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Khan K. Neurodevelopmental impairment associated with neonatal invasive group B Streptococcus disease: Are animal models on track in understanding the mechanisms at play? Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 40:100831. [PMID: 39144833 PMCID: PMC11320442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive Group B Streptococcus (iGBS) disease is a prominent cause of neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in neonates. While the clinical manifestation of iGBS disease in neonates may include pneumonia and meningitis, generalised sepsis without focus is the most frequent manifestation of iGBS disease in neonates. Though recent human based studies highlighted meningitis as an important manifestation in infants with NDI following iGBS disease, they also noted that ∼18% of neonates present with NDI following iGBS related sepsis. Thus, it is important to not only understand the long-term pathophysiological changes associated with NDI in iGBS meningitis survivors, but so too for iGBS sepsis survivors. Since the late 1970's animal models have been used to unravel the pathophysiology of neonatal iGBS disease. These studies have inoculated neonatal or pregnant animals with GBS via various peripheral or central routes. The greatest challenge with using animal models to study NDI associated with neonatal iGBS disease, is effectively mimicking the clinical presentations of pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis, while inducing relevant pathophysiological changes and ensuring animals survival, so as to test the neurodevelopment of the animals. This review aims to evaluate the validity of neonatal rodent models, specifically in studying NDI associated with neonatal iGBS disease and explore possible future avenues of research in addressing long-term NDI in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaalid Khan
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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Mathias K, Machado RS, Tiscoski ADB, Dos Santos D, Lippert FW, Costa MA, Gonçalves CL, Generoso JS, Prophiro JS, Giustina AD, Petronilho F. IL-33 in Ischemic Stroke: Brain vs. Periphery. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02148-6. [PMID: 39294293 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the second-leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with stroke being the most common cause. In ischemic stroke, several processes combine to produce immunosuppression, leaving the post-stroke body susceptible to infection, which in turn affects neuroinflammation. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the interleukin-1 family (IL-1), functions as a modulator of immune responses and inflammation, playing a crucial role in the establishment of immunologic responses. IL-33 has been shown to have a protective effect on brain injury and represents a potential target by modulating inflammatory cytokines and stimulating immune regulatory cells. With an emphasis on preclinical and clinical studies, this review covers the impact of IL-33 on immune system mechanisms following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
- Health Sciences Unit, Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
- Health Sciences Unit, Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Anita Dal Bó Tiscoski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - David Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Weinheimer Lippert
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maiara Aguiar Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Silva Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Health Sciences Unit, Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Sciences Unit, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
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3
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Fernandes DC, Eto SF, Baldassi AC, Balbuena TS, Charlie-Silva I, de Andrade Belo MA, Pizauro JM. Meningitis caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in Oreochromis niloticus: Proteomics and druggability of virulence factors. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109687. [PMID: 38866348 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Meningitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria is a serious public health problem, causing morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Here, we propose a novel experimental model using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to study neuroinflammation. The fish were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, and the course of infection was monitored in the peripheral blood. Septicemia was obvious in the blood, while in the brain tissue, infection of the meninges was present. The histopathological examination showed suppurative meningitis, and the cellular immune response in the brain tissue during infection was mediated by microglia. These cells were morphologically characterized and phenotyped by MHC class II markers and CD68. The increased production of TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS supported the infiltration of these cells during the neuroinflammatory process. In the proteomic analysis of A. hydrophila isolated from brain tissue, we found chemotactic and transport proteins, proteolytic enzymes and enzymes associated with the dismutation of nitric oxide (NO), as well as motor proteins and those responsible for cell division. After characterizing the most abundant proteins during the course of infection, we investigated the druggability index of these proteins and identified promising peptide sequences as molecular targets that are similar among bacteria. Thus, these findings deepened the understanding of the pathophysiology of meningitis caused by A. hydrophila. Moreover, through the proteomics analysis, important mechanisms and pathways used by the pathogen to subvert the host response were revealed, providing insights for the development of novel antibiotics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne Carla Fernandes
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Silas Fernandes Eto
- Laboratory Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD) Special Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Baldassi
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santana Balbuena
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João Martins Pizauro
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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4
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Garbossa L, Joaquim L, Danielski LG, Goldim MPDS, Machado RS, Metzker K, Bernades G, Lanzzarin E, Bagio E, Farias AD, Rosa ND, Medeiros FDD, Carli RJD, Oliveira BH, Ferreira NC, Palandi J, Bobinski F, Martins DF, Fortunato JJ, Barichello T, Petronilho F. The effect of modafinil on passive avoidance memory, brain level of BDNF and oxidative stress markers in sepsis survivor rats. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:849-857. [PMID: 36448768 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2154076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Material and method: Male Wistar rats (250-350g) were submitted to CLP, or sham as control, and divided into the sham + water, sham + MD (300 mg/kg), CLP + water, and CLP + MD (300 mg/kg) groups. Ten days after the administration of MD and CLP, the rats were submitted to a memory test by passive avoidance apparatus being sacrificed. The nitrite and nitrate (N/N) concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and catalase (CAT) activity, lipid and protein oxidative damage, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were measured in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Results: The passive avoidance test verified an increase in the latency time compared training and test section in the groups sham + water and CLP + MD. Decreased N/N concentration and MPO activity were verified in the prefrontal cortex of rats submitted to CLP and MD treatment, as well as reduced protein and lipid oxidative damage in the hippocampus, which was accompanied by increased CAT activity and BDNF levels.Conclusion: Our data indicate the role of MD in attenuating oxidative stress parameters, the alteration of BDNF, and an improvement in memory impairment in rats ten days after induction of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Garbossa
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Lucineia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Simon Machado
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Kiuanne Metzker
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bernades
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Everton Lanzzarin
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Erick Bagio
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Adriele de Farias
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Durante de Medeiros
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Raquel Jaconi de Carli
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Bruna Hoffman Oliveira
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Correia Ferreira
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Juliete Palandi
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fernandes Martins
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, Brazil
| | - Jucelia Jeremias Fortunato
- Programa de Pos graduação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
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Cao X, Jia K, Liu Q, Yin H, Yu X, Hu X, Ye C, Peng L, Fang R. The critical role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Streptococcus suis-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110161. [PMID: 38945021 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) type 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe neural infections in pigs and causes serious threat to public health. Inflammasome activation plays an important role in the host against microbial infection but the role of inflammasome activation in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity during S. suis infection is rarely studied. This study investigated the mechanism by which S. suis-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation led to BBB disruption. Our results showed that S. suis infection activated NLRP3 inflammasome in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) leading to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL-2 and CXCL-2) as well as the cleavage of Gasdermin D (GSDMD) which were significantly attenuated by inflammasome inhibitor MCC950. Furthermore, S. suis infection significantly downregulated expression of tight junctions (TJs) proteins and trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) while NLRP3 inhibition rescued S. suis-induced degradation of TJs proteins and significantly reduced the number of S. suis crossing BBB in transwell infection model. Moreover, recombinant IL-1β exacerbated the reduction of TJs proteins in BMECs. In murine S. suis-infection model, MCC950 reduced the bacterial load and the excessive inflammatory response in mice brain. In addition, the integrity of the BBB was protected with increased TJ proteins expression and decreased pathological injury after the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, indicating NLRP3 inflammasome plays a destructive role in meningitis induced by S. suis. Our study expands the understanding on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in bacterial meningitis, which provide the valuable information for the development of anti-infective agents targeting NLRP3 to treat bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kaixiang Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lianci Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Rendong Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China.
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Simon Machado R, Mathias K, Joaquim L, de Quadros RW, Rezin GT, Petronilho F. Hyperoxia and brain: the link between necessity and injury from a molecular perspective. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:25. [PMID: 38619632 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) supplementation is commonly used to treat hypoxia in patients with respiratory failure. However, indiscriminate use can lead to hyperoxia, a condition detrimental to living tissues, particularly the brain. The brain is sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation caused by high concentrations of O2, which can result in brain damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, common features of neurodegenerative disorders. Hyperoxia leads to increased production of ROS, causing oxidative stress, an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, which can damage tissues. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress due to its lipid composition, high O2 consumption rate, and low levels of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, hyperoxia can cause vasoconstriction and decreased O2 supply to the brain, posing a challenge to redox balance and neurodegenerative processes. Studies have shown that the severity of hyperoxia-induced brain damage varies with inspired O2 concentration and duration of exposure. Therefore, careful evaluation of the balance between benefits and risks of O2 supplementation, especially in clinical settings, is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
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7
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Frederico Gava F, Jaconi De Carli R, Stork S, Gainski Danielski L, Bonfante S, Joaquim L, Lino Lobo Metzker K, Mathias K, Santos D, Darós G, Goulart M, Mariano de Bitencourt R, Somariva Prophiro J, Ludvig Gonçalves C, Generoso J, Barichello T, Petronilho F. Cannabidiol effect on long-term brain alterations in septic rats: Involvement of PPARγ activation. Brain Res 2024; 1828:148771. [PMID: 38242525 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition induced by a deregulated host response to infection. Post-sepsis injury includes long-term cognitive impairment, whose neurobiological mechanisms and effective treatment remain unknown. The present study was designed to determine the potential effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in a sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) model and explore if peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is the putative mechanism underpinning the beneficial effects. SAE was induced in Wistar rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham (control). CLP rats received vehicle, CBD (10 mg/kg), PPARγ inhibitor (GW9662 - 1 mg/kg), or GW9662 (1 mg/kg) + CBD (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for ten days. During this period, the survival rate was recorded, and at the end of 10 days, a memory test was performed, and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were removed to verify brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10), myeloperoxidase activity, nitrite nitrate concentration, and lipid and protein carbonylation and catalase activity. Septic rats presented cognitive decline and an increase in mortality following CLP. Only CBD alone improved the cognitive impairment, which was accompanied by restoration of BDNF, reduced neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, mainly in the hippocampus. This study shows that CLP induces an increase in brain damage and CBD has neuroprotective effects on memory impairment and neurotrophins, as well as against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and is mediated by PPARγ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Frederico Gava
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Raquel Jaconi De Carli
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Solange Stork
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucineia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Kiuanne Lino Lobo Metzker
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Research Group in Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - David Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Darós
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Goulart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano de Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Research Group in Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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8
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Tenfen L, Simon Machado R, Mathias K, Piacentini N, Joaquim L, Bonfante S, Danielski LG, Engel NA, da Silva MR, Rezin GT, de Quadros RW, Gava FF, Petronilho F. Short-term hyperoxia induced mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes dysfunction and oxidative stress in lung of rats. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:174-188. [PMID: 38449063 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2322497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen therapy is an alternative for many patients with hypoxemia. However, this practice can be dangerous as oxygen is closely associated with the development of oxidative stress. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to hyperoxia with a 40% fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) and hyperoxia (FIO2 = 60%) for 120 min. Blood and lung tissue samples were collected for gas, oxidative stress, and inflammatory analyses. RESULTS Hyperoxia (FIO2 = 60%) increased PaCO2 and PaO2, decreased blood pH and caused thrombocytopenia and lymphocytosis. In lung tissue, neutrophil infiltration, nitric oxide concentration, carbonyl protein formation and the activity of complexes I and II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain increased. FIO2 = 60% decreased SOD activity and caused several histologic changes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have experimentally demonstrated that short-term exposure to high FIO2 can cause oxidative stress in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tenfen
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Richard Simon Machado
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Natalia Piacentini
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bonfante
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Lucineia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Nicole Alessandra Engel
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Frederico Gava
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
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Bowen DR, Pathak S, Nadar RM, Parise RD, Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Moore A, Ren J, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1153-1167. [PMID: 37357527 PMCID: PMC10465323 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and there is a possible role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases associated with COVID-19. Excessive oxidative stress could be responsible for the thrombosis and other neuronal dysfunctions observed in COVID-19. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the various therapeutics implicated in treating COVID-19 and the oxidative stress that contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced neuronal dysfunction are discussed. Further mechanistic and clinical research to combat COVID-19 is warranted to understand the exact mechanisms, and its true clinical effects need to be investigated to minimize neurological complications from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R. Bowen
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Suhrud Pathak
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Rishi M. Nadar
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Rachel D. Parise
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Austin Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
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10
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Yang R, Wang J, Wang F, Zhang H, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Damage in Bacterial Meningitis: The Underlying Link, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032852. [PMID: 36769171 PMCID: PMC9918147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in supportive care and antimicrobial treatment, bacterial meningitis remains the most serious infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that poses a serious risk to life. This clinical dilemma is largely due to our insufficient knowledge of the pathology behind this disease. By controlling the entry of molecules into the CNS microenvironment, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective cellular monolayer that is specific to the CNS's microvasculature, regulates communication between the CNS and the rest of the body. A defining feature of the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis is the increase in BBB permeability. So far, several contributing factors for BBB disruption have been reported, including direct cellular damage brought on by bacterial virulence factors, as well as host-specific proteins or inflammatory pathways being activated. Recent studies have demonstrated that targeting pathological factors contributing to enhanced BBB permeability is an effective therapeutic complement to antimicrobial therapy for treating bacterial meningitis. Hence, understanding how these meningitis-causing pathogens affect the BBB permeability will provide novel perspectives for investigating bacterial meningitis's pathogenesis, prevention, and therapies. Here, we summarized the recent research progress on meningitis-causing pathogens disrupting the barrier function of BBB. This review provides handy information on BBB disruption by meningitis-causing pathogens, and helps design future research as well as develop potential combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jundan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Machado RS, Tenfen L, Joaquim L, Lanzzarin EVR, Bernardes GC, Bonfante SR, Mathias K, Biehl E, Bagio É, Stork SDS, Denicol T, de Oliveira MP, da Silva MR, Danielski LG, de Quadros RW, Rezin GT, Terra SR, Balsini JN, Gava FF, Petronilho F. Hyperoxia by short-term promotes oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in rat brain. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 306:103963. [PMID: 36041716 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) therapy is used as a therapeutic protocol to prevent or treat hypoxia. However, a high inspired fraction of O2 (FIO2) promotes hyperoxia, a harmful condition for the central nervous system (CNS). The present study evaluated parameters of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain of rats exposed to different FIO2. Male Wistar rats were exposed to hyperoxia (FIO2 40 % and 60 %) compared to the control group (FIO2 21 %) for 2 h. Oxidative stress, neutrophilic infiltration, and mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes were determined in the hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, cortex, and prefrontal cortex after O2 exposure. The animals exposed to hyperoxia showed increased lipid peroxidation, formation of carbonyl proteins, N/N concentration, and neutrophilic infiltration in some brain regions, like hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum being the most affected. Furthermore, CAT activity and activity of mitochondrial enzyme complexes were also altered after exposure to hyperoxia. Rats exposed to hyperoxia showed increase in oxidative stress parameters and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tenfen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Everton Venicius Rosa Lanzzarin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Costa Bernardes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Bonfante
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Erica Biehl
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Érick Bagio
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Solange de Souza Stork
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Tais Denicol
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pacheco de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvia Resende Terra
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jairo Nunes Balsini
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Frederico Gava
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
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12
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Géa LP, Wollenhaupt-Aguiar B, Watts D, Maich W, Kapczinski F, Sharma R, Mishra R, Rosa AR, Frey BN. Investigation of blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of mania induced by d-amphetamine. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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13
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Treponema pallidum Tp0751 alters the expression of tight junction proteins by promoting bEnd3 cell apoptosis and IL-6 secretion. Int J Med Microbiol 2022; 312:151553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2022.151553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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14
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Novochadlo M, Goldim MP, Bonfante S, Joaquim L, Mathias K, Metzker K, Machado RS, Lanzzarin E, Bernades G, Bagio E, Garbossa L, de Oliveira Junior AN, da Rosa N, Generoso J, Fortunato JJ, Barichello T, Petronilho F. Folic acid alleviates the blood brain barrier permeability and oxidative stress and prevents cognitive decline in sepsis-surviving rats. Microvasc Res 2021; 137:104193. [PMID: 34062190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complication of an infection which imbalance the normal regulation of several organ systems, including the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence points towards inflammation and oxidative stress as major steps associated with brain dysfunction in sepsis. Thus, we investigated the folic acid (FA) effect as an important antioxidant compound on acute brain dysfunction in rats and long term cognitive impairment and survival. Wistar rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) or sham (control) and treated orally with FA (10 mg/kg after CLP) or vehicle (veh). Animals were divided into sham + veh, sham + FA, CLP + veh and CLP + FA groups. Twenty-four hours after surgery, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were obtained and assayed for levels of blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, nitrite/nitrate concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) formation and protein carbonyls. Survival was performed during 10 days after surgery and memory was evaluated. FA reduced BBB permeability, MPO activity in hippocampus and pre frontal cortex in 24 h and lipid peroxidation in hippocampus and improves the survival rate after sepsis. Long term cognitive improvement was verified with FA in septic rats compared with CLP + veh. Our data demonstrates that FA reduces the memory impairment in 10 days after sepsis and mortality in part by decreasing BBB permeability and oxidative stress parameters in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Novochadlo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bonfante
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Kiuanne Metzker
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Everton Lanzzarin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bernades
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Erick Bagio
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Leandro Garbossa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Aloir Neri de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jucelia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabrícia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
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15
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Turkyilmaz IB, Altas N, Arisan I, Yanardag R. Effect of vitamin B 6 on brain damage in valproic acid induced toxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22855. [PMID: 34309959 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an efficient antiepileptic drug widely used for the treatment of epilepsy and other seizures in both children and adults. It is also reported to have side and toxic effects on many organs and tissues. Vitamin B6 (Vit B6 ) is a well-described water-soluble vitamin, which has an antioxidant effect. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of Vit B6 on VPA-induced brain injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group I, control animals; Group II, Vit B6 (50 mg/kg/day) given rats; Group III, VPA (500 mg/kg/day) given rats; Group IV, VPA and Vit B6 given rats at same dose and time. VPA and Vit B6 were administered intraperitoneally and orally, respectively, for 7 days. At the end of the experiments, the rats were sacrificed and brain tissues were taken. Protein carbonyl and sialic acid levels, xanthine oxidase, adenosine deaminase, acetylcholine esterase, lactate dehydrogenase, myeloperoxidase activities, total oxidant status, and reactive oxygen species levels were found to be increased, while glutathione and total antioxidant capacity levels, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, paraoxonase, and glutathione reductase activities were found to be decreased in the VPA group. Administration of Vit B6 reversed these defects in the VPA group. These findings indicate that Vit B6 has a protective effect on VPA-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismet Burcu Turkyilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilay Altas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Inci Arisan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Demers-Mathieu V, Hines DJ, Hines RM, Lavangnananda S, Fels S, Medo E. Influence of Previous COVID-19 and Mastitis Infections on the Secretion of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in Human Milk. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3846. [PMID: 33917718 PMCID: PMC8068104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) play a critical role in neurodevelopment, where breast milk is a significant dietary source. The impact of previous COVID-19 infection and mastitis on the concentration of BDNF and NGF in human milk was investigated. METHODS Concentrations of BDNF and NGF were measured via ELISA in human milk samples collected from 12 mothers with a confirmed COVID-19 PCR, 13 mothers with viral symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, and 22 unexposed mothers (pre-pandemic Ctl-2018). These neurotrophins were also determined in 12 mothers with previous mastitis and 18 mothers without mastitis. RESULTS The NGF concentration in human milk was lower in the COVID-19 PCR and viral symptoms groups than in the unexposed group, but BDNF did not differ significantly. Within the COVID-19 group, BDNF was higher in mothers who reported headaches or loss of smell/taste when compared with mothers without the respective symptom. BDNF was lower in mothers with mastitis than in mothers without mastitis. CONCLUSIONS Previous COVID-19 and mastitis infections changed differently the secretion of NGF and BDNF in human milk. Whether the changes in NGF and BDNF levels in milk from mothers with infection influence their infant's development remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Demers-Mathieu
- Department of Neonatal Immunology and Microbiology, Medolac Laboratories A Public Benefit Corporation, Boulder City, NV 89005, USA; (S.L.); (S.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Dustin J. Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (D.J.H.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Rochelle M. Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (D.J.H.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Sirima Lavangnananda
- Department of Neonatal Immunology and Microbiology, Medolac Laboratories A Public Benefit Corporation, Boulder City, NV 89005, USA; (S.L.); (S.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Shawn Fels
- Department of Neonatal Immunology and Microbiology, Medolac Laboratories A Public Benefit Corporation, Boulder City, NV 89005, USA; (S.L.); (S.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Elena Medo
- Department of Neonatal Immunology and Microbiology, Medolac Laboratories A Public Benefit Corporation, Boulder City, NV 89005, USA; (S.L.); (S.F.); (E.M.)
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17
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Sun Q, Li N, Jia L, Guo W, Jiang H, Liu B, Bao C, Liu M, Huang J, Lei L. Ribosomal Protein SA-Positive Neutrophil Elicits Stronger Phagocytosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Subdues Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion Against Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:585399. [PMID: 33603733 PMCID: PMC7884477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2), an important zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia, arthritis, and irreversible meningitis in pigs and humans, can be transmitted to humans from pigs. S. suis causes huge economic losses to the swine industry and poses a serious threat to public health. Previously, we found that the brain tissues of mice with SS2-induced meningitis showed disrupted structural integrity and significantly enhanced polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. We showed that the brain tissues of SS2-infected mice had increased ribosomal protein SA (RPSA)-positive PMN counts. However, the inflammatory responses of RPSA+ PMNs to SS2 and their effects on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remain unclear. Therefore, in studying the pathogenesis of SS2-induced meningitis, it is essential that we explore the functions of RPSA+ PMNs and their effects on the BBB. Herein, using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses, we found that RPSA expression enhances PMN-induced phagocytosis and PMN-induced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which facilitate further elimination of bacteria. PMN surface expression of RPSA also alleviates local inflammation and tissue injuries by inhibiting secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, the single-cell BBB model showed that RPSA disrupts BBB integrity by downregulating expression of tight junction-associated membrane proteins on PMNs. Taken together, our data suggest that PMN-surface expression of RPSA is a double-edged sword. RPSA+ PMN owns a stronger ability of bacterial cleaning and weakens inflammatory cytokines release which are useful to anti-infection, but does hurt BBB. Partly, RPSA+ PMN may be extremely useful to control the infection as a therapeutic cellular population, following novel insights into the special PMN population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- The Laboratory Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenfei Guo
- The Laboratory Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hexiang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baijun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuntong Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- The Laboratory Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Huang
- The Laboratory Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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18
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Wall EC, Brownridge P, Laing G, Terra VS, Mlozowa V, Denis B, Nyirenda M, Allain T, Ramos-Sevillano E, Carrol E, Collins A, Gordon SB, Lalloo DG, Wren B, Beynon R, Heyderman RS, Brown JS. CSF Levels of Elongation Factor Tu Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Malawian Adults With Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:603623. [PMID: 33363056 PMCID: PMC7759504 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.603623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality from bacterial meningitis, predominately caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, exceeds 50% in sub-Saharan African countries with high HIV prevalence. Underlying causes of high mortality are poorly understood. We examined the host and pathogen proteome in the CSF of adults with proven pneumococcal meningitis (PM), testing if there was an association between differentially expressed proteins and outcome. Materials/Methods CSF proteomes were analyzed by quantitative Mass-Spectrometry. Spectra were identified using the Swissprot human and TIGR4 pneumococcal protein libraries. Proteins were quantitated and analyzed against mortality. Unique proteins in PM were identified against published normal CSF proteome. Random-Forest models were used to test for protein signatures discriminating outcome. Proteins of interest were tested for their effects on growth and neutrophil opsonophagocytic killing of S. pneumoniae. Results CSF proteomes were available for 57 Adults with PM (median age 32 years, 60% male, 70% HIV-1 co-infected, mortality 63%). Three hundred sixty individual human and 23 pneumococcal proteins were identified. Of the human protein hits, 30% were not expressed in normal CSF, and these were strongly associated with inflammation and primarily related to neutrophil activity. No human protein signature predicted outcome. However, expression of the essential S. pneumoniae protein Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu) was significantly increased in CSF of non-survivors [False Discovery Rate (q) <0.001]. Expression of EF-Tu was negatively co-correlated against expression of Neutrophil defensin (r 0.4 p p < 0.002), but not against complement proteins C3 or Factor H. In vitro, addition of EF-Tu protein impaired S. pneumoniae neutrophil killing in CSF. Conclusions Excessive S. pneumoniae EF-Tu protein in CSF was associated with reduced survival in meningitis in a high HIV prevalence population. We show EF-Tu may inhibit neutrophil mediated killing of S. pneumoniae in CSF. Further mechanistic work is required to better understand how S. pneumoniae avoids essential innate immune responses during PM through production of excess EF-Tu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Wall
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Philip Brownridge
- Centre for Proteomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Laing
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa S. Terra
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Mlozowa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Brigitte Denis
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mulinda Nyirenda
- Adult Emergency Trauma Centre, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Blantyre, Malawi
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Theresa Allain
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Elisa Ramos-Sevillano
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enitan Carrol
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Collins
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool University Hospital Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B. Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Lalloo
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Wren
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Beynon
- Centre for Proteomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Jeremy S. Brown
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Danielski LG, Giustina AD, Bonfante S, de Souza Goldim MP, Joaquim L, Metzker KL, Biehl EB, Vieira T, de Medeiros FD, da Rosa N, Generoso J, Simoes L, Farias HR, da Silva Lemos I, Giridharan V, Rezin GT, Fortunato JJ, Bitencourt RM, Streck EL, Dal-Pizzol F, Barichello T, Petronilho F. NLRP3 Activation Contributes to Acute Brain Damage Leading to Memory Impairment in Sepsis-Surviving Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5247-5262. [PMID: 32870491 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis survivors present acute and long-term cognitive impairment and the pathophysiology of neurological dysfunction in sepsis involves microglial activation. Recently, the involvement of cytosolic receptors capable of forming protein complexes called inflammasomes have been demonstrated to perpetuate neuroinflammation. Thus, we investigated the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation on early and late brain changes in experimental sepsis. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were submitted to the sepsis model by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP group) or laparotomy only (sham group). Immediately after surgery, the animals received saline or NLRP3 inflammasome formation inhibitor (MCC950, 140 ng/kg) intracerebroventricularly. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were isolated for cytokine analysis, microglial and astrocyte activation, oxidative stress measurements, nitric oxide formation, and mitochondrial respiratory chain activity at 24 h after CLP. A subset of animals was followed for 10 days for survival assessment, and then behavioral tests were performed. The administration of MCC950 restored the elevation of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokine levels in the hippocampus. NLRP3 receptor levels increased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus at 24 h after sepsis, associated with microglial, but not astrocyte, activation. MCC950 reduced oxidative damage to lipids and proteins as well as preserved the activity of the enzyme SOD in the hippocampus. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity presented variations in both structures studied. MCC950 reduced microglial activation, decreased acute neurochemical and behavioral alteration, and increased survival after experimental sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucineia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bonfante
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Kiuanne Lobo Metzker
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Erica Bernardo Biehl
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Thaynan Vieira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Durante de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lutiana Simoes
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Hémelin Resende Farias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabela da Silva Lemos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vijayasree Giridharan
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jucelia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
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Isaiah S, Loots DT, Solomons R, van der Kuip M, Tutu Van Furth AM, Mason S. Overview of Brain-to-Gut Axis Exposed to Chronic CNS Bacterial Infection(s) and a Predictive Urinary Metabolic Profile of a Brain Infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:296. [PMID: 32372900 PMCID: PMC7186443 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new paradigm in neuroscience has recently emerged - the brain-gut axis (BGA). The contemporary focus in this paradigm has been gut → brain ("bottom-up"), in which the gut-microbiome, and its perturbations, affects one's psychological state-of-mind and behavior, and is pivotal in neurodegenerative disorders. The emerging brain → gut ("top-down") concept, the subject of this review, proposes that dysfunctional brain health can alter the gut-microbiome. Feedback of this alternative bidirectional highway subsequently aggravates the neurological pathology. This paradigm shift, however, focuses upon non-communicable neurological diseases (progressive neuroinflammation). What of infectious diseases, in which pathogenic bacteria penetrate the blood-brain barrier and interact with the brain, and what is this effect on the BGA in bacterial infection(s) that cause chronic neuroinflammation? Persistent immune activity in the CNS due to chronic neuroinflammation can lead to irreversible neurodegeneration and neuronal death. The properties of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), such as immunological markers, are used to diagnose brain disorders. But what of metabolic markers for such purposes? If a BGA exists, then chronic CNS bacterial infection(s) should theoretically be reflected in the urine. The premise here is that chronic CNS bacterial infection(s) will affect the gut-microbiome and that perturbed metabolism in both the CNS and gut will release metabolites into the blood that are filtered (kidneys) and excreted in the urine. Here we assess the literature on the effects of chronic neuroinflammatory diseases on the gut-microbiome caused by bacterial infection(s) of the CNS, in the context of information attained via metabolomics-based studies of urine. Furthermore, we take a severe chronic neuroinflammatory infectious disease - tuberculous meningitis (TBM), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and examine three previously validated CSF immunological biomarkers - vascular endothelial growth factor, interferon-gamma and myeloperoxidase - in terms of the expected changes in normal brain metabolism. We then model the downstream metabolic effects expected, predicting pivotal altered metabolic pathways that would be reflected in the urinary profiles of TBM subjects. Our cascading metabolic model should be adjustable to account for other types of CNS bacterial infection(s) associated with chronic neuroinflammation, typically prevalent, and difficult to distinguish from TBM, in the resource-constrained settings of poor communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Isaiah
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. Marceline Tutu Van Furth
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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21
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Giridharan VV, Collodel A, Generoso JS, Scaini G, Wassather R, Selvaraj S, Hasbun R, Dal-Pizzol F, Petronilho F, Barichello T. Neuroinflammation trajectories precede cognitive impairment after experimental meningitis-evidence from an in vivo PET study. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 31901235 PMCID: PMC6942362 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is a devastating central nervous system (CNS) infection with acute and long-term neurological consequences, including cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to understand the association between activated microglia-induced neuroinflammation and post-meningitis cognitive impairment. Method Meningitis was induced in male Wistar rats by injecting Streptococcus pneumoniae into the brain through the cisterna magna, and rats were then treated with ceftriaxone. Twenty-four hours and 10 days after meningitis induction, rats were imaged with positron emission tomography (PET) using [11C]PBR28, a specific translocator protein (TSPO) radiotracer, to determine in vivo microglial activation. Following imaging, the expression of TSPO, cardiolipin, and cytochrome c, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress markers, and glial activation markers were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Ten days after meningitis induction, animals were subjected to behavioral tests, such as the open-field, step-down inhibitory avoidance, and novel object recognition tests. Results Both 24-h (acute) and 10-day (long-term) groups of rats demonstrated increased [11C]PBR28 uptake and microglial activation in the whole brain compared to levels in the control group. Although free from infection, 10-day group rats exhibited increased expression levels of cytokines and markers of oxidative stress, microglial activation (IBA-1), and astrocyte activation (GFAP) similar to those seen in the 24-h group. Acute meningitis induction also elevated TSPO, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 levels with no change in caspase-9 levels. Furthermore, upregulated levels of TSPO, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 were observed in the rat hippocampus 10 days after meningitis induction with a simultaneous reduction in cardiolipin levels. Animals showed a cognitive decline in all tasks compared with the control group, and this impairment may be at least partially mediated by activating a glia-mediated immune response and upregulating TSPO. Conclusions TSPO-PET could potentially be used as an imaging biomarker for microglial activation and long-term cognitive impairment post-meningitis. Additionally, this study opens a new avenue for the potential use of TSPO ligands after infection-induced neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Allan Collodel
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rico Wassather
- Micro Analysis Group, Keyence Corporation of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA. .,Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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22
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Rugemalira E, Roine I, Kuligowski J, Sánchez-Illana Á, Piñeiro-Ramos JD, Andersson S, Peltola H, Leite Cruzeiro M, Pelkonen T, Vento M. Protein Oxidation Biomarkers and Myeloperoxidase Activation in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Childhood Bacterial Meningitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100441. [PMID: 31581487 PMCID: PMC6826731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological response in bacterial meningitis (BM) causes the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) and activates myeloperoxidase (MPO), an inflammatory enzyme. Thus, structural oxidative and nitrosative damage to proteins and DNA occurs. We aimed to asses these events in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of pediatric BM patients. Phenylalanine (Phe), para-tyrosine (p-Tyr), nucleoside 2'-deoxiguanosine (2dG), and biomarkers of ROS/RNS-induced protein and DNA oxidation: ortho-tyrosine (o-Tyr), 3-chlorotyrosine (3Cl-Tyr), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NO₂-Tyr) and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in the initial CSF of 79 children with BM and 10 without BM. All biomarkers, normalized with their corresponding precursors, showed higher median concentrations (p < 0.0001) in BM compared with controls, except 8OHdG/2dG. The ratios o-Tyr/Phe, 3Cl-Tyr/p-Tyr and 3NO₂-Tyr/p-Tyr were 570, 20 and 4.5 times as high, respectively. A significantly higher 3Cl-Tyr/p-Tyr ratio was found in BM caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, than by Haemophilus influenzae type b, or Neisseria meningitidis (p = 0.002 for both). In conclusion, biomarkers indicating oxidative damage to proteins distinguished BM patients from non-BM, most clearly the o-Tyr/Phe ratio. The high 3Cl-Tyr/p-Tyr ratio in pneumococcal meningitis suggests robust inflammation because 3Cl-Tyr is a marker of MPO activation and, indirectly, of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Rugemalira
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Irmeli Roine
- Faculty of Medicine, University Diego Portales, Manuel Rodrigues Sur 333, 8370109 Santiago Region Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ángel Sánchez-Illana
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Sture Andersson
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heikki Peltola
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Tuula Pelkonen
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino, Rua Amilcar Cabral, Luanda, Angola.
| | - Máximo Vento
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
- Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
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Burmeister AR, Johnson MB, Yaemmongkol JJ, Marriott I. Murine astrocytes produce IL-24 and are susceptible to the immunosuppressive effects of this cytokine. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:55. [PMID: 30825881 PMCID: PMC6397747 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glia are key regulators of inflammatory responses within the central nervous system (CNS) following infection or trauma. We have previously demonstrated the ability of activated glia to rapidly produce pro-inflammatory mediators followed by a transition to an anti-inflammatory cytokine production profile that includes the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 and the closely related cytokine IL-19. IL-24, another member of the IL-10 family, has been studied in a number of inflammatory conditions in the periphery and is known to modulate immune cell activity. However, the ability of glia to produce IL-24 remains unclear and the effects of this pleiotropic cytokine on glial immune functions have not been investigated. METHODS In this study, we have assessed whether primary murine glia produce IL-24 following stimulation and evaluated the effect of this cytokine on the immune responses of such cells. We have utilized RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses to assess the expression of IL-24 and its cognate receptors by astrocytes following challenge with bacteria or their components. Furthermore, we have determined the effect of recombinant IL-24 on astrocyte immune signaling and responses to clinically relevant bacteria using RT-PCR and specific capture ELISAs. RESULTS We demonstrate that astrocytes express IL-24 mRNA and release detectable amounts of this cytokine protein in a delayed manner following bacterial challenge. In addition, we have determined that glia constitutively express the cognate receptors for IL-24 and show that such expression can be increased in astrocytes following activation. Importantly, our results indicate that IL-24 exerts an immunosuppressive effect on astrocytes by elevating suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and limiting IL-6 production following challenge. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that IL-24 can also augment the release of IL-10 by bacterially challenged astrocytes and can induce the expression of the potentially neuroprotective mediators, glutamate transporter 1, and cyclooxygenase 2. CONCLUSIONS The expression of IL-24 and its cognate receptors by astrocytes following bacterial challenge, and the ability of this cytokine to limit inflammatory responses while promoting the expression of immunosuppressive and/or neuroprotective mediators, raises the intriguing possibility that IL-24 functions to regulate or resolve CNS inflammation following bacterial infection in order to limit neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Burmeister
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
| | - M. Brittany Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
| | - Jessica J. Yaemmongkol
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA
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24
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Blood‒Brain Barrier Pathology and CNS Outcomes in Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113555. [PMID: 30423890 PMCID: PMC6275034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major meningitis-causing pathogen globally, bringing about significant morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term neurological sequelae in almost half of the survivors. Subsequent to nasopharyngeal colonisation and systemic invasion, translocation across the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) by S. pneumoniae is a crucial early step in the pathogenesis of meningitis. The BBB, which normally protects the central nervous system (CNS) from deleterious molecules within the circulation, becomes dysfunctional in S. pneumoniae invasion due to the effects of pneumococcal toxins and a heightened host inflammatory environment of cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species intracranially. The bacteria‒host interplay within the CNS likely determines not only the degree of BBB pathological changes, but also host survival and the extent of neurological damage. This review explores the relationship between S. pneumoniae bacteria and the host inflammatory response, with an emphasis on the BBB and its roles in CNS protection, as well as both the acute and long-term pathogenesis of meningitis.
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Yamashiro LH, de Souza GEP, de Melo Soares D. Role of CINC-1 and CXCR2 receptors on LPS-induced fever in rats. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:301-311. [PMID: 30349936 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic model of fever induction is based on the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria in experimental animals. LPS-induced fever results in the synthesis/release of many mediators that assemble an LPS-fever cascade. We have previously demonstrated that cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, a Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) + chemokine, centrally administered to rats, induces fever and increases prostaglandin E2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. We now attempt to investigate the involvement of CINC-1 and its functional receptor CXCR2 on the fever induced by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens in rats. We also investigated the effect of reparixin, an allosteric inhibitor of CXCR1/CXCR2 receptors, on fever induced by either systemic administration of LPS or intracerebroventricular injection of CINC-1, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, or ET-1, known mediators of febrile response. Our results show increased CINC-1 mRNA expression in the liver, hypothalamus, CSF, and plasma following LPS injection. Moreover, reparixin administered right before CINC-1 or LPS abolished the fever induced by CINC-1 and significantly reduced the response induced by LPS. In spite of these results, reparixin does not modify the fever induced by IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but significantly reduces ET-1-induced fever. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that CINC-1 might contribute to LPS-induced fever in rats by activating CXCR2 receptor on the CNS. Moreover, it can be hypothesized that CINC-1 is placed upstream TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 among the prostaglandin-dependent fever-mediator cascade and amidst the prostaglandin-independent synthesis pathway of fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Harumi Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Glória Emília Petto de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis de Melo Soares
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Jeremoabo, no. 147, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil.
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Golomb BA. Diplomats' Mystery Illness and Pulsed Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation. Neural Comput 2018; 30:2882-2985. [PMID: 30183509 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance: A mystery illness striking U.S. and Canadian diplomats to Cuba (and now China) "has confounded the FBI, the State Department and US intelligence agencies" (Lederman, Weissenstein, & Lee, 2017). Sonic explanations for the so-called health attacks have long dominated media reports, propelled by peculiar sounds heard and auditory symptoms experienced. Sonic mediation was justly rejected by experts. We assessed whether pulsed radiofrequency/microwave radiation (RF/MW) exposure can accommodate reported facts in diplomats, including unusual ones. Observations: (1) Noises: Many diplomats heard chirping, ringing or grinding noises at night during episodes reportedly triggering health problems. Some reported that noises were localized with laser-like precision or said the sounds seemed to follow them (within the territory in which they were perceived). Pulsed RF/MW engenders just these apparent "sounds" via the Frey effect. Perceived "sounds" differ by head dimensions and pulse characteristics and can be perceived as located behind in or above the head. Ability to hear the "sounds" depends on high-frequency hearing and low ambient noise. (2) Signs/symptoms: Hearing loss and tinnitus are prominent in affected diplomats and in RF/MW-affected individuals. Each of the protean symptoms that diplomats report also affect persons reporting symptoms from RF/MW: sleep problems, headaches, and cognitive problems dominate in both groups. Sensations of pressure or vibration figure in each. Both encompass vision, balance, and speech problems and nosebleeds. Brain injury and brain swelling are reported in both. (3) Mechanisms: Oxidative stress provides a documented mechanism of RF/MW injury compatible with reported signs and symptoms; sequelae of endothelial dysfunction (yielding blood flow compromise), membrane damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, mitochondrial injury, apoptosis, and autoimmune triggering afford downstream mechanisms, of varying persistence, that merit investigation. (4) Of note, microwaving of the U.S. embassy in Moscow is historically documented. Conclusions and relevance: Reported facts appear consistent with pulsed RF/MW as the source of injury in affected diplomats. Nondiplomats citing symptoms from RF/MW, often with an inciting pulsed-RF/MW exposure, report compatible health conditions. Under the RF/MW hypothesis, lessons learned for diplomats and for RF/MW-affected civilians may each aid the other.
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Al-Obaidi MMJ, Desa MNM. Mechanisms of Blood Brain Barrier Disruption by Different Types of Bacteria, and Bacterial-Host Interactions Facilitate the Bacterial Pathogen Invading the Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1349-1368. [PMID: 30117097 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to elucidate the different mechanisms of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption that may occur due to invasion by different types of bacteria, as well as to show the bacteria-host interactions that assist the bacterial pathogen in invading the brain. For example, platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) is responsible for brain invasion during the adhesion of pneumococci to brain endothelial cells, which might lead to brain invasion. Additionally, the major adhesin of the pneumococcal pilus-1, RrgA is able to bind the BBB endothelial receptors: polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1), thus leading to invasion of the brain. Moreover, Streptococcus pneumoniae choline binding protein A (CbpA) targets the common carboxy-terminal domain of the laminin receptor (LR) establishing initial contact with brain endothelium that might result in BBB invasion. Furthermore, BBB disruption may occur by S. pneumoniae penetration through increasing in pro-inflammatory markers and endothelial permeability. In contrast, adhesion, invasion, and translocation through or between endothelial cells can be done by S. pneumoniae without any disruption to the vascular endothelium, upon BBB penetration. Internalins (InlA and InlB) of Listeria monocytogenes interact with its cellular receptors E-cadherin and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) to facilitate invading the brain. L. monocytogenes species activate NF-κB in endothelial cells, encouraging the expression of P- and E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), as well as IL-6 and IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), all these markers assist in BBB disruption. Bacillus anthracis species interrupt both adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs), leading to BBB disruption. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) permeability and BBB disruption are induced via interendothelial junction proteins reduction as well as up-regulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory proteins-1 alpha (MIP1α) markers in Staphylococcus aureus species. Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus toxins (GBS) enhance IL-8 and ICAM-1 as well as nitric oxide (NO) production from endothelial cells via the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enhancement, resulting in BBB disruption. While Gram-negative bacteria, Haemophilus influenza OmpP2 is able to target the common carboxy-terminal domain of LR to start initial interaction with brain endothelium, then invade the brain. H. influenza type b (HiB), can induce BBB permeability through TJ disruption. LR and PAFR binding sites have been recognized as common routes of CNS entrance by Neisseria meningitidis. N. meningitidis species also initiate binding to BMECs and induces AJs deformation, as well as inducing specific cleavage of the TJ component occludin through the release of host MMP-8. Escherichia coli bind to BMECs through LR, resulting in IL-6 and IL-8 release and iNOS production, as well as resulting in disassembly of TJs between endothelial cells, facilitating BBB disruption. Therefore, obtaining knowledge of BBB disruption by different types of bacterial species will provide a picture of how the bacteria enter the central nervous system (CNS) which might support the discovery of therapeutic strategies for each bacteria to control and manage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M Jamil Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Boitsova EB, Morgun AV, Osipova ED, Pozhilenkova EA, Martinova GP, Frolova OV, Olovannikova RY, Tohidpour A, Gorina YV, Panina YA, Salmina AB. The inhibitory effect of LPS on the expression of GPR81 lactate receptor in blood-brain barrier model in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:196. [PMID: 29973231 PMCID: PMC6030740 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the main constituents of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. As an endotoxin, LPS induces neuroinflammation, which is associated with the blood-brain barrier impairment. Lactate is a metabolite with some significant physiological functions within the neurovascular unit/blood-brain barrier (BBB). Accumulation of extracellular and cerebrospinal fluid lactate is a specific feature of bacterial meningitis. However, the role of lactate production, transport, and sensing by lactate receptors GPR81 in the pathogenesis of bacterial neuroinflammation is still unknown. METHODS In this study, we analyzed effects of LPS on the expression of GPR81 and MCT-1 and proliferation of cerebral endothelial cells in the BBB model in vitro. We used molecular profiling methods to measure the expression of GPR81, MCT-1, IL-1β, and Ki67 in the cerebral endothelium after treatment with different concentrations of LPS followed by measuring the level of extracellular lactate, transendothelial electric resistance, and permeability of the endothelial cell layer. RESULTS Our findings showed that exposure to LPS results in neuroinflammatory changes associated with decreased expression of GPR81 and MCT-1 in endothelial cells, as well as overproduction of IL-1β and elevation of lactate concentrations in the extracellular space in a dose-dependent manner. LPS treatment reduced JAM tight junction protein expression in cerebral endothelial cells and altered BBB structural integrity in vitro. CONCLUSION The impairment of lactate reception and transport might contribute to the alterations of BBB structural and functional integrity caused by LPS-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta B. Boitsova
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Department of Children Infectious Diseases, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Morgun
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Department of Pediatrics, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Elena D. Osipova
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Elena A. Pozhilenkova
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Galina P. Martinova
- Department of Children Infectious Diseases, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga V. Frolova
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Raissa Ya Olovannikova
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Abolghasem Tohidpour
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yana V. Gorina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yulia A. Panina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alla B. Salmina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Jing W, Zhong J, Ping LJ, Yan LH. Relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in peripheral and cerebral system of oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000400229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Jing
- Gansu Agricultural University, China; Pulmonary Hospital of Lanzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- Gansu Agricultural University, China; Pulmonary Hospital of Lanzhou, China
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30
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Santos RCV, Baldisserotto B. Blood-brain barrier breakdown and myeloperoxidase activity in silver catfish experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:209-213. [PMID: 28836668 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and microbial invasion of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered a prerequisite for CNS infections, which contribute to behavioural abnormalities and disease pathogenesis. Based on this information, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes disruption of the BBB, and to investigate the involvement of cerebral myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in this process in experimentally infected silver catfish. The permeability of the BBB to Evans blue dye increased in the infected animals on days three and six post-infection (PI) compared to the control group. Moreover, cerebral MPO activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels also increased in the infected animals on days three and six PI compared to the control group. Based on this evidence, we concluded that P. aaeruginosa causes a disruption of the BBB, which may contribute to disease pathogenesis in the CNS. Moreover, the increase in cerebral MPO activity and ROS levels may be considered a pathway involved in BBB breakdown, allowing the passage of bacteria to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - R C V Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - B Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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31
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Giridharan VV, Simões LR, Dagostin VS, Generoso JS, Rezin GT, Florentino D, Muniz JP, Collodel A, Petronilho F, Quevedo J, Barichello T. Temporal changes of oxidative stress markers in Escherichia coli K1-induced experimental meningitis in a neonatal rat model. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:288-295. [PMID: 28583583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and advanced critical care neonatal bacterial meningitis has a mortality rate of over 10% and induces neurological sequelae in 20-50% of cases. Escherichia coli K1 (E. coli K1) is the most common gram-negative organism causing neonatal meningitis and is the second most common cause behind group B streptococcus. We previously reported that an E. coli K1 experimental meningitis infection in neonatal rats resulted in habituation and aversive memory impairment and a significant increase in cytokine levels in adulthood. In this present study, we investigated the oxidative stress profile including malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, carbonyl protein formation, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase (CAT) activity 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h after E. coli K1 experimental meningitis infection. In addition, sulfhydryl groups, nitrite and nitrate levels and activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes were also measured in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of neonatal rats. The results from this study demonstrated a significant increase in MDA, protein carbonyls and MPO activity and a simultaneous decrease in SOD activity in the hippocampus of the neonatal meningitis survivors but the same was not observed in frontal cortex. In addition, we also observed a significant increase in complex IV activity in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of meningitis survivor rats. Thus, the results from this study reaffirmed the possible role of oxidative stress, nitric oxide and its related compounds in the complex pathophysiology of E. coli K1-induced bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Lutiana R Simões
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Valdemira S Dagostin
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Gislaine T Rezin
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, 88704-900, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Drielly Florentino
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, SC, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Jhonata P Muniz
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Allan Collodel
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, SC, 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Avenida José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, SC, 88704-900, Brazil; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, 88704-900, Tubarão, SC, Brazil; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Perdomo-Celis F, Torres MA, Ostos H, Gutierrez-Achury J, Molano V, Durán LF, González G, Narváez CF. Patterns of Local and Systemic Cytokines in Bacterial Meningitis and its Relation with Severity and Long-Term Sequelae. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:125-31. [PMID: 26715831 PMCID: PMC4687976 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s35005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a pyogenic infection present in the subarachnoid space, potentially fatal and frequently associated with neurological sequelae. During BM, cytokines (CTs) are locally produced. We sought to determine the CTs' clinical role as disease severity predictors in adults, which is not completely clear. Using a bead-based flow cytometric assay, levels of six CTs were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from 18 adult BM patients and 19 uninfected controls. Long-term neurological sequelae were evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). All evaluated CTs were higher in CSF than in plasma, and the levels of CSF interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α and plasma IL-10 and IL-12p70 were significantly higher in patients with severe sepsis than with sepsis, suggesting an association with clinical severity. There was a strong negative correlation between CSF IL-6 and plasma IL-12p70 with GOS score, supporting the possible role of these CTs in the development of neurological long-term sequelae. These findings could be helpful to identify candidates to receive neuroprotective treatments and early physiotherapy schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Torres
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Neiva, Colombia
| | - Henry Ostos
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia
| | | | - Víctor Molano
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Neiva, Colombia
| | - Luis F. Durán
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Neiva, Colombia
| | - Guillermo González
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Neiva, Colombia
| | - Carlos F. Narváez
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Colombia
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Tong F, Zhang J, Liu L, Gao X, Cai Q, Wei C, Dong J, Hu Y, Wu G, Dong X. Corilagin Attenuates Radiation-Induced Brain Injury in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6982-6996. [PMID: 26666668 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cranial irradiation-induced inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI). Anti-inflammation treatment may provide therapeutic benefits. Corilagin (beta-1-O-galloyl-3, 6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose, C27H22O18) was a novel member of the tannin family with anti-inflammatory properties and is isolated from some medicinal plants, such as Phyllanthus amarus and Caesalpinia coriaria. In this study, the effect of Corilagin on RIBI was investigated and the underlying mechanisms were explored. Spatial learning and memory ability of mice were investigated by the Morris water maze test. Evans blue leakage and electron microscopy were used to assess the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB). The mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, were measured by using real-time PCR and Western blotting. The activation of microglial cells and expression of TNF-α were examined by immunofluorescence staining. Phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) and IκBα, and the translocation of p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus were detected by using Western blotting. Morris water maze test showed that Corilagin ameliorated the neurocognitive deficits in RIBI mice. Evans blue leakage and electron microscopy exhibited that Corilagin partially protected the BBB integrity from cranial irradiation-caused damage; immunofluorescence staining showed that Corilagin could inhibit microglial activation and TNF-α expression. Real-time PCR and Western blotting revealed that Corilagin downregulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β and inhibited the irradiation-induced activation of NF-κB pathways by upregulating p-STAT3 expression. In conclusion, Corilagin could attenuate RIBI through inhibiting microglial activation and the expressions of inflammatory cytokines. Corilagin might inhibit the activation of NF-κB pathway in a STAT3-associated manner, thereby downregulating the inflammatory cytokine expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xican Gao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cai
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihua Dong
- Experimental Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaorong Dong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Barichello T, Generoso JS, Goularte JA, Collodel A, Pitcher MR, Simões LR, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Does Infection-Induced Immune Activation Contribute to Dementia? Aging Dis 2015; 6:342-8. [PMID: 26425389 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by a complex blood-brain barrier system; however, a broad diversity of virus, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa can gain access and cause illness. As pathogens replicate, they release molecules that can be recognized by innate immune cells. These molecules are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and they are identified by pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Examples of PRR include toll-like receptors (TLR), receptors for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), nucleotide binding oligomerisation domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLR), c-type lectin receptors (CLR), RIG-I-like receptors (RLR), and intra-cytosolic DNA sensors. The reciprocal action between PAMP and PRR triggers the release of inflammatory mediators that regulate the elimination of invasive pathogens. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) are endogenous constituents released from damaged cells that also have the ability to activate the innate immune response. An increase of RAGE expression levels on neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells could be responsible for the accumulation of αβ-amyloid in dementia and related to the chronic inflammatory state that is found in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- 1 Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA ; 2 Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- 2 Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jessica A Goularte
- 2 Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Allan Collodel
- 2 Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Meagan R Pitcher
- 1 Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lutiana R Simões
- 2 Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- 1 Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA ; 3 Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- 4 Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias da Saude, Unidade Academica de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciuma, SC, Brazil
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35
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Role of Microglial Activation in the Pathophysiology of Bacterial Meningitis. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1770-1781. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dando SJ, Mackay-Sim A, Norton R, Currie BJ, St John JA, Ekberg JAK, Batzloff M, Ulett GC, Beacham IR. Pathogens penetrating the central nervous system: infection pathways and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:691-726. [PMID: 25278572 PMCID: PMC4187632 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00118-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells within the central nervous system (CNS) are capable of producing an immune response against invading pathogens. Nonetheless, a range of pathogenic microbes make their way to the CNS, and the resulting infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Bacteria, amoebae, fungi, and viruses are capable of CNS invasion, with the latter using axonal transport as a common route of infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens reach the CNS and infect the brain. In particular, we focus on recent data regarding mechanisms of bacterial translocation from the nasal mucosa to the brain, which represents a little explored pathway of bacterial invasion but has been proposed as being particularly important in explaining how infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei can result in melioidosis encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Dando
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Norton
- Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ifor R Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Barichello T, Dagostim VS, Generoso JS, Simões LR, Dominguini D, Silvestre C, Michels M, Vilela MC, Jornada LK, Comim CM, Dal-Pizzol F, Teixeira AL, Quevedo J. Neonatal Escherichia coli K1 meningitis causes learning and memory impairments in adulthood. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 272:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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38
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Barichello T, Fagundes GD, Generoso JS, Elias SG, Simões LR, Teixeira AL. Pathophysiology of neonatal acute bacterial meningitis. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1781-1789. [PMID: 23946474 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.059840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal meningitis is a severe acute infectious disease of the central nervous system and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The inflammatory reaction involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space and the brain parenchymal vessels and contributes to neuronal injury. Neonatal meningitis leads to deafness, blindness, cerebral palsy, seizures, hydrocephalus or cognitive impairment in approximately 25-50 % of survivors. Bacterial pathogens can reach the blood-brain barrier and be recognized by antigen-presenting cells through the binding of Toll-like receptors. They induce the activation of NFκB or mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and subsequently upregulate leukocyte populations and express numerous proteins involved in inflammation and the immune response. Many brain cells can produce cytokines, chemokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules in response to bacterial stimuli, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes are attracted, activated and released in large amounts of superoxide anion and nitric oxide, leading to peroxynitrite formation and generating oxidative stress. This cascade leads to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, thus contributing to cell injury during neonatal meningitis. This review summarizes information on the pathophysiology and adjuvant treatment of acute bacterial meningitis in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Glauco D Fagundes
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel Galvão Elias
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lutiana R Simões
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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39
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Mao SS, Hua R, Zhao XP, Qin X, Sun ZQ, Zhang Y, Wu YQ, Jia MX, Cao JL, Zhang YM. Exogenous administration of PACAP alleviates traumatic brain injury in rats through a mechanism involving the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. J Neurotrauma 2013; 29:1941-59. [PMID: 22583372 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is effective in reducing axonal damage associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and has immunomodulatory properties. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator of the innate immune response. It significantly contributes to neuroinflammation induced by brain injury. However, it remains unknown whether exogenous PACAP can modulate TBI through the TLR4/adapter protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of PACAP pretreatment in a weight-drop model of TBI. PACAP38 was microinjected intracerebroventricularly before TBI. Brain samples were extracted from the pericontusional area in the cortex and hippocampus. We found that TBI induced significant upregulation of TLR4, with peak expression occurring 24 h post-trauma, and that pretreatment with PACAP significantly improved motor and cognitive dysfunction, attenuated neuronal apoptosis, and decreased brain edema. Pretreatment with PACAP inhibited upregulation of TLR4 and its downstream signaling molecules MyD88, p-IκB, and NF-κB, and suppressed increases in the levels of the downstream inflammatory agents interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in the brain tissue around the injured cortex and in the hippocampus. Administration of PACAP both in vitro and in vivo attenuated the ability of the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to increase TLR4 protein levels. Therefore, PACAP exerts a neuroprotective effect in this rat model of TBI, by inhibiting a secondary inflammatory response mediated by the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia and neurons, thereby reducing neuronal death and improving the outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Mao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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40
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Sheu JN, Liao WC, Wu UI, Shyu LY, Mai FD, Chen LY, Chen MJ, Youn SC, Chang HM. Resveratrol suppresses calcium-mediated microglial activation and rescues hippocampal neurons of adult rats following acute bacterial meningitis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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41
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Barichello T, Generoso JS, Milioli G, Elias SG, Teixeira AL. Pathophysiology of Bacterial Infection of the Central Nervous System and its Putative Role in the Pathogenesis of Behavioral Changes. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 35:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Patterson H, Saralahti A, Parikka M, Dramsi S, Trieu-Cuot P, Poyart C, Rounioja S, Rämet M. Adult zebrafish model of bacterial meningitis in Streptococcus agalactiae infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:447-455. [PMID: 22867759 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is the major cause of severe bacterial disease and meningitis in newborns. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently emerged as a valuable and powerful vertebrate model for the study of human streptococcal infections. In the present study we demonstrate that adult zebrafish are susceptible to GBS infection through the intraperitoneal and intramuscular routes of infection. Following intraperitoneal challenge with GBS, zebrafish developed a fulminant infection 24-48 h post-injection, with signs of pathogenesis including severe inflammation at the injection site and meningoencephalitis. Quantification of blood and brain bacterial load confirmed that GBS is capable of replicating in the zebrafish bloodstream and penetrating the blood-brain barrier, resulting in the induction of host inflammatory immune responses in the brain. Additionally, we show that GBS mutants previously described as avirulent in the mice model, have an impaired ability to cause meningitis in this new in vivo model. Taken together, our data demonstrates that adult zebrafish may be used as a bacterial meningitis model as a means for deciphering the pathogenesis and development of invasive GBS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Patterson
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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Mitchell K, Brou L, Bhat G, Drobek CO, Kramer M, Hill A, Fortunato SJ, Menon R. Group BStreptococcuscolonization and higher maternal IL-1β concentrations are associated with early term births. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:56-61. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.725789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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44
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Northrop NA, Yamamoto BK. Persistent neuroinflammatory effects of serial exposure to stress and methamphetamine on the blood-brain barrier. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:951-68. [PMID: 22833424 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of methamphetamine (Meth)-induced neurotoxicity have traditionally focused on monoaminergic terminal damage while more recent studies have found that stress exacerbates these damaging effects of Meth. Similarities that exist between the mechanisms that cause monoaminergic terminal damage in response to stress and Meth and those capable of producing a disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) suggest that the well-known high co-morbidity of stress and Meth could produce long-lasting structural and functional BBB disruption. The current studies examined the role of neuroinflammation in mediating the effects of exposure to chronic stress and/or Meth on BBB structure and function. Rats were pre-exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and/or challenged with Meth. Twenty-four hours after the treatment of Meth in rats pre-exposed to CUS, occludin and claudin-5 immunoreactivity were decreased while truncation of β-dystroglycan, as well as FITC-dextran and water extravasation was increased. All changes other than β-dystroglycan and edema persisted 7 days later, occurred with increases in GFAP and COX-2, and were blocked by ketoprofen after Meth treatment. In addition, persistent increases in FITC-dextran extravasation were prevented by treatment with an EP1 receptor antagonist after Meth exposure. The results indicate that CUS and Meth synergize to produce long-lasting structural and functional BBB disruptions that are mediated by cyclooxygenase and protracted increases in inflammation. These results suggest that stress and Meth can synergize to produce a long-lasting vulnerability of the brain to subsequent environmental insults resulting from the persistent breach of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Northrop
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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45
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Barichello T, Lemos JC, Generoso JS, Carradore MM, Moreira AP, Collodel A, Zanatta JR, Valvassori SS, Quevedo J. Evaluation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and memory in adult rats survivors of the neonatal meningitis by Streptococcus agalactiae. Brain Res Bull 2012; 92:56-9. [PMID: 22683802 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is a major cause of severe morbidity and mortality in neonates and young infants, causing sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis. The survivors from this meningitis can suffer serious long-term neurological consequences, such as, seizures, hearing loss, learning and memory impairments. Neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) control the neuronal cell death during the brain development and play an important role in neuronal differentiation, survival and growth of neurons. Neonate Wistar rats, received either 10μL of sterile saline as a placebo or an equivalent volume of GBS suspension at a concentration of 1×10(6)cfu/mL. Sixty days after induction of meningitis, the animals underwent behavioral tests, after were killed and the hippocampus and cortex were retired for analyze of the BDNF and NGF levels. In the open-field demonstrated no difference in motor, exploratory activity and habituation memory between the groups. The step-down inhibitory avoidance, when we evaluated the long-term memory at 24h after training session, we found that the meningitis group had a decrease in aversive memory when compared with the long-term memory test of the sham group. BDNF levels decreased in hippocampus and cortex; however the NGF levels decreased only in hippocampus. These findings suggest that the meningitis model could be a good research tool for the study of the biological mechanisms involved in the behavioral alterations secondary to GBS meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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