Structural parameters of nanoparticles affecting their toxicity for biomedical applications: a review

Enhanced antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and efflux pump inhibitory effects of ursolic acid-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

OBJECTIVES

In the present study, we investigate the effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles conjugated with ursolic acid (Fe3O4NPs@UA) on inhibiting the growth, biofilm-forming ability and efflux pump activity in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with multiple drug resistance.

METHODS

Iron oxide NPs conjugated with ursolic acid (Fe3O4NPs@UA) were synthesized. Physicochemical features of the NPs were studied by FT-IR, XRD, EDAX, and TEM. The antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of Fe3O4NPs@UA against P. aeruginosa isolates were determined by broth microdilution and microtiter plate methods, respectively. The efflux pump inhibitory effect of Fe3O4NPs@UA was determined using Cartwheel method and through determining the expression level of efflux pump genes, including mexA and oprD in selected P. aeruginosa isolates treated with sub-MIC concentration of Fe3O4NPs@UA by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

In investigating the antimicrobial effect of Fe3O4NPs@UA, the MIC of these nanoparticles varied between 0.19 and 0.78 mg/mL and in the study of the anti-biofilm effect of Fe3O4NPs@UA, it caused a 68-75 % decrease in biofilm formation compared to the control. Moreover, in the Cartwheel test, the anti-efflux effect of these nanoparticles was confirmed at 1/4-MIC concentrations, and the expression of mexA and oprD genes was reduced in bacteria treated with Fe3O4NPs@UA compared to the control.

CONCLUSION

According to the results, the use of Fe3O4NPs@UA can provide a basis for the development of new treatments against drug-resistant bacteria in P. aeruginosa. This substance can improve the concentration of antibiotics in bacterial cells and increase their effectiveness by inhibiting the efflux in P. aeruginosa isolates.

Deciphering the importance of nanoencapsulation to improve the availability of bioactive molecules in food sources to the human body

Various bodily functions are maintained, and health benefits are provided by food-derived bioactive components. Fruits and vegetables contain numerous beneficial components, including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, enzymes, and phytonutrients. However, the body's ability to absorb these substances at a given rate and degree frequently limits their bioavailability. If food-derived bio actives are used as therapeutic or dietary interventions, this limitation can result in low efficacy and suboptimal results. Recently, nanotechnology has been a useful method for increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds produced from food. Active ingredients can be delivered and absorbed more efficiently with the help of nanotechnology. By altering their size or surface properties, bioactive components can be made more soluble, permeable, and bioavailable through nanotechnology. The present review will provide an overview of the various bioactive components, the application of nanotechnology to improve the availability of bioactive molecules to humans and animals, and the challenges and safety concerns associated with nanotechnology in the production of food-derived bioactive molecules.

Active targeting of type 1 diabetes therapies to pancreatic beta cells using nanocarriers

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in lifelong insulin dependence. Although exogenous insulin can maintain glycaemic control, this approach does not protect residual or replacement pancreatic beta cells from immune-mediated death. Current therapeutics designed to protect functional beta cell mass or promote beta cell proliferation and regeneration can have off-target effects, resulting in higher dose requirements and adverse side effects. Targeted drug delivery using nanocarriers has demonstrated potential for overcoming these limitations. The critical bottleneck limiting the development of beta cell-targeted therapies is a lack of highly specific beta cell markers. This review provides an overview of the use of nanocarriers for cell-targeted delivery and the current state of the field of beta cell targeting. Technologies such as systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) aptamer selection, phage display screening, and omics datasets from human samples are highlighted as tools to identify novel beta cell-specific targets that can be combined with nanocarriers for targeted delivery of therapeutics. Ultimately, beta cell-targeted therapies using nanocarriers present a unique opportunity to develop tailored treatments for each stage of type 1 diabetes with the goal of providing individuals with treatment options that prevent further progression or reverse the course of the disease.

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

The electronic and optical properties of a composite created by introducing a magnetite cluster into NaA zeolite have been investigated in this work using DFT calculations. The results obtained indicate that the electronic and optical properties of the composite are enhanced because of the cluster. However, the properties exhibited by the cluster outside the zeolite differ from those it presents when it is part of the composite. It is noteworthy that the composite exhibits magnetic properties of a half-semiconductor and a strong optical response within the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum.

Fabrication of nanoparticles with precisely controllable plasmonic properties as tools for biomedical applications

Metal nanoparticles are established tools for biomedical applications due to their unique optical properties, primarily attributed to localized surface plasmon resonances. They show distinct optical characteristics, such as high extinction cross-sections and resonances at specific wavelengths, which are tunable across the wavelength spectrum by modifying the nanoparticle geometry. These attributes make metal nanoparticles highly valuable for sensing and imaging in biology and medicine. However, their widespread adoption is hindered due to challenges in consistent and accurate nanoparticle fabrication and functionality as well as due to nanotoxicological concerns, including cell damage, DNA damage, and unregulated cell signaling. In this study, we present a fabrication approach using nanoimprint lithography in combination with thin film deposition which yields highly homogenous nanoparticles in size, shape and optical properties with standard deviations of the main geometry parameters of less than 5% batch-to-batch variation. The measured optical properties closely match performed simulations, indicating that pre-experimental modelling can effectively guide the design of nanoparticles with tailored optical properties. Our approach also enables nanoparticle transfer to solution. Particularly, we show that the surface coating with a PEG polymer shell ensures stable dispersions in buffer solutions and complex cell media for at least 7 days. Furthermore, our in vitro experiments demonstrate that these nanoparticles are internalized by cells via endocytosis, exhibit good biocompatibility, and show minor cytotoxicity, as evidenced by high cell viability. In the future, our high-precision nanoparticle fabrication method together with tunable surface plasmon resonance and reduced nanotoxicity will offer the possibility to replace conventional nanomaterials for biomedical applications that make use of an optical response at precise wavelengths. This includes the use of the nanoparticles as contrast agents for imaging, as probes for targeted photothermal cancer therapy, as carriers for controlled drug delivery, or as probes for sensing applications based on optical detection principles.

Investigation and Characterization of Eco-Technological Synthesis of Spherical TiO2 Nanoparticles from Thalassia hemprichi and Analysis of Biomedical Properties

In this present investigation, plant-mediated synthesis of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles was synthesized from seagrass (Thalassia hemprichi) using the hot plate combustion method (HPCM). Synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles optical, functional, structural, and morphology properties were analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). SEM analysis confirmed the spherical shape of the TiO2 nanoparticles were observed in various sizes, viz., 50 nm and 78 nm. The XRD analysis revealed that TiO2 nanoparticles have a body-centred cubic structure without a secondary phase. Green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticle applications were studied against the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and photocatalytic activity. The pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were tested against TiO2 nanoparticles; the maximum level of activity was seen at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The antioxidant assays were performed against TiO2 nanoparticles, and inhibitory concentration values (IC50) were 40.28 μg/mL of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 52.04 µg/mL of the acrylamide tertiary butyl sulfonic acid (ATBS) assay, and 16.91 µg/mL of the metal chelating assay. The anticancer activity was analyzed against MCF-7 cancer cells using TiO2 nanoparticles, and the IC50 value showed 64.14 µg/mL concentration. An eco-friendly and convenient method was formulated for the production of titanium oxide nanoparticles utilizing seagrass extract. The potential employment of TiO2 involves water treatment, biomedicine, biosensors, and nanotechnology.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a promising candidate for wound healing applications

Effective wound management and treatment are crucial in clinical practice, yet existing strategies often fall short in fully addressing the complexities of skin wound healing. Recent advancements in tissue engineering have introduced innovative approaches, particularly through the use of nanobiomaterials, to enhance the healing process. In this context, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have garnered attention due to their excellent biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can be modified to enhance their therapeutic benefits. Scaffolds and dressings containing TiO2 NPs have demonstrated promising outcomes in accelerating wound healing and enhancing tissue regeneration. This review paper covers the wound healing process, the biological properties of TiO2 NPs that make them suitable for promoting wound healing, methods for synthesizing TiO2 NPs, the use of scaffolds and dressings containing TiO2 NPs in wound healing, the application of modified TiO2 NPs in wound healing, and the potential toxicity of TiO2 NPs.

Supramolecular Assemblies via Host-Guest Interactions for Tumor Immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising modalities for cancer treatment providing hopes of cancer patients with the significant advantages over traditional antitumor therapy methods. Supramolecular assemblies based on host-guest interactions have been widely explored in the field of cancer immunotherapy as the delivery systems. A variety of supramolecular materials show unique features for efficient drug encapsulation, targeting delivery and release, which are favorable to activate antitumor immune responses especially through combination of different treatment strategies. In this review article, we summarize the research progresses of supramolecular assemblies via host-guest interactions for tumor immunotherapy. The construction of various drug delivery systems including hydrogels, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles, the drug encapsulation and delivery, as well as advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The perspectives related to future developments in this field are also described.

Evaluation of minced beef quality fortified with edible microalgae species during cryogenic storage

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of some microalgae species adding with different forms on minced beef meat shelf life during cryogenic storage for 13 days. Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis are chosen because of their safety and high nutritional value. Microalgae nanoparticles with their different forms have been prepared by using emulsification solvent evaporation method. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile nitrogen (TVN) and microbial growth activity as spoilage indicator were evaluated. The results recorded the highest antioxidants content related to 147.03 mg gallic acid/D.W. extract total phenolics and 186.8 µg quercetin/ D.W. extract total flavonoids for C. vulgaris nano-form extract (S8) and A. platensis nano-form extract (S6), respectively. Lowest content of TBA and TVN for samples of S8, S6, C. vulgaris nano-form powder (S7) and A. platensis nano-form powder (S5) were (0.81 and 17.80), (0.86 and 18.20), (0.92 and 18.90) and (0.98 mg/kg and 18.6 mg/100 g), respectively at end of the storage period. The metabolites based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were determined for S4, S6, and S8. The extract of C. vulgaris and its nano-form is rich in the oxygenated compounds, representing 87.37 and 89.88 %, respectively. The study illustrated that using of the nanotechnology for powder and extract microalgae species extends the minced beef meat shelf life during cryopreservation for 13 days at 4 °C ± 1.

Recent Advances in Nanodrug Delivery Systems Production, Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity

In the last three decades, the development of nanoparticles or nano-formulations as drug delivery systems has emerged as a promising tool to overcome the limitations of conventional delivery, potentially to improve the stability and solubility of active molecules, promote their transport across the biological membranes, and prolong circulation times to increase efficacy of a therapy. Despite several nano-formulations having applications in drug delivery, some issues concerning their safety and toxicity are still debated. This chapter describes the recent available information regarding safety, toxicity, and efficacy of nano-formulations for drug delivery. Several key factors can influence the behavior of nanoparticles in a biological environment, and their evaluation is crucial to design non-toxic and effective nano-formulations. Among them, we have focused our attention on materials and methods for their preparation (including the innovative microfluidic technique), mechanisms of interactions with biological systems, purification of nanoparticles, manufacture impurities, and nano-stability. This chapter places emphasis on the utilization of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models for the assessment and prediction of toxicity associated with these nano-formulations. Furthermore, the chapter includes specific examples of in vitro and in vivo studies conducted on nanoparticles, illustrating their application in this field.

Nanotoxicology: developments and new insights

The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in treatment of diseases have increased exponentially recently, giving rise to the science of nanomedicine. The safety of these NPs in humans has also led to the science of nanotoxicology. Due to a dearth of both readily available models and precise bio-dispersion characterization techniques, nanotoxicological research has obviously been constrained. However, the ensuing years were notable for the emergence of improved synthesis methods and characterization tools. Major advances have been made in linking certain physical variables, paralleling improvements in characterization size, shape, or coating factors to the resulting physiological reactions. Although significant progress has been a contribution to the development of nanotoxicology, however, it faces numerous difficulties and technical constraints distinct from those of conventional toxicological assessment as it attempts to improve the therapeutic effects of medicines. Determining thorough characterization standards, standardizing dosimetry, assessing the kinetics of ions dissolving and enhancing the accuracy of in vitro-in vivo correlation efficiency, also defining restrictions on exposure protection are some of the most important and pressing concerns. This article will explore the past advancement and potential prospects of nanotoxicology, standard models, emphasizing significant findings from earlier studies and examining current challenges, giving insight on the way forward.

Penetration of Microplastics and Nanoparticles Through Skin: Effects of Size, Shape, and Surface Chemistry

Skin represents an effective barrier against the penetration of external agents into the human body. Nevertheless, recent research has shown that small particles, especially in the nanosized range, can not only penetrate through the skin but also work as vectors to transport active molecules such as contrast agents or drugs. This knowledge has opened new perspectives on nanomedicine and controlled drug delivery. On the other hand, micro- and nanoplastics represent a form of emerging pollutants, and their concentration in the environment has been reported to drastically increase in the last years. The possible penetration of these particles through the skin has become a major concern for human health. If the actual primary toxicity of these materials is still debated, their possible role in the transport of toxic molecules through the skin, originating as secondary toxicity, is surely alarming. In this review paper, we analyze and critically discuss the most recent scientific publications to underline how these two processes, (i) the controlled delivery of bioactive molecules by micro- and nano-structures and (ii) the unwanted and uncontrolled penetration of toxic species through the skin mediated by micro- and nanoparticles, are deeply related and their efficiency is strongly affected by the nature, size, and shape of the particles.

Nanoparticle-based flavonoid therapeutics: Pioneering biomedical applications in antioxidants, cancer treatment, cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, and cosmeceuticals

Flavonoids, a type of natural polyphenolic molecule, have garnered significant research interest due to their ubiquitous nature and diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, making them appealing to various scientific disciplines. In this regard, the use of a flavonoid nanoparticle delivery system is to overcome low bioavailability, bioactivity, poor aqueous solubility, systemic absorption, and intensive metabolism. Therefore, this review summarizes the classification of nanoparticles (liposomes, polymeric, and solid lipid nanoparticles) and the advantages of using nanoparticle-flavonoid formulations to boost flavonoid bioavailability. Moreover, this review illustrated the pioneering biomedical applications of nanoparticle-based flavonoid therapeutics, as well as safety and toxicity considerations of using a flavonoid nanoparticle delivery system.

Nanoparticles with "K-edge" Metals Bring "Color" in Multiscale Spectral Photon Counting X-ray Imaging

Preclinical and clinical diagnostics depend greatly on medical imaging, which enables the identification of physiological and pathological processes in living subjects. It is often necessary to use contrast agents to complement anatomical data with functional information or to describe the disease phenotypically. Nanomaterials are used as contrast agents in many advanced bioimaging techniques and applications because of their high payload, physicochemical properties, improved sensitivity, and multimodality. Metals with k-edge energy within the X-ray bandwidth respond to photon counting and spectral X-ray imaging. This Perspective examines the progress made in the emerging area of nanoparticle-based k-edge contrast agents. These nano "k-edge" particles have been explored with spectral photon counting CT (SPCCT) for multiplexed molecular imaging, pushing the boundaries of resolution and capabilities of CT imaging. Design considerations, contrast properties, and biological behavior are discussed in detail. The key applications are highlighted by categorizing these nanomaterials based on their X-ray, k-edge energy, and biological properties, as well as their synthesis, functionalization, and characterization processes. The article delves into the transformative impact of nano "k-edge" particles on early disease detection and other biomedical applications. The review provides further insights into how the "k-edge signatures" of these nanoparticles combined with photon counting technique can be leveraged for quantitative, multicontrast imaging of diseases. We also discuss the status quo of clinically approved nanoparticles for imaging and highlight the challenges such as toxicity and clearance as well as promising clinical perspectives, providing a balanced view of the potential and limitations of these nanomaterials. Furthermore, we discuss the necessary future research efforts required to clinically translate nano "k-edge" particles as SPCCT contrast agents for early disease diagnosis and tracking.

Solution biophysics identifies lipid nanoparticle non-sphericity, polydispersity, and dependence on internal ordering for efficacious mRNA delivery

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most advanced delivery system currently available for RNA therapeutics. Their development has accelerated since the success of Patisiran, the first siRNA-LNP therapeutic, and the mRNA vaccines that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Designing LNPs with specific targeting, high potency, and minimal side effects is crucial for their successful clinical use. These characteristics have been improved through the development of microfluidic platforms, which have enhanced the efficacy and uniformity of LNP batches. However, our understanding of how the composition and mixing method influences the structural, biophysical, and biological properties of the resulting particles remains limited, hindering the development of LNPs. Our lack of structural understanding extends from the physical and compositional polydispersity of LNPs, which render traditional characterization methods, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), unable to accurately quantitate the physicochemical characteristics of LNPs. In this study, we address the challenge of structurally characterizing polydisperse LNP formulations using emerging solution-based biophysical methods that have higher resolution and provide biophysical data beyond size and polydispersity. These techniques include sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC), field flow fractionation followed by multi-angle light scattering (FFF-MALS), and size-exclusion chromatography in-line with synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SEC-SAXS). Here, we show that the LNPs have intrinsic polydispersity in size, RNA loading, and shape, and that these parameters are dependent on both the formulation technique and lipid composition. Lastly, we demonstrate that these biophysical methods can be employed to predict transfection in three biological models by examining the relationship between mRNA translation and physicochemical characteristics. We envision that employing solution-based biophysical methods will be essential for determining LNP structure-function relationships, facilitating the creation of new design rules for future LNPs.

Surface interactions of gelatin-sourced carbon quantum dots with a model globular protein: insights into carbon-based nanomaterials and biological systems

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), are prevalent in biological systems and have been widely utilized in applications like environmental sensing and biomedical fields. While their presence in human matrices is projected to increase, the interfacial interactions between carbon-based nanoscopic platforms and biomolecular systems continue to remain underexplored. In this study, we investigated the effect of gelatin-sourced CQDs on the globular milk protein beta-lactoglobulin (BLG). Exposure to the CQDs resulted in the disruption of BLG's tertiary and secondary structural elements (transformation of isolated helices to coiled-coils and increased beta-sheet content), with IR amide backbone signatures further confirming CQD-induced alterations in protein structures. Importantly, the structural perturbations induced by CQDs compromised BLG : retinol interactions, potentially affecting its physiological ligand transport function. By contrast, cytotoxicity analyses revealed a high viability of neuroblastoma cells exposed to this CNM, suggesting biomolecule-specific effects. Collectively, the data reveal aberrant molecular and functional consequences associated with the interactions of a globular protein with an otherwise biocompatible CQD. In conclusion, this work represents the initial steps toward a comprehensive understanding at the atomic and molecular levels of the outcomes linked to the utilization of carbon-based nanomaterials and their potential adverse systemic consequences.

Nano-bio interactions of Gum Arabic-stabilized lanthanide-based upconverting nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo study

Lanthanide-based nanoparticles (Ln-NPs) are highly valued for their unique optical and magnetic properties, making them useful in various scientific fields, including materials science and biomedicine. This study investigated the use of Gum Arabic (GA), a natural, non-toxic biopolymer, as capping agent for Ln-NPs to enhance their biocompatibility and chemical and colloidal stability. Specifically, Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped NaGdF4 Ln-NPs were modified with GA, followed by their characterization with respect to upconversion properties and in vitro as well as in vivo toxicity. Herein, widely used ligand-free and polyacrylic acid (PAA)-capped Ln-NPs were used as reference materials. Importantly, the GA-modified Ln-NPs exhibited superior stability in aqueous and biologically relevant media, as well as relatively lower cytotoxicity across multiple cell lines, including U-87 MG, HEPG2, and J774A.1. In vivo studies using zebrafish embryos confirmed the minimal toxicity of GA-capped Ln-NPs. Despite overall low non-specific cellular uptake, hyperspectral imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed the colocalization of the Ln-NPs as a function of their surface chemistry in both cell models and zebrafish. The results suggest GA as an effective surface-stabilizing agent for Ln-NPs, paving the way for future functionalization with targeting agents.

A physical crosslinked pH-sensitive hydrogel based on hemicellulose/graphene oxide for controlled oral drug delivery

The design of innovative pH-sensitive hydrogels for oral drug delivery is particularly promising for the treatment of intestinal diseases. The traditional pH-responsive hydrogels still have some problems such as low biocompatibility, complex preparation process and poor therapeutic effect, so a new method needs to be developed to solve these problems. Here, a pH-sensitive hemicellulose/graphene oxide (HC/GO) composite hydrogel (HGCH) was prepared through a one-step strategy. Benefitting from the multiple hydrogen bonding between HC and GO, HGCH possessed a low gelator concentration (∼0.79 wt%), well-defined 3D porous network and excellent mechanical properties. Remarkably, HGCH exhibited pH-induced gel-sol transition and a high drug loading efficiency, showing great potential as a candidate for advanced drug carrier. The drug loading and release test revealed that about 85 % Vitamin B 12 was released in neutral PBS solution (pH 7.4). However, only about 30 % drug was diffused into acid medium (pH 1.7) in the same period, which suggested the HGCH have high adaptability to soluble drugs and pH sensitivity triggered release. Further cellular toxicity tests demonstrated that the HGCH was nontoxic and biocompatible for cells. Thus, the physically cross-linked HGCH would be an attractive drug carrier for controlled drug release at physiological pH in the future.

Nanostructures in Orthopedics: Advancing Diagnostics, Targeted Therapies, and Tissue Regeneration

Nanotechnology, delving into the realm of nanometric structures, stands as a transformative force in orthopedics, reshaping diagnostics, and numerous regenerative interventions. Commencing with diagnostics, this scientific discipline empowers accurate analyses of various diseases and implant stability, heralding an era of unparalleled precision. Acting as carriers for medications, nanomaterials introduce novel therapeutic possibilities, propelling the field towards more targeted and effective treatments. In arthroplasty, nanostructural modifications to implant surfaces not only enhance mechanical properties but also promote superior osteointegration and durability. Simultaneously, nanotechnology propels tissue regeneration, with nanostructured dressings emerging as pivotal elements in accelerating wound healing. As we navigate the frontiers of nanotechnology, ongoing research illuminates promising avenues for further advancements, assuring a future where orthopedic practices are not only personalized but also highly efficient, promising a captivating journey through groundbreaking innovations and tailored patient care.

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

Thanks to their simple synthesis, controlled physical properties, and minimal toxicity, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) are widely used in many biomedical applications (e.g., bioimaging, drug delivery, biosensors, diagnostics, and theranostics). However, the use of NPs does not preclude the possibility of selective toxicity and undesirable effects, including accumulation in tissues and direct interaction with specific biological targets. This study evaluated the biocompatibility of Fe3O4 NPs, Teucrium polium (T. polium) extract, rutin, and the corresponding complexes on the liver tissue of healthy white Wistar rats. The impact profile of the synthesized Fe3O4 NPs (15 ± 4 nm), rutin, T. polium extract, and their complexes on biochemical markers of liver function (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, total protein, and albumin) and morphological indicators of rat liver was investigated. Fe3O4 NPs, rutin, and T. polium extract do not show direct hepatotoxicity when administered intraperitoneally to rats, unlike their complexes. All agents exert a hypolipidemic effect by lowering LDL, despite maintaining the synthetic functions of the liver. Fe3O4 NPs increase the activity of GPO, which is associated with their peroxidase-like properties. A multifaceted and diverse mechanism of action of all studied samples on the liver of Wistar rats was identified.

Amorphous Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Their Unexpected Fragmentation in MALDI-TOF/MS

Amorphous 3 nm large ultrasmall (usTiO2) and 7 nm large anatase (nTiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully prepared and characterized by TEM, FTIR, DRX, UV-vis, and DLS techniques. The MALDI-TOF/MS was shown to be effective in assessing the surface chemistry but fragmentation processes precluded its use for evaluation of particle size distribution. In fact, the laser causes the fragmentation not only of amorphous TiO2 NPs but also of the material subjected to heat treatment and crystallization at 450 °C for 4 h upon interaction with the DHB matrix and TFA ionizing agent. No significant difference could be observed in the spectrum by varying the particle size, indicating the high stability of the TiO2 dimer and its low aggregates in the gaseous phase. In short, MALDI-TOF/MS is effective for the direct analysis of nanoparticle surfaces, especially the interaction of functionalizing molecular species with the inorganic components, which in combination with the other techniques demonstrated to be ideal for the detailed characterization of nanomaterials.

Regenerative medicine: Hydrogels and mesoporous silica nanoparticles

Hydrogels, that are crosslinked polymer networks, can absorb huge quantities of water and/or biological fluids. Their physical properties, such as elasticity and soft tissue, together with their biocompatibility and biodegradability, closely resemble living tissues. The versatility of hydrogels has fuelled their application in various fields, such as agriculture, biomaterials, the food industry, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Their combination with nanoparticles, specifically with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs), have elevated these composites to the next level, since MSNs could improve the hydrogel mechanical properties, their ability to encapsulate and controlled release great amounts of different therapeutic agents, and their responsiveness to a variety of external and internal stimuli. In this review, the main features of both MSNs and hydrogels are introduced, followed by the discussion of different hydrogels-MSNs structures and an overview of their use in different applications, such as drug delivery technologies and tissue engineering.

Advancing cryptococcal treatment: The role of nanoparticles in mitigating antifungal resistance

Cryptococcus, a ubiquitous and formidable fungal pathogen, contributes to a substantial global disease burden, with nearly 250,000 cases and 181,000 fatalities attributed to cryptococcal meningitis annually worldwide. The invasive nature of Cryptococcus presents significant challenges in treatment and management, as it mostly affects vulnerable populations, including HIV patients, organ transplant recipients, pregnant women, and elderly individuals. Moreover, these difficulties are exacerbated by the development of antifungal resistance, which emphasizes the need for efficient control measures. In this context, research efforts focusing on infection control and novel therapeutic strategies become paramount. Nanoparticle-based therapies emerge as a solution, offering advanced antifungal properties and improved efficacy. Developing effective treatment options requires understanding the complex landscape of cryptococcal infections and the innovative potential of nanoparticle-based therapies. This review highlights the urgent need for novel strategies to combat the growing threat posed by antifungal resistance while offering insights into the intricate realm of cryptococcal infections, particularly focusing on the promising role of nanoparticle-based therapies.

Novel Spectroscopic Studies of the Interaction of Three Different Types of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Albumin

In the present work, we studied the interactions of three types of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with human serum albumin (HSA) by fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The determined binding parameters of the reactions and the thermodynamic parameters, including ΔHo, ΔSo, and ΔGo indicated that electrostatic forces play a major role in the interaction of IONPs with HSA. These measurements indicate a fluorescent quenching mechanism based on IONPs-HSA static complex formation. Our study shows that the interaction between HSA and IONPs depends on the nanoparticle structure. The interaction between IONPs and HSA was found to be spontaneous, exothermic, and entropy-driven. HSA was shown to interact moderately with IONPs obtained with plant extracts of Uncaria tomentosa L. (IONP@UT) and Clinopodium vulgare L. (IONP@CV), and firmly with IONPs prepared with Ganoderma lingzhi (Reishi) extract (IONP@GL), via ground-state association. Analysis by modified Stern-Volmer approximation indicates that the quenching mechanism is static. Our study significantly improves our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction, distribution, and transport involved in the interaction between proteins and IONPs. It provides crucial insights into the functional perturbations of albumin binding capacity and the effects of IONPs on the stability and structural modifications of plasma carrier proteins.

Antitubercular Activity of 7-Methyljuglone-Loaded Poly-(Lactide Co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Loading of natural products into poly-(lactide-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for the treatment of diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), has been widely explored. The current study investigated the use of PLGA nanoparticles with 7-methyljuglone (7-MJ), an active pure compound, isolated from the roots of Euclea natalensis A. DC.

METHODS

7-MJ as well as its respective PLGA nanoparticles were tested for their antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis), drug-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) (H37Rv), and multi-drug-resistant M. tuberculosis (MDR11). The cytotoxicity of 7-MJ as well as its respective PLGA nanoparticles were tested for their cytotoxic effect against differentiated human histiocytic lymphoma (U937) cells. Engulfment studies were also conducted to determine whether the PLGA nanoparticles are taken up by differentiated U937 cells.

RESULTS

7-MJ has been shown to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.6 µg/mL against M. smegmatis and multi-drug-resistant M. tuberculosis and 0.4 µg/mL against drug-susceptible M. tuberculosis. Whilst promising, 7-MJ was associated with cytotoxicity, with a fifty percent inhibition concentration (IC50) of 3.25 µg/mL on differentiated U937 cells. In order to lower the cytotoxic potential, 7-MJ was loaded into PLGA nanoparticles. The 7-MJ PLGA nanoparticles showed an 80-fold decrease in cytotoxic activity compared to free 7-MJ, and the loaded nanoparticles were successfully taken up by differentiated macrophage-like U937 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggested the possibility of improved delivery during TB therapy via the use of PLGA nanoparticles.

The Application of Nano Drug Delivery Systems in Female Upper Genital Tract Disorders

The prevalence of female reproductive system disorders is increasing, especially among women of reproductive age, significantly impacting their quality of life and overall health. Managing these diseases effectively is challenging due to the complex nature of the female reproductive system, characterized by dynamic physiological environments and intricate anatomical structures. Innovative drug delivery approaches are necessary to facilitate the precise regulation and manipulation of biological tissues. Nanotechnology is increasingly considered to manage reproductive system disorders, for example, nanomaterial imaging allows for early detection and enhances diagnostic precision to determine disease severity and progression. Additionally, nano drug delivery systems are gaining attention for their ability to target the reproductive system successfully, thereby increasing therapeutic efficacy and decreasing side effects. This comprehensive review outlines the anatomy of the female upper genital tract by highlighting the complex mucosal barriers and their impact on systemic and local drug delivery. Advances in nano drug delivery are described for their sustainable therapeutic action and increased biocompatibility to highlight the potential of nano drug delivery strategies in managing female upper genital tract disorders.

Biosynthesis and Properties of Bismuth Nanoparticles: A Review

Today, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important among researchers around the world by helping them diagnose and treat various diseases that can threaten human life. Bismuth nanoparticles are among the numerous metal nanoparticles widely used due to their potential therapeutic applications. Variety of studies displayed the high potentials of bismuth nanoparticles in extraordinary antibacterial, antibiofilm, anticancer, and antioxidant effects, and it seems that these potentials can be used to address the challenges in the treatment of many diseases. They are among the metal nanoparticles biosynthesized by the green synthesis method in many studies. The use of green synthesis of nanoparticles has attracted the interest of many investigators because of its environmental friendliness, non-toxicity, and high stability. Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes, viruses, marine algae, and plants have been found to have the inherent potential to create metal nanoparticles intracellularly or extracellularly and are recognized as viable biofactories for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. The goal of this review article was to assess synthesized bismuth nanoparticles based on their green synthesis methods; properties in terms of shape, size, synthesis origin, and structure; and biological applications, including their antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and cytotoxic uses.

Advanced Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy: Gold, Silver, and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Oncological Applications

Cancer remains one of the most challenging health issues globally, demanding innovative therapeutic approaches for effective treatment. Nanoparticles, particularly those composed of gold, silver, and iron oxide, have emerged as promising candidates for changing cancer therapy. This comprehensive review demonstrates the landscape of nanoparticle‐based oncological interventions, focusing on the remarkable advancements and therapeutic potentials of gold, silver, and iron oxide nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles have garnered significant attention for their exceptional biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and distinctive optical properties, rendering them ideal candidates for various cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Silver nanoparticles, renowned for their antimicrobial properties, exhibit remarkable potential in cancer therapy through multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and drug delivery enhancement. With their magnetic properties and biocompatibility, iron oxide nanoparticles offer unique cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy opportunities. This review critically examines the recent advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical applications of these nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Moreover, the challenges are discussed, including toxicity concerns, immunogenicity, and translational barriers, and ongoing efforts to overcome these hurdles are highlighted. Finally, insights into the future directions of nanoparticle‐based cancer therapy and regulatory considerations, are provided aiming to accelerate the translation of these promising technologies from bench to bedside.

Navigating Neurotoxicity and Safety Assessment of Nanocarriers for Brain Delivery: Strategies and Insights

Nanomedicine, an area that uses nanomaterials for theragnostic purposes, is advancing rapidly, particularly in the detection and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The design of nanocarriers can be optimized to enhance drug bioavailability and targeting to specific organs, improving therapeutic outcomes. However, clinical translation hinges on biocompatibility and safety. Nanocarriers can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), potentially causing neurotoxic effects through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, and neuroinflammation. Concerns about their accumulation and persistence in the brain make it imperative to carry out a nanotoxicological risk assessment. Generally, this involves identifying exposure sources and routes, characterizing physicochemical properties, and conducting cytotoxicity assays both in vitro and in vivo. The lack of a specialized regulatory framework creates substantial gaps, making it challenging to translate findings across development stages. Additionally, there is a pressing need for innovative testing methods due to constraints on animal use and the demand for high-throughput screening. This review examines the mechanisms of nanocarrier-induced neurotoxicity and the challenges in risk assessment, highlighting the impact of physicochemical properties and the advantages and limitations of current neurotoxicity evaluation models. Future perspectives are also discussed. Additional guidance is crucial to improve the safety of nanomaterials and reduce associated uncertainty. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nanocarriers show tremendous potential for theragnostic purposes in neurological diseases, enhancing drug targeting to the brain, and improving biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. However, their neurotoxicity is still a major field to be explored, with only 5% of nanotechnology-related publications addressing this matter. This review focuses on the issue of neurotoxicity and safety assessment of nanocarriers for brain delivery. Neurotoxicity-relevant exposure sources, routes, and molecular mechanisms, along with the impact of the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, are comprehensively described. Moreover, the different experimental models used for neurotoxicity evaluation are explored at length, including their main advantages and limitations. To conclude, we discuss current challenges and future perspectives for a better understanding of risk assessment of nanocarriers for neurobiomedical applications.

Emerging nanozyme therapy incorporated into dental materials for diverse oral pathologies

OBJECTIVE

Nanozyme materials combine the advantages of natural enzymes and artificial catalysis, and have been widely applied in new technologies for dental materials and oral disease treatment. Based on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress pathways in the occurrence and therapy of oral diseases, a comprehensive review was conducted on the methods and mechanisms of nanozymes and their dental materials in treating different oral diseases.

METHODS

This review is based on literature surveys from PubMed and Web of Science databases, as well as reviews of relevant researches and publications on nanozymes in the therapy of oral diseases and oral tumors in international peer-reviewed journals.

RESULTS

Given the unique function of nanozymes in the generation and elimination of ROS, they play an important role in the occurrence, development, and treatment of different oral diseases. The application of nanozymes in dental materials and oral disease treatment was introduced, including the latest advances in their use for dental caries, pulpitis, jaw osteomyelitis, periodontitis, oral mucosal diseases, temporomandibular joint disorders, and oral tumors. Future approaches were also summarized and proposed based on the characteristics of these diseases.

SIGNIFICANCE

This review will guide biomedical researchers and oral clinicians to understand the mechanisms and applications of nanozymes in the therapy of oral diseases, promoting further development in the field of dental materials within the oral medication. It is anticipated that more suitable therapeutic agents or dental materials encapsulating nanozymes, specifically designed for the oral environment and simpler for clinical utilization, will emerge in the forthcoming future.

Surface modification of nanoparticles for enhanced applicability of nanofluids in harsh reservoir conditions: A comprehensive review for improved oil recovery

Nanoparticles improve traditional Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods but face instability issues. Surface modification resolves these, making it vital to understand its impact on EOR effectiveness. This paper examines how surface-modified nanoparticles can increase oil recovery rates. We discuss post-synthesis modifications like chemical functionalization, surfactant and polymer coatings, surface etching, and oxidation, and during-synthesis modifications like core-shell formation, in-situ ligand exchange, and surface passivation. Oil displacement studies show surface-engineered nanoparticles outperform conventional EOR methods. Coatings or functionalizations alter nanoparticle size by 1-5 nm, ensuring colloidal stability for 7 to 30 days at 25 to 65 °C and 30,000 to 150,000 ppm NaCl. This stability ensures uniform distribution and enhanced penetration through low-permeability (1-10 md) rocks, improving oil recovery by 5 to 50 %. Enhanced recovery is achieved through 1-25 μm oil-in-water emulsions, increased viscosity by ≥30 %, wettability changes from 170° to <10°, and interfacial tension reductions of up to 95 %. Surface oxidation is suitable for carbon-based nanoparticles in high-permeability (≥500 md) reservoirs, leading to 80 % oil recovery in micromodel studies. Surface etching is efficient for all nanoparticle types, and combining it with chemical functionalization enhances resistance to harsh conditions (≥40,000 ppm salinity and ≥ 50 °C). Modifying nanoparticle surfaces with a silane coupling agent before using polymers and surfactants improves EOR parameters and reduces polymer thermal degradation (e.g., only 10 % viscosity decrease after 90 days). Economically, 500 ppm of nanoparticles requires 56.25 kg in a 112,500 m3 reservoir, averaging $200/kg, and 2000 ppm of surface modifiers require 4 kg at $3.39/kg. This results in 188,694.30 barrels, or $16,039,015.50 at $85 per barrel for a 20 % increase in oil recovery. The economic benefits justify the initial costs, highlighting the importance of cost-effective nanoparticles for EOR applications.

Recent advancements in nanomedicine as a revolutionary approach to treating multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma, the second most common hematological malignancy, remains incurable with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50 % and recurrence rates near 100 %, despite significant attempts to develop effective medicines. Therefore, there is a pressing demand in the medical field for innovative and more efficient treatments for MM. Currently, the standard approach for treating MM involves administering high-dose chemotherapy, which frequently correlates with improved results; however, one major limiting factor is the significant side effects of these medications. Furthermore, the strategies used to deliver medications to tumors limit their efficacy, whether by rapid clearance from circulation or an insufficient concentration in cancer cells. Cancer treatment has shifted from cytotoxic, nonspecific chemotherapy regimens to molecularly targeted, rationally developed drugs with improved efficacy and fewer side effects. Nanomedicines may provide an effective alternative way to avoid these limits by delivering drugs into the complicated bone marrow microenvironment and efficiently reaching myeloma cells. Putting drugs into nanoparticles can make their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles much better. This can increase the drug's effectiveness in tumors, extend its time in circulation in the blood, and lower its off-target toxicity. In this review, we introduce several criteria for the rational design of nanomedicine to achieve the best anti-tumoral therapeutic results. Next, we discuss recent advances in nanomedicine for MM therapy.

Morphological analysis of Pd/C nanoparticles using SEM imaging and advanced deep learning

In this study, we present a comprehensive approach for the morphological analysis of palladium on carbon (Pd/C) nanoparticles utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and advanced deep learning techniques. A deep learning detection model based on an attention mechanism was implemented to accurately identify and delineate small nanoparticles within unlabeled SEM images. Following detection, a graph-based network was employed to analyze the structural characteristics of the nanoparticles, while density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise was utilized to cluster the detected nanoparticles, identifying meaningful patterns and distributions. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model in detecting nanoparticles with high precision and reliability. Furthermore, the clustering analysis reveals significant insights into the morphological distribution and structural organization of Pd/C nanoparticles, contributing to the understanding of their properties and potential applications.

Peptide-Coated Polycaprolactone-Benzalkonium Chloride Nanocapsules for Targeted Drug Delivery to the Pancreatic β-Cell

Targeting current therapies to treat or prevent the loss of pancreatic islet β-cells in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) may provide improved efficacy and reduce off-target effects. Current efforts to target the β-cell are limited by a lack of β-cell-specific targets and the inability to test multiple targeting moieties with the same delivery vehicle. Here, we fabricate a tailorable polycaprolactone nanocapsule (NC) in which multiple different targeting peptides can be interchangeably attached for β-cell-specific delivery. Incorporation of a cationic surfactant in the NC shell allows for the attachment of Exendin-4 and an antibody for ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (ENTPD3) for β-cell-specific targeting. The average NC size ranges from 250 to 300 nm with a polydispersity index under 0.2. The NCs are nontoxic, stable in media culture, and can be lyophilized and reconstituted. NCs coated with a targeting peptide were taken up by human cadaveric islet β-cells and human stem cell-derived β-like cells (sBC) in vitro with a high level of specificity. Furthermore, NCs successfully delivered both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargo to human β-cells. Additionally, Exendin-4-coated NCs were stable and targeted the mouse pancreatic islet β-cell in vivo. Overall, our tailorable NCs have the potential to improve cell-targeted drug delivery and can be utilized as a screening platform to test the efficacy of cell-targeting peptides.

Mechanistic Insights into Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles at the Micro- and Macro-levels

Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been regarded as a legacy nanomaterial due to their widespread usage across multiple fields. The TiO2 NPs have been and are still extensively used as a food and cosmetic additive and in wastewater and sewage treatment, paints, and industrial catalysis as ultrafine TiO2. Recent developments in nanotechnology have catapulted it into a potent antibacterial and anticancer agent due to its excellent photocatalytic potential that generates substantial amounts of highly reactive oxygen radicals. The method of production, surface modifications, and especially size impact its toxicity in biological systems. The anatase form of TiO2 (<30 nm) has been found to exert better and more potent cytotoxicity in bacteria as well as cancer cells than other forms. However, owing to the very small size, anatase particles are able to penetrate deep tissue easily; hence, they have also been implicated in inflammatory reactions and even as a potent oncogenic substance. Additionally, TiO2 NPs have been investigated to assess their toxicity to large-scale ecosystems owing to their excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating potential compounded with widespread usage over decades. This review discusses in detail the mechanisms by which TiO2 NPs induce toxic effects on microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, as well as in cancer cells. It also attempts to shed light on how and why it is so prevalent in our lives and by what mechanisms it could potentially affect the environment on a larger scale.

Prediction of Dynamic Toxicity of Nanoparticles Using Machine Learning

Predicting the toxicity of nanoparticles plays an important role in biomedical nanotechnologies, in particular in the creation of new drugs. Safety analysis of nanoparticles can identify potentially harmful effects on living organisms and the environment. Advanced machine learning models are used to predict the toxicity of nanoparticles in a nutrient solution. In this article, we performed a comparative analysis of the current state of research in the field of nanoparticle toxicity analysis using machine learning methods; we trained a regression model for predicting the quantitative toxicity of nanoparticles depending on their concentration in the nutrient solution at a fixed point in time with the achieved metrics values of MSE = 2.19 and RMSE = 1.48; we trained a multi-class classification model for predicting the toxicity class of nanoparticles depending on their concentration in the nutrient solution at a fixed point in time with the achieved metrics values of Accuracy = 0.9756, Recall = 0.9623, F1-Score = 0.9640, and Log Loss = 0.1855. As a result of the analysis, we concluded the good predictive ability of the trained models. The optimal dosages for the nanoparticles under study were determined as follows: ZnO = 9.5 × 10-5 mg/mL; Fe3O4 = 0.1 mg/mL; SiO2 = 1 mg/mL. The most significant features of predictive models are the diameter of the nanoparticle and the nanoparticle concentration in the nutrient solution.

A Comparison of Conventional Root Canal Sealers With Ones That Use Green Synthesized Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Activity: Protocol for a Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Root canal failure and secondary endodontic infection are frequent clinical scenarios in dentistry. The main microorganisms implicated in root canal therapy failure are persistent Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. To combat the impact of disease resistance, scientists are concentrating on alternative antimicrobial root canal sealers. Nanomaterials are a recent development in endodontic materials that exhibit great antimicrobial properties, making them an ideal material choice for root canal sealers.

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aims to compare the antimicrobial properties of conventional root canal sealers to those incorporating green synthesized nanoparticles between 2010 and 2024.

METHODS

A well-constructed protocol was established and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021286373). Ethics approval was obtained from the Biomedical Research and Ethics Committee from the University of the Western Cape (UWC; BM22/1/4). PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) reporting guidelines were followed. The included criteria demonstrate the green synthesized nanoparticles studies where the nanoparticles (NPs) are incorporated in root canal sealers. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms were used for the search strategy of the systematic electronic databases for articles published in English between 2010 and 2024. The selected databases included Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCOhost, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online. A quality assessment tool for laboratory studies will be used to critically appraise the included studies. If applicable, statistical measures (mean, SD, etc) will be used for data analysis and presentation of the results.

RESULTS

The protocol is registered with PROSPERO. A preliminary search was conducted using a determined search strategy across 8 electronic databases, and the review is now complete.

CONCLUSIONS

It is anticipated that the results of this systematic review may reveal the increased interest and application for nanoparticle-enhanced root canal sealers. This will aid in the future development of root canal sealants and mitigate the risk of endodontic failure.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42021286373; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=286373.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/51351.

pH-responsive membranes: Mechanisms, fabrications, and applications

Understanding the mechanisms of pH-responsiveness allows researchers to design and fabricate membranes with specific functionalities for various applications. The pH-responsive membranes (PRMs) are particular categories of membranes that have an amazing aptitude to change their properties such as permeability, selectivity and surface charge in response to changes in pH levels. This review provides a brief introduction to mechanisms of pH-responsiveness in polymers and categorizes the applied polymers and functional groups. After that, different techniques for fabricating pH-responsive membranes such as grafting, the blending of pH-responsive polymers/microgels/nanomaterials, novel polymers and graphene-layered PRMs are discussed. The application of PRMs in different processes such as filtration membranes, reverse osmosis, drug delivery, gas separation, pervaporation and self-cleaning/antifouling properties with perspective to the challenges and future progress are reviewed. Lastly, the development and limitations of PRM fabrications and applications are compared to provide inclusive information for the advancement of next-generation PRMs with improved separation and filtration performance.

Antibacterial Activity of Phyto-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles From Dryopteris cristata Against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 28923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 28922

Introduction Nanotechnology has emerged as a vital field, particularly in synthesizing nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are recognized for their strong antimicrobial properties against various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, due to their small size and high surface area. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers an eco-friendly alternative. The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria underscores the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents. This study investigates the antibacterial activities of Dryopteris cristata AgNPs (DC-AgNPs) against S. aureus and E. coli, employing antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assessments, along with nanoparticle characterization. Materials and method The antimicrobial activity ofDC-AgNPs was evaluated using clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus. Bacterial inoculums were standardized to 0.5 MacFarlard (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) and tested via a modified agar-well diffusion method. The MIC and MBC were determined using broth microdilution and sub-culturing methods, respectively. Characterization of the nanoparticles was conducted using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results and conclusion D. cristata was identified as the plant used to synthesize AgNPs, confirmed by the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenolics. The AgNPs were synthesized by adding the aqueous extract to silver nitrate, resulting in a color change. Characterization via UV-Vis spectrophotometry confirmed nanoparticle formation. Antimicrobial testing showed that DC-AgNPs effectively inhibited S. aureus and E. coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 125 μg and 250 μg, respectively, indicating their potential as antimicrobial agents.

Bio distribution and acute toxicity profiling of Pluronic F127 coated Titanium dioxide nanotubes in adult Wistar rats

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are gaining immense attention among researchers owing to their admirable application potentials in various therapeutic events. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been recognized as one of the leading candidates in this category and holds wide interest within the scientific community. Among the various morphological nanoforms of TiO2, nanotube is grabbing remarkable attention as they have succeeded as an active vehicle in various medical procedures like intravascular stenting, drug delivery, as biosensors etc. This ultimately demands toxicity profiling of nanotubes in various aspects. Present study elaborates a concept through which acute toxicity profiling of TiO2 nanotubes in adult Wistar rats is presented. TNTs were synthesized via solvo-thermal approach and surface coated with a biocompatible polymer; Pluronic-F127 (P-F127). This step assists in ameliorating the troubles associated with the nanomaterial dispersion stability. The experimental rats were intraperitoneally administered with TNT-P (10 mg/kg) and sacrificed on different time periods (3rd, 7th and 14th days). Biodistribution of the material was tracked in major tissues including brain, liver, spleen and kidneys. A set of acute toxicity studies was performed which comprises hematology evaluation, biochemical studies, antioxidant detection, analysis of urine parameters, immune modulation study and histopathology evaluation. Many of the experiments revealed an unaltered physiological response in rats; except for some biochemical and hematology parameters. Overall study suggests that, TNT-P do not result into a negative response in Wistar rats over 14 days.

Marine-derived bioactive materials as antibiofilm and antivirulence agents

Microbial infections are major human health issues, and, recently, the mortality rate owing to bacterial and fungal infections has been increasing. In addition to intrinsic and extrinsic antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, biofilm formation is a key adaptive resistance mechanism. Several bioactive compounds from marine organisms have been identified for use in biofilm therapy owing to their structural complexity, biocompatibility, and economic viability. In this review, we discuss recent trends in the application of marine natural compounds, marine-bioinspired nanomaterials, and marine polymer conjugates as possible therapeutic agents for controlling biofilms and virulence factors. We also comprehensively discuss the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and inhibition of virulence factors by marine-derived materials and propose possible applications of novel and effective antibiofilm and antivirulence agents.

Unravelling the toxicity of carbon nanomaterials - From cellular interactions to mechanistic understanding

The application of carbon nanomaterials in diverse fields has substantially increased their demand for commercial usage. Within the earliest decade, the development of functional materials has further increased the significance of this element. Despite the advancements recorded, the potential harmful impacts of embracing carbon nanomaterials for biological applications must be balanced against their advantages. Interestingly, many studies have neglected the intriguing and dynamic cellular interaction of carbon nanomaterials and the mechanistic understanding of their property-driven behaviour, even though common toxicity profiles have been reported. Reiterating the toxicity issue, several researchers conclude that these materials have minimal toxicity and may be safe for contact with biological systems at certain dosages. Here, we aim to provide a report on the significance of some of the properties that influence their toxicity. After that, a description of the implication of nanotoxicology in humans and living systems, revealing piece by piece their exposure routes and possible risks, will be provided. Then, an extensive discussion of the mechanistic puzzle modulating the interface between various human cellular systems and carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, graphene, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds will follow. Finally, this review also sheds light on the organization that handles the risk associated with nanomaterials.

SERS analysis of single cells and subcellular components: A review

SERS is a rapidly advancing and non-destructive technique that has been proven to be more reliable and convenient than other traditional analytical methods. Due to its sensitivity and specificity, this technique is earning its place as a routine and powerful tool in biological and medical studies, especially for the analysis of living cells and subcellular components. This paper reviewed the research progress of single-cell SERS that has been made in the last few years and discussed challenges and future perspectives of this technique. The reviewed SERS platforms have been categorized according to their nature into the following types: (1) colloid-based, substrate-based, or hybrid; (2) ligand-based or ligand-free, and (3) label-based or label-free. The advantages and disadvantages of each type and their potential applications in various fields are thoroughly discussed.

An Up-to-Date Review of Materials Science Advances in Bone Grafting for Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Bone grafting in oral and maxillofacial surgery has evolved significantly due to developments in materials science, offering innovative alternatives for the repair of bone defects. A few grafts are currently used in clinical settings, including autografts, xenografts, and allografts. However, despite their benefits, they have some challenges, such as limited availability, the possibility of disease transmission, and lack of personalization for the defect. Synthetic bone grafts have gained attention since they have the potential to overcome these limitations. Moreover, new technologies like nanotechnology, 3D printing, and 3D bioprinting have allowed the incorporation of molecules or substances within grafts to aid in bone repair. The addition of different moieties, such as growth factors, stem cells, and nanomaterials, has been reported to help mimic the natural bone healing process more closely, promoting faster and more complete regeneration. In this regard, this review explores the currently available bone grafts, the possibility of incorporating substances and molecules into their composition to accelerate and improve bone regeneration, and advanced graft manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, the presented current clinical applications and success stories for novel bone grafts emphasize the future potential of synthetic grafts and biomaterial innovations in improving patient outcomes in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Nanotechnology-driven therapies for neurodegenerative diseases: a comprehensive review

Neurological diseases, characterized by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, impose a significant global burden, contributing to substantial morbidity, disability and mortality. A common feature of these disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease, is the impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a critical structure for maintaining brain homeostasis. The compromised BBB in neurodegenerative conditions poses a significant challenge for effective treatment, as it allows harmful substances to accumulate in the brain. Nanomedicine offers a promising approach to overcoming this barrier, with nanoparticles (NPs) engineered to deliver therapeutic agents directly to affected brain regions. This review explores the classification and design of NPs, divided into organic and inorganic categories and further categorized based on their chemical and physical properties. These characteristics influence the ability of NPs to carry and release therapeutic agents, target specific tissues and ensure appropriate clearance from the body. The review emphasizes the potential of NPs to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through targeted delivery, improved drug bioavailability and real-time therapeutic efficacy monitoring. By addressing the challenges of the compromised BBB and targeting inflammatory biomarkers, NPs represent a cutting-edge strategy in managing neurological disorders, promising better patient outcomes.

Controlling bacterial growth and inactivation using thin film-based surface acoustic waves

Formation of bacterial films on structural surfaces often leads to severe contamination of medical devices, hospital equipment, implant materials, etc., and antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms has indeed become a global health issue. Therefore, effective therapies for controlling infectious and pathogenic bacteria are urgently needed. Being a promising active method for this purpose, surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have merits such as nanoscale earthquake-like vibration/agitation/radiation, acoustic streaming induced circulations, and localised acoustic heating effect in liquids. However, only a few studies have explored controlling bacterial growth and inactivation behaviour using SAWs. In this study, we proposed utilising piezoelectric thin film-based SAW devices on a silicon substrate for controlling bacterial growth and inactivation with and without using ZnO micro/nanostructures. Effects of SAW powers on bacterial growth for two types of bacteria, i.e., E. coli and S. aureus, were evaluated. Varied concentrations of ZnO tetrapods were also added into the bacterial culture to study their effects and the combined antimicrobial effects along with SAW agitation. Our results showed that when the SAW power was below a threshold (e.g., about 2.55 W in this study), the bacterial growth was apparently enhanced, whereas the further increase of SAW power to a high power caused inactivation of bacteria. Combination of thin film SAWs with ZnO tetrapods led to significantly decreased growth or inactivation for both E. coli and S. aureus, revealing their effectiveness for antimicrobial treatment. Mechanisms and effects of SAW interactions with bacterial solutions and ZnO tetrapods have been systematically discussed.