - Diego H. Caceres
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboudumc/CWZ, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karlyn D. Beer
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
| | - Brendan R. Jackson
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
| | - Jose Guillermo Pereira
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, National Leprosy Control Program, National Directorate of Health Surveillance, Dermatology Specialty Center, San Lorenzo 2160, Paraguay;
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.D.F.G.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.D.F.G.); (S.A.P.)
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19
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Parreiras de Jesus AC, Grossi de Oliveira AL, Sernizon Guimarães N, Mendoza L, Toshio Fujiwara R, Alves da Silva Menezes C, Rocha Vilela RV. Serological tests using Sporothrix species antigens for the accurate diagnosis of sporotrichosis: a meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115131. [PMID: 32805583 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Some species of the fungus Sporothrix cause a chronic granulomatous infection in humans and animals called sporotrichosis. In the last decades, some research into serological tests has been carried out by different groups for the rapid detection of this infection. We performed a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis to evaluate studies using Sporothrix spp. antigens and to evaluate their accuracy for sporotrichosis diagnostic. We searched Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, GALE, Technology Research Database, DOA, Elsevier, SciELO, and Google Scholar Databases. The united results of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were assessed. A total of 15 assays from 8 studies using 7 different serological methods and 8 different antigens were analyzed. The studies were performed in the USA, Brazil, and Venezuela from 1973 until 2015 and presented good quality. A high heterogeneity for sensitivity [I2 = 90.7%; 87% CI = (84-89), P < 0.001] and specificity [I2 = 89.2%; 93% CI = (92-95), P < 0.001] was observed. The performance of diagnostic tests was 0.93. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was the main tool used, and the ConA-binding fraction antigen of the strain 1099-18 appears as a promising diagnostic biomarker candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto César Parreiras de Jesus
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10.
| | - Ana Laura Grossi de Oliveira
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10.
| | - Nathalia Sernizon Guimarães
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10.
| | - Leonel Mendoza
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 322 North Kedzie Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, 48824.
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10; Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901.
| | - Cristiane Alves da Silva Menezes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901.
| | - Raquel Virginia Rocha Vilela
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901.
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20
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Benvegnú AM, Dallazzem LND, Chemello RML, Beber AAC, Chemello D. Case series of sporotrichosis at a teaching hospital in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190509. [PMID: 32428177 PMCID: PMC7269531 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0509-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous fungal infection with a worldwide distribution and higher incidence in tropical and subtropical areas, such as the Brazilian territory, where it has been standing out due to its frequent epidemics. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of sporotrichosis and profile the affected patients at a university teaching hospital in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: This study was a case series of patients diagnosed with Sporothrix spp. from January 2006 to December 2015 by microscopic examination or fungal isolates. Medical records were reviewed for epidemiological data. RESULTS: Forty-three cases of sporotrichosis were diagnosed through the period. The sample comprised predominantly young male adults and rural workers. The most common disease type was lymphocutaneous (51%), followed by fixed cutaneous form (32.5%). The predominant location was the upper limbs (70%), followed by the lower limbs (16%). A significant association was observed between the lymphocutaneous form and upper limb location and between the fixed cutaneous form and lower limb location (p = 0.019). Potassium iodine and itraconazole were the most common treatments. CONCLUSIONS: This study will help update the epidemiological situation of sporotrichosis in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Benvegnú
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Diego Chemello
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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21
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Rodrigues AM, Della Terra PP, Gremião ID, Pereira SA, Orofino-Costa R, de Camargo ZP. The threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogenic Sporothrix species. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:813-842. [PMID: 32052359 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a neglected subcutaneous mycosis of humans and animals acquired by traumatic inoculation of soil and plant material (classical route) contaminated with infectious propagules of the pathogen or being bitten/scratched by infected cats (alternative route). Within a genus composed of 53 species displaying an essentially environmental core, there are only a few members which have considerable impacts on human or animal health. Infections are typically caused by S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii or S. globosa. Rare mammal pathogens include members of the S. pallida and S. stenocereus complexes. To illustrate the tremendous impact of emerging zoonotic sporotrichosis on public health, we discuss the main features of the expanding epidemics driven by S. brasiliensis in cats and humans. The cat entry in the transmission chain of sporotrichosis, causing epizooties (cat-cat) or zoonosis (cat-human), has contributed to the definition of new paradigms in Sporothrix transmission, reaching epidemic levels, making the disease a serious public health problem. Indeed, S. brasiliensis infection in humans and animals is likely to become even more important in the future, with projections of its expansion in biogeographic domains and host range, as well as greater virulence in mammals. Therefore, lessons from a long-standing outbreak in the state of Rio de Janeiro about the source and distribution of the etiological agents among outbreak areas can be used to create better control and prevention plans and increase awareness of sporotrichosis as a serious emerging zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Paula Portella Della Terra
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dib Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Orofino-Costa
- Dermatology Department, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM-UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
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22
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Kaadan MI, Dennis M, Desai N, Yadavalli G, Lederer P. One Health Education for Future Physicians: A Case Report of Cat-Transmitted Sporotrichosis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa049. [PMID: 32154323 PMCID: PMC7052747 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy 35-year-old Brazilian woman presented with persistent redness, swelling, and multiple wounds on the hand 2 weeks after a cat bite in her home country. She was treated twice with amoxicillin-clavulanate but failed to demonstrate improvement. She then presented to our institution with a newly developed abscess on the right hand. Incision and drainage were performed and she was admitted to the hospital. She was subsequently treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Her symptoms improved but did not resolve. Four days after hospital discharge, a wound culture resulted as positive for Sporothrix schenchii. The patient was treated with itraconazole. Sporotrichosis is endemic in many countries including Brazil and is known to be transmitted by cat bites. Sporotrichosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients who have symptoms of cellulitis after cat bites in an endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ihsan Kaadan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Dennis
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy Desai
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gopal Yadavalli
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip Lederer
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Peter C, Waller S, Picoli T, Osório L, Zani J, Meireles M, Faria R, Mello J, Hubner S, Lima M, Fischer G. Chemical and cytotoxic analyses of three varieties of Brazilian propolis (green propolis, jataí propolis and brown propolis) and its anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis in vitro activity. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, we described the antifungal activity of three Brazilian propolis extracts: brown, green and from jataí bees against Sporothrix brasiliensis. The extracts were obtained from ethanolic extraction and their chemical composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The cellular toxicity was measured in MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cells and quantified by the MTT assay (3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyl-2H bromine tetrazolato). For antifungal activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by broth microdilution. The results showed that cell toxicity was not observed at lower concentrations (0.097 to 0.39μg/ml) for all extracts in comparison to cell control. Among the chemical compounds identified, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and rutin were quantified. In antifungal activity, green and jataí did not exhibit activity against the isolates (MIC and MFC greater than 0.78mg/ml). However, all isolates of S. brasiliensis were sensitive to brown propolis (MIC of 0.09 to 0.78mg/ml), including the standard strain (P<0.001). Among the Brazilian propolis studied, the brown propolis showed activity against the S. brasiliensis isolates and more studies should be undertaken in order to evaluate its promising use in the treatment of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. Picoli
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - J.L. Zani
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - J.R.B. Mello
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - M. Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
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24
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Waller SB, Hoffmann JF, Madrid IM, Picoli T, Cleff MB, Chaves FC, Zanette RA, de Mello JRB, de Faria RO, Meireles MCA. Polar Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae) extracts with antifungal potential against Sporothrix brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2018; 56:225-233. [PMID: 28482071 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) has anti-Sporothrix spp. activity, including against strains that are resistant to antifungal drugs. As the studies are limited to the essential oil, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of polar oregano extracts and their anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity. Aerial plant parts were used in the preparation of 10 min (INF10) and 60 min (INF60) infusions, a decoction (DEC) and a hydroalcoholic extract (HAE). Six phenolic acids and four flavonoids were identified and quantified through liquid-chromatography (LC-MS). Extracts in increasing order of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were HAE<INF60<INF10<DEC and HAE<DEC<INF60<INF10, respectively. All extracts showed DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging potential (HAE<INF60<DEC<INF10). HAE showed the least toxicity toward MDCK and CRFK cell lines in the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal potential against 29 S. brasiliensis isolates obtained from cats and dogs was evaluated following the CLSI M38-A2 protocol adapted to natural products. Minimum inhibitory concentration for 50% of the isolates (MIC50) was 5 mg/ml for all extracts, and minimum fungicidal concentration for 50% of the isolates (MFC50) was 20 mg/ml for INF10 and 40 mg/ml for the remaining extracts. MIC90 was 10 mg/ml for all extracts, except for DEC (20 mg/ml). MFC90 was 40 mg/ml for INF10 and > 40 mg/ml for the other extracts. This is the first report of oregano extracts showing antifungal activity against S. brasiliensis. Its use in the treatment of sporotrichosis may be considered upon toxicity and safe-use conditions are tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica Fernanda Hoffmann
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Tony Picoli
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marlete Brum Cleff
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabio Clasen Chaves
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Régis A Zanette
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Braga de Mello
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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25
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Poester VR, Mendes JF, Groll AV, Klafke GB, Brandolt TM, Xavier MO. Sporothrix spp. EVALUATION IN SOIL OF A HYPERENDENIC AREA FOR SPOROTRICHOSIS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v19e-52571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The increase in zoonotic sporotrichosis cases has become a public health problem in hyperendemic areas for the feline disease. Domestic cats involvement in this transmission and the continuous contact of these animals with soil suggest that the environment may be an essential source and/or reservoir of Sporothrix spp. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the presence of Sporothrix spp. in the soil of places where infected cats in Southern Brazil is present. In total, 101 soil samples were collected from the residence of cats with sporotrichosis, from regions around to these residences, and also from public places. These samples were processed using the direct plating technique being incubated at 25 °C for up to 15 days. Additionally, seventeen samples were also submitted to DNA extraction (NORGEN BIOTEK CORP® kit), PCR-specific and Nested-PCR technique. Although the presence of Sporothrix in soil has been undetected, by culture or molecular biology, this study does not reject the role of the environment in the triad of the infectious process (soil-animal-human). Thus, further studies are necessary for expanding the area of coverage, volume, type and method of sampling, and/or detection techniques.
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Poester VR, Mattei AS, Madrid IM, Pereira JTB, Klafke GB, Sanchotene KO, Brandolt TM, Xavier MO. Sporotrichosis in Southern Brazil, towards an epidemic? Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:815-821. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Mycology Lab; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG); Rio Grande Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science; FaMed-FURG; Rio Grande Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Baracy Klafke
- Mycology Lab; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG); Rio Grande Brazil
| | - Karine Ortiz Sanchotene
- Mycology Lab; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG); Rio Grande Brazil
| | - Tchana Martinez Brandolt
- Mycology Lab; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG); Rio Grande Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science; FaMed-FURG; Rio Grande Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Mycology Lab; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG); Rio Grande Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science; FaMed-FURG; Rio Grande Brazil
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27
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Sanchotene KO, Brandolt TM, Klafke GB, Poester VR, Xavier MO. In vitro susceptibility of Sporothrix brasiliensis: Comparison of yeast and mycelial phases. Med Mycol 2018; 55:869-876. [PMID: 28472490 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis has emerged as an important cause of sporotrichosis, particularly associated with feline and zoonotic cases. Owing to the paucity of data on antifungal activity against this species, the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of S. brasiliensis in the mycelial and yeast phases to itraconazole (ITZ), terbinafine (TRB), and amphotericin B (AMB). Thirty-five isolates from an outbreak of feline sporotrichosis in Southern Brazil were used. All of them were assessed in the yeast and filamentous phases using the broth microdilution technique in accordance with the respective reference protocols M27-A3 and M38-A2 of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). In our study, TRB was the most active antifungal against both the filamentous and yeast phases, showing GM of the MIC of 0.343 μg/ml and 0.127 μg/ml, respectively. In the yeast phase, the GM of the MIC for TRB was significantly lower than that for both ITZ (P = .009) and AMB (P < .001). However, in the filamentous phase, the GM of the MIC for TRB was significantly lower than that of AMB (P < .001), but not different from that of ITZ (P = .091). AMB was the antifungal with the highest GM of the MIC for both phases (1.486 μg/ml for the filamentous phase and 0.660 μg/ml for the yeast). Our results may contribute to a better understanding of antifungal susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates of S. brasiliensis in the mycelial and yeast phases in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ortiz Sanchotene
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil.,Micology Lab of Medicine Faculty (FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Tchana Martinez Brandolt
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil.,Micology Lab of Medicine Faculty (FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil.,Micology Lab of Medicine Faculty (FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil.,Micology Lab of Medicine Faculty (FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Area of Biomedical Science (FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
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28
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Benvegnú AM, Stramari J, Dallazem LND, Chemello RML, Beber AAC. Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis in patient with alcoholism. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 50:871-873. [PMID: 29340472 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0281-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is the most prevalent subcutaneous mycosis and is characterized by a subacute or chronic development of a cutaneous or subcutaneous nodular lesion. It is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix spp, which may manifest in different clinical forms. The disseminated cutaneous form is uncommon and is more likely to occur in immunocompromised patients. We report a 47-year-old male patient with multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules. The patient was diagnosed with disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis based on the isolation and identification of Sporothrix spp. The patient was treated with potassium iodide, which resulted in clinical improvement of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Benvegnú
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Juliana Stramari
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Lia Natália Diehl Dallazem
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Raíssa Massaia Londero Chemello
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.,Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - André Avelino Costa Beber
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.,Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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29
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Boechat JS, Oliveira MME, Almeida-Paes R, Gremião IDF, Machado ACDS, Oliveira RDVC, Figueiredo ABF, Rabello VBDS, Silva KBDL, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Schubach TMP, Pereira SA. Feline sporotrichosis: associations between clinical-epidemiological profiles and phenotypic-genotypic characteristics of the etiological agents in the Rio de Janeiro epizootic area. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:185-196. [PMID: 29412358 PMCID: PMC5804311 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis is caused by species of the genus Sporothrix. From 1998 to 2015, 4,703 cats were diagnosed at the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Even after the description of the Sporothrix species, the characterisation of feline isolates is not performed routinely. OBJECTIVES To characterise the clinical isolates from cats at the species level and correlate them with the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the cats. METHODS Forty seven Sporothrix spp. isolates from cats assisted at Fiocruz from 2010 to 2011 were included. Medical records were consulted to obtain the clinical and epidemiological data. The isolates were identified through their morphological and physiological characteristics. T3B polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting was used for molecular identification of the species. FINDINGS In phenotypic tests, 34 isolates were characterised as S. brasiliensis, one as S. schenckii and 12 as Sporothrix spp. PCR identified all isolates as S. brasiliensis. MAIN CONCLUSIONS S. brasiliensis is the only etiological agent of feline sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro to date. None association was found between the isolates and the clinical and epidemiological data. In addition, we strongly recommend the use of molecular techniques for the identification of isolates of Sporothrix spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Sepulveda Boechat
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Micologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Caroline de Sá Machado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Anna Barreto Fernandes Figueiredo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Micologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Karoline Benevides de Lima Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Micologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Tânia Maria Pacheco Schubach
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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30
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Macêdo-Sales PA, Souto SRLS, Destefani CA, Lucena RP, Machado RLD, Pinto MR, Rodrigues AM, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Rocha EMS, Baptista ARS. Domestic feline contribution in the transmission of Sporothrix in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: a comparison between infected and non-infected populations. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:19. [PMID: 29347940 PMCID: PMC5774141 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporotrichosis is a neglected zoonosis caused by pathogenic fungi belonging to the Sporothrix schenckii complex. In Rio de Janeiro state, this disease reached an epidemic status with over 4700 domestic felines and around 4000 humans affected since the mid-90s. The present study evaluated clinical and epidemiological aspects and also the frequency of colonization and infection by these fungi in healthy cats and among those with suspicious cutaneous lesions, inhabiting four Rio de Janeiro state distinct areas. Results Three hundred and seventy-one cats were included in two groups: 175 healthy cats [CRG] and 196 cats showing lesions suggesting sporotrichosis [SSG]. Mycological diagnosis allowed SSG animals to be divided in positive [104 cats; +SG] and negative [92 cats; -SG] groups. Nails, oral mucosa and lesions swabs were submitted to culture and potential colonies were subculture for micromorphologycal analysis, dimorphism and molecular tests. In the CRG, only one cat was colonized in the oral cavity [0.57%]; in the -SG group, four animals showed colonization of the nail and/or oral cavity [4.3%]; while the highest frequency of colonization [39.4%] was observed in the +SG. All molecularly typed isolates were identified as S. brasiliensis. Conclusion The results obtained here indicate that healthy cats have a minor role in sporotrichosis transmission within the state of Rio de Janeiro. Conversely, a higher participation of diseased feline in sporotrichosis transmission was evidenced, especially by the colonization of their oral cavity. Sporothrix brasiliensis equally affects and colonizes animals from distinct Rio de Janeiro state areas. Thus, we hypothesize that sporotrichosis is a uniform endemic throughout the state, whose transmission depends mainly on the contact with cats with sporotrichosis. Since Rio de Janeiro displays a world unique epidemic model of the disease, not fully understood, data on the infected and non-infected animals can be of major importance for future strategies of sporotrichosis prevention and control. Finally, considering the importance of the current concept of “one health”, the experience here observed can be helpful for distinct epizootias and/or zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pãmella A Macêdo-Sales
- Applied Microbiology e Parasitology Postgraduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Simone R L S Souto
- Veterinary Medicine Postgraduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina A Destefani
- Medical and Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101 São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Ricardo P Lucena
- Medical and Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101 São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz D Machado
- Medical and Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101 São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Pinto
- Medical and Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101 São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Anderson M Rodrigues
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Cellular Mycology and Fungal Proteomics Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth M S Rocha
- Medical and Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101 São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Andréa Regina S Baptista
- Medical and Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101 São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, CEP: 24210-130, Brazil.
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31
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Waller SB, Nakasu C, Silva AL, Faria ROD, Fernandes JPDS, Cleff MB. Anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity of different pyrazinoic acid prodrugs: a repurposing evaluation. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000417858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Castro NB, Rolim VM, Nascimento LCD, Silveira AF, Argenta FF, Ferreiro L, Driemeier D, Sonne L. Doenças micóticas em gatos no Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: As enfermidades fúngicas são diagnósticos diferenciais de diversas morbidades de caráter infeccioso, degenerativo ou proliferativo neoplásico, principalmente em gatos, que é a espécie mais suscetível a estas. Este trabalho descreve os achados anatomopatológicos de doenças fúngicas em gatos no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015 pelo SPV-UFRGS. Foram revisados 1.274 protocolos de necropsia e encontrou-se 17 casos de micoses, correspondendo a 1,33% dos diagnósticos. Quanto às amostras provenientes de biopsias, foram verificados 2.615 protocolos e detectou-se 59 casos de doenças fúngicas, totalizando 2,25% dos diagnósticos, sendo revisados seus achados macroscópicos, microscópicos, colorações especiais e cultivo micológico. O principal diagnóstico encontrado foi esporotricose com 34 casos de biópsia e cinco de necropsia. Criptococose obteve seis diagnósticos na necropsia e 13 na biópsia. O pseudomicetoma dermatofítico possui cinco casos de biópsia e dois de necropsia. Histoplasmose obteve um diagnóstico na necropsia e dois na biópsia. Aspergilose teve dois casos diagnosticados na necropsia. Candidíase e feo-hifomicose obtiveram um caso cada. Em quatro ocasiões, não se pode identificar o agente envolvido na lesão e foram classificados conforme a alteração morfológica em: dermatite fúngica, enterite fúngica, rinite micótica e dermatite e osteomielite fúngica. Através deste trabalho, pode-se identificar que a esporotricose foi o diagnóstico de doença fúngica mais frequente em felinos, seguido da criptococose e pseudomicetoma dermatofítico.
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Backel K, Cain C. Skin as a marker of general feline health: Cutaneous manifestations of infectious disease. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1149-1165. [PMID: 29068251 PMCID: PMC10816623 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17735764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Infectious disease in feline patients often presents a diagnostic challenge. This article reviews the most relevant viral, bacterial and protozoal diseases and their cutaneous manifestations. Many of the diseases discussed have overlapping presentations or may mimic more common noninfectious disease processes. The purpose of the article is to reinforce knowledge of common and uncommon infectious diseases, help practitioners identify possible infectious dermatoses, create a comprehensive and prioritized differential list, and provide guidance for the diagnosis of these diseases. A working knowledge of these clinical syndromes is important if what is thought to be a case of a common disease does not respond to conventional management. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinarians who treat cats and especially those with an interest in feline dermatology. Tables are included to allow the reader to formulate a concise list of differential diagnoses for clinically similar presentations. The diagnostic approach to a case of ulcerative facial dermatitis is reviewed in a Case Notes quiz. Evidence base: This article includes up-to-date information regarding dermatologic manifestations of less commonly encountered feline cutaneous infectious diseases. Information has been drawn from the published, peer-reviewed literature and the most recent textbook chapters with a particular aim of describing and differentiating clinical lesions and the diagnostic approach to cutaneous disease, especially in unusual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Backel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Waller SB, Madrid IM, Hoffmann JF, Picoli T, Cleff MB, Chaves FC, Faria ROD, Meireles MCA, Braga de Mello JR. Chemical composition and cytotoxicity of extracts of marjoram and rosemary and their activity against Sporothrix brasiliensis. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1076-1083. [PMID: 28699881 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Motivated by increasing reports of antifungal resistance in human and animal sporotrichosis, this study evaluated the chemical composition, cytotoxicity and anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity of extracts of marjoram (Origanum majorana) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). METHODOLOGY Ten (INF10) and 60 min (INF60) infusions, a decoction and a hydroalcoholic extract (HAE, 70 %) were prepared from both plants (10 % w/v). The extract composition was analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the cytotoxicity was evaluated using a colorimetric assay in canine and feline kidney cells. Using a broth microdilution assay (CLSI M38-A2) adapted to the extracts, 30 Sporothrix brasiliensis isolates from dogs, cats and humans, and one Sporothrix schenckii were tested.Results/Key findings. The predominant phenolic compounds found in all extracts were 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. Luteolin was also one of the predominant compounds, but only in the HAE of marjoram. Extracts of marjoram maintained cell viability in concentrations up to 2.5 mg ml-1 for the feline cell line and up to 10 mg ml-1 for the canine cell line, whereas in rosemary, the cell viability for both kidney lines was maintained with concentrations up to 5 mg ml-1. The activity of rosemary extracts was low or absent. Among the marjoram extracts, HAE was highlighted and had fungistatic activity against Sporothrix brasiliensis (MIC5040 mg ml-1), including in all itraconazole-resistant isolates. S. schenckiisensu stricto was sensitive to marjoram extracts (MIC/MFC ≤5 mg ml-1), with the exception of INF10. CONCLUSION These findings support the potential usefulness of the HAE of marjoram in the treatment of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Fernanda Hoffmann
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Tony Picoli
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Marlete Brum Cleff
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Clasen Chaves
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Osório de Faria
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | | | - João Roberto Braga de Mello
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Sciences and Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
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Almeida-Paes R, Borba-Santos LP, Rozental S, Marco S, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, da Cunha MML. Melanin biosynthesis in pathogenic species of Sporothrix. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cholinergic enzymes and inflammatory markers in rats infected by Sporothrix schenckii. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Waller SB, Madrid IM, Ferraz V, Picoli T, Cleff MB, de Faria RO, Meireles MCA, de Mello JRB. Cytotoxicity and anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity of the Origanum majorana Linn. oil. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:896-901. [PMID: 27515466 PMCID: PMC5052358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of the essential oil of Origanum majorana Linn. (marjoram), its chemical analysis, and its cytotoxic activity. A total of 18 fungal isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis (n: 17) from humans, dogs and cats, and a standard strain of Sporothrix schenckii (n: 1) were tested using the broth microdilution technique (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute – CLSI M27-A3) and the results were expressed in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). The MIC50 and MIC90 of itraconazole against S. brasiliensis were 2 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively, and the MFC50 and MFC90 were 2 μg/mL and >16 μg/mL, respectively, with three S. brasiliensis isolates resistant to antifungal. S. schenckii was sensitive at MIC of 1 μg/mL and MFC of 8 μg/mL. For the oil of O. majorana L., all isolates were susceptible to MIC of ≤2.25–9 mg/mL and MFC of ≤2.25–18 mg/mL. The MIC50 and MIC90 were ≤2.25 mg/mL and 4.5 mg/mL, respectively, and the MFC50/90 values were twice more than the MIC. Twenty-two compounds were identified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (CG-FID) and 1,8-cineole and 4-terpineol were the majority. Through the colorimetric (MTT) assay, the toxicity was observed in 70–80% of VERO cells between 0.078 and 5 mg/mL. For the first time, the study demonstrated the satisfactory in vitro anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of marjoram oil and further studies are needed to ensure its safe and effective use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Faculdade de Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Veterinária, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Martins Madrid
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), Prefeitura Municipal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanny Ferraz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Laboratório de Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tony Picoli
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Faculdade de Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Veterinária, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marlete Brum Cleff
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Osório de Faria
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Veterinária, Pelotas, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, RS, Brazil
| | - Mário Carlos Araújo Meireles
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Veterinária, Pelotas, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, RS, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Braga de Mello
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Waller SB, Madrid IM, Faria ROD, Cleff MB, Mello JRBD, Meireles MCA. Anti- Sporothrix spp. activity of medicinal plants. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cases of sporotrichosis in humans and animals without satisfactory clinical response have increased, a warning sign of strains resistant to conventional antifungal agents. The urgent search for alternative therapies was an incentive for research on medicinal plants with anti-Sporothrix spp. properties. A bibliographic survey was performed based on scientific papers about in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of essential oils and extracts of plants in differents solvents against the fungal of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. The study methodology consisted of a literature review in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Bireme and Springer link with papers from 1986 to 2015. We found 141 species of plants that were investigated, of which 100 species were concentrated in 39 botanical families that had confirmed anti-Sporothrix activity. Combretaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae represented the botanical families with the greatest number of plants species with antifungal potential, using different methodologies. However, there are few studies with medicinal plants in experimental infection in animals that prove their activity in the treatment of sporotrichosis. It reinforces the need for further research related to standardization of in vitro methodologies and in vivo studies related to safety and to toxicity potential of these plants with anti-Sporothrix spp. activity.
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Sanchotene KO, Madrid IM, Klafke GB, Bergamashi M, Della Terra PP, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP, Xavier MO. Sporothrix brasiliensis outbreaks and the rapid emergence of feline sporotrichosis. Mycoses 2015; 58:652-8. [PMID: 26404561 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is the main subcutaneous mycosis in Brazil, and is caused by Sporothrix schenckii and allied species. Sporothrix propagules present on soil and plant debris may be traumatically inoculated into the cutaneous/ subcutaneous tissues of the warm-blooded host. An alternative route involves direct animal-animal and animal-human transmissions through deep scratches and bites of diseased cats. Sporotrichosis is much more common than previously appreciated with several cases emerging over the years especially in South and Southeast Brazil. We conducted an epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas of feline sporotrichosis in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Over the last 5-year period the number of feline sporotrichosis in Rio Grande increased from 0.75 new cases per month in 2010 to 3.33 cases per month in 2014. The wide geographic distribution of diagnosed cases highlights the dynamics of Sporothrix transmission across urban areas with high population density. Molecular identification down to species level by PCR-RFLP of cat-transmitted Sporothrix revealed the emergence of the clonal offshoot S. brasiliensis during feline outbreaks; this scenario is similar to the epidemics taking place in the metropolitan areas of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Controlling and preventing sporotrichosis outbreaks are essential steps to managing the disease among humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ortiz Sanchotene
- Post-Graduation program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil.,Mycology Lab of Medicine Faculty (FAMED)-FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paula Portella Della Terra
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Post-Graduation program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil.,Mycology Lab of Medicine Faculty (FAMED)-FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Area of Biomedical Science (FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
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Scheufen S, Strommer S, Weisenborn J, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Thom N, Bauer N, Köhler K, Ewers C. Clinical manifestation of an amelanotic Sporothrix schenckii complex isolate in a cat in Germany. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheufen
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sellyn Strommer
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jascha Weisenborn
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department of Mycology, J W Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Thom
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Ferreira LS, Gonçalves AC, Portuondo DL, Maia DCG, Placeres MCP, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Optimal clearance of Sporothrix schenckii requires an intact Th17 response in a mouse model of systemic infection. Immunobiology 2015; 220:985-92. [PMID: 25776919 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Th17 cells, along with many other Th cell subsets in the recent years, has expanded the Th1/Th2 paradigm that had persisted since its proposition by Mosmann in 1986. Defined by the characteristic expression of the transcription factor retinoic-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and production of IL-17A (IL-17), Th17 cells are powerful inducers of tissue inflammation with a recognized role against extracellular bacteria and fungi. Despite this, the interest in their study came from the pivotal role they play in the development and maintenance of major chronic inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, hence they have been the target of promising new anti-Th17 therapies. Accordingly, the identification of opportunistic pathogens whose clearance relies on the Th17 response is of huge prophylactic importance. As shown here for the first time, this applies to Sporothrix schenckii, a thermo-dimorphic fungus and the causative agent of sporotrichosis. Our results show that both Th17 and Th1/Th17 mixed cells are developed during the S. schenckii systemic mice infection, which also leads to augmented production of IL-17 and IL-22. Also, by using an antibody-mediated IL-23 depletion model, we further demonstrate that optimal fungal clearance, but not survival, depends on an intact Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Cardoso Geraldo Maia
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi Placeres
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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de Araujo ML, Rodrigues AM, Fernandes GF, de Camargo ZP, de Hoog GS. Human sporotrichosis beyond the epidemic front reveals classical transmission types in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Mycoses 2015; 58:485-90. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariceli L. de Araujo
- Department of Pathology; Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES); Vitória Brazil
| | - Anderson M. Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Parasitology; Cell Biology Division; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Geisa F. Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Parasitology; Cell Biology Division; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Zoilo P. de Camargo
- Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Parasitology; Cell Biology Division; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo Brazil
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures; KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Phylogeography and evolutionary patterns in Sporothrix spanning more than 14 000 human and animal case reports. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2015; 35:1-20. [PMID: 26823625 PMCID: PMC4713101 DOI: 10.3767/003158515x687416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathology to vertebrate hosts has emerged repeatedly in the order Ophiostomatales. Occasional infections have been observed in Sporothrix mexicana at a low level of virulence, while the main pathogenic species cluster in a derived clade around S. schenckii s.str. In this paper, phylogeny and epidemiology of the members of this clade were investigated for 99 clinical and 36 environmental strains using four genetic loci, viz. rDNA ITS and partial CAL, TEF1, and TEF3; data are compared with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping. The four main species of the pathogenic clade were recognised. The species proved to show high degrees of endemicity, which enabled interpretation of literature data where live material or genetic information is lacking. The clade of four species comprised nine subclusters, which often had limited geographic distribution and were separate from each other in all partitions, suggesting low degrees of interbreeding between populations. In contrast, S. globosa exhibited consistent global distribution of identical AFLP types, suggesting another type of dispersal. Sporothrix brasiliensis is known to be involved in an expanding zoonosis and transmitted by cats, whereas S. globosa infections originated from putrid plant material, causing a sapronosis. Sporothrix schenckii s.str., the most variable species within the clade, also had a plant origin, with ecological similarities to that of S. globosa. A hypothesis was put forward that highly specific conditions in the plant material are required to promote the growth of Sporothrix. Fermented, self-heated plant debris may stimulate the thermodependent yeast-like invasive form of the fungus, which facilitates repeated infection of mammals.
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Gremião IDF, Menezes RC, Schubach TMP, Figueiredo ABF, Cavalcanti MCH, Pereira SA. Feline sporotrichosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Med Mycol 2014; 53:15-21. [PMID: 25477076 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline sporotrichosis, which is caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, is endemic to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 4000 cases of the disease were diagnosed at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil, between 1998 and 2012. Sporotrichosis in cats has been reported in several countries, but nowhere has an outbreak of animal sporotrichosis been as large as that seen in Brazil. The clinical manifestations of the disease range from an isolated skin lesion that can progress to multiple skin lesions and even fatal systemic involvement. Nodules and ulcers are the most common types of lesions, and respiratory signs and mucosa involvement are frequent. The definitive diagnosis depends on isolation of the etiologic agent in culture. Cytology, histopathology, and serology are useful tools for preliminary diagnosis. Severe pyogranulomatous inflammatory infiltrate, high fungal load, and extension of lesions to mucosa, cartilage, and bone in the nose of cats are indicative of an agent of high virulence in this endemic region. Itraconazole is the drug of choice, while, in refractory cases, amphotericin B or potassium iodide might be alternative treatments; however, recurrence after discharge may occur. Sporotrichosis persists as a neglected disease in Rio de Janeiro, and the treatment of cats remains a challenging and long-term endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D F Gremião
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tânia M P Schubach
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna B F Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maíra C H Cavalcanti
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro A Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Montenegro H, Rodrigues AM, Dias MAG, da Silva EA, Bernardi F, de Camargo ZP. Feline sporotrichosis due to Sporothrix brasiliensis: an emerging animal infection in São Paulo, Brazil. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:269. [PMID: 25407096 PMCID: PMC4244058 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sporotrichosis is a mycotic infectious disease that is generally acquired by traumatic inoculation of contaminated materials especially from plant debris or through bites and scratches from diseased animals, such as domestic cats. It affects the skin, lymphatic system, and other organs in the warm-blooded host. Etiological agents are embedded in the plant-associated order Ophiostomatales. With essential differences between possible outbreak sources and ecological niche, host-environment interactions are classic determinants of risk factors for disease acquisition. Sporotrichosis outbreaks with zoonotic transmission, such as those that are ongoing in southern and southeastern Brazil, have highlighted the threat of cross-species pathogen transmission. Sporothrix brasiliensis has emerged as a human threat owing to the intimate contact pattern between diseased cats and humans in endemic areas. Results We describe the recent emergence of feline sporotrichosis in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, with an overwhelming occurrence of S. brasiliensis as the etiological agent. A phylogenetic and a haplotype approach were used to investigate the origin of this epidemic and the impact of feline transmission on genetic diversity. During the last 3-year period, 163 cases of feline sporotrichosis were reported in São Paulo with proven S. brasiliensis culture. The haplotype diversity of feline S. brasiliensis isolates revealed the expansion of a clonal population with low genetic diversity. Haplotype analysis confirmed that isolates from São Paulo shared the haplotype originated in the long-lasting outbreak of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, which differed from the haplotype circulating in the Rio Grande do Sul epidemic. Conclusions The fast spread of sporotrichosis in a short period of time highlights the potential for outbreaks and suggests that the mycosis may affect an urban population with a high concentration of susceptible felines. The feline sporotrichosis epidemic shows no signs of slowing, and this epidemiological pattern may require specific public health strategies to control future outbreaks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0269-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Fernanda Bernardi
- Zoonosis Control Center of São Paulo (COVISA/SMS/PMSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Emerging sporotrichosis is driven by clonal and recombinant Sporothrix species. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e32. [PMID: 26038739 PMCID: PMC4051365 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, caused by agents of the fungal genus Sporothrix, occurs
worldwide, but the infectious species are not evenly distributed. Sporothrix
propagules usually gain entry into the warm-blooded host through minor trauma to the skin
from contaminated plant debris or through scratches or bites from felines carrying the
disease, generally in the form of outbreaks. Over the last decade, sporotrichosis has
changed from a relatively obscure endemic infection to an epidemic zoonotic health
problem. We evaluated the impact of the feline host on the epidemiology, spatial
distribution, prevalence and genetic diversity of human sporotrichosis. Nuclear and
mitochondrial markers revealed large structural genetic differences between S.
brasiliensis and S. schenckii populations, suggesting that the interplay
of host, pathogen and environment has a structuring effect on the diversity, frequency and
distribution of Sporothrix species. Phylogenetic data support a recent habitat
shift within S. brasiliensis from plant to cat that seems to have occurred in
southeastern Brazil and is responsible for its emergence. A clonal structure was found in
the early expansionary phase of the cat–human epidemic. However, the prevalent
recombination structure in the plant-associated pathogen S. schenckii generates a
diversity of genotypes that did not show any significant increase in frequency as
etiological agents of human infection over time. These results suggest that closely
related pathogens can follow different strategies in epidemics. Thus, species-specific
types of transmission may require distinct public health strategies for disease
control.
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Rodrigues AM, de Hoog GS, de Camargo ZP. Genotyping species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex by PCR-RFLP of calmodulin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78:383-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Brilhante RSN, Malaquias ÂDM, Caetano ÉP, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Lima RACD, Marques FJDF, Silva NF, Alencar LPD, Monteiro AJ, Camargo ZPD, Bandeira TDJPG, Rodrigues AM, Cordeiro RDA, Moreira JLB, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. In vitro inhibitory effect of miltefosine against strains of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum and Sporothrix spp. Med Mycol 2014; 52:320-5. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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49
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Pereira SA, Gremião IDF, Kitada AAB, Boechat JS, Viana PG, Schubach TMP. The epidemiological scenario of feline sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:392-3. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0092-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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50
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Rodrigues AM, de Melo Teixeira M, de Hoog GS, Schubach TMP, Pereira SA, Fernandes GF, Bezerra LML, Felipe MS, de Camargo ZP. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a high prevalence of Sporothrix brasiliensis in feline sporotrichosis outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2281. [PMID: 23818999 PMCID: PMC3688539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, previously assumed to be the sole agent of human and animal sporotrichosis, is in fact a species complex. Recently recognized taxa include S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. mexicana, and S. luriei, in addition to S. schenckii sensu stricto. Over the last decades, large epidemics of sporotrichosis occurred in Brazil due to zoonotic transmission, and cats were pointed out as key susceptible hosts. In order to understand the eco-epidemiology of feline sporotrichosis and its role in human sporotrichosis a survey was conducted among symptomatic cats. Prevalence and phylogenetic relationships among feline Sporothrix species were investigated by reconstructing their phylogenetic origin using the calmodulin (CAL) and the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α) loci in strains originated from Rio de Janeiro (RJ, n = 15), Rio Grande do Sul (RS, n = 10), Paraná (PR, n = 4), São Paulo (SP, n =3) and Minas Gerais (MG, n = 1). Our results showed that S. brasiliensis is highly prevalent among cats (96.9%) with sporotrichosis, while S. schenckii was identified only once. The genotype of Sporothrix from cats was found identical to S. brasiliensis from human sources confirming that the disease is transmitted by cats. Sporothrix brasiliensis presented low genetic diversity compared to its sister taxon S. schenckii. No evidence of recombination in S. brasiliensis was found by split decomposition or PHI-test analysis, suggesting that S. brasiliensis is a clonal species. Strains recovered in states SP, MG and PR share the genotype of the RJ outbreak, different from the RS clone. The occurrence of separate genotypes among strains indicated that the Brazilian S. brasiliensis epidemic has at least two distinct sources. We suggest that cats represent a major host and the main source of cat and human S. brasiliensis infections in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geisa Ferreira Fernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila Maria Lopes Bezerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Felipe
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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