1
|
Cantelli BA, Segura GG, Bitencourt TA, de Abreu MH, Petrucelli MF, Peronni K, Sanches PR, Beleboni RO, da Silva Junior WA, Martinez-Rossi NM, Marins M, Fachin AL. Transcriptome Analysis of Co-Cultures of THP-1 Human Macrophages with Inactivated Germinated Trichophyton rubrum Conidia. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050563. [PMID: 37233274 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most mycoses are superficial, the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum can cause systemic infections in patients with a weakened immune system, resulting in serious and deep lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the transcriptome of a human monocyte/macrophage cell line (THP-1) co-cultured with inactivated germinated T. rubrum conidia (IGC) in order to characterize deep infection. Analysis of macrophage viability by lactate dehydrogenase quantification showed the activation of the immune system after 24 h of contact with live germinated T. rubrum conidia (LGC). After standardization of the co-culture conditions, the release of the interleukins TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-12 was quantified. The greater release of IL-12 was observed during co-culturing of THP-1 with IGC, while there was no change in the other cytokines. Next-generation sequencing of the response to T. rubrum IGC identified the modulation of 83 genes; of these, 65 were induced and 18 were repressed. The categorization of the modulated genes showed their involvement in signal transduction, cell communication, and immune response pathways. In total, 16 genes were selected for validation and Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.98, indicating a high correlation between RNA-seq and qPCR. Modulation of the expression of all genes was similar for LGC and IGC co-culture; however, the fold-change values were higher for LGC. Due to the high expression of the IL-32 gene in RNA-seq, we quantified this interleukin and observed an increased release in co-culture with T. rubrum. In conclusion, the macrophages-T. rubrum co-culture model revealed the ability of these cells to modulate the immune response, as demonstrated by the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the RNA-seq gene expression profile. The results obtained permit to identify possible molecular targets that are modulated in macrophages and that could be explored in antifungal therapies involving the activation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Aline Cantelli
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires Aparecida Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Monise Fazolin Petrucelli
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Kamila Peronni
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Pablo Rodrigo Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Rene Oliveira Beleboni
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | | | - Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gupta C, Das S, Gaurav V, Singh PK, Rai G, Datt S, Tigga RA, Pandhi D, Bhattacharya SN, Ansari MA, Dar SA. Review on host-pathogen interaction in dermatophyte infections. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101331. [PMID: 36272379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin and its appendages caused by dermatophytes. Recent times have witnessed a dynamic evolution of dermatophytes driven by their ecology, reproduction, pathogenicity and host immune response, influenced by population migration and socioeconomic status. Dermatophytes establish infection following successful adherence of arthroconidia to the surface of keratinized tissues. The proteolytic enzymes released during adherence and invasion not only ascertain their survival but also allow the persistence of infection in the host. While the cutaneous immune surveillance mechanism, after antigen exposure and presentation, leads to activation of T lymphocytes and subsequent clonal expansion generating effector T cells that differentially polarize to a predominant Th17 response, the response fails to eliminate the pathogen despite the presence of high levels of IFN-γ. In chronic dermatophytosis, antigens are a constant source of stimulus promoting a dysregulated Th17 response causing inflammation. The host-derived iTreg response fails to counterbalance the inflammation and instead polarizes to Th17 lineage, aggravating the chronicity of the infection. Increasing antifungal resistance and recalcitrant dermatophytosis has impeded the overall clinical remission. Human genetic research has the potential to generate knowledge to explore new therapeutic targets. The review focuses on understanding specific virulence factors involved in pathogenesis and defining the role of dysregulated host immune response against chronic dermatophytic infections for future management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, 110029, India; Present Address: Consultant Infectious Diseases, Fortis Hospital, Sector 62, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Shukla Das
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Vishal Gaurav
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Praveen K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Gargi Rai
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Shyama Datt
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Richa A Tigga
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Deepika Pandhi
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Sambit N Bhattacharya
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Mohammad A Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Sajad A Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ryu S, Ni K, Wang C, Sivanantham A, Carnino JM, Ji HL, Jin Y. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Promote Lung Inflammatory Responses and Macrophage Activation via Multi-Signaling Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:568. [PMID: 36831104 PMCID: PMC9953134 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that Gram-negative bacteria release bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and that these play an important role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infection-mediated inflammatory responses and organ damage. Despite the fact that scattered reports have shown that OMVs released from Gram-negative bacteria may function via the TLR2/4-signaling pathway or induce pyroptosis in macrophages, our study reveals a more complex role of OMVs in the development of inflammatory lung responses and macrophage pro-inflammatory activation. We first confirmed that various types of Gram-negative bacteria release similar OMVs which prompt pro-inflammatory activation in both bone marrow-derived macrophages and lung alveolar macrophages. We further demonstrated that mice treated with OMVs via intratracheal instillation developed significant inflammatory lung responses. Using mouse inflammation and autoimmune arrays, we identified multiple altered cytokine/chemokines in both bone marrow-derived macrophages and alveolar macrophages, suggesting that OMVs have a broader spectrum of function compared to LPS. Using TLR4 knock-out cells, we found that OMVs exert more robust effects on activating macrophages compared to LPS. We next examined multiple signaling pathways, including not only cell surface antigens, but also intracellular receptors. Our results confirmed that bacterial OMVs trigger both surface protein-mediated signaling and intracellular signaling pathways, such as the S100-A8 protein-mediated pathway. In summary, our studies confirm that bacterial OMVs strongly induced macrophage pro-inflammatory activation and inflammatory lung responses via multi-signaling pathways. Bacterial OMVs should be viewed as a repertoire of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), exerting more robust effects than Gram-negative bacteria-derived LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Ryu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kareemah Ni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ayyanar Sivanantham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Carnino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hong-Long Ji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Tyler Health Science Center, 11937 US Hwy 271, BMR, Lab D-11, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma X, Liu Z, Yu Y, Jiang Y, Wang C, Zuo Z, Ling S, He M, Cao S, Wen Y, Zhao Q, Wu R, Huang X, Zhong Z, Peng G, Gu Y. Microsporum gypseum Isolated from Ailuropoda melanoleuca Provokes Inflammation and Triggers Th17 Adaptive Immunity Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912037. [PMID: 36233337 PMCID: PMC9570494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporum gypseum causes dermatomycoses in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). This study aimed to investigate the immune response of M. gypseum following deep infection. The degree of damage to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys was evaluated using tissue fungal load, organ index, and histopathological methods. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) detected the mRNA expression of receptors and cytokines in the lung, and immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, were used to assess immune cells in the lung. The results indicated that conidia mainly colonized the lungs and caused serious injury with M. gypseum infection. Furthermore, dectin-1, TLR-2, and TLR-4 played a role in recognizing M. gypseum cells. Numerous inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages, dendritic cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23), were activated in the early stages of infection. With the high expression of IL-22, IL-17A, and IL-17F, the Th17 pathway exerted an adaptive immune response to M. gypseum infection. These results can potentially aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by M. gypseum in giant pandas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaozhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shanshan Ling
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China
| | - Ming He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu 611800, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18190681226
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saleh MA, Rateb MH, Abd-Allah EA, Mohamed GAE. Circulating redox status in sheep naturally infected with Trichophyton verrucosum. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:288. [PMID: 36087151 PMCID: PMC9464168 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton verrucosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte that causes skin inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the redox status in the blood of sheep clinically infected with T. verrucosum. According to clinical and mycological investigations, 48 juvenile male Balady sheep were selected in their natural habitat and divided into four groups depending on the lesion size: mild (MID), moderate (MOD), severe (SEV) T. verrucosum infection, and healthy control groups. Compared to the controls, plasma superoxide anion increased (P < 0.05) in both MOD and SEV but total peroxides (TPx) gradually increased (P < 0.05) in MID followed by MOD and SEV. Superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were higher (P < 0.05) in MID and lower (P < 0.05) in MOD and SEV than in controls, but SEV showed lower TAC than MOD. Malondialdehyde (MDA, a lipid peroxide marker) increased (P < 0.05) in SEV than in controls, but protein carbonyl (PC, a protein peroxidation marker) was augmented (P < 0.05) as lesions progressed from mild to severe. The oxidative stress index (TPx/TAC ratio) progressively increased (P < 0.05) in MOD and SEV. The correlation of PC was positive with TPx and negative with TAC (P < 0.01). In conclusion, sheep infection with T. verrucosum is characterized by increased TPx and decreased TAC in plasma depending on the lesion area. The redox status is shifted towards the oxidizing state, particularly in MOD and SEV cases. This results in a condition of OS, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Saleh
- Biochemistry Unit, Regional Animal Health Research Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - M H Rateb
- Biochemistry Unit, Regional Animal Health Research Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Elham A Abd-Allah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharga, 725211, Egypt
| | - Ghada A E Mohamed
- Biochemistry Unit, Regional Animal Health Research Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma X, Hu J, Wang C, Gu Y, Cao S, Huang X, Wen Y, Zhao Q, Wu R, Zuo Z, Yu S, Shen L, Zhong Z, Peng G, Ling S. Innate and mild Th17 cutaneous immune responses elicited by subcutaneous infection of immunocompetent mice with Cladosporium cladosporioides. Microb Pathog 2021; 163:105384. [PMID: 34974124 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cladosporium cladosporioides is a dematiaceous hyphomycete that is pathogenic in the superficial and deep tissues of both immunodeficient and immunocompetent humans and animals. Our aim was to evaluate the antifungal immune responses elicited by C. cladosporioides in immunocompetent mice. Hence, we subcutaneously injected suspensions of C. cladosporioides spores into immunocompetent mice to investigate the anti-fungal immune responses in the skin. We collected skin tissue samples for histopathological examination, immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. We observed subcutaneous abscesses in mice after subcutaneous injection of C. cladosporioides. A large number of inflammatory cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, infiltrated the focal abscess, with comparatively few infiltrating inflammatory cells in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. We detected the expression of CD54 in the abscesses and the skin. Gene expression of the pattern recognition receptors Dectin-1 and TLR-2 was higher in infected mice than in controls. Gene expression of the cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17A also increased after infection, suggesting that the Th17 signaling pathway may be involved in the anti-fungal response. Although the pathogenicity of C. cladosporioides in healthy mice was weak after subcutaneous infection, resulting in few serious pathological phenomena, it appears that innate and Th17 immune responses play important roles in the cutaneous host response to C. cladosporioides. These findings lay a foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism and treatment of C. cladosporioides infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611800, China.
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shumin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shanshan Ling
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611800, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Assessment of the pulmonary adaptive immune response to Cladosporium cladosporioides infection using an experimental mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:909. [PMID: 33441700 PMCID: PMC7806624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cladosporium cladosporioides causes asthma and superficial and deep infections, mostly in immunodeficient individuals and animals. This study aimed to investigate whether C. cladosporioides spores can enter the lungs through pulmonary circulation and influence pulmonary immune response. We intravenously injected mice with C. cladosporioides spore suspension and conducted several assays on the lungs. Pulmonary hemorrhage symptoms and congestion were most severe on days 1, 2, and 3 post-inoculation (PI). Extensive inflammatory cell infiltration occurred throughout the period of infection. More spores and hyphae colonizing the lungs were detected on days 1, 2, and 3 PI, and fewer spores and hyphae were observed within 21 d of infection. Numerous macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils were observed on day 5 PI, along with upregulation of CD54, an intercellular adhesion molecule. Th1 and Th2 cells increased after infection; specifically, Th2 cells increased considerably on day 5 PI. These results suggest that days 2 and 5 PI represent the inflammatory peak in the lungs and that the Th2 and Th1 signaling pathways are potentially involved in pulmonary immune responses. In conclusion, the further adaptive immune responses played important roles in establishing effective pulmonary immunity against C. cladosporioides systemic infections based on innate immune responses.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Łagowski D, Zięba P. Host- and pathogen-dependent susceptibility and predisposition to dermatophytosis. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:823-836. [PMID: 31050630 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are a highly specialized group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi causing a ringworm disease called dermatophytosis or superficial mycoses. Although dermatophyte infections do not threaten the host's life, they lower its quality in humans by causing discomfort related to cosmetic problems and through their epidemiological significance, whereas in farm animals they are responsible for economic losses and constitute a source of the spread of spores. Evidence from countless observational studies that have been conducted over the last 90 years indicates that dermatophytes infect humans of every age, race, gender and socioeconomic status with strikingly high rates, as well as both farmed and wild animals in various health conditions and with various epidemiological statuses. However, the prevalence of superficial fungal infections is highly variable, since it depends on several parameters associated with the infected individual and the dermatophyte, their mutual interactions, and epidemiological and geographical factors. The curious disparity in dermatophyte infection patterns has prompted many investigators to search for a link between the host, the host's predispositions and susceptibility to the disease, and the dermatophyte species and virulence. Thus, the question arises as to whether, in addition to the generally recognized factors predisposing hosts to diseases, there are some other predispositions to dermatophyte infections in a species-specific host. In this review, we describe recent findings about the mechanism of dermatophyte infections, focusing on the adaptation of the fungi to the host and conditions predisposing each side to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- 2 State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gräser Y, Monod M, Bouchara JP, Dukik K, Nenoff P, Kargl A, Kupsch C, Zhan P, Packeu A, Chaturvedi V, de Hoog S. New insights in dermatophyte research. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538740 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophyte research has renewed interest because of changing human floras with changing socioeconomic conditions, and because of severe chronic infections in patients with congenital immune disorders. Main taxonomic traits at the generic level have changed considerably, and now fine-tuning at the species level with state-of-the-art technology has become urgent. Research on virulence factors focuses on secreted proteases now has support in genome data. It is speculated that most protease families are used for degrading hard keratin during nitrogen recycling in the environment, while others, such as Sub6 may have emerged as a result of ancestral gene duplication, and are likely to have specific roles during infection. Virulence may differ between mating partners of the same species and concepts of zoo- and anthropophily may require revision in some recently redefined species. Many of these questions benefit from international cooperation and exchange of materials. The aim of the ISHAM Working Group Dermatophytes aims to stimulate and coordinate international networking on these fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Gräser
- Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Karolina Dukik
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Labor für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbis, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Kupsch
- Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ping Zhan
- Jiangxi Dermatology Hospital and Jiangxi Dermatology Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Ann Packeu
- Mycologie & Aerobiologie Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses: A Thematic Overview of State of the Art, and the Directions for Future Research and Developments. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:1-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|