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Pang B, Wu L, Peng Y. In vitro modelling of the neurovascular unit for ischemic stroke research: Emphasis on human cell applications and 3D model design. Exp Neurol 2024; 381:114942. [PMID: 39222766 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has garnered global medical attention as one of the most serious cerebrovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in both the development and recovery phases of ischemic stroke are complex, involving intricate interactions among different types of cells, each with its own unique functions. To better understand the possible pathogenesis, neurovascular unit (NVU), a concept comprising neurons, endothelial cells, mural cells, glial cells, and extracellular matrix components, has been used in analysing various brain diseases, particularly in ischemic stroke, aiming to depict the interactions between cerebral vasculature and neural cells. While in vivo models often face limitations in terms of reproducibility and the ability to precisely mimic human pathophysiology, it is now important to establish in vitro NVU models for ischemic stroke research. In order to accurately portray the pathological processes occurring within the brain, a diverse array of NVU 2D and 3D in vitro models, each possessing unique characteristics and advantages, have been meticulously developed. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in in vitro models specifically tailored for investigating ischemic stroke. Through a systematic categorization of these developments, we elucidate the intricate links between NVU components and the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Furthermore, we explore the distinct advantages offered by innovative NVU models, notably 3D models, which closely emulate in vivo conditions. Additionally, an examination of current therapeutic modalities for ischemic stroke developed utilizing in vitro NVU models is provided. Serving as a valuable reference, this review aids in the design and implementation of effective in vitro models for ischemic stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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2
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Cunha S, Bicker J, Sereno J, Falcão A, Fortuna A. Blood brain barrier dysfunction in healthy aging and dementia: Why, how, what for? Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102395. [PMID: 38950867 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is an indispensable structure that maintains the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment for a correct neuronal function. It is composed by highly specialized microvessels, surrounded by astrocytes, pericytes, neurons and microglia cells, which tightly control the influx and efflux of substances to the brain parenchyma. During aging, the BBB becomes impaired, and it may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Restoring the BBB can be a strategy to prevent disease onset and development, reducing the symptoms of these conditions. This work critically reviews the major mechanisms underlying BBB breakdown in healthy and unhealthy aging, as well as biomarkers and methodologies that accurately assess its impairment. Complementarily, potential therapeutic targets are discussed as new strategies to restore the normal function of the BBB in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cunha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Sereno
- CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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3
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Cen K, Huang Y, Xie Y, Liu Y. The guardian of intracranial vessels: Why the pericyte? Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116870. [PMID: 38850658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is a pathological condition characterized by progressive narrowing or complete blockage of intracranial blood vessels caused by plaque formation. This condition leads to reduced blood flow to the brain, resulting in cerebral ischemia and hypoxia. Ischemic stroke (IS) resulting from ICAS poses a significant global public health challenge, especially among East Asian populations. However, the underlying causes of the notable variations in prevalence among diverse populations, as well as the most effective strategies for preventing and treating the rupture and blockage of intracranial plaques, remain incompletely comprehended. Rupture of plaques, bleeding, and thrombosis serve as precipitating factors in the pathogenesis of luminal obstruction in intracranial arteries. Pericytes play a crucial role in the structure and function of blood vessels and face significant challenges in regulating the Vasa Vasorum (VV)and preventing intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH). This review aims to explore innovative therapeutic strategies that target the pathophysiological mechanisms of vulnerable plaques by modulating pericyte biological function. It also discusses the potential applications of pericytes in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and their prospects as a therapeutic intervention in the field of biological tissue engineering regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Cen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - YinFei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - YuMin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China.
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4
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Alhadidi QM, Bahader GA, Arvola O, Kitchen P, Shah ZA, Salman MM. Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries. J Physiol 2024; 602:3069-3096. [PMID: 37702572 PMCID: PMC11421637 DOI: 10.1113/jp284197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects. There is a large body of research on the negative consequences of astrogliosis following brain injuries. There is also growing interest in how astrogliosis might in some contexts be protective and help to limit the spread of the injury. However, little is known about how astrocytes contribute to the chronic functional recovery phase following traumatic and ischaemic brain insults. In this review, we explore the protective functions of astrocytes in various aspects of secondary brain injury such as oedema, inflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We also discuss the current knowledge on astrocyte contribution to tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendrogenesis and axogenesis. Finally, we discuss diverse astrocyte-related factors that, if selectively targeted, could form the basis of astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies to better address currently untreatable CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim M Alhadidi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Yarmok University College, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Oiva Arvola
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Jorvi Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Moriggi M, Torretta E, Cescon M, Russo L, Gregorio I, Braghetta P, Sabatelli P, Faldini C, Merlini L, Gargioli C, Bonaldo P, Gelfi C, Capitanio D. Characterization of Proteome Changes in Aged and Collagen VI-Deficient Human Pericyte Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7118. [PMID: 39000224 PMCID: PMC11241165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are a distinct type of cells interacting with endothelial cells in blood vessels and contributing to endothelial barrier integrity. Furthermore, pericytes show mesenchymal stem cell properties. Muscle-derived pericytes can demonstrate both angiogenic and myogenic capabilities. It is well known that regenerative abilities and muscle stem cell potential decline during aging, leading to sarcopenia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of pericytes in supporting muscle differentiation and angiogenesis in elderly individuals and in patients affected by Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy or by Bethlem myopathy, two inherited conditions caused by mutations in collagen VI genes and sharing similarities with the progressive skeletal muscle changes observed during aging. The study characterized pericytes from different age groups and from individuals with collagen VI deficiency by mass spectrometry-based proteomic and bioinformatic analyses. The findings revealed that aged pericytes display metabolic changes comparable to those seen in aging skeletal muscle, as well as a decline in their stem potential, reduced protein synthesis, and alterations in focal adhesion and contractility, pointing to a decrease in their ability to form blood vessels. Strikingly, pericytes from young patients with collagen VI deficiency showed similar characteristics to aged pericytes, but were found to still handle oxidative stress effectively together with an enhanced angiogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Lipidomics, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161 Milano, Italy;
| | - Matilde Cescon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.R.); (I.G.); (P.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Loris Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.R.); (I.G.); (P.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Ilaria Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.R.); (I.G.); (P.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Paola Braghetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.R.); (I.G.); (P.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrizia Sabatelli
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Faldini
- 1st Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Luciano Merlini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Bonaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.R.); (I.G.); (P.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.)
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Lipidomics, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161 Milano, Italy;
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.)
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Ozkan BN, Bozali K, Boylu ME, Velioglu HA, Aktas S, Kirpinar I, Guler EM. Altered blood parameters in "major depression" patients receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy: a randomized case-control study. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:264. [PMID: 38918365 PMCID: PMC11199570 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness that includes depressive mood. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a therapy method used in the treatment of MDD. The purpose of this study was to assess neurotrophic factors, and oxidative stress levels in MDD patients and evaluate the changes in these parameters as a result of rTMS therapy. Twenty-five patients with MDD and twenty-six healthy volunteers with the same demographic characteristics were included in the study. Brain-derived neurotrophic factors were measured photometrically with commercial kits. Oxidative stress parameters were measured by the photometric method. Oxidative stress index (OSI) and disulfide (DIS) levels were calculated with mathematical formulas. In this study, total antioxidant status (TAS), total thiol (TT), and native thiol (NT) antioxidant parameters and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and allopregnanolone (ALLO) levels were reduced in pre-rTMS with regard to the healthy control group; TOS, OSI, DIS, and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) levels were increased statistically significantly (p < 0.01). Moreover, owing to TMS treatment; TAS, TT, NT, BDNF, GDNF, and ALLO levels were increased compared to pre-rTMS, while DIS, TOS, OSI, and S100B levels were decreased significantly (p < 0.01). The rTMS treatment reduces oxidative stress and restores thiol-disulfide balance in MDD patients. Additionally, rTMS modulates neurotrophic factors and neuroactive steroids, suggesting its potential as an antidepressant therapy. The changes in the biomarkers evaluated may help determine a more specific approach to treating MDD with rTMS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Nur Ozkan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Kubra Bozali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Muhammed Emin Boylu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Expertise Department of Psychiatric Observation, Council of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Halil Aziz Velioglu
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Selman Aktas
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ismet Kirpinar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, Istanbul, Türkiye
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7
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Lénárt N, Cserép C, Császár E, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Microglia-neuron-vascular interactions in ischemia. Glia 2024; 72:833-856. [PMID: 37964690 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating condition that results in impaired blood flow in the brain leading to acute brain injury. As the most common form of stroke, occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to a characteristic sequence of pathophysiological changes in the brain tissue. The mechanisms involved, and comorbidities that determine outcome after an ischemic event appear to be highly heterogeneous. On their own, the processes leading to neuronal injury in the absence of sufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demand of the cells are complex and manifest at different temporal and spatial scales. While the contribution of non-neuronal cells to stroke pathophysiology is increasingly recognized, recent data show that microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system parenchyma, play previously unrecognized roles in basic physiological processes beyond their inflammatory functions, which markedly change during ischemic conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss some of the known microglia-neuron-vascular interactions assumed to contribute to the acute and delayed pathologies after cerebral ischemia. Because the mechanisms of neuronal injury have been extensively discussed in several excellent previous reviews, here we focus on some recently explored pathways that may directly or indirectly shape neuronal injury through microglia-related actions. These discoveries suggest that modulating gliovascular processes in different forms of stroke and other neurological disorders might have presently unexplored therapeutic potential in combination with neuroprotective and flow restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Feng Z, Fang C, Ma Y, Chang J. Obesity-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction: phenotypes and mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:110. [PMID: 38678254 PMCID: PMC11056074 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a burgeoning global health issue, is increasingly recognized for its detrimental effects on the central nervous system, particularly concerning the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This manuscript delves into the intricate relationship between obesity and BBB dysfunction, elucidating the underlying phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. We commence with an overview of the BBB's critical role in maintaining cerebral homeostasis and the pathological alterations induced by obesity. By employing a comprehensive literature review, we examine the structural and functional modifications of the BBB in the context of obesity, including increased permeability, altered transport mechanisms, and inflammatory responses. The manuscript highlights how obesity-induced systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation contribute to BBB disruption, thereby predisposing individuals to various neurological disorders. We further explore the potential pathways, such as oxidative stress and endothelial cell dysfunction, that mediate these changes. Our discussion culminates in the summary of current findings and the identification of knowledge gaps, paving the way for future research directions. This review underscores the significance of understanding BBB dysfunction in obesity, not only for its implications in neurodegenerative diseases but also for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinzhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan Ave 1068, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Junlei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan Ave 1068, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Shimizu F. [Blood-brain barrier breakdown and autoimmune cerebellar ataxia]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2024; 64:148-156. [PMID: 38403685 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune cerebellar ataxia is a disease entity that affects the cerebellum and is induced by autoimmune mechanisms. The disease is classified into several etiologies, including gluten ataxia, anti-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) ataxia, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia and postinfectious cerebellar ataxia. The autoimmune response in the periphery cross-reacts with similar antigens in the cerebellum due to molecular mimicry. Breakdown of the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) could potentially explain the vulnerability of the cerebellum during the development of autoimmune cerebellar ataxia, as it gives rise to the entry of pathogenic autoantibodies or lymphocytes into the cerebellum. In this review, the maintenance of the BBB under normal conditions and the molecular basis of BBB disruption under pathological conditions are highlighted. Next, the pathomechanism of BBB breakdown in each subtype of autoimmune cerebellar ataxia is discussed. We recently identified glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 antibodies in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, and GRP78 antibodies induced by cross-reactivity with tumors can disrupt the BBB and penetrate anti-P/Q type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) antibodies into the cerebellum, thus leading to cerebellar ataxia in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
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10
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Ni H, Liu M, Cao M, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Yi L, Li Y, Liu L, Wang P, Du Q, Zhou H, Dong Y. Sinomenine regulates the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway to inhibit TLR4/NF-κB pathway and protect the homeostasis in brain and gut in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116190. [PMID: 38278026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN), an alkaloid extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Sinomenium acutum, has great potential in anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, analgesic and sedative, and is already a clinical drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in China. Our previous studies show SIN inhibits inflammation by regulating ɑ7nAChR, a key receptor of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), which plays an important role in regulating peripheral and central nervous system inflammation. Growing evidence supports the cholinergic dysregulation and inflammatory responses play the key role in the pathogenesis of AD. The intervention effects of SIN on AD by regulating CAP and homeostasis in brain and gut were analyzed for the first time in the present study using scopolamine-induced AD model mice. Behavioral tests were used to assess the cognitive performance. The neurons loss, cholinergic function, inflammation responses, biological barrier function in the mouse brain and intestinal tissues were evaluated through a variety of techniques, and the gut microbiota was detected using 16SrRNA sequencing. The results showed that SIN significantly inhibited the cognitive decline, dysregulation of cholinergic system, peripheral and central inflammation, biological barrier damage as well as intestinal flora disturbance caused by SCOP in mice. More importantly, SIN effectively regulated CAP to suppress the activation of TLR4/NF-κB and protect the homeostasis in brain and gut to alleviate cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Ni
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Muqiu Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Mindie Cao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Lang Yi
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Yanwu Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Peixun Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Qun Du
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yan Dong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China.
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11
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Qi L, Wang F, Sun X, Li H, Zhang K, Li J. Recent advances in tissue repair of the blood-brain barrier after stroke. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241226551. [PMID: 38304736 PMCID: PMC10832427 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241226551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) enables the necessary exchange of substances between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood and is important for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Ischemic stroke inflicts damage upon the BBB, triggering adverse stroke outcomes such as cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and aggravated neuroinflammation. Therefore, effective repair of the damaged BBB after stroke and neovascularization that allows for the unique selective transfer of substances from the BBB after stroke is necessary and important for the recovery of brain function. This review focuses on four important therapies that have effects of BBB tissue repair after stroke in the last seven years. Most of these new therapies show increased expression of BBB tight-junction proteins, and some show beneficial results in terms of enhanced pericyte coverage at the injured vessels. This review also briefly outlines three effective classes of approaches and their mechanisms for promoting neoangiogenesis following a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujie Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hang Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jingan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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12
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Gong X, Wang N, Zhu H, Tang N, Wu K, Meng Q. Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood-brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1283511. [PMID: 38145121 PMCID: PMC10748502 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1283511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an antibody-related autoimmune encephalitis. It is characterized by the existence of antibodies against NMDAR, mainly against the GluN1 subunit, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent research suggests that anti-NMDAR antibodies may reduce NMDAR levels in this disorder, compromising synaptic activity in the hippocampus. Although anti-NMDAR antibodies are used as diagnostic indicators, the origin of antibodies in the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which separates the brain from the peripheral circulatory system, is crucial for antibodies and immune cells to enter or exit the CNS. The findings of cytokines in this disorder support the involvement of the BBB. Here, we aim to review the function of NMDARs and the relationship between anti-NMDAR antibodies and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We summarize the present knowledge of the composition of the BBB, especially by emphasizing the role of BBB components. Finally, we further provide a discussion on the impact of BBB dysfunction in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiarong Gong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of MR, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Niya Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kunhua Wu
- Department of MR, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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13
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Fu J, Liang H, Yuan P, Wei Z, Zhong P. Brain pericyte biology: from physiopathological mechanisms to potential therapeutic applications in ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1267785. [PMID: 37780206 PMCID: PMC10536258 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1267785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes play an indispensable role in various organs and biological processes, such as promoting angiogenesis, regulating microvascular blood flow, and participating in immune responses. Therefore, in this review, we will first introduce the discovery and development of pericytes, identification methods and functional characteristics, then focus on brain pericytes, on the one hand, to summarize the functions of brain pericytes under physiological conditions, mainly discussing from the aspects of stem cell characteristics, contractile characteristics and paracrine characteristics; on the other hand, to summarize the role of brain pericytes under pathological conditions, mainly taking ischemic stroke as an example. Finally, we will discuss and analyze the application and development of pericytes as therapeutic targets, providing the research basis and direction for future microvascular diseases, especially ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Fu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- Department of Neurology, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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14
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Reinhold AK, Hartmannsberger B, Burek M, Rittner HL. Stabilizing the neural barrier - A novel approach in pain therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108484. [PMID: 37390969 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic and neuropathic pain are a widespread burden. Incomplete understanding of underlying pathomechanisms is one crucial factor for insufficient treatment. Recently, impairment of the blood nerve barrier (BNB) has emerged as one key aspect of pain initiation and maintenance. In this narrative review, we discuss several mechanisms and putative targets for novel treatment strategies. Cells such as pericytes, local mediators like netrin-1 and specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), will be covered as well as circulating factors including the hormones cortisol and oestrogen and microRNAs. They are crucial in either the BNB or similar barriers and associated with pain. While clinical studies are still scarce, these findings might provide valuable insight into mechanisms and nurture development of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Reinhold
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Hartmannsberger
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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15
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Benarroch E. What Are the Roles of Pericytes in the Neurovascular Unit and Its Disorders? Neurology 2023; 100:970-977. [PMID: 37188542 PMCID: PMC10186232 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
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16
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The impact of α-synuclein aggregates on blood-brain barrier integrity in the presence of neurovascular unit cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:305-320. [PMID: 36535359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is to control trafficking of biomolecules and protect the brain. This function can be compromised by pathological conditions. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates (αSN-AGs) such as oligomers and fibrils, which contribute to disease progression and severity. Here we study how αSN-AGs affect the BBB in in vitro co-culturing models consisting of human brain endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells (to overcome inter-species differences) alone and co-cultured with astrocytes and neurons/glial cells. When cultivated on their own, hCMEC/D3 cells were compromised by αSN-AGs, which decreased cellular viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, wound healing activity, TEER value, and enhanced permeability, as well as increased the levels of ROS and NO. Co-culturing of these cells with activated microglia also increased BBB impairment according to TEER and systemic immune cell transmigration assays. In contrast, hCMEC/D3 cells co-cultured with astrocytes or dopaminergic neurons or simultaneously treated with their conditioned media showed increased resistance against αSN-AGs. Our work demonstrates the complex relationship between members of the neurovascular unit (NVU) (perivascular astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells), αSN-AGs and BBB.
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17
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He S, Zhang Z, Peng X, Wu Y, Zhu Y, Wang L, Zhou H, Li T, Liu L. The protective effect of pericytes on vascular permeability after hemorrhagic shock and their relationship with Cx43. Front Physiol 2022; 13:948541. [PMID: 36262250 PMCID: PMC9576106 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.948541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability is a complication of hemorrhagic shock. Pericytes (PCs) are a group of mural cells surrounded by microvessels that are located on the basolateral side of the endothelium. Previous studies have shown that damage to PCs contributes to the occurrence of many diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and myocardial infarction. Whether PCs can protect the vascular barrier function following hemorrhagic shock and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. A hemorrhagic shock rat model, Cx43 vascular endothelial cell (VEC)-specific knockdown mice, and VECs were used to investigate the role of PCs in vascular barrier function and their relationship with Cx43. The results showed that following hemorrhagic shock, the number of PCs in the microvessels was significantly decreased and was negatively associated with an increase in pulmonary and mesenteric vascular permeability. Exogenous infusion of PCs (106 cells per rat) colonized the microvessels and improved pulmonary and mesenteric vascular barrier function. Upregulation of Cx43 in PCs significantly increased the number of PCs colonizing the pulmonary vessels. In contrast, downregulation of Cx43 expression in PCs or knockout of Cx43 in VECs (Cx43 KO mice) significantly reduced PC colonization in pulmonary vessels in vivo and reduced direct contact formation between PCs and VECs in vitro. It has been suggested that PCs have an important protective effect on vascular barrier function in pulmonary and peripheral vessels following hemorrhagic shock. Cx43 plays an important role in the colonization of exogenous PCs in the microvessels. This finding provides a potential new shock treatment measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Henan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Li, ; Liangming Liu,
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Research Department, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Li, ; Liangming Liu,
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18
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Geranmayeh MH, Rahbarghazi R, Saeedi N, Farhoudi M. Metformin-dependent variation of microglia phenotype dictates pericytes maturation under oxygen-glucose deprivation. Tissue Barriers 2022; 10:2018928. [PMID: 34983297 PMCID: PMC9620990 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.2018928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier resident cells are in the frontline of vascular diseases. To maintain brain tissue homeostasis, a series of cells are integrated regularly to form the neurovascular unit. It is thought that microglia can switch between M1/M2 phenotypes after the initiation of different pathologies. The existence of transition between maturity and stemness features in pericytes could maintain blood-brain barrier functionality against different pathologies. In the current study, the effect of metformin on the balance of the M1/M2 microglial phenotype under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions and the impact of microglial phenotype changes on pericyte maturation have been explored. Both microglia and pericytes were isolated from the rat brain. Data showed that microglia treatment with metformin under glucose- and oxygen-free conditions suppressed microglia shifting into the M2 phenotype (CD206+ cells) compared to the control (p < .01) and metformin-treated groups (p < .05). Incubation of pericytes with microglia-conditioned media pretreated with metformin under glucose- and oxygen-free conditions or normal conditions increased pericyte maturity. These changes coincided with the reduction of the Sox2/NG2 ratio compared to the control pericytes (p < .05). Data revealed the close microglial-pericytic interplay under the ischemic and hypoxic conditions and the importance of microglial phenotype acquisition on pericyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Geranmayeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,CONTACT Mohammad Hossein Geranmayeh ; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St., Tabriz5166614756, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Stem Cells Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazli Saeedi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Role of NADPH Oxidases in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101966. [PMID: 36290688 PMCID: PMC9598888 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system (CNS). While these enzymes have been shown to be involved in physiological regulation of cerebral vascular tone, excessive ROS produced by Nox1-5 play a critical role in blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in numerous neuropathologies. Nox-derived ROS have been implicated in mediating matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activation, downregulation of junctional complexes between adjacent brain endothelial cells and brain endothelial cell apoptosis, leading to brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and consequently, increases in BBB permeability. In this review, we will highlight recent findings on the role played by these enzymes in BBB disruption induced by ischemic stroke.
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20
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Song Y, Li X, Liu X, Yu Z, Zhang G. Calycosin Alleviates Oxidative Injury in Spinal Astrocytes by Regulating the GP130/JAK/STAT Pathway. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:881-887. [PMID: 35584953 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal injury is a complicated disease and is reported to be associated with damages on spinal astrocytes induced by oxidative injury. Astragali Radi, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, is reported to have promising efficacy in protecting injuries in the central nervous system. This study aims to investigate the effect of calycosin, an isoflavone phytoestrogens isolated from Astragali Radi, on oxidative injury in spinal astrocytes induced by H2O2 and the underlying mechanism. Primary rat spinal astrocytes were pretreated with 5, 10, and 20 μM calycosin and subjected to H2O2 treatment for 24 h to establish an oxidative injury model. Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 assay to screen the optimized concentration of calycosin. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the apoptotic rate and cell cycle. The expression level of Brdu was visualized using the immunofluorescence assay. Western blotting was used to measure the expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6 in spinal astrocytes. We found that proliferation was inhibited and that apoptosis was induced by the stimulation of H2O2. The expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6 were significantly elevated in H2O2-treated astrocytes. After the treatment of calycosin, proliferation was facilitated, and apoptosis was suppressed. These phenomena were accompanied by the downregulation of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6, which were abolished by the co-administration of PI3K (ly294002) or STAT3 (stattic) inhibitor. Overall, calycosin alleviated oxidative injury in spinal astrocytes by mediating the GP130/JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Song
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xu Li
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhaozhong Yu
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The vascular hypothesis of schizophrenia (SZ) postulates that brain endothelial dysfunction contributes to brain pathophysiology. This review discusses recent evidence for and against this hypothesis, including data related to blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain endothelium, and brain blood supply, to provide a critical weighed update. RECENT FINDINGS Different studies report a consistent proportion of SZ patients showing increased BBB permeability, reflected by higher levels of albumin in the cerebral spinal fluid. Of note, this was not a result of antipsychotic medication. The high inflammatory profile observed in some SZ patients is strongly associated with increased BBB permeability to circulating immune cells, and with more severe cognitive deficiencies. Also, sex was found to interact with BBB integrity and permeability in SZ. The strongest independent genetic association with SZ has been identified in FZD1, a hypoxia-response gene that is 600-fold higher expressed in early development endothelium as compared to adult brain endothelium. Regarding brain blood supply, there is evidence to suggest alterations in proper brain perfusion in SZ. Nonetheless, ex-vivo experiments suggested that widely used antipsychotics favor vasoconstriction; thus, alterations in cerebral perfusion might be related to the patients' medication. SUMMARY In some patients with SZ, a vulnerable brain endothelium may be interacting with environmental stressors, such as inflammation or hypoxia, converging into a more severe SZ symptomatology. Gene expression and performance of human brain endothelium could vary along with development and the establishment of the BBB; therefore, we encourage to investigate its possible contribution to SZ considering this dynamic context.
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22
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Zhou SY, Guo ZN, Zhang DH, Qu Y, Jin H. The Role of Pericytes in Ischemic Stroke: Fom Cellular Functions to Therapeutic Targets. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:866700. [PMID: 35493333 PMCID: PMC9043812 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.866700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a cerebrovascular disease causing high rates of disability and fatality. In recent years, the concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU) has been accepted by an increasing number of researchers and is expected to become a new paradigm for exploring the pathogenesis and treatment of IS. NVUs are composed of neurons, endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the extracellular matrix. As an important part of the NVU, pericytes provide support for other cellular components and perform a variety of functions, including participating in the maintenance of the normal physiological function of the blood–brain barrier, regulating blood flow, and playing a role in inflammation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Therefore, treatment strategies targeting pericyte functions, regulating pericyte epigenetics, and transplanting pericytes warrant exploration. In this review, we describe the reactions of pericytes after IS, summarize the potential therapeutic targets and strategies targeting pericytes for IS, and provide new treatment ideas for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dian-Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Hang Jin,
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Time Course of Changes in the Neurovascular Unit after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084180. [PMID: 35456999 PMCID: PMC9027443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insults in newborns can predispose them to severe neurological sequela. The mechanisms underlying HI-related brain injury have not been completely elucidated. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a composite of structures that protect the brain from the influx of detrimental molecules. Changes in the NVU after HI are important because they could reveal endogenous neuroprotective pathways in the cerebral microvasculature. Furthermore, the time course of changes in the NVU after exposure to HI in the newborn remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the effects of severe HI on the time course of changes in the NVU in neonatal rats. Brains were collected from rats exposed to right carotid artery ligation and 2 h of hypoxia on postnatal day 7 with recovery for 6 or 48 h after exposure to sham treatment (Sham) or HI. The right HI and left hypoxic alone sides of the brains were examined by quantitative immunohistochemistry for vascular density (laminin), pericyte vascular coverage (PDGFRβ), astrocyte vascular coverage (GFAP), and claudin-5 expression in the microvasculature of the cerebral cortex, white matter, and hippocampus. HI-related brain injury in neonatal rats was associated with increases in vascular density in the cortex and hippocampus 48 h after HI as well as neurovascular remodeling, including loss of pericyte coverage in the cortex and increases in claudin-5 in the hippocampus 6 h after HI. Astrocyte coverage was not affected by HI injury. The time course of the responses in the different components of the NVU varied after exposure to HI. There were also differential regional responses in the elements of the NVU in response to HI and hypoxia alone.
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Reuschel V, Scherlach C, Pfeifle C, Krause M, Struck MF, Hoffmann KT, Schob S. Treatment Effect of CT-Guided Periradicular Injections in Context of Different Contrast Agent Distribution Patterns. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040787. [PMID: 35453835 PMCID: PMC9028051 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acutely manifesting radicular pain syndromes associated with degenerations of the lower spine are frequent ailments with a high rate of recurrence. Part of the conservative management are periradicular infiltrations of analgesics and steroids. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dependence of the clinical efficacy of CT-guided periradicular injections on the pattern of contrast distribution and to identify the best distribution pattern that is associated with the most effective pain relief. Using a prospective study design, 161 patients were included in this study, ensuring ethical standards. Statistical analysis was performed, with the level of statistical significance set at p = 0.05. A total of 37.9% of patients experienced significant but not long-lasting (four weeks on average) complete pain relief. A total of 44.1% of patients experienced prolonged, subjectively satisfying pain relief of more than four weeks to three months. A total of 18% of patients had complete and sustained relief for more than six months. A significant correlation exists between circumferential, large area contrast distribution including the zone of action between the disc and affected nerve root contrast distribution pattern with excellent pain relief. Our results support the value of CT-guided contrast injection for achieving a good efficacy, and, if necessary, indicative repositioning of the needle to ensure a circumferential distribution pattern of corticosteroids for the sufficient treatment of radicular pain in degenerative spine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Reuschel
- Institut für Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (V.R.); (C.S.); (K.-T.H.)
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cordula Scherlach
- Institut für Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (V.R.); (C.S.); (K.-T.H.)
| | - Christian Pfeifle
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Plastische Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Matthias Krause
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Manuel Florian Struck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Karl-Titus Hoffmann
- Institut für Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (V.R.); (C.S.); (K.-T.H.)
| | - Stefan Schob
- Abteilung für Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale) Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-34-5557-2432
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25
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Siqueira M, Stipursky J. BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AS AN INTERFACE FOR ALCOHOL INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY DURING DEVELOPMENT. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:145-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hüls A, Robins C, Conneely KN, Edgar R, De Jager PL, Bennett DA, Wingo AP, Epstein MP, Wingo TS. Brain DNA Methylation Patterns in CLDN5 Associated With Cognitive Decline. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:389-398. [PMID: 33838873 PMCID: PMC8329105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive trajectory varies widely and can distinguish people who develop dementia from people who remain cognitively normal. Variation in cognitive trajectory is only partially explained by traditional neuropathologies. We sought to identify novel genes associated with cognitive trajectory using DNA methylation profiles from human postmortem brain. METHODS We performed a brain epigenome-wide association study of cognitive trajectory in 636 participants from the ROS (Religious Orders Study) and MAP (Rush Memory and Aging Project) using DNA methylation profiles of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. To maximize our power to detect epigenetic associations, we used the recently developed Gene Association with Multiple Traits test to analyze the 5 measured cognitive domains simultaneously. RESULTS We found an epigenome-wide association for differential methylation of sites in the CLDN5 locus and cognitive trajectory (p = 9.96 × 10-7) that was robust to adjustment for cell type proportions (p = 8.52 × 10-7). This association was primarily driven by association with declines in episodic (p = 4.65 × 10-6) and working (p = 2.54 × 10-7) memory. This association between methylation in CLDN5 and cognitive decline was significant even in participants with no or little signs of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangle pathology. CONCLUSIONS Differential methylation of CLDN5, a gene that encodes an important protein of the blood-brain barrier, is associated with cognitive trajectory beyond traditional Alzheimer's disease pathologies. The association between CLDN5 methylation and cognitive trajectory in people with low pathology suggests an early role for CLDN5 and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hüls
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chloe Robins
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen N Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rachel Edgar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Mental Health, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | | | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Baumann J, Tsao CC, Patkar S, Huang SF, Francia S, Magnussen SN, Gassmann M, Vogel J, Köster-Hegmann C, Ogunshola OO. Pericyte, but not astrocyte, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) drives hypoxia-induced vascular permeability in vivo. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:6. [PMID: 35033138 PMCID: PMC8760662 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ways to prevent disease-induced vascular modifications that accelerate brain damage remain largely elusive. Improved understanding of perivascular cell signalling could provide unparalleled insight as these cells impact vascular stability and functionality of the neurovascular unit as a whole. Identifying key drivers of astrocyte and pericyte responses that modify cell-cell interactions and crosstalk during injury is key. At the cellular level, injury-induced outcomes are closely entwined with activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway. Studies clearly suggest that endothelial HIF-1 signalling increases blood-brain barrier permeability but the influence of perivascular HIF-1 induction on outcome is unknown. Using novel mouse lines with astrocyte and pericyte targeted HIF-1 loss of function, we herein show that vascular stability in vivo is differentially impacted by perivascular hypoxia-induced HIF-1 stabilization. METHODS To facilitate HIF-1 deletion in adult mice without developmental complications, novel Cre-inducible astrocyte-targeted (GFAP-CreERT2; HIF-1αfl/fl and GLAST-CreERT2; HIF-1αfl/fl) and pericyte-targeted (SMMHC-CreERT2; HIF-1αfl/fl) transgenic animals were generated. Mice in their home cages were exposed to either normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (8% O2) for 96 h in an oxygen-controlled humidified glove box. All lines were similarly responsive to hypoxic challenge and post-Cre activation showed significantly reduced HIF-1 target gene levels in the individual cells as predicted. RESULTS Unexpectedly, hypoxia-induced vascular remodelling was unaffected by HIF-1 loss of function in the two astrocyte lines but effectively blocked in the pericyte line. In correlation, hypoxia-induced barrier permeability and water accumulation were abrogated only in pericyte targeted HIF-1 loss of function mice. In contrast to expectation, brain and serum levels of hypoxia-induced VEGF, TGF-β and MMPs (genes known to mediate vascular remodelling) were unaffected by HIF-1 deletion in all lines. However, in agreement with the permeability data, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed clear prevention of hypoxia-induced tight junction disruption in the pericyte loss of function line. CONCLUSION This study shows that pericyte but not astrocyte HIF-1 stabilization modulates endothelial tight junction functionality and thereby plays a pivotal role in hypoxia-induced vascular dysfunction. Whether the cells respond similarly or differentially to other injury stimuli will be of significant relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baumann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Chieh Tsao
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shalmali Patkar
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sheng-Fu Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Francia
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Synnøve Norvoll Magnussen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Köster-Hegmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Omolara O Ogunshola
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fujisawa M, Takeshita Y, Fujikawa S, Matsuo K, Okamoto M, Tamada M, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Koga M, Kanda T. Exploring lipophilic compounds that induce BDNF secretion in astrocytes beyond the BBB using a new multi-cultured human in vitro BBB model. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 362:577783. [PMID: 34902709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when administered peripherally, which hinders its therapeutic potential. We utilized an in vitro BBB model-a tri-culture of a human endothelial cell line, a pericyte cell line, and an astrocyte cell line-to study the effect of twenty candidate lipophilic compounds on stimulating BDNF secretion in pericytes and astrocytes. The prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 agonist and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5 agonist facilitated secretion of BDNF in the astrocyte, but did not decrease the transendothelial electrical resistance. These compounds may be promising agents for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Fujisawa
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yukio Takeshita
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Susumu Fujikawa
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Kinya Matsuo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Masashi Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Masaya Tamada
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Michiaki Koga
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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Vascular and blood-brain barrier-related changes underlie stress responses and resilience in female mice and depression in human tissue. Nat Commun 2022; 13:164. [PMID: 35013188 PMCID: PMC8748803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence, symptoms, and treatment of depression suggest that major depressive disorders (MDD) present sex differences. Social stress-induced neurovascular pathology is associated with depressive symptoms in male mice; however, this association is unclear in females. Here, we report that chronic social and subchronic variable stress promotes blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in mood-related brain regions of female mice. Targeted disruption of the BBB in the female prefrontal cortex (PFC) induces anxiety- and depression-like behaviours. By comparing the endothelium cell-specific transcriptomic profiling of the mouse male and female PFC, we identify several pathways and genes involved in maladaptive stress responses and resilience to stress. Furthermore, we confirm that the BBB in the PFC of stressed female mice is leaky. Then, we identify circulating vascular biomarkers of chronic stress, such as soluble E-selectin. Similar changes in circulating soluble E-selectin, BBB gene expression and morphology can be found in blood serum and postmortem brain samples from women diagnosed with MDD. Altogether, we propose that BBB dysfunction plays an important role in modulating stress responses in female mice and possibly MDD.
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30
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Liu D, Yang L, Liu P, Ji X, Qi X, Wang Z, Chi T, Zou L. Sigma-1 receptor activation alleviates blood-brain barrier disruption post cerebral ischemia stroke by stimulating the GDNF-GFRα1-RET pathway. Exp Neurol 2022; 347:113867. [PMID: 34582837 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is one of the most important pathological manifestations of ischemic stroke. Reducing BBB collapse is effective in alleviating brain parenchymal injury and cognitive dysfunction. Our previous study reported that Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) activation in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) ameliorated BBB impairment, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated Sig-1R activation as a BBB integrity promoter via many post ischemic stroke pathways. Sig-1R activation in BBB-associated astrocytes can increase glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) secretion in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) mice. Upregulated GDNF activates its receptors in CMECs to promote BBB integrity, and activated Sig-1R in CMECs facilitates this process. In vitro experiments have found that Sig-1R activation in CMECs promotes the interaction between the GDNF α1 receptor and transduction rearrangement gene, increasing PI3K-AKT-junction protein signaling pathway expression. Sig-1R activation could be an effective therapeutic method for preventing BBB damage in ischemic stroke and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Luxi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China..
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China..
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Menaceur C, Gosselet F, Fenart L, Saint-Pol J. The Blood-Brain Barrier, an Evolving Concept Based on Technological Advances and Cell-Cell Communications. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010133. [PMID: 35011695 PMCID: PMC8750298 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is a natural barrier for maintaining brain homeostasis, is the result of a meticulous organisation in space and time of cell–cell communication processes between the endothelial cells that carry the BBB phenotype, the brain pericytes, the glial cells (mainly the astrocytes), and the neurons. The importance of these communications for the establishment, maturation and maintenance of this unique phenotype had already been suggested in the pioneering work to identify and demonstrate the BBB. As for the history of the BBB, the evolution of analytical techniques has allowed knowledge to evolve on the cell–cell communication pathways involved, as well as on the role played by the cells constituting the neurovascular unit in the maintenance of the BBB phenotype, and more particularly the brain pericytes. This review summarises the key points of the history of the BBB, from its origin to the current knowledge of its physiology, as well as the cell–cell communication pathways identified so far during its development, maintenance, and pathophysiological alteration.
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Chen Z, Zhang W, Wu M, Huang H, Zou L, Luo Q. Pathogenic mechanisms of preeclampsia with severe features implied by the plasma exosomal mirna profile. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9140-9149. [PMID: 34696680 PMCID: PMC8810006 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1993717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage after 20 gestational weeks. It is associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. However, at present, there is no effective prevention or treatment for this condition. Previous studies have revealed that plasma exosomal mirnas from pregnant women with preeclampsia could serve as biomarkers of pathogenic factors. However, the roles of plasma exosomal mirnas in preeclampsia with severe features (sPE), which is associated with poorer pregnancy outcomes, remain unknown. Thus, the aims of this study were to characterize plasma exosomal miRNAs in sPE and explore the related pathogenic mechanisms using bioinformatic analysis. Plasma exosomes were isolated using a mirVana RNA isolation kit. the exosomal miRNAs were detected using high-throughput sequencing and the mirnas related to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and gene ontology (GO) terms were analyzed using the clusterprofiler package of R. Fifteen miRNAs exhibited increased expression and fourteen miRNAs exhibited reduced expression in plasma exosomes from women with sPE as compared to normal pregnant women. Further, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed plasma exosomal miRNAs were related to the stress response and cell junction regulation, among others. In summary, this study is the first to identify the differentially expressed plasma exosomal miRNAs in sPE. These findings highlight promising pathogenesis mechanisms underlying preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengying Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haixia Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingqing Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Neumaier F, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B. Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System: Pharmacokinetic Concepts and In Vitro Model Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1542. [PMID: 34683835 PMCID: PMC8538549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of most drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which remains a significant bottleneck for development of novel CNS-targeted therapeutics or molecular tracers for neuroimaging. Consistent failure to reliably predict drug efficiency based on single measures for the rate or extent of brain penetration has led to the emergence of a more holistic framework that integrates data from various in vivo, in situ and in vitro assays to obtain a comprehensive description of drug delivery to and distribution within the brain. Coupled with ongoing development of suitable in vitro BBB models, this integrated approach promises to reduce the incidence of costly late-stage failures in CNS drug development, and could help to overcome some of the technical, economic and ethical issues associated with in vivo studies in animal models. Here, we provide an overview of BBB structure and function in vivo, and a summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be used to determine and predict the rate and extent of drug penetration into the brain. We also review different in vitro models with regard to their inherent shortcomings and potential usefulness for development of fast-acting drugs or neurotracers labeled with short-lived radionuclides. In this regard, a special focus has been set on those systems that are sufficiently well established to be used in laboratories without significant bioengineering expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Boris D. Zlatopolskiy
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
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Alzheimer's-Like Pathology at the Crossroads of HIV-Associated Neurological Disorders. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080930. [PMID: 34452054 PMCID: PMC8402792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing viremia, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurological disorders (HAND) and associated comorbidities such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like symptomatology is higher among people living with HIV. The pathophysiology of observed deficits in HAND is well understood. However, it has been suggested that it is exacerbated by aging. Epidemiological studies have suggested comparable concentrations of the toxic amyloid protein, amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HAND patients and in the brains of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Apart from abnormal amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism in AD, a better understanding of the role of similar pathophysiologic processes in HAND could be of substantial value. The pathogenesis of HAND involves either the direct effects of the virus or the effect of viral proteins, such as Tat, Gp120, or Nef, as well as the effects of antiretrovirals on amyloid metabolism and tauopathy, leading, in turn, to synaptodendritic alterations and neuroinflammatory milieu in the brain. Additionally, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the causative or bystander role of Alzheimer’s-like pathology in HAND, which is a barrier to the development of therapeutics for HAND. This review attempts to highlight the cause–effect relationship of Alzheimer’s-like pathology with HAND, attempting to dissect the role of HIV-1, HIV viral proteins, and antiretrovirals in patient samples, animal models, and cell culture model systems. Biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s-like pathology can serve as a tool to assess the neuronal injury in the brain and the associated cognitive deficits. Understanding the factors contributing to the AD-like pathology associated with HAND could set the stage for the future development of therapeutics aimed at abrogating the disease process.
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Idemoto K, Niitsu T, Hata T, Ishima T, Yoshida S, Hattori K, Horai T, Otsuka I, Yamamori H, Toda S, Kameno Y, Ota K, Oda Y, Kimura A, Hashimoto T, Mori N, Kikuchi M, Minabe Y, Hashimoto R, Hishimoto A, Nakagome K, Hashimoto K, Iyo M. Serum levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker for mood disorders and lithium response. Psychiatry Res 2021; 301:113967. [PMID: 33990070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. We examined serum GDNF levels in bipolar disorder (BD) patients and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and their association with response to lithium therapy. We used a multicenter (six sites), exploratory, cross-sectional case-control design and recruited 448 subjects: 143 BD patients, 116 MDD patients, and 158 healthy controls (HCs). We evaluated the patients' clinical severity using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and responses to lithium therapy using the Alda scale. The serum GDNF levels were significantly decreased in the BD and MDD groups compared to the HCs, with no significant difference between the BD and MDD groups. After adjustment, the serum GDNF levels in the BD and MDD patients in remission or depressive states were decreased compared to the HC values. Lower serum GDNF levels in BD patients were associated with higher CGI and Alda scores (i.e., severe illness and good response to lithium therapy, respectively). Our findings suggest that the serum GDNF level may be a biomarker for both BD and MDD in remission or depressive states. The serum GDNF level may be associated with the lithium response of BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Idemoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomihisa Niitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki Hata
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tamaki Ishima
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumiko Yoshida
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadasu Horai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Toda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kameno
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Minabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
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Ogay V, Kumasheva V, Li Y, Mukhlis S, Sekenova A, Olzhayev F, Tsoy A, Umbayev B, Askarova S, Shpekov A, Kaliyev A, Zhetpisbayev B, Makhambetov Y, Akshulakov S, Saparov A, Ramankulov Y. Improvement of Neurological Function in Rats with Ischemic Stroke by Adipose-derived Pericytes. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720956956. [PMID: 32885682 PMCID: PMC7784564 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720956956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes possess high multipotent features and cell plasticity, and produce angiogenic and neurotrophic factors that indicate their high regenerative potential. The aim of this study was to investigate whether transplantation of adipose-derived pericytes can improve functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity after ischemic stroke in rats. Rat adipose-derived pericytes were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by intravenous injection of rat adipose-derived pericytes 24 h later. Functional recovery evaluations were performed at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after injection of rat adipose-derived pericytes. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis were examined in rat brains using immunohistochemistry. It was observed that intravenous injection of adipose-derived pericytes significantly improved recovery of neurological function in rats with stroke compared to phosphate-buffered saline-treated controls. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the number of blood capillaries was significantly increased along the ischemic boundary zone of the cortex and striatum in stroke rats treated with adipose-derived pericytes. In addition, treatment with adipose-derived pericytes increased the number of doublecortin positive neuroblasts. Our data suggest that transplantation of adipose-derived pericytes can significantly improve the neurologic status and contribute to neurovascular remodeling in rats after ischemic stroke. These data provide a new insight for future cell therapies that aim to treat ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Ogay
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Venera Kumasheva
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yelena Li
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Mukhlis
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Sekenova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Farkhad Olzhayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Tsoy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Baurzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Azat Shpekov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Centre Hospital of the President's Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Assylbek Kaliyev
- Vascular and Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Center for Neurosurgery, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Berik Zhetpisbayev
- Vascular and Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Center for Neurosurgery, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbol Makhambetov
- Vascular and Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Center for Neurosurgery, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Serik Akshulakov
- Vascular and Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Center for Neurosurgery, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Saparov
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Ramankulov
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Wang Y, Zhang F, Xiong N, Xu H, Chai S, Wang H, Wang J, Zhao H, Jiang X, Fu P, Xiang W. Remodelling and Treatment of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Glioma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:4217-4232. [PMID: 34079374 PMCID: PMC8166259 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s288720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential structure of the central nervous system (CNS), and its existence makes the local internal environment of the CNS a relatively independent structure distinct from other internal environments of the human body to ensure normal physiological and high stability of activities of the CNS. Changes in BBB structure and function are fundamental to the pathophysiology of many diseases. The occurrence and development of glioma are often accompanied by a series of changes in the structure and function of the internal environment, the most significant of which is remodelling of the BBB. The remodelling of the BBB usually leads to changes in the permeability of local microvessels, which provide certain favourable conditions for the occurrence and development of glioma. Meanwhile, the newly generated abnormal blood vessels and the remaining intact regions of the BBB also hinder the effects of drug treatments. Changes in permeability and structural function often lead to the creation of abnormally functioning vascular regions, which pose further treatment challenges. At present, therapeutic methods for glioma have not achieved satisfactory effects in clinical practice, and emerging therapeutic methods have not yet been widely used in clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of remodelling of the BBB in the glioma environment, the type of changes that occur, and current BBB treatment methods and prospects for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangcheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanxiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Songshan Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Haofei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
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Schofield CL, Rodrigo-Navarro A, Dalby MJ, Van Agtmael T, Salmeron-Sanchez M. Biochemical‐ and Biophysical‐Induced Barriergenesis in the Blood–Brain Barrier: A Review of Barriergenic Factors for Use in In Vitro Models. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Tom Van Agtmael
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Astrocyte-specific hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) does not disrupt the endothelial barrier during hypoxia in vitro. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 33736658 PMCID: PMC7977259 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes (AC) are essential for brain homeostasis. Much data suggests that AC support and protect the vascular endothelium, but increasing evidence indicates that during injury conditions they may lose their supportive role resulting in endothelial cell activation and BBB disturbance. Understanding the triggers that flip this switch would provide invaluable information for designing new targets to modulate the brain vascular compartment. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has long been assumed to be a culprit for barrier dysfunction as a number of its target genes are potent angiogenic factors. Indeed AC themselves, reservoirs of an array of different growth factors and molecules, are frequently assumed to be the source of such molecules although direct supporting evidence is yet to be published. Being well known reservoirs of HIF-1 dependent angiogenic molecules, we asked if AC HIF-1 dependent paracrine signaling drives brain EC disturbance during hypoxia. METHODS First we collected conditioned media from control and siRNA-mediated HIF-1 knockdown primary rat AC that had been exposed to normoxic or hypoxic conditions. The conditioned media was then used to culture normoxic and hypoxic (1% O2) rat brain microvascular EC (RBE4) for 6 and 24 h. Various activation parameters including migration, proliferation and cell cycling were assessed and compared to untreated controls. In addition, tight junction localization and barrier stability per se (via permeability assay) was evaluated. RESULTS AC conditioned media maintained both normoxic and hypoxic EC in a quiescent state by suppressing EC metabolic activity and proliferation. By FACs we observed reduced cell cycling with an increased number of cells in G0 phase and reduced cell numbers in M phase compared to controls. EC migration was also blocked by AC conditioned media and in correlation hypoxic tight junction organization and barrier functionality was improved. Surprisingly however, AC HIF-1 deletion did not impact EC responses or barrier stability during hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that AC HIF-1 dependent paracrine signaling does not contribute to AC modulation of EC barrier function under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Thus other cell types likely mediate EC permeability in stress scenarios. Our data does however highlight the continuous protective effect of AC on the barrier endothelium. Exploring these protective mechanisms in more detail will provide essential insight into ways to prevent barrier disturbance during injury and disease.
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from unregulated exposure to the blood and its contents. The BBB also controls the blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood permeation of many substances, resulting in nourishment of the CNS, its homeostatic regulation and communication between the CNS and peripheral tissues. The cells forming the BBB communicate with cells of the brain and in the periphery. This highly regulated interface changes with healthy aging. Here, we review those changes, starting with morphology and disruption. Transporter changes include those for amyloid beta peptide, glucose and drugs. Brain fluid dynamics, pericyte health and basement membrane and glycocalyx compositions are all altered with healthy aging. Carrying the ApoE4 allele leads to an acceleration of most of the BBB's age-related changes. We discuss how alterations in the BBB that occur with healthy aging reflect adaptation to the postreproductive phase of life and may affect vulnerability to age-associated diseases.
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Wang L, Xiong X, Zhang L, Shen J. Neurovascular Unit: A critical role in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:7-16. [PMID: 33389780 PMCID: PMC7804897 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), a common cerebrovascular disease, results from a sudden blockage of a blood vessel in the brain, thereby restricting blood supply to the area in question, and making a significantly negative impact on human health. Unfortunately, current treatments, that are mainly based on a recanalization of occluded blood vessels, are insufficient or inaccessible to many stroke patients. Recently, the profound influence of the neurovascular unit (NVU) on recanalization and the prognosis of IS have become better understood; in‐depth studies of the NVU have also provided novel approaches for IS treatment. In this article, we review the intimate connections between the changes in the NVU and IS outcomes, and discuss possible new management strategies having practical significance to IS. We discuss the concept of the NVU, as well as its roles in IS blood‐brain barrier regulation, cell preservation, inflammatory immune response, and neurovascular repair. Besides, we also summarize the influence of noncoding RNAs in NVU, and IS therapies targeting the NVU. We conclude that both the pathophysiological and neurovascular repair processes of IS are strongly associated with the homeostatic state of the NVU and that further research into therapies directed at the NVU could expand the range of treatments available for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Blood-Nerve Barrier (BNB) Pathology in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and In Vitro Human BNB Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010062. [PMID: 33374622 PMCID: PMC7793499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), metabolic disorder by hyperglycemia progresses in peripheral nerves. In addition to the direct damage to peripheral neural axons, the homeostatic mechanism of peripheral nerves is disrupted by dysfunction of the blood–nerve barrier (BNB) and Schwann cells. The disruption of the BNB, which is a crucial factor in DPN development and exacerbation, causes axonal degeneration via various pathways. Although many reports revealed that hyperglycemia and other important factors, such as dyslipidemia-induced dysfunction of Schwann cells, contributed to DPN, the molecular mechanisms underlying BNB disruption have not been sufficiently elucidated, mainly because of the lack of in vitro studies owing to difficulties in establishing human cell lines from vascular endothelial cells and pericytes that form the BNB. We have developed, for the first time, temperature-sensitive immortalized cell lines of vascular endothelial cells and pericytes originating from the BNB of human sciatic nerves, and we have elucidated the disruption to the BNB mainly in response to advanced glycation end products in DPN. Recently, we succeeded in developing an in vitro BNB model to reflect the anatomical characteristics of the BNB using cell sheet engineering, and we established immortalized cell lines originating from the human BNB. In this article, we review the pathologic evidence of the pathology of DPN in terms of BNB disruption, and we introduce the current in vitro BNB models.
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Zhou Y, Shao A, Yao Y, Tu S, Deng Y, Zhang J. Dual roles of astrocytes in plasticity and reconstruction after traumatic brain injury. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:62. [PMID: 32293472 PMCID: PMC7158016 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of fatality and disability worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, effective treatment strategies for TBI are limited. Traumatic brain injury induces structural and functional alterations of astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain. As a way of coping with the trauma, astrocytes respond in diverse mechanisms that result in reactive astrogliosis. Astrocytes are involved in the physiopathologic mechanisms of TBI in an extensive and sophisticated manner. Notably, astrocytes have dual roles in TBI, and some astrocyte-derived factors have double and opposite properties. Thus, the suppression or promotion of reactive astrogliosis does not have a substantial curative effect. In contrast, selective stimulation of the beneficial astrocyte-derived molecules and simultaneous attenuation of the deleterious factors based on the spatiotemporal-environment can provide a promising astrocyte-targeting therapeutic strategy. In the current review, we describe for the first time the specific dual roles of astrocytes in neuronal plasticity and reconstruction, including neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, repair of the blood-brain barrier, and glial scar formation after TBI. We have also classified astrocyte-derived factors depending on their neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles to design more appropriate targeted therapies. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Province, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Province, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang ZS, Zhou HN, He SS, Xue MY, Li T, Liu LM. Research advances in pericyte function and their roles in diseases. Chin J Traumatol 2020; 23:89-95. [PMID: 32192909 PMCID: PMC7156959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericyte, a kind of pluripotent cell, may regulate the irrigation flow and permeability of microcirculation. Pericytes are similar to the smooth muscle cells, which express several kinds of contractile proteins and have contractility. The dysfunction of pericytes is related to many microvascular diseases, including hypoxia, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, fibrosis, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and tumor formation. For a long time, their existence and function have been neglected. The distribution, structure, biomarker, related signaling pathways as well as the roles of pericytes on vascular diseases will be introduced in this review.
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Biology of the human blood-nerve barrier in health and disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113272. [PMID: 32142802 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A highly regulated endoneurial microenvironment is required for normal axonal function in peripheral nerves and nerve roots, which structurally consist of an outer collagenous epineurium, inner perineurium consisting of multiple concentric layers of specialized epithelioid myofibroblasts that surround the innermost endoneurium, which consists of myelinated and unmyelinated axons embedded in a looser mesh of collagen fibers. Endoneurial homeostasis is achieved by tight junction-forming endoneurial microvessels that control ion, solute, water, nutrient, macromolecule and leukocyte influx and efflux between the bloodstream and endoneurium, and the innermost layers of the perineurium that control interstitial fluid component flux between the freely permeable epineurium and endoneurium. Strictly speaking, endoneurial microvascular endothelium should be considered the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) due to direct communication with circulating blood. The mammalian BNB is considered the second most restrictive vascular system after the blood-brain barrier (BBB) based on classic in situ permeability studies. Structural alterations in endoneurial microvessels or interactions with hematogenous leukocytes have been described in several human peripheral neuropathies; however major advances in BNB biology in health and disease have been limited over the past 50 years. Guided by transcriptome and proteome studies of normal and pathologic human peripheral nerves, purified primary and immortalized human endoneurial endothelial cells that form the BNB and leukocytes from patients with well-characterized peripheral neuropathies, validated by in situ or ex vivo protein expression studies, data are emerging on the molecular and functional characteristics of the human BNB in health and in specific peripheral neuropathies, as well as chronic neuropathic pain. These early advancements have the potential to not only increase our understanding of how the BNB works and adapts or fails to adapt to varying insult, but provide insights relevant to pathogenic leukocyte trafficking, with translational potential and specific therapeutic application for chronic peripheral neuropathies and neuropathic pain.
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Caporarello N, D’Angeli F, Cambria MT, Candido S, Giallongo C, Salmeri M, Lombardo C, Longo A, Giurdanella G, Anfuso CD, Lupo G. Pericytes in Microvessels: From "Mural" Function to Brain and Retina Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246351. [PMID: 31861092 PMCID: PMC6940987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are branched cells located in the wall of capillary blood vessels that are found throughout the body, embedded within the microvascular basement membrane and wrapping endothelial cells, with which they establish a strong physical contact. Pericytes regulate angiogenesis, vessel stabilization, and contribute to the formation of both the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers by Angiopoietin-1/Tie-2, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF) signaling pathways, regulating pericyte-endothelial cell communication. Human pericytes that have been cultured for a long period give rise to multilineage progenitor cells and exhibit mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) features. We focused our attention on the roles of pericytes in brain and ocular diseases. In particular, pericyte involvement in brain ischemia, brain tumors, diabetic retinopathy, and uveal melanoma is described. Several molecules, such as adenosine and nitric oxide, are responsible for pericyte shrinkage during ischemia-reperfusion. Anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGFβ, and MHC-II, which are increased in glioblastoma-activated pericytes, are responsible for tumor growth. As regards the eye, pericytes play a role not only in ocular vessel stabilization, but also as a stem cell niche that contributes to regenerative processes in diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, pericytes participate in melanoma cell extravasation and the genetic ablation of the PDGF receptor reduces the number of pericytes and aberrant tumor microvessel formation with important implications for therapy efficacy. Thanks to their MSC features, pericytes could be considered excellent candidates to promote nervous tissue repair and for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Cambria
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Saverio Candido
- Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Section of Haematology, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Mario Salmeri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Cinzia Lombardo
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Anna Longo
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Giurdanella
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (C.D.A.); Tel.: +39-095-4781158 (G.L.); +39-095-4781170 (C.D.A.)
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.C.); (A.L.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (C.D.A.); Tel.: +39-095-4781158 (G.L.); +39-095-4781170 (C.D.A.)
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Ghosh MK, Chakraborty D, Sarkar S, Bhowmik A, Basu M. The interrelationship between cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma: a comprehensive study of recent reports. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:42. [PMID: 31637020 PMCID: PMC6799849 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma and cerebral ischemic stroke are two major events that lead to patient death worldwide. Although these conditions have different physiological incidences, ~10% of ischemic stroke patients develop cerebral cancer, especially glioma, in the postischemic stages. Additionally, the high proliferation, venous thrombosis and hypercoagulability of the glioma mass increase the significant risk of thromboembolism, including ischemic stroke. Surprisingly, these events share several common pathways, viz. hypoxia, cerebral inflammation, angiogenesis, etc., but the proper mechanism behind this co-occurrence has yet to be discovered. The hypercoagulability and presence of the D-dimer level in stroke are different in cancer patients than in the noncancerous population. Other factors such as atherosclerosis and coagulopathy involved in the pathogenesis of stroke are partially responsible for cancer, and the reverse is also partially true. Based on clinical and neurosurgical experience, the neuronal structures and functions in the brain and spine are observed to change after a progressive attack of ischemia that leads to hypoxia and atrophy. The major population of cancer cells cannot survive in an adverse ischemic environment that excludes cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cancer cells in stroke patients have already metastasized, but early-stage cancer patients also suffer stroke for multiple reasons. Therefore, stroke is an early manifestation of cancer. Stroke and cancer share many factors that result in an increased risk of stroke in cancer patients, and vice-versa. The intricate mechanisms for stroke with and without cancer are different. This review summarizes the current clinical reports, pathophysiology, probable causes of co-occurrence, prognoses, and treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Dipankar Chakraborty
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Sibani Sarkar
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032 and CN-06, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091 India
| | - Arijit Bhowmik
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026 India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24, Paraganas, 743372 India
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Stamatovic SM, Phillips CM, Martinez-Revollar G, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Involvement of Epigenetic Mechanisms and Non-coding RNAs in Blood-Brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Injury and Recovery After Stroke. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:864. [PMID: 31543756 PMCID: PMC6732937 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cessation of blood flow leads to a complex cascade of pathophysiological events at the blood-vascular-parenchymal interface which evolves over time and space, and results in damage to neural cells and edema formation. Cerebral ischemic injury evokes a profound and deleterious upregulation in inflammation and triggers multiple cell death pathways, but it also induces a series of the events associated with regenerative responses, including vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic reprograming could play a pivotal role in ongoing post-stroke neurovascular unit (NVU) changes and recovery. This review summarizes current knowledge about post-stroke recovery processes at the NVU, as well as epigenetic mechanisms and modifiers (e.g., DNA methylation, histone modifying enzymes and microRNAs) associated with stroke injury, and NVU repair. It also discusses novel drug targets and therapeutic strategies for enhancing post-stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M. Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chelsea M. Phillips
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anuska V. Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Brown LS, Foster CG, Courtney JM, King NE, Howells DW, Sutherland BA. Pericytes and Neurovascular Function in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:282. [PMID: 31316352 PMCID: PMC6611154 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are multi-functional cells embedded within the walls of capillaries throughout the body, including the brain. Pericytes were first identified in the 1870s, but little attention was paid to them during the following century. More recently, numerous vascular functions of pericytes have been identified including regulation of cerebral blood flow, maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and control of vascular development and angiogenesis. Pericytes can also facilitate neuroinflammatory processes and possess stem cell-like properties. Pericytes form part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), a collection of cells that control interactions between neurons and the cerebral vasculature to meet the energy demands of the brain. Pericyte structure, expression profile, and function in the brain differ depending on their location along the vascular bed. Until recently, it has been difficult to accurately define the sub-types of pericytes, or to specifically target pericytes with pharmaceutical agents, but emerging techniques both in vitro and in vivo will improve investigation of pericytes and allow for the identification of their possible roles in diseases. Pericyte dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a contributor to the progression of vascular diseases such as stroke and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The therapeutic potential of pericytes to repair cerebral blood vessels and promote angiogenesis due to their ability to behave like stem cells has recently been brought to light. Here, we review the history of pericyte research, the present techniques used to study pericytes in the brain, and current research advancements to characterize and therapeutically target pericytes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brad A. Sutherland
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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50
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Ouyang X, Dong C, Ubogu EE. In situ molecular characterization of endoneurial microvessels that form the blood-nerve barrier in normal human adult peripheral nerves. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2019; 24:195-206. [PMID: 31119823 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-nerve barrier (BNB) formed by tight junction-forming endoneurial microvessels located in the innermost compartment of peripheral nerves, and the perineurium serve to maintain the internal microenvironment required for normal signal transduction. The specific molecular components that define the normal adult human BNB are not fully known. Guided by data derived from the adult human BNB transcriptome, we evaluated the in situ expression of 25 junctional complex, transporter, cell membrane, and cytoskeletal proteins in four histologically normal adult sural nerves by indirect fluorescent immunohistochemistry to determine proteins specifically expressed by restrictive endoneurial microvascular endothelium. Using Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin-1 expression to detect endothelial cells, we ascertained that the selected proteins were uniformly expressed in ≥90% of endoneurial microvessels. P-glycoprotein (also known as adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily B member 1) and solute carrier family 1 member 1 demonstrated restricted expression by endoneurial endothelium only, with classic tight junction protein claudin-5 also expressed on fenestrated epineurial macrovessels, and vascular-specific adherens junction protein cadherin-5 also expressed by the perineurium. The expression profiles of the selected proteins provide significant insight into the molecular composition of normal adult peripheral nerves. Further work is required to elucidate the human adult BNB molecular signature in order to better understand its development and devise strategies to restore function in peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ouyang
- Neuromuscular Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chaoling Dong
- Neuromuscular Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eroboghene E Ubogu
- Neuromuscular Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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